“The 2016 FIFA Under-20 Women’s World Cup in Papua New Guinea: A Push Forward for Women’s Football and Women’s Rights?”

IMPACT PAPER 20 July 2017

Caitlin Fisher Sonja Klümper and Friederike Möller, Editors DISCOVER FOOTBALL 2 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017

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pants of the 2017 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Conference, ‘Women’s Football in South/ input and hope you all can utilize this report for your continued efforts. input and hope you all can utilize this

Klümper in their capacities as researchers, writers and activists with DISCOVER FOOT DISCOVER with activists and writers researchers, as capacities their in Klümper East Asia and Oceania: The U20 World Cup as a Push Forward?’. Ellie Jean (United

New Guinea Football Association (PNGFA) and Lisa Cole (Head Coach of the PNG BALL. The paper counted on input from Linda Wonuhali, Vice President of the Papua the of President Vice Wonuhali, Linda from input on counted paper The BALL.

DISCOVER FOOTBALL would like to extend gratitude to the German Federal Ministry Federal German the to gratitude extend to like would FOOTBALL DISCOVER activist with DISCOVER FOOTBALL. It was edited by Friederike Möller and Sonja and expertise via player interviews. We thank all the contributors for their time and

of the Interior (BMI) for funding the 2017 Conference. of the Interior (BMI) for funding the er) and Yvonne Gabong (PNG U20 National Team player) also shared their insights

Under-20 Women’s National Team). It also counted on contributions from partici- - play Team National U20 States (United Ogle Emily player), Team National U20 States

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper was written by Caitlin Fisher in her capacity as a researcher, writer and 3 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017 3 FIFA Human Rights Policy (May 2017) http://resources.fifa.com/ 3 FIFA - mm/document/affederation/footballgovernance/02/89/33/12/fifashu manrightspolicy_neutral.pdf football governing body accountable is all of our tasks. our of all is accountable body governing football In practice, FIFA’s broader commitment to change promoting the participation of women in football on points. ments get put into practice––and holding the world’s ment was reviewed by Human FIFA’s Rights Advisory its key stakeholders, including member associations; international organisations, trade unions, academia, ing Discover Football. is outlined in FIFA 2.0: The Vision for the Future. The Now the real work sets in––making sure these commit- these sure in––making sets work real the Now Board and a wide range of external stakeholders from stakeholders external of range wide a and Board FIFA sponsors and civil society organisations, includ- which include: working to increase engagement with and off the pitch, among other organizational focal open, democratic and inclusive decision-making pro- els; restructuring of the administration; emphasizing cesses; integrating human rights into all its efforts; global governing body outlines its commitments, separating powers at the executive and strategic lev-

(Article 3 and Article 4, see Annex 1 , which embodies Article 3. The docu- 2 local communities as witnessed with the two recent fore, during and after such mega-sport events. fore, during and after such mega-sport pic Games) and previous Olympics Games in - Vancou researchers, reporters, athletes, members of local mitment to human rights and gender equality in its revised statutes has promised. In April 2016, FIFA introduced a com- increasingly raising critical visibility and voice around However, However, we also know that mega-sporting events FIFA’, as the FIFA’, newly-elected president Gianni Infantino Rights Policy the exploitation, exclusion and abuses occurring be- these issues surrounding their mega-events and FIFA Statutes (April 2016 Edition) https://resources.fifa.com/mm/ 2 FIFA document/affederation/generic/02/78/29/07/fifastatutsweben_neutral. pdf events in Brazil 2014 (FIFA World Cup and 2016 - Olym communities, and others internationally have been can have devastating effects on a host country and its and country host a on effects devastating have can ver (2010) and Sochi (2014), among others. Activists, With its leadership changing hands as of February A). In May 2017, FIFA published its landmark Human 2016, FIFA is supposedly on the road to addressing ‘bringing FIFA back to football and football back to

lie these hosting decisions, with great expectations

for social cohesion, camaraderie, and national unity. for the top players in the world’s most popular game.

portunities for promoting participation in the game, nomic changes.

matchable. Simultaneously, these events serve as ing housing, amongst others.

important platforms for bringing benefits to the host Economic development aspirations also often under-

