ARTICLE 113 -
Brachycladium Key words: Key words: $PVWHUGDP'HFODUDWLRQ (1$6 0\FR&RGH nomenclature pleomorphic fungi HOH\HGX et al )LJ 7KH¿IWHHQRWKHU IMA FUNGUS · VOLUME 2 · NO 2: 113–120 · NO 2 · VOLUME FUNGUS IMA and the other as an anamorph, ,QGHUELW]LQ 'XDO QRPHQFODWXUH KDV SHUVLVWHG IRU WKH SDVW \HDUV ivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get Any of the above conditions can be waived ivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Dedication:'HGLFDWHGWR'RQ5H\QROGVP\FRORJLFDOLFRQR FODVWZKRVHVDEEDWLFDOYLVLWWR%HUNHOH\IURPWKH/RV$QJHOHV &RXQW\0XVHXPRI1DWXUDO+LVWRU\PRUHWKDQ\HDUVDJR VWLPXODWHGWKRXJKWDERXW2QH)XQJXV 2QH1DPH RI WKLV ZRUN ZH KDYH VHTXHQFHG ,76 XVLQJ '1$ LVRODWHG under the teleomorph name and others under the anamorph QDPH3HUSHWXDWLRQRIGXDOQRPHQFODWXUHZKHQZHKDYHWKH conference, because mycologists who are studying the members of the committee, eleven academics and four very members of the committee, eleven academics stared at me in disbelief when I said that knowledgeable staff, VLVWHUVSHFLHVFRXOGKDYHGLIIHUHQWJHQHULFQDPHV6HFRQG WRJHWKHU ZLWK 7RP %UXQV , KDYH EHHQ GLUHFWLQJ UHVHDUFK from the decaying grasses and compared the sequences to from the decaying grasses and compared WKRVHGHSRVLWHGLQ*HQ%DQN2IWHQDVLQJOHVHTXHQFHZLOOEH the same fungus it’s attached to two names; you guessed it, ZLWK VRPH *HQ%DQN VHTXHQFHV KDYLQJ EHHQ GHSRVLWHG PHDQVWRDEDQGRQLWLVKLQGHULQJP\FRORJ\ERWKVFLHQWL¿FDOO\ DQGVRFLDOO\ because few mycologists are deeply interested in both PROHFXODU SK\ORJHQHWLFV DQG QRPHQFODWXUH 2QH 2QH1DPHKDVJDLQHGPRPHQWXPDVHYLGHQFHGE\WKLV )XQJXV about fungi that naturally decay plants proposed as sources about fungi that naturally decay plants RIOLJQRFHOOXORVHIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIELRIXHOV,QWKHFRXUVH papaveracea papaveris URQPHQWDOQXFOHLFDFLGVHTXHQFH LH(1$6 et al Crivellia et al.
KDYHVKRZQKRZWRPHUJHWKHWZRV\VWHPVRIFODVVL¿FDWLRQWKHDVH[XDO³'HXWHURP\FRWD´ et al 5H\QROGV 7D\ORU :K\WKHQ 6RPHIXQJLZLWKSOHRPRUSKLFOLIHF\FOHVVWLOOEHDUWZRQDPHVGHVSLWHPRUHWKDQ\HDUVRIPROHFXODU
Pleospora DQG PLWRWLF VSRUHV WKDW LV SOHRPRUSKLF IXQJL :HUHVXE 3LUR]\QVNL DQG WKH RSHQLQJ FKDSWHUV RI Selecta Alternaria Fungorum CarpologiaWKHPRQXPHQWDOZRUNRI/RXLV5HQp 7XODVQH DQG &KDUOHV 7XODVQH )LJ 7XODVQH 7XODVQH Crivellia papaveracea/Brachycladium penicillatum ARTICLE Crivellia sp (unnamed)/Brachycladium papaveris 7KH 7XODVQH¶V SRLQW RXW WKDW /LQQDHXV EDVHG KLV SODQW WD[RQRP\RQÀRUDOPRUSKRORJ\DQGWKDWKHFRXOGGHPRQVWUDWH Fig. 1.3K\ORJHQHWLFUHODWLRQVKLSVRIWKHVLVWHUVSHFLHVCrivellia pa- WKDWHDFKSODQWKDGEXWRQHW\SHRIÀRZHU$WDWLPHZKHQIXQJL paveracea and Brachycladium papaveris, the former named as tele- were considered to be plants, and fungal spores were equated RPRUSKLFDQGWKHODWWHUDVDQDQDPRUSKLFIXQJXV7KHCrivellia state ZLWKVHHGV/LQQDHXVH[WHQGHGKLVWD[RQRPLFFRQFHSWWRIXQJL of B. papaveris remains unnamed due to a lack of suitable material to 7KH7XODVQHEURWKHUVWKHQDUJXHWKDW/LQQDHXVKDGVXFKDQ VHUYHDVDQRPHQFODWXUDOW\SH ,QGHUELW]HQet al. LQÀXHQFHRYHUKLVP\FRORJLFDOFRQWHPSRUDULHV)ULHVIRUHPRVW among them, that these mycologists were in denial about pleomorphy, despite their being able to see more than one molecular phylogenetics of economically important fungal W\SHRI³VHHG´WKURXJKWKHLUOHQVHV groups have begun naming newly recognized genus-level ³,QWKH0XFHGLQHL>)ULHV@VHHVWKHFRQLGLDEXWHYHU\ZKHUH clades with just one Ascomycota name, whether or not KHÀDWO\GHQLHVWKDWWKHUHRFFXU³WZRNLQGVRIVSRULGLDRQWKH