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Cultural Resources Technical Report in Support of Final Environmental

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Cultural Resources Technical Report in Support of Final Environmental U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Cultural Resources Technical Report Riley Ridge to Natrona Project DECEMBER 2018 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Cultural Context .................................................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Prehistoric Overview ................................................................................................................. 1 2.1.1 Paleoindian Period (ca. 11,500 to 8,500 B.P.). ............................................................. 3 2.1.2 Archaic Period (ca. 8,500 to 1,800 B.P.) ...................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 1,800 to 300 B.P.) ............................................................ 9 2.1.4 Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1600 to 1800). ................................................................. 11 2.2 Historic Overview ................................................................................................................... 13 3.0 Baseline Cultural Resources Inventory ............................................................................................. 19 3.1 Cultural Resources Site Data ................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Historic Properties Listed in the National Register of Historic Places .................................... 20 3.3 National Historic Trails ........................................................................................................... 20 3.4 Areas of Critical Environmental Concern ............................................................................... 20 4.0 Cultural Resources Inventory Summary ........................................................................................... 20 4.1 Cultural Resources Site Data ................................................................................................... 20 4.1.1 Historic Properties Listed in the National Register of Historic Places ....................... 26 4.1.2 National Historic Trails .............................................................................................. 26 4.1.3 Areas of Critical Environmental Concern and Other Management Areas ................. 26 4.2 Segment 1: Riley Ridge Treatment Plant to the Proposed Riley Ridge Sweetening Plant ..... 27 4.2.1 Alternative 1A: Proposed Action ............................................................................... 27 4.2.2 Alternative 1A: Variations (Dry Basin Draw Proposed Action [1AP] and Dry Basin Draw Variation [1AV]) .................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 Alternative 1B: Dry Piney .......................................................................................... 28 4.2.4 Alternative 1C: Figure Four ....................................................................................... 29 4.3 Segment 2: Proposed Riley Ridge Sweetening Plant to the Bairoil Interconnect ................... 30 4.3.1 Alternative 2A: Proposed Action ............................................................................... 30 4.3.2 Alternative 2B: Southern Route ................................................................................. 31 4.4 Segment 3: Bairoil Interconnect to the Lost Cabin/Natrona Hub Interconnect ....................... 32 4.4.1 Alternative 3A: Proposed Action ............................................................................... 32 4.4.2 Alternative 3B: Lost Creek to Lost Cabin .................................................................. 33 4.4.3 Alternative 3C: Lost Creek to Highway 20/26 ........................................................... 34 5.0 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................. 35 Tables Table 4-1 Number of Sites by National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Status and Temporal Affiliation ............................................................................................................ 21 Table 4-2 Summary of Cultural Resources Inventory Data by Alternative Route and Route Variation ............................................................................................................................ 4-23 Riley Ridge to Natrona Project i November 2018 Cultural Resources Technical Report THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK List of Acronyms and Abbreviations APE area of potential effect Applicant Riley Ridge LLC and PacifiCorp, doing business as Rocky Mountain Power BLM Bureau of Land Management B.P. before present CFR Code of Federal Regulations Denbury Riley Ridge LLC EIS Environmental Impact Statement GIS geographic information system GLO General Land Office NHT National Historic Trail NRHP National Register of Historic Places Project Riley Ridge to Natrona Project (also RRNP) RRNP Riley Ridge to Natrona Project SHPO State Historic Preservation Office TCP traditional cultural properties UGRB Upper Green River Basin USFS U.S. Forest Service WYCRO Wyoming Cultural Records Office Riley Ridge to Natrona Project iii November 2018 Cultural Resources Technical Report THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1.0 Introduction The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) prepared this technical report for cultural resources to support the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in response to three applications for right-of- way submitted by Riley Ridge LLC (Denbury) and PacifiCorp, doing business as Rocky Mountain Power (collectively referred to as the Applicant), for the Riley Ridge to Natrona Project (RRNP or Project). The Applicant’s proposal to construct and operate the Project, including the underground carbon dioxide (CO2) pipeline system and Riley Ridge Sweetening Plant, the 230-kilovolt transmission line, injection wells, and ancillary facilities. This technical report describes the cultural context, the chronological, and thematic framework for cultural resources that exist in the Project study area. A cultural resources inventory for the Project study area that represents the affected environment is presented as well. 2.0 Cultural Context To assess the periods of significance for the cultural resources that occur in the Project study area, it is crucial to understand specific themes and events influential in the Region's past. Thus, a cultural context is presented that addresses the chronological and thematic framework for cultural resources that exist in the Project study area. The culture history is divided into two thematic periods: prehistory and history. The following cultural context has been extracted from the Overview of Known Cultural Resources along the RRNP, in Sublette, Sweetwater, Fremont, and Natrona Counties, Wyoming, prepared for the RRNP (Ollie et al. 2016). 2.1 Prehistoric Overview Human occupation has occurred in the Wyoming Basin for minimally the past 11,500 years. The Project extends across the entire northern portion of the Wyoming Basin physiographic province, bounded to the east by the Northwestern Plains, and to the west by the Wyoming Range. Metcalf (1987) proposed a prehistoric cultural chronology for the Wyoming Basin more than 20 years ago, and while some minor adjustments to the chronology have been offered (McNees et al. 2006, McNees et al. 2010, Thompson and Pastor 1995), it remains the primary structure for discussing changes in prehistoric settlement, subsistence, and technology in the region. Given the proximity to the Northwestern Plains to the east, Frison’s (1991) chronology is also applicable as elements of Plains adaptations are relevant to aspects of Wyoming Basin prehistory. Metcalf’s (1987) chronology was specific to the Wyoming Basin, and attempted to frame the Basin’s prehistory and elucidate specific traits with less reliance on exogenous temporal frameworks (e.g., Northwestern Plains [Frison 1991], the Northern Colorado Plateau [Holmer 1986