Football World Cups are the highest-level showcase to bring benefitsto their nation. These include op-

the sport from local to global levels on a scale un- areas, creating new jobs, increasing tourism, develop-

of improving local infrastructure, regenerating urban encouraging healthy lifestyles, and offering platforms dom does so without envisioning the event’s ability coming this global tournament to their home turf - sel country and contributing to broader social and - eco

great enthusiasm, movement and community around community and movement enthusiasm, great I. INTRODUCTION sion_low_neu.17102016_neutral.pdf - es.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/02/84/35/01/fifa_2.0_vi - (October 2016) http://resourc 2.0: The Vision for the Future” 1“FIFA

The country that takes on the immense task of wel- These Cups have the potential to rally and generate 4 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017

- - - - - . 5 ployees to go unescorted in the mid rangements being made?’ and I haven’t been able to get an answer (2016) Multinational organisations that oper in these. Just the idea of putting 16 teenage tacks – and often the police are involved ate there do not allow their female em dle of the day because of the high risk for girls teams there sort of blew my mind. The carjackings, kidnappings, and sexual at questions now is, ‘Are adequate security ar In the report, Ruggie expresses concern over the host In an interview with Vice Sports prior to the Cup he protect participants at the U20 Women’s World Cup. human rights risks and record of the given bidding the PNG Football Association worked these to concerns amongst assuage the international football country, assess, ask and country, hold the host government ac- for mitigation. countable to its plans choice of PNG, and says that must FIFA take action to stated, The Local Organizing Committee (LOC) in PNG and - - . 4 mated seventy percent of women experienc ing rape or sexual assault in their lifetime PNG is one of the most dangerous places in the world to be a woman or girl, with an esti “FIFA and Human Rights: Lessons From the Ruggie Report” Vice and Human Rights: Lessons From the Ruggie Report” “FIFA

readily cited in lead up to the U20 Cup by those wary against violence of prevalence the on centered ments Many stakeholders including teams set to compete ny was bolstered by the public pressure that is increas- is that pressure public the by bolstered was ny man rights. The report suggests FIFA must man look rights. at The the report suggests FIFA in the Cup raised questions of concern about players’ ingly being placed on FIFA to address human rights Human Rights (HRW)Watch’s 2016 World Report was women in the region, with HRW asserting, women in the region, with HRW asserting, Sports (15 April 2016) https://sports.vice.com/en_uk/article/fifa-and- human-rights-lessons-from-the-ruggie-report 5 and gender equality in its organization and operations. and organization its in equality gender and of the event’s planned location. The oft cited state- Game, For the World: FIFA and Human Rights” (2015), of recommendations to FIFA on the subject of hu- safety and wellbeing in PNG, and the issue came under came issue the and PNG, in wellbeing and safety significant scrutiny in lead up to the event. This scruti- At the same time, in the independent report, “For the John Ruggie of Harvard University outlined a series

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/

man rights abuses, specifically of violence against ball in the region, not everyone was pleased to see a

ports in lead up to and following its mega-Cups; and begun writing its own impact and sustainability - re

Measuring, Measuring, evaluating and understanding the impact impact of the 2016 FIFA Under-20 Women’s World

Papua New Guinea (PNG) hosted the FIFA Under-20 However, a gap exists around understanding and doc- and understanding around exists gap a However,

women and girls. women’s World Cup in PNG due to its record of hu-

umenting the effects of the smaller scale FIFA World as an important platform to promote women’s foot-

Cup from diverse socio-political perspectives. Cups on a host country––in other words, wom- FIFA’s

also now increasingly doing so for these mega-events. mega-events. these for so doing increasingly now also en’s and youth World Cups. This paper is intended to

other stakeholders across sectors and industries are of FIFA World Cups is a crucial place to start. FIFA has

fill this gap by critically reflecting and analyzing the (U20) Women’s World Cup in late 2016. While it served it While 2016. late in Cup World Women’s (U20) Guinea 4 Human Rights Watch (HRW)– Papua New World Report 2016

papua-new-guinea The 2016 FIFA Under-20 Women’s World Cup The 2016 FIFA 5 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017

negative negative impacts be remedied? What type mentum of did mo- the event generate around rights and women’s women’s football in the region and how izations, human right’s activists, players––learn from integrity are central features of World Cups going for- to build on this? How can the na- stakeholders––FIFA, tional football associations, community-based organ- this event and ensure that gender justice, and equity, ward?

from the six global Confederations competing. North

positive effects be made sustainable? How can the be the legacy of this Cup and how will the potential mained not only safe and respected, but overwhelm- munity, the event was a success. Players and teams re- teams and Players success. a was event the munity, ingly supported by the local community; stadiums

ing the Cup. Korea won the tournament, making it their second ti- the eyes of PNG and the international football com- tle in this event by beating France in the final,3–1. In were filled; and pitch quality was up to par. But many

the event as a tremendous opportunity for wom- unique opportunity to create a positive legacy in their their in legacy positive a create to opportunity unique