WKH IXQJXV H[KLELWV VH[XDO UHSURGXFWLRQ 7KH ¿UVW WKRURXJK VDPHSODQW´H[DFWO\DVLIKHKDGKHDUGVRXQGLQJLQKLVHDUV H[SORUDWLRQ RI WKLV SUDFWLFH ZDV SURYLGHG E\ &URXV et al. WKHORXGYRLFHRI/LQQDHXVFU\LQJ³,WZRXOGEHDUHPDUNDEOH ZKRVH UHYLVLRQ RI WKH Botrysphaeriaceae includes GRFWULQH±WKDWWKHUHFRXOGH[LVWUDFHVGLIIHULQJLQIUXFWL¿FDWLRQ WKLVVHQWHQFH³6HSDUDWHWHOHRPRUSKDQGDQDPRUSKQDPHV but possessing one and the same nature and power; that one are not provided for newly introduced genera, even where DQGKHVDPHUDFHFRXOGKDYHGLIIHUHQWIUXFWL¿FDWLRQV IRUWKH ERWK PRUSKV DUH NQRZQ´ :KHUH D WHOHRPRUSK QDPH ZDV EDVLVRIIUXFWL¿FDWLRQZKLFKLVDOVRWKHEDVLVRIDOOERWDQLFDO available, as in the case of Botryosphaeria, the authors used science, would thereby be destroyed, and the natural classes LW:KHUH RQO\ DQDPRUSK QDPHV ZHUH DYDLODEOH WKH\ ZHUH RISODQWVZRXOGEHEURNHQXS´ 7XODVQH 7XODVQH XVHGHJMacrophomina or Neoscytalidium:KHUHDQHZ 7KH EURWKHUV JR RQ WR FKLGH /LQQDHXV DGGLQJ ³%XW VLQFH clade was segregated from an existing teleomorph genus, the illustrious author always completely abjured the use and best distinguished by the anamorphic morphology, the of magnifying glasses, and therefore scarcely ever tried to QHZQDPHUHÀHFWHGWKHDQDPRUSKHJNeofusicoccum GHVFULEHDFFXUDWHO\HLWKHUFRQLGLDRUVSRUHVZHIHDU PD\KH 0DWWHUVZHUHWDNHQIXUWKHULQDVWXG\RIPenicillium species SDUGRQWKHVWDWHPHQW WKDWKHUHDOO\NQHZYHU\IHZVHHGVRI by Houbraken et al $VWKH\SXWLW³8VLQJWKLVDSSURDFK HLWKHU NLQG´ 7XODVQH 7XODVQH 7KH LQÀXHQFH DQGDSSO\LQJWKHFRQFHSWRIRQHQDPHIRURQHIXQJXV 5H\QROGV that the size of an organism has on its systematics can be 7D\ORU ZH KDYH FKRVHQ WR GHVFULEH WKHVH WZR SURIRXQG 7D\ORUet al 7KHIDFWWKDWWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJ VSHFLHVXQGHU>WKHLU@DQDPRUSKLFQDPH´7KDWLV+RXEUDNHQ majority of plants are macroscopic while the overwhelming et alGHVFULEHGQHZVSHFLHVWKDWKDYHERWKDQDPRUSKLFDQG majority of fungi are microscopic still affects nomenclature and WHOHRPRUSKLFVWDWHVDVVSHFLHVLQWKHDQDPRUSKW\SL¿HGJHQXV ZLOOEHUHYLVLWHGQHDUWKHHQGRIWKLVDUWLFOH Penicillium and ignored the existing teleomorphic generic /RXLV 5HQp DQG &KDUOHV 7XODVQH ZHQW RQ WR DUJXH name, Eupenicillium 7KHVH DFWLRQV DUH FOHDUO\ RXWVLGH WKH against mycological denial of pleomorphy when they wrote, ,&%1DQGFRQVWLWXWHDVRFLDOUHEHOOLRQ7KRXJKVPDOOHUDQGIDU ³7KHIXQJXVXSRQZKLFKZHDUHQRZWRXFKLQJ>Pleospora] is less important than social rebellions concerning, for example, not only almost the commonest of all belonging to its order, ZRPHQ¶V ULJKWV WKH ULJKWV RI$IULFDQ$PHULFDQV RU WKRVH RI but also affords a wonderful proof of our doctrine concerning homosexuals, this mycological rebellion is similar to the others the multiple nature of the seeds RIVSHFLHVRIIXQJL³ 7XODVQH in that activism has outpaced the law and the law must now 7XODVQH 2QH FDQQRW KHOS ZRQGHULQJ LI WKH FKDQJHRUEHFRPHLUUHOHYDQW brothers guessed not only that their work was controversial, 'XDOQRPHQFODWXUHKDVDORQJKLVWRU\7KHFKRLFHPDGH but that the mycological world was heading toward dual by Houbraken et al. WR XVH WKH DQDPRUSK QDPH QRPHQFODWXUH ZKHQ WKH\ ZURWH ³$V WRGD\ ZH KDYH VHHQ Penicillium over the teleomorph name Eupenicillium for one the various members of the same species now unwisely torn of the most economically important fungi echoes the choice IURPRQHDQRWKHUDJDLQVWWKHODZVRIQDWXUH´ 7XODVQH PDGHPRUHWKDQ\HDUVHDUOLHUE\5DSHU )HQQHO 7XODVQH when they applied the anamorphic name Aspergillus to all $ODVZKHQWKHPRVWXVHIXOFKDUDFWHUVWKDWFRXOGEHXVHG