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Avrasya Etüdleri AVRASYA ETÜDLERİ 45 2014-1 İPEK YOLU ÖZEL SAYISI TİKA T.C. BAŞBAKANLIK Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı Turkish International Cooperation and Coordination Agency Avrasya Etüdleri hakemli bir dergidir. TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM SBVT tarafından taranmakta ve dizinlenmektedir. Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı tarafından yılda iki kez yayımlanır. Dergide ifade edilen görüş ve fikirler yalnızca yazarlarına aittir; Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığının düşünce ve politikasını yansıtan metinler olarak değerlendirilemez. ISSN 1300-1604 İletişim TİKA, Atatürk Bulvarı No:15 Ulus-ANKARA Tel: +90(312)5081000 ● Faks: +90(312)3098969 [email protected] ● www.tika.gov.tr AVRASYA ETÜDLERİ Yıl: 20, Sayı: 45 (2014/1) TİKA Adına Sahibi Dr. Serdar ÇAM Başkan Yayın Kurulu Dr. Serdar ÇAM Süreyya POLAT Dr. Mehmet YILMAZ Dr. Ali Özgün ÖZTÜRK Yazı İşleri Müdürü Dr. Zülküf ORUÇ Editör Dr. Mehmet KAHRAMAN ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Konu Editörü Doç. Dr. İrfan KALAYCI ([email protected]) Danışma Kurulu Prof. Dr. Mehmet AKKUŞ ● Ankara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Mustafa AŞKAR ● Ankara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Kemal BAŞLAR ● Polis Akademisi Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat BİLKAN ● İpek Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ömer ÇAHA ● Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Dr. İhsan ÇOMAK ● TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Uğur DOĞAN ● Ankara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Saadettin GÖMEÇ ● Ankara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ramazan GÖZEN ● Marmara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Osman GÜMÜŞÇÜ ● Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Nihat IŞIK ● Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ramazan KAPLAN ● Bartın Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Mehmet KARA ● İstanbul Üniversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aşkın KOYUNCU ● Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZ ● Hacettepe Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Fikret TÜRKMEN ● Ege Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Nasuh USLU ● Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ahmet UZUN ● Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Bahaeddin YEDİYILDIZ ● Hacettepe Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ekrem YILDIZ ● Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Baskı: Hangar Marka İletişim Reklam Hizmetleri Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. Konur Sokak 57/4 Kızılay / Ankara Tel: (0312) 425 07 34 Faks: (0312) 425 07 36 İçindekiler / Contents Mehmet Behzat EKİNCİ The Silk Roads From Past to the Future and Their Interactions With the Foreign Trade of Turkey/7-42 Geçmişten Geleceğe İpek Yolları ve Türkiye’nin Dış Ticareti ile Etkileşimleri Ekrem KALAN XIII-XIV. Yüzyıllarda Kuzey İpek Yolu ve Altın Orda Hanları’nın Ticaret Politikaları/43-62 The Northern Silk Road in the XIII-XIVth Centuries and the Trade Policies of Golden Horde Khans Muzaffer BAKIRCI Coğrafi Açıdan Anadolu’nun Tarihi Ulaşım Ağı ve İpek Yolu/63-86 Historical Route Systems of Anatolia In Terms of Transportation Geography and the Silk Road İrfan KALAYCI Deniz Ticareti ve Küresel Mali Kriz: İpek Yolu’nda Türkiye İçin Yeni Stratejiler/87-122 Maritime Trade and the Global Financial Crisis: New Strategies for Turkey on Silk Road Güller ŞAHİN - İrfan KALAYCI Yeni Bir Küresel Kalkınma Paradigması: Sürdürülebilir İpek Yolu/123-154 A New Global Development Paradigm: Sustainable the Silk Road Nejat TARAKÇI İpek Yolundan Enerji Yollarına/155-170 From Silk Road to Energy Roads Adem ÜZÜMCÜ - Sıdıka AKDENİZ Yeni İpek Yolu: TRACECA ve Bakü-Tiflis-Kars Demiryolu Projesi/171-199 New Silk Road: TRACECA and Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railroad Project 6 Halil SEYİDOĞLU - Suna GÖNÜLTAŞ Modern İpek Yolu Projesi ve Türkiye ile Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Ekonomik İlişkiler/201-216 The Modern Silk Road Project and Its Impact on Trade Relations between Turkey and the Central Asian Turkish States Mustafa YILDIRAN İpek Yolu Ekonomilerinde Komünist Olmayan Gelişme Stratejisi: İpek Yolu’nda Rostow ve Porter Yaklaşımlarına Göre İktisadi Gelişmenin Analizi/217-248 The Non-Communist Development Strategy in the Silk Road Economies: The Analysis of Economic Development According to Approaches of Rostow and Porter Muammer ÖZTÜRK Şangay İşbirliği Teşkilatı’nın Uluslararası İlişkiler Tasarımı/249-268 The Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s Design of International Relations Seyit Ali AVCU Avrasya Gümrük Birliği ve Kırgızistan: Avantajları ve Dezavantajları/269-297 Eurasian Customs Union and the Kyrgyzstan: Advantages and Disadvantages Atakan DURMAZ - Adem KALÇA 2008 Küresel Ekonomik Krizi ve Kafkasya -Orta Asya Türk Diasporası/299-319 2008 Global Economic Crisis and the Caucasus-Central Asia Turkish Diaspora T.C. Türk ‹şbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı Türk ‹nternational Cooperation and Koordination Agency AVRASYA ETÜDLER‹ 45/2014-1 (7-42) The Silk Roads From Past to the Future and Their Interactions With the Foreign Trade of Turkey Mehmet Behzat EKİNCİ1 Abstract Transportation is a major factor in trade. Commercial activities can be increased in parallel to improvements in transportational infrastructure. The Silk Road functioned in this manner historically and played a paramount role in the development of international commerce. In this context it proved vital in the execution of intensive commercial activities, initially between Asia and Europe, and later in Africa. Although the Historic Silk Road lost its significance in the late 17th century, it is currently being revitalised. In this context economic and political collaboration between nations is sought through a variety of initiatives - the so-called New Silk Roads. Major among such initiatives are oil-natural gas pipeline projects (OPP-NGPP), Transport Corridor Europe Caucasus Asia (TRACECA), the Northern Distribution Network (NSR-NDN), the Trans-Korean Railroad with the Trans-Siberian Railroad (TKR-TSR), and the Gulf-Asia Model: Turkey is actively involved in most of these. In this paper, brief information about such initiatives is offered and their de facto and potential effects on the foreign trade of Turkey revealed. Data show that such initiatives (excluding the TKR- TSR and the Gulf-Asian Model due to their distance) have positive effects on Turkey’s foreign trade. Keywords: the historic Silk Road, the new silk roads, oil-natural gas pipeline, transportation, foreign trade. 1 Assist. Prof. Dr, Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics; [email protected], [email protected] 8 Geçmişten Geleceğe İpek Yolları ve Türkiye’nin Dış Ticareti ile Etkileşimleri Öz Ulaştırma, ticaret faaliyetinin temel unsurlarındandır. Şayet ulaştırma imkânları gelişmişse ticarî faaliyetler de buna paralel olarak artırılabilir. İpek Yolu da ta- rih boyunca bu fonksiyonu icra etmiş ve uluslararası ticaretin geliştirilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Bu kapsamda Tarihî İpek Yolu, önce Asya ve Avrupa daha sonra Afrika kıtaları arasında kara ve deniz yoluyla yoğun ticarî faaliyetlerin icrasına imkân sağlamıştır. 17. yüzyılın sonlarında önemini kaybetmesine rağ- men, Tarihî İpek Yolu, bugün farklı formlarıyla canlandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, uluslararasında Yeni İpek Yolları adı altında birtakım inisiyatif- ler vasıtasıyla iktisadî ve siyasî işbirliklerine gidilmektedir. Bunların başlıcala- rı petrol-doğalgaz boru hattı projeleri (PBHP-DGBHP), Avrupa-Kafkasya-Asya Ulaşım Koridoru (TRACECA), Kuzey Dağıtım Ağı (NSR-NDN), Kore-Sibirya Demiryolu (TKR-TSR) ve Körfez-Asya Modelidir. Türkiye bunların önemli bir kısmında fiilen yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu inisiyatifler hakkında kısa bilgiler verilmekte ve bunların Türkiye dış ticaretine fiilî ve muhtemel et- kileri ortaya konmaktadır. Veriler göstermektedir ki bu inisiyatifler (uzaklıkları dolayısıyla TKR-TSR ve körfez-Asya Modeli dâhil edilmemiştir) Türkiye’nin dış ticaretine olumlu etkilerde bulunmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Tarihî İpek Yolu, Yeni İpek Yolları, petrol-doğalgaz boru hat- tı, ulaştırma, dış ticaret. 9 1. Introduction As both an iconic symbol and a source of wealth, silk was important as one of the most valued products carried on the interconnecting routes between continents. Thus, this internationally desirable product played a significant role in the establishment of relations between countries, while its name became inextricably linked with the routes along which it was transported from the second century BC to the late 17th century. At that point its value diminished with the rise of new methods of transportation; roads, railways, and seaways. The 19th century saw a resurgence of inter- est in the history and potential use of the Historic Silk Road and its periph- eral regions. With the exploration for oil and natural gas reserves -which involved much of the world in the search for potential collaboration with source and other user countries- the concept ‘the Modern Silk Roads or the New Silk Roads’, in the sense of their revitalisation, was born. The context being different, however, the term ‘the New Silk Road’ contains several meanings depending upon the views/aims/projections of the countries and/ or country groups on the region. Many international initiatives have been launched with the aim of benefiting from the resources located in the centre of the Historic Silk Road Region. The most important of these are the so-called Asian Silk Road [oil and gas pipeline projects (OPP-NGPP)], the European Silk Road (TRACECA), the American Silk Road (NSR-NDN), the Korean-Russian Silk Road (TKR-TSR), and the Gulfian Silk Road (the Gulf-Asia Model). The main factor for the establishment of the the mentioned initiatives is the presence of oil and natural gas. Turkey is involved in most of such initiatives in terms of the economic and political aspects. In this paper, the
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