Cup? Was it truly a success––and for whom? What will What whom? for success––and a truly it Was Cup? questions around impact and success abound follow-

country. en’s football and women’s rights in the region, and a

community community in lead up to the Cup. They positioned What were the positive and negative impacts of the

The Cup did indeed take place in PNG as planned from planned as PNG in place take indeed did Cup The 13 November to 3 December 2016 with sixteen teams sixteen with 2016 December 3 to November 13 6 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017 from the region were as follows: from the region were as follows: perspectives and consider the implications of the U20 the of implications the consider and perspectives periences in Southeast and East Asia, and Oceania. periences in Southeast both competitive and grassroots levels; coaches, rep- resentatives from community-based organizations ball federation members. DF recognizes its confer- in the region. This was achieved by bringing together DF gathered human rights activists, local organizers DekiWangmo, Bhutan Football Federation to understand such impact from a diverse range of women from different football backgrounds and ex- and administrators of the Cup in PNG; players from and NGOs; football union representatives; and foot- ence participants as ‘experts’; they are referred to as WWC in PNG for women’s football and women’s rights rights women’s and football women’s for PNG in WWC such for the remainder of this report. such for the remainder of this report. Socheata Seng, SALT Academy (Cambodia) Socheata Seng, SALT Sabah Khan, Parcham Collective (India) The experts participating in the Conference Conference The experts participating in the The main objective of the 2017 DF Conference was , it is essential to unpack this notion of notion this unpack to essential is it , 6 ity perspective, with 2014 the first time that a compre- a that time first the 2014 with perspective, ity hensive sustainability strategy was developed for a its Women’s or Youth World Cups. In turn, this confer- FIFA World Cup World FIFA FIFA FIFA does not yet do such evaluation or reporting for FIFA’s smaller FIFA’s scale tournaments, such as that in PNG. However, every World Cup demands a sustainability and assessing impact from diverse socio-political per- ability and human rights. along with an understanding of its impact. along with an understanding of its able (although not equitable) that greater attention and resources are dedicated to these mega-events. Given the scale of men’s World Cups, it is understand- convening stakeholders from various sectors and re- around action and analysis reflection, critical for gions ence, research and report aim to contribute to filling a filling to contribute to aim report and research ence, critical gap in the global football landscape of sustain- While FIFA is increasingly While engaging FIFA with a sustainabil- spectives, DF sees an urgency in making space and such events. strategy, strategy, approach and the proper implementation, ‘sustainability’ and also consider the concept around

http://

for marginalized voices and experiences in football to football in experiences and voices marginalized for from participants of the international conference DF

mega-football events with regard to understanding be expressed and heard.

mission is to support women all around the world to ball to advocate for the rights of women and girls. Its

puts from players, coaches, administrators, practition- perspective. This paper has incorporated the insights

hosted in April 2017 in Berlin, Germany titled, ‘Wom- in Berlin, has written this paper as part of assessing

Recognizing the significant gap that exists following DF is the is the world’s leading network using foot-

PNG. Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI). It included in-

Discover Football (DF), an international NGO based a tool. As such, DF feels strongly about creating space creating about strongly feels DF such, As tool. a

and documenting the impact of the U20 FIFA 2016 gain autonomy, mobility and power through sport as

ers and activists who participated in the 2016 Cup in en’s Football in South/East Asia and Oceania: The U20 The Oceania: and Asia South/East in Football en’s

World Cup as a Push Forward?’ funded by the German the by funded Forward?’ Push a as Cup World Women’s World Cup from a gender and rights-based

FIFA Sustainability Report of the 2014 World Cup (p.19) 6 FIFA II. BACKGROUND BACKGROUND II. tainabilityreportofthe2014fwc_neutral.pdf - resources.fifa.com/mm/document/afsocial/general/02/50/92/69/sus 7 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017