members of that genus whether or not the species also IRU FODVVL¿FDWLRQ ZHUH PHLRVSRULF DQG ZKHQ PDQ\ IXQJL SURGXFHGDVH[XDOVWUXFWXUH)RUW\\HDUVDUHQRWHQRXJKWR did not exhibit them, there were not many options and the understand the origins of dual nomenclature, to do that we RQHWKDWSUHYDLOHGZDVGXDOQRPHQFODWXUH)XFNHODUHWLUHG KDYHWRJRDOOWKHZD\EDFNWR/LQQDHXVDQGWKHEHJLQQLQJ RIERWDQLFDOQRPHQFODWXUH,QWKLVWRXUEDFNWKURXJKWLPHRXU 7KH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV DUH IURP WKH &ODUHQGRQ 3UHVV JXLGHVZLOOEH:HUHVXE 3LUR]\QVNLWKURXJKWKHLUH[FHOOHQW 2[IRUG HGLWLRQDQGZHUHSUHSDUHGE\:%*URYHDQGHGLWHGE\$+ article on the history of fungi that produce both meiotic 5%XOOHUDQG&/6KHDU 114 IMA FUNGUS One Fungus = One Name: DNA and fungal nomenclature twenty years after PCR ARTICLE Fig. 2./RXLV5HQq7XODVQH O DQG&KDUOHV7XODVQH U 3KRWR FRXUWHV\RIWKH1DWLRQDO0XVHXPRI1DWXUDO+LVWRU\3DULV SKDUPDFLVWJRWWKHEDOOUROOLQJ )XFNHO DQG6DFFDUGR LWZDVWKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHSRO\PHUDVHFKDLQUHDFWLRQ 3&5 did the heavy lifting with his Sylloge Fungorum beginning in 5DELQRZ 6DLNL et al WKDW PDGH SRVVLEOH WKH 6DFFDUGR %\ WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5XOHVRI EURDGVWXGLHVZHQRZWDNHIRUJUDQWHG %RWDQLFDO1RPHQFODWXUH %ULTXHW FRQWDLQHGDVHFWLRQ 7KH ¿UVW DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 3&5 DPSOL¿HG '1$ VHTXHQFH RI$UWLFOH $UW bis WKHSUHFXUVRURIWKHFXUUHQW$UWLFOH to fungal phylogenetics demonstrated the evolution of WKDWIRUEDGH³ERWDQLFDO´QDPHVIRUDQ\EXWWKHVH[XDOVWDJH K\SRJHRXV IXQJL IURP PXVKURRP DQFHVWRUV %UXQV et of pleomorphic fungi and that is where matters rest with the al )LJ 7KLV ZRUN UHOLHG RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI FXUUHQW,&%1 primers designed to amplify regions of both mitochondrial 6DFFDUGR¶V XVH RI PDWXUH DQDPRUSK PRUSKRORJ\ LV DQGQXFOHDUU'1$LQFOXGLQJWKHQXFOHDUVPDOOVXEXQLWODUJH ZRQGHUIXOO\ FRQYHQLHQW IRU FODVVL¿FDWLRQ DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ VXEXQLW DQG LQWHUQDO WUDQVFULEHG VSDFHU ,76 ZKLFK ZHUH EXWREYLRXVO\LWLVQRWEDVHGRQHYROXWLRQDU\UHODWLRQVKLSV published the following year and have been cited a bit more 7KHKRSHWKDWVWXG\RIPLWRVSRUHGHYHORSPHQWZRXOGOHDGWR RIWHQWKDQRQFHDGD\VLQFHWKHQ :KLWHet al )LJ a separate systematics based on evolutionary relationships EHJDQZLWK9XLOOHPLQ DE DQG0DVRQ DQG OHGWRWKHZRUNRI+XJKHV 7XEDNL DQG%DUURQ (OHJDQWPLFURVFRSLFVWXGLHVRIPLWRVSRUHGHYHORSPHQW BoletusBoletus IROORZHG &ROH 6DPVRQ DQGWKHPRYHPHQWUHDFKHG LWV ]HQLWK DW WKH VHFRQG .DQDQDVNLV FRQIHUHQFH .HQGULFN -XVWDVWKHVHVWXGLHVRIGHYHORSPHQWZHUHSHDNLQJ two events occurred in the realms of evolution and systematics that promised the irresistible appeal of a new approach and SuillusSuillus a seemingly endless supply of characters – cladistic analysis +HQQLJ DQGDFFHVVWRQXFOHLFDFLGYDULDWLRQ 7KH ¿UVW DSSOLFDWLRQV RI QXFOHLF DFLG YDULDWLRQ WR IXQJDO V\VWHPDWLFV LQYROYHG '1$'1$ K\EULGL]DWLRQ RI \HDVWV RhizopogonRhizopogon .XUW]PDQ DQG WKHQ VHTXHQFLQJ RI QXFOHLF DFLGV 3LRQHHULQJ ZRUN ZLWK SDLQIXOO\ GLI¿FXOW 51$ VHTXHQFLQJ Fig. 3. 3K\ORJHQHWLF DQDO\VLV RI 3&5 DPSOL¿HG U'1$ VKRZLQJ WKH PRGHOHG RQ WKH ZRUN RI EDFWHULRORJLVWV :DONHU 'RROLWWOH HYROXWLRQ RI K\SRJHRXV %DVLGLRP\FRWD LQ WKH JHQXV Rhizopogon, ZDV IROORZHG E\ '1$ VHTXHQFLQJ *RWWVFKDON from mushroom ancestors in the genus Suillus %UXQVet al. %ODQ] *XDGHWet al *XHKRet al. %XW $GDSWHGIURP%UXQVet al VOLUME 2 · NO. 2 115 John W. Taylor ARTICLE Fig. 4.$XWKRUVRIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI3&5SULPHUVIRUWKHDPSOL¿FDWLRQDQGGLUHFWVHTXHQFLQJRIIXQJDOULERVRPDO51$JHQHVIRUSK\ORJHQHWLFV /HIWWRULJKW 7RP%UXQV7RP:KLWH6WHYH/HHDQG-RKQ7D\ORU3KRWR WDNHQLQ\HDUVDIWHUWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI:KLWHet al 7KDWVDPH\HDU5H\QROGV 7D\ORU DGGUHVVHGWKH Sporothrix schenckii QRPHQFODWXUDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRIXVLQJ'1$YDULDWLRQWRDVVHVV WKHSK\ORJHQHWLFUHODWLRQVKLSVRIIXQJLZULWLQJ³7KHXVHRI Ophiostoma stenoceras nucleic acid sequence allows systematists to demonstrate the phylogenetic relatedness of fungi possessing and Ophiostoma ulmi ODFNLQJPHLRWLFDOO\SURGXFHGVSRUHV7KLVGHPRQVWUDWLRQ SUHVHQWV D VHULRXV FKDOOHQJH WR WKH VHSDUDWH FODVVL¿FDWLRQ of these two types of fungi and undermines the elevated Leucostoma persoonii position that characters associated with sexual reproduction KDYHKHOGLQWKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIKLJKHUIXQJL:HEHOLHYH Neurospora crassa WKDW DOO IXQJL VKRXOG EH FODVVL¿HG LQ RQH V\VWHP DQG WKDW characters associated with sexual reproduction should be Fig. 5.3K\ORJHQHWLFDQDO\VLVRI3&5DPSOL¿HGU'1$VKRZLQJWKH JLYHQWKHVDPHZHLJKWDVRWKHUFKDUDFWHUV%\WKHEURDG anamorphic Sporothrix schenckii nestled within the teleomorphic ge- LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ>RI$UWLFOH @LQFXUUHQWXVHWKHSRWHQWLDOIRU nus Ophiostoma %HUEHH 7D\ORU SOHRPRUSK\LVDVVXPHGRIDOOIXQJLDQGWKH$UWLFOHLVDSSOLHG WRDOOIXQJL:LWKDQDOWHUQDWLYHDQGVWULFWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ KRZHYHU$UWLFOH ZRXOGDSSO\RQO\WRIXQJDOVSHFLHVWKDW KDYHEHHQDFWXDOO\GHPRQVWUDWHGWREHSOHRPRUSKLF8QGHU :LWKLQDIHZ\HDUVDQDO\VLVRI3&5DPSOL¿HGU'1$VKRZHG the latter interpretation, sexual, asexual, and pleomorphic that the anamorphic Sporothrix schenckii nested within the IXQJLZRXOGEHFODVVL¿HGWRJHWKHUDQGIRUPWD[DZRXOGQRW teleomorph genus Ophiostoma %HUEHH 7D\ORU )LJ EHQHFHVVDU\´ 7KLV ZRUN GHPRQVWUDWHG WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI DQDPRUSKLF )ROORZLQJWKH)XQJDO+RORPRUSK6\PSRVLXPLQ1HZSRUW DQG WHOHRPRUSKLF IXQJL EDVHG RQ '1$ YDULDWLRQ DV KDG 2586$ WRGLVFXVVQXFOHLFDFLGYDULDWLRQDQGWKHLQWHJUDWLRQ earlier work on Fusarium *XDGHWet al 7KHVHVWXGLHV RIDQDPRUSKLFDQGWHOHRPRUSKLFFODVVL¿FDWLRQV 5H\QROGV VKRZHGDVHSDUDWHFODVVL¿FDWLRQIRU³'HXWHURP\FRWD´WREH 7D\ORU WKHUHKDYHEHHQSUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGGLVFXVVLRQV VXSHUÀXRXV RQWKHWRSLFDWHYHU\,QWHUQDWLRQDO0\FRORJLFDO&RQJUHVVIURP 116 IMA FUNGUS One Fungus = One Name: DNA and fungal nomenclature twenty years after PCR ARTICLE Environmental Nucleic Acid Sequence (ENAS) Specimen Based Both ENAS and Specimen Based Fig. 6.*UDSKRIWKH2SHUDWLRQDO7D[RQRPLF8QLWV 278V DGGHGWR*HQ%DQNIURP WR VKRZLQJWKHLQFUHDVLQJSURSRUWLRQRI278V EDVHGRQO\RQHQYLURQPHQWDOQXFOHLFDFLGVHTXHQFH (1$6 $GDSWHGIURP+LEEHWWet al 9DQFRXYHU 7D\ORU WR(GLQEXUJK 1RUYHOOet document the existence of fungi for which there is neither a al OHDGLQJXSWRWKHSUHVHQW2QH)XQJXV 2QH1DPH VSHFLPHQQRUDFXOWXUH0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\HFRORJLFDOVWXGHV FRQIHUHQFHDQGWKH$PVWHUGDP'HFODUDWLRQ +DZNVZRUWKet KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI WKHVH '1$RQO\ IXQJL al RU ³(QYLURQPHQWDO 1XFOHLF $FLG 6HTXHQFHV´ (1$6 FDQ 1XFOHLFDFLGYDULDELOLW\KDVSURYHGWREHXVHIXOLQRWKHU exceed the number of fungi for which there is a culture or DUHDV RI IXQJDO V\VWHPDWLFV DQG FODVVL¿FDWLRQ UHODWHG WR VSHFLPHQ -XPSSRQHQ -RQHV 7KLVLPEDODQFH PLWRWLFIXQJL%HJLQQLQJZLWKWKHPLWRVSRULFKXPDQSDWKRJHQ SRVHVDFKDOOHQJHWRIXQJDOFODVVL¿FDWLRQDQGQRPHQFODWXUH Coccidioides immitis'1$YDULDWLRQKDVEHHQXVHGWRVKRZ that may dwarf the challenge of integrating anamorphic and WKDWDQDPRUSKLFIXQJLUHFRPELQHLQQDWXUH %XUWet al WHOHRPRUSKLFIXQJL WKDWWKH\VSHFLDWH .RXIRSDQRXet al DQGWKDWEDVHG 'DYLG +LEEHWW LQ KLV SOHQDU\ SUHVHQWDWLRQ DW ,0& RQO\RQ'1$YDULDWLRQWKH\FDQEHGHVFULEHGLQWKHV\VWHP +LEEHWWet al. QRWHGWKDWWKHQXPEHURIIXQJDO278V for Ascomycota )LVKHU et al $V )LVKHU et al ZURWH DGGHGHDFK\HDUWR*HQ%DQNWKDWDUHEDVHGRQO\RQU'1$ when they described a new Coccidioides species as an VHTXHQFHV (1$6IXQJL LVQRZH[FHHGLQJWKHQXPEHUIURP DVFRP\FHWH ³Coccidioides posadasii is morphologically IXQJL ZLWK FXOWXUHV RU VSHFLPHQV )LJ (FRORJLVWV IDFH indistinguishable from Coccidioides immitis C. posadasii the prospect that most of the fungal species dwelling in their LV GLDJQRVHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ QXFOHRWLGH FKDUDFWHUV JLYHQ favourite environment can neither be cultivated nor collected; as the gene, the nucleotide position in the gene, and, DVDUHVXOWWKH\DUHJRLQJWRKDYHWRUHO\RQ(1$6WRDVVHVV SDUHQWKHWLFDOO\WKHQXFOHRWLGH¿[HGLQC. posadasii VKRZLQJ WKHWUXHIXQJDOGLYHUVLW\(DFKRIWKHVHHFRORJLFDOVWXGLHVPD\ UHFLSURFDO ¿[DWLRQ EHWZHHQ C. immitis and C. posadasii: DGGKXQGUHGVRUWKRXVDQGVRI(1$6WR*HQ%DQN$OUHDG\ &KLWLQ V\QWKDVH SRVLWLRQV $ 7 'LR[\JHQDVH VHDUFKHV RI *HQ%DQN XVLQJ D QHZ (1$6 PRVWO\ UHFRYHU SRVLWLRQV & & * & 7 SUHYLRXVO\ GHSRVLWHG (1$6V ZKLFK DUH LGHQWL¿HG QRW E\ HWF´2IFRXUVHGHVFULSWLRQLVQRWWKHVDPHDVDFFHSWDQFH QDPHVEXWE\QXPEHUV,PDJLQHWZRHFRORJLFDOVWXGLHVRQH In the case of Coccidioides posadasii, acceptance for this ZKHUHHDFKQHZ(1$6LQWDEOHVRU¿JXUHVLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK ³6HOHFW$JHQW´FDPHIURPDQXQH[SHFWHGTXDUWHUWKH8QLWHG DQXPEHUHGH[LVWLQJ(1$6DQGWKHRWKHUZKHUHWKHH[LVWLQJ 6WDWHV&RQJUHVV )HGHUDO5HJLVWHU (1$6VKDYHEHHQQDPHG±WKHUHDGHUZRXOGFRPHDZD\ZLWK $QRWKHU SRLQW PDGH VRRQ DIWHU 3&5 EHFDPH DYDLODEOH LJQRUDQFHRQWKHRQHKDQGDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRQWKHRWKHU ZDV WKDW'1$RUHYHQ D'1$VHTXHQFH FRXOG DFWDVWKH )XQJDOFODVVL¿FDWLRQDQGQRPHQFODWXUHPXVWUHVSRQGWRWKLV W\SH HOHPHQW LQ D VSHFLHV GHVFULSWLRQ 5H\QROGV 7D\ORU FKDOOHQJHE\GHYHORSLQJDPHDQVRIDVVRFLDWLQJ(1$6VZLWK 7KLV REVHUYDWLRQ KDV JDLQHG LPSRUWDQFH GXH WR WKH QDPHVDQGWKHUHVSRQVHPXVWEHWLPHO\ advent of environmental sequencing, where mycologists use $VGLVFXVVHGE\+LEEHWWetal. IXQJLNQRZQRQO\DV 3&5SULPHUVIRUU'1$WRDPSOLI\YDULDEOHUHJLRQVIURP'1$ (1$6FDQEHQDPHGE\FRPSDULVRQWRQDPHGIXQJLDOUHDG\ LVRODWHG IURP VRLO RU SODQWV (QYLURQPHQWDO VHTXHQFLQJ KDV LQ*HQ%DQN,WVHHPVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKLVQDPHEHLGHQWL¿HG EHJXQ WR SURGXFH ODUJH QXPEHUV RI U'1$ VHTXHQFHV WKDW DVDWWDFKHGWRDQ(1$6UDWKHUWKDQDFXOWXUHRUVSHFLPHQ VOLUME 2 · NO. 2 117 John W. Taylor SHUKDSVE\DSSHQGLQJ(1$6DVDVXI¿[6HYHUDOHVVHQWLDO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LVVXHVZLOOKDYHWRDGGUHVVHGEHIRUH(1$6QDPLQJFDQEHJLQ among them the problems of sequencing errors, variation in 7KDQNV DUH GXH WR 3HGUR &URXV DQG 5REHUW 6DPVRQ RI WKH &%6 U'1$VHTXHQFHZLWKLQDQLQGLYLGXDODQGDFFRPPRGDWLRQRI 8WUHFKW ZKR FRQFHLYHG RI DQG KRVWHG WKH 2QH )XQJXV 2QH DOOWKHVHQHZ(1$6IXQJLLQ0\FR%DQN +DZNVZRUWKet al. 1DPH &RQIHUHQFH RQ ±$SULO LQ$PVWHUGDP -:7 DOVR ARTICLE 3HUKDSVPRVWXQVHWWOLQJO\WKHQDPLQJZLOOKDYHWREH DFNQRZOHGJHVVXSSRUWIURP16)'(% automated in some way because no one can possibly name the thousands of new sequences that