Instructor (FIFA/UEFA/DFB) (Germany) Instructor (FIFA/UEFA/DFB) Monika Staab - Technical Football Expert/Consultant/ included: Discover Football experts at the Conference experts at the Conference Discover Football Following the Conference, additional experts experts Following the Conference, additional Honey Thaljieh – FIFA (Switzerland) Honey Thaljieh – FIFA Pia Mann Friederike Möller Paula Klinger Emily Ogle - USA U20 Women’s National Team Player Team Emily Ogle - USA U20 Women’s National Player Team Ellie Jean - USA U20 Women’s National Caitlin Fisher Chris Langer consulted for this paper included: Captain Sonja Klümper Aline Zimmermann Yvonne Yvonne Gabong - PNG U20 Women’s National Team Terrill Scott Terrill

lands) & Discover Football (Germany) many) Mithu M. Sanyal - Journalist and Social Scientist - (Ger MunaTamang, Go Sports Nepal MunaTamang, Football (Germany) Friederike Möller - Landessportbund Berlin & Discover & Berlin Landessportbund - Möller Friederike Lisa Cole - Head Coach, Papua New Guinea, Women’s Krizanne Ty, Girls Got Game (Philippines) Krizanne Ty, Linda Wonuhali, Papua New Guinea Football Associ- Frederica Sakette, Papua New Guinea Football Asso-

NhodkeoPhawadee, Lao Football Federation (Laos) NhodkeoPhawadee, Conference included:

Caitlin Fisher - FIFPro World Players Union - (Nether ation

U20 National Team (PNG) U20 National Team ciation

Seulah Jung, Womenlink (South Korea) Seulah Jung, Womenlink ShrutikaAmle, Slum Soccer (India) Slum Soccer ShrutikaAmle,

Additional international experts at the Additional international experts Association of Norway AtelaiteTuivailala, Tonga Football Association Football Tonga AtelaiteTuivailala, AntichaSangchai, Buku Classroom / Buku FC, Thailand FC, Buku / Classroom Buku AntichaSangchai, Thao Ngo Thi Xuan, Football for All Vietnam / Football / Vietnam All for Football Xuan, Thi Ngo Thao 8 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017

Institute of Human Rights and Business (IHRB) (2013) (p.22) 9 Institute of Human Rights and Business (IHRB) www.ihrb.org/pdf/2013-10-21_IHRB_Mega-Sporting-Events-Paper_Web. pdf level of men’s World Cups, it was the biggest sport- near the level of men’s World Cups, it was the big- new positive, or revitalised, image and identity for the near nowhere was event this for coverage media noted that the coverage was priceless exposure for positive manner. They believed that the Cup shed a new light on PNG for the international community by showing a country getting behind women’s - foot ball with great enthusiasm and support. They also ing event ever broadcast from Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea. the host city via massive media coverage.” While the the While host the city via massive media coverage.” the world and PNG Sports Minister Justin Tkatchenko ternational ternational and ‘outsider’ views of the country in a used the event to campaign against gender-based and Business states with regards to mega-sporting events, maintaining, “If successful, they project a violence, and felt they pulled off a prestigious global While the media coverage of this event was nowhere nowhere was event this of coverage media the While sporting event with grace. An average of more than This is similar to what the Institute on Human Rights 100 million people watched the tournament around

World Bank (2010). World Development Indicators. Washington World Bank (2010). World Development Indicators.

least explored, culturally and geographically, coun- national spotlight––except perhaps negatively for its negatively for its national spotlight––except perhaps Bringing global attention to a country Bringing global ital8. It was noted anecdotally by some of the experts experts the of some by anecdotally noted was It ital8. had to ask where PNG was located on the map prior Positive Positive and Negative Impacts of the PNG U20 Nearly 40 percent of the population lives a self-sus- Experts asserted that the event served to change in- the country was heavily emphasized by the experts. tries in the world. Of course, this reputation has also cap- global to access no with lifestyle natural tainable that many in the international football community to the Cup. with a population of 7.2 million, rarely gets the inter- DC. 8 Cup: Expert Perspectives Cup: Expert Perspectives oft described, ‘untouched’ culture and its reputation of violence. PNG is typically regarded as one of the easily fed into problematic Development discourses. The positive recognition that the event brought to This country, situated just 160km north of Australia . Never- 7 www.ihrb.

local organizing committee (LOC), local communities,

football governing bodies, players, and the interna- It was also noted that FIFA understands it as their nels to work together to make World Cups positive, play in holding FIFA accountable and finding chan- maximizing the positive impact it can have

responsibility to minimize the associated negative human-centered events. A big part of this will require require will this of part big A events. human-centered

impacts of the World Cup, while simultaneously hance the positive impact of the event on people, the people, on event the of impact positive the hance

FIFA listening. FIFA Experts at the DF Conference explored the positive

they as local and international stakeholders must theless, experts acknowledged the critical role that the experts that FIFA, with its new leadership, is in- tional football community. It was acknowledged by those involved including the PNG government, the

and negative impacts of PNG hosting the World Cup. economy and the environment.

delivery of World Cups reduce the negative and en- creasingly working to ensure that the planning and Institute of Human Rights and Business (IHRB) (2013) 7 Institute of Human Rights and Business (IHRB) WOMEN’SREGION IN THE RIGHTS U20 FIFA WOMEN’S WORLD CUP ON WOMEN’S FOOTBALL & WOMEN’S ON WOMEN’S CUP WORLD & FOOTBALL FIFA U20 III. ASSESSMENT, REFLECTION & ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF THE OF THE IMPACT ANALYSIS: & REFLECTION ASSESSMENT, III.

org/pdf/2013-10-21_IHRB_Mega-Sporting-Events-Paper_Web.pdf This meant considering the diverse perspectives of 9 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017 include service providers who were 10 leaving behind a human resource legacy. More work needs to be done now to follow up on the actual im- legacy. pact of this purported human resource receiving a 25 million Kina (PGK) ($7.7 million USD) boost by hosting the Cup. The economic beneficiar- paid about PGK 7 million (USD 2.1 million) for the nament. This included hotels, public motor vehicle ies of the Cup ing in health and hygiene, financial management and management financial hygiene, and health in ing involved like this. It represented a unique legacy an- Never before in the organization of a World Cup were Cup World of a organization the in before Never training that gave them hands-on work experience, tournaments––this international its after legacies ture tunities to PNG, with the economy of Port Moresby young people from the surrounding neighborhoods arguably is FIFA where occasions first the of one is Cup exposure to a workplace setting and life skills train- communication. gle for FIFA, which generally leaves behind - infrastruc services rendered to FIFA over services the rendered course to of FIFA the tour- (PMV) buses, private hospitals, motor dealers, cater- The Cup did bring new jobs and economic oppor-

livery or events and activities and aimed to empower lowing the training. The volunteers, coming from 20 football community––that they could do this. football community––that Boosting the economy Organizing Committee workforce to support the de- Organising Committee partnered with the Urban Football Confederation, the US Embassy and UNICEF. Football Confederation, the US Embassy them to gain access to the formal labor market fol- timately proving to themselves––and to the global and Sports Minister Justin Tkatchenko funded by the young people in Papua New Guinea, the FIFA Local creating female role models around the Cup. The pro- Local FIFA the join to adults young 1,000 trained gram government initiative by Governor Powes Parkop of their comfort zones, taking immense risks, and ul- World Bank, the Australian Government, the Oceania settlements in Port Moresby, received a three-month As part of an effort to increase employability among Youth Youth Employment Project (UYEP) –– a local-level The volunteer program focused on employability and

local organizers in PNG felt inspired by their accom-

felt that having football delegations from 15 different plishments, which required stepping greatly outside potential to host a World Cup. It was also noted that region, and perhaps globally, that any country––large any that globally, perhaps and region, regarded as invaluable. bly manage. Direct interaction with local people was minds in a way that no media coverage could possi- Many of the experts commented that witnessing PNG witnessing that commented experts the of Many

Media undoubtedly played a crucial role in terms of important were the in-person experiences. Experts

them all. It provided a sense of hope to many in the the people, and the culture for themselves moved

Guinea. Guinea. or small, with an advanced economy or not––has the

Serving as a source of inspiration countries congregate in PNG and experience the land, land, the experience and PNG in congregate countries

exposure, but experts suggested that perhaps more gest sporting event ever broadcast from Papua New

Direct source interview - Linda Wonuhali, Papua New Guinea 10 Direct source interview - Linda Wonuhali, Papua Football Association (30 June 2017) ‘succeed’ in hosting the Cup served as inspiration for DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017 10 - - - local organisers or agencies acting on their migrant workers lacking legal protection, are behalf for work on official sites. Others are in high demand both during the construc itself in the hospitality, cleaning, catering, involvement. Irrespective, stakeholders are hired by businesses, such as hotels and res tion phase, and around the time of the event tract workers are recruited directly by the taurants that may have no formal or official transport and security sectors. Some con Contract workers, many of whom may be Direct source interview - Linda Wonuhali, Papua New Guinea Direct source interview - Linda Wonuhali, Papua