will arise in each new HQYLURQPHQWDOVWXG\ REFERENCES $W WKLV SRLQW D UHDGHU PLJKW IDLUO\ DVN LI VHSDUDWH ³'HXWHURP\FRWD´ DQG ³(XP\FRWD´ QRPHQFODWXUDO V\VWHPV %DUURQ*/ The Genera of Hyphomycetes from Soil. %DOWLPRUH VWLOO UHPDLQ VHSDUDWH \HDUV DIWHU WKHLU PHUJHU EHFDPH :LOOLDPV :LONLQV intellectually obvious, how could anyone possibly entertain %HUEHH0/7D\ORU-: 6ULERVRPDO51$JHQHVHTXHQFH thoughts about the acceptance of the automated description characters place the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii in the RI IXQJL EDVHG RQO\ RQ '1$ VHTXHQFH" , VHH WZR VWHSV genus OphiostomaExperimental Mycology 16 ± WR DFFHSWDQFH RI (1$6 IXQJL 7KH ¿UVW VWHS ZRXOG EH D %ULTXHW- Règles internationales de al nomenclature botanique SXEOLVKHG GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WKH QDPLQJ RI (1$6 IXQJL adoptées par le Congrès international de botanique de Vienne echoing the aforementioned social activism already in play 1905 dèuxieme édition mise au point d’après les décisions du IRU2QH)XQJXV 2QH1DPH &URXVet al+RXEUDNHQ congrès international de botanique de Bruxelles 1910. Jena: et al. 7KHVHFRQGVWHSDFFHSWDQFHRIQDPHG(1$6 &RPPLVVLRQGH5pGDFWLRQGX&RQJUqV)LVFKHU9HUODJ IXQJL E\ WKH ,&%1 LV WKH WRXJKHU SUREOHP DQG LV XQOLNHO\ %UXQV 7' )RJHO 5 :KLWH 7- 3DOPHU -' $FFHOHUDWHG to occur quickly enough to satisfy the pressing needs of HYROXWLRQ RI D IDOVHWUXIÀH IURP D PXVKURRP DQFHVWRU Nature IXQJDOHFRORJLVWV+HUHVRFLDODFWLYLVPDORQHLVQRWJRLQJWR 339 ± EHVXI¿FLHQWODUJHO\GXHWRWKHSUREOHPRIRUJDQLVPDOVL]H %UXQV7':KLWH7-7D\ORU-: )XQJDOPROHFXODUV\VWHPDWLFV PHQWLRQHGDERYHZKLFKLVDVROGDV/LQQDHXV0\FRORJLVWV Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22 ± cannot expect botanists to fully appreciate the problems %XUW$&DUWHU'$.RHQLJ*/:KLWH7-7D\ORU-: 0ROHFXODU created by working with microscopic organisms that can markers reveal cryptic sex in the human pathogen Coccidioides QHLWKHUEHURXWLQHO\FROOHFWHGQRUFXOWXUHG0\FRORJ\WRIUHH immitis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA itself from the legacy of botanical nomenclature, needs a 93 ± QRPHQFODWRULDOUHYROXWLRQ &ROH *76DPVRQ 5$ Patterns of Development in Conidial It is time for mycologists, who best understand the Fungi/RQGRQ 3LWPDQ nomenclatorial needs peculiar to fungi, to design a &URXV 3: 6OLSSHUV % :LQJ¿HOG 0- 5KHHGHU - 0DUDVDV :)2 QRPHQFODWRULDOFRGHIRUIXQJL7KHWLPLQJFRXOGQRWEHEHWWHU 3KLOLSV$-/$OYHV$%XUJHVV7%DUEHU3*URHQHZDOG-= EHFDXVHRYHUWKHSDVWWZRGHFDGHVRQHRIRXURZQ'DYLG 3K\ORJHQHWLF OLQHDJHV LQ WKH Botryosphaeriaceae Studies in Hawksworth, has been helping to guide the development Mycology 55 ± RI WKH %LR&RGH *UHXWHU et al +DZNVZRUWK )HGHUDO 5HJLVWHU 3RVVHVVLRQ XVH DQG WUDQVIHU RI VHOHFW 0RGL¿FDWLRQ RI WKH GUDIW %LR&RGH WR HQDEOH 2QH )XQJXV DJHQWVDQGWR[LQV )LQDOUXOHFederal Register 52 0DUFK 2QH1DPHDQGWRDFFRPPRGDWH(1$6IXQJLFRXOGSURGXFH ± D0\FR&RGHWKDWZRXOGEHIXOO\FRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKH%LR&RGH )LVKHU 0& .RHQLJ*/ :KLWH 7- 7D\ORU-: 0ROHFXODU DQG In considering microscopic organisms, a newly created phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii VS QRY 0\FR&RGH FRXOG DOVR LQVSLUH WKRVH ZRUNLQJ RQ Bacteria, SUHYLRXVO\ UHFRJQL]HG DV WKH QRQ&DOLIRUQLD SRSXODWLRQ RI Archaea and other microscopic Eukarya :H P\FRORJLVWV Coccidioides immitisMycologia 94 ± have the need and, in the nomenclatorial committees of the )XFNHO/ 6\PERODHP\FRORJLFDH%HLWUlJH]XU.HQQWQLVGHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0\FRORJLFDO $VVRFLDWLRQ DQG WKH 0\FRORJLFDO UKHLQLVFKHQ 3LO]H Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für 6HFWLRQRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQRI0LFURELRORJLFDO6RFLHWLHV Naturkunde 23-24 ± WKHPHDQVWRDFFRPSOLVKWKLVWDVN$OOWKDWP\FRORJLVWVQRZ *RWWVFKDON0%ODQ]3$ +LJKO\FRQVHUYHG6ULERVRPDO51$ ODFNLVDQH[FXVHWRGRQRWKLQJ VHTXHQFHV LQ IRXU UXVW IXQJL DQG DW\SLFDO 6 U51$ VHFRQGDU\ structure in Microstroma juglandisNucleic Acids Research 12: ± *UHXWHU:*DUULW\*+DZNVZRUWK'/-DKQ5.LUN30.QDSS6 0F1HLOO-0LFKHO(3DWWHUVRQ'-3\OH57LQGDOO% 'UDIW %LR&RGH SULQFLSOHV DQG UXOHV UHJXODWLQJ WKH QDPLQJ RI ,QFOXGLQJ WKH 1RPHQFODWXUH &RPPLWWHH IRU )XQJL ZKLFK LW LV RUJDQLVPVTaxon 60 ± SURSRVHGEHHOHFWHGDW,QWHUQDWLRQDO0\FRORJLFDO&RQJUHVVHVUDWKHU *XDGHW--XOLHQ-/DID\-)%U\JRR< 3K\ORJHQ\RIVRPH WKDQDW,QWHUQDWLRQDO%RWDQLFDO&RQJUHVVHVDVDWSUHVHQW +DZNVZRUWK Fusarium VSHFLHV DV GHWHUPLQHG E\ ODUJHVXEXQLW U51$ et al 1RUYHOOet al DQGWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPLVVLRQRQ VHTXHQFHFRPSDULVRQMolecular Biology and Evolution 6 ± WKH7D[RQRP\RI)XQJL DMRLQW&RPPLVVLRQZLWK,806 118 IMA FUNGUS One Fungus = One Name: DNA and fungal nomenclature twenty years after PCR *XHKR(.XUW]PDQ&33HWHUVRQ6: (YROXWLRQDU\DI¿QLWLHV 0DVRQ (: $QQRWDWHG DFFRXQW RI )XQJL UHFHLYHG DW WKH ARTICLE RI KHWHUREDVLGLRP\FHWRXV \HDVW HVWLPDWHG IURP 6 DQG 6 ,PSHULDO 0\FRORJLFDO ,QVWLWXWH /LVW ,, )DVF Mycological ULERVRPDO 51$ VHTHXQFH GLYHUJHQFH Systematic and Applied Papers 3 ± Microbiology 12 ± 0DVRQ (: $QQRWDWHG DFFRXQW RI )XQJL UHFHLYHG DW WKH +DZNVZRUWK'/ ,QWURGXFLQJWKH'UDIW%LR&RGH Taxon ,PSHULDO 0\FRORJLFDO ,QVWLWXWH /LVW ,, )DVF JHQ SDUW 60 ± Mycological Papers 4 ± +DZNVZRUWK'/&RRSHU-$&URXV3:+\GH.',WXUULDJD7.LUN 0F1HLOO - %DUULH )5 %XUGHW +0 'HPRXOLQ 9 +DZNVZRUWK '/ 30 /XPEVFK +70D\ 7: 0LQWHU ': 0LVUD -. 1RUYHOO / 0DUKROG.1LFROVRQ'+3UDGR-6LOYD3&6NRJ-(:LHUVHPD 5HGKHDG6$5RVVPDQ$<6HLIHUW.$6WDOSHUV-$7D\ORU-: -+ HGV International Code of Botanical Nomenclature :LQJ¿HOG 0- 3URSRVDOV WR PDNH WKH SUHSXEOLFDWLRQ (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth Interational Botanical deposit of key nomenclatural information in a recognized Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005. >5HJQXP9HJHWDELOH1R repository a requirement for valid publication of organisms @5XJJHOO $5**DQWQHU9HUODJ WUHDWHG DV IXQJL XQGHU WKH &RGH Mycotaxon 111 ± 1RUYHOO//+DZNVZRUWK'/3HWHUVRQ5+5HGKHDG6$ ,0& Taxon 59 ± (GLQEXUJK 1RPHQFODWXUH 6HVVLRQV IMA Fungus 1 ± +DZNVZRUWK '/ &URXV 3: 'LDQHVH -& *U\]HQKRXW 0 1RUYHOO Mycotaxon 113 ± //6HLIHUW.$ 3URSRVDOVWRDPHQGWKHCode to make it 5DELQRZ3 Making PCR: a story of biotechnology&KLFDJR clear that it covers the nomenclature of fungi, and to modify the 8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV JRYHUQDQFHZLWKUHVSHFWWRQDPHVRIRUJDQLVPVWUHDWHGDVIXQJL 5DSHU .% )HQQHOO ', The Genus Aspergillus %DOWLPRUH Taxon 58 ± Mycotaxon 108 ± :LOOLDPV :LONLQV +DZNVZRUWK '/ &URXV 3: 5HGKHDG 6$ 5H\QROGV '5 6DPVRQ 5H\QROGV'57D\ORU-: '1$VSHFLPHQVDQGWKHµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5$ 6HLIHUW .$ 7D\ORU -: :LQJ¿HOG 0- et al. 7KH FRGHRIERWDQLFDOQRPHQFODWXUH¶Taxon 40 ± $PVHUGDPGHFODUDWLRQRQIXQJDOQRPHQFODWXUHIMA Fungus 2: 5H\QROGV '5 7D\ORU -: $UWLFOH UHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RU ± revision? Taxon 42 ± +HQQLJ : Phylogenetic Systematics 8UEDQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 5H\QROGV'57D\ORU-: HGV The Fungal Holomorph: mitotic, ,OOLQRLV3UHVV meiotic and pleomorphic speciation in fungal systematics +LEEHWW'62KPDQ$*ORW]HU'1XKQ0.LUN31LOVVRQ5+ :DOOLQJIRUG &$%,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3URJUHVV LQ PROHFXODU DQG PRUSKRORJLFDO WD[RQ GLVFRYHU\ LQ 6DFFDUGR 3$ Sylloge Fungorum omnium hucusque Fungi DQG RSWLRQV IRU IRUPDO FODVVL¿FDWLRQ RI HQYLURQPHQWDO cognitorum. 9RO3DYLD 3$6DFFDUGR VHTXHQFHVFungal Biology Reviews 25 ± 6DLNL5.*HOIDQG'+6WRIIHO66FKDUI6-+LJXFKL5+RUQ*70XOOLV +RXEUDNHQ-)ULVYDG-&6DPVRQ5$ 7D[RQRP\RIPenicillium .% (UOLFK + 3ULPHUGLUHFWHG HQ]\PDWLF DPSOL¿FDWLRQ RI citrinumDQGUHODWHGVSHFLHVFungal Diversity 44 '1$ZLWKDWKHUPRVWDEOH'1$SRO\PHUDVHScience 239 ± +XJKHV 6- &RQLGLRSKRUHV FRQLGLD DQG FODVVL¿FDWLRQ Canadian Journal of Botany 31 ± 7D\ORU-: 0DNLQJWKH'HXWHURP\FRWDUHGXQGDQW DSUDFWLFDO ,QGHUELW]LQ36KRHPDNHU5$2¶1HLOO157XUJHRQ%*%HUEHH0/ LQWHJUDWLRQRIPLWRVSRULFDQGPHLRVSRULFIXQJLCanadian Journal 6\VWHPDWLFVDQGPDWLQJV\VWHPVRIWZRIXQJDOSDWKRJHQV of Botany 73 6XSSO V±V of opium poppy: the heterothallic Crivellia papaveracea with a 7D\ORU-:7XUQHU(7RZQVHQG-3'HWWPDQ-5-DFREVRQ' Brachycladium penicillatum asexual state and a homothallic (XNDU\RWLF PLFUREHV VSHFLHV UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG WKH JHRJUDSKLF species with a Brachycladium papaveris DVH[XDOVWDWH Canadian limits of species: examples from the kingdom FungiPhilosophical Journal of Botany 84 ± Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 361: -XPSSRQHQ$-RQHV./ 0DVVLYHO\SDUDOOHOVHTXHQFLQJ ± indicates hyperdiverse fungal communities in temperate Quercus 7XEDNL . 6WXGLHV RQ WKH -DSDQHVH +\SKRP\FHWHV macrocarpaSK\OORVSKHUHNew Phytologist 184 ± /HDI DQG VWHP JURXS ZLWK D GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH FODVVL¿FDWLRQ RI -XPSSRQHQ $ -RQHV ./ 6HDVRQDOO\ G\QDPLF IXQJDO +\SKRP\FHWHV DQG WKHLU SHUIHFW VWDJHV Journal of the Hattori communities in the Quercus macrocarpa phyllosphere differ Botanical Laboratory 20 ± EHWZHHQ XUEDQ DQG QRQXUEDQ HQYLURQPHQWV New Phytologist 7XODVQH/57XODVQH& Selecta Fungroum Carpologia.9RO 186 ± 3DULV ,PSHULDO7\SRJUDSKHU>5HSULQW 2[IRUG &ODUHQGRQ .HQGULFN % HG The Whole Fungus: the sexual-asexual 3UHVV@ synthesis.YROV2WWDZD 1DWLRQDO0XVHXPVRI&DQDGD 9XLOOHPLQ 3 D /HV DOHXULRVSRUHV Bulletin de la Société des .RXIRSDQRX 9 %XUW $ 7D\ORU -: &RQFRUGDQFH RI JHQH Sciences du Nancy 12 ± genealogies reveals reproductive isolation in the pathogenic 9XLOOHPLQ 3 E /HV FRQLGLRVSRUHV Bulletin de la Société des fungus Coccidioides immitis. Proceedings of the National Sciences du Nancy 11 ± Academy of Sciences, USA 94 ± :DONHU:)'RROLWWOH:) 5HGLYLGLQJWKHEDVLGLRP\FHWHVRQ .XUW]PDQ &36PLOH\ 0- -RKQVRQ &- :LFNHUKDP /- )XVRQ *% WKHEDVLVRI6U51$VHTXHQFHVNature 299 ± 7ZR QHZ DQG FORVHO\ UHODWHG KHWHURWKDOOLF VSHFLHV :DONHU:)'RROLWWOH:) 6\VWHPDWLFVRIEDVLGLRP\FHWHVEDVHG Pichia amyolphila and Pichia mississippiensis: characterization RQ6U51$VHTXHQFHVDQGRWKHUGDWDNature 303 ± E\ K\EULGL]DWLRQ DQG GHR[\ULERQXFOHLF DFLG UHDVVRFLDWLRQ :HUHVXE/.3LUR]\QVNL.$ 3OHRPRUSKLVPRIIXQJLDVWUHDWHG International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 30 ± LQ WKH KLVWRU\ RI P\FRORJ\ DQG QRPHQFODWXUH ,Q The Whole VOLUME 2 · NO. 2 119 John W. Taylor Fungus %.HQGULFNHG 1 ±2WWDZD 1DWLRQDO0XVHXPV RI&DQDGD :KLWH7-%UXQV7/HH67D\ORU: $PSOL¿FDWLRQDQGGLUHFW VHTXHQFLQJRIIXQJDOULERVRPDO51$JHQHVIRUSK\ORJHQHWLFV,Q PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications 0,QQLVet ARTICLE al.HGV ±$FDGHPLF3UHVV6DQ'LHJR 120 IMA FUNGUS