Football Association (30 June 2017). 13 into questions of economic growth and investment associated with such events. In the context of me- and Business (2013) notes, ga-sporting events, the Institute on Human Rights government was not able to pay ees. Families and its friends ended up subsidizing state public employ- Wonuhali Wonuhali noted that in the month after the Cup, the in PNG. response’ a typical ‘cultural Wonuhali asserts is servants to fill this institutional gap––something that Additionally, Additionally, labor rights issues must be factored 13 - - reserves to host the 2016 FIFA U20 Wom the world to our country. en’s World Cup as this was a very significant duce Papua New Guinea to the world and event for the country in our efforts to intro The government had to dig deep into its Ibid

lion (USD 5 million) to be paid to services providers by by providers services to paid be to million) 5 (USD lion required significant public funding and forced the PNG the forced and funding public significant required it, there was an economic downturn that came with ing infrastructure for the tournament; whilst the Lo- Like most major international sporting events, this Cup this events, sporting international major most Like the PNG economy saw money from FIFA injected into the Cup. According to Linda Wonuhali, Vice President the government – especially for building and upgrad- and building for especially – government the 12 of the Papua New Guinea Football Association (PNGFA), (PNGFA), Association Football Guinea New Papua the of cal Organizing Committee has a debt of PGK 5 million million 5 PGK of debt a has Committee Organizing cal Shadow effect on the economy Shadow government to reach deep into their pockets. While (USD 1.5 million) to be paid to its service providers. (USD 1.5 million) to be paid to its service At the Discover Football Conference in April 2017, To To date, the government has a debt o of PGK 16 mil- - . 12 11

leave a huge legacy behind Event’s such as this (FIFA U20 Women’s through the political process, it will also wise would be forgotten or would not pass certain areas and infrastructure that other World Cup) is a way to speed investments in

Ibid

ly meals and other services needed to suit the team

following message to the service providers and con- must be further explored.

players and officials. ic opportunities are now that the Cup has left town,

How sustainable these new jobs and the econom- FIFA FIFA declined to comment in the media but of the

to assist. One hotel said that they had benefited from from benefited had they that said hotel One assist. to terprises alike and more than 1000 youth, contracted contracted youth, 1000 than more and alike terprises

tractors: at least PGK 3 million through the Cup, but it had

Cup. The economic beneficiaries of the Cup sent the especially in the face of the debt the Cup generated,

come with a lot of work to provide almost 500 dai- - en medium and small and craft and arts tourism, ers, 11 DISCOVER FOOTBALL Impact paper | written by Caitlin Fisher 20 July 2017 11 logistics and other infrastructure investments were frastructure projects. The Sir John Guise Stadium – an four the of one was July, in Games Pacific 2015 the for ried out for their hosting of the 2015 Pacific Games–an Pacific 2015 the of hosting their for out ried Moresby) as the site, the investment in transportation, in investment the site, the as Moresby) relatively minor. There were 1,000 football players, of- hosting rights for the U20 Cup. While the U20 Cup in- Park Mini Stadium, and the PNG Football Stadium. ticipating nations who competed. Five hotels in the the massive infrastructure development that PNG car- to mega-Cups, and with only a single-city (capital Port (capital single-city a only with and mega-Cups, to women’s women’s tournament was relatively small compared asset the country undoubtedly leveraged in acquiring in leveraged undoubtedly country the asset abroad) involved in this U20 Cup. abroad) involved Cup participants and fans did benefit, however, from centivized some improvements in stadiums and new ficials and stakeholders (700 of them traveling from sporting facilities, it largely utilized the 2015 sport in- stadiums used for the tournament. The three other stadiums included: National Football Stadium, Bava Training Training sites were also prepared for the sixteen par- 18,000 seat arena – which the PNG government built Improving infrastructure Improving infrastructure labor that served as a significant motor behind the Cup the behind motor significant a as served that labor been cited that volunteers valued the confidence that confidence the valued volunteers that cited been munity engagement and empowerment, it is critical pay, protections and the general working conditions. protections and pay, But when an event is dependent on the labor of 1,000 try, try, which apparently brought a lot of enthusiasm to the tournament. this of elements particular, In raised. get questions that ture projects and improvements in lead up tournaments. However, because the to scale of the U20 the were paid for their services during the three-month was offered them, being given great responsibility and also the chance to have an impact for their coun- engagement, which included the World Cup. It has communities and this is positioned as a form of com- volunteers ‘collected’ off the streets of marginalized World Cup host countries often invest in infrastruc- should be examined with regard to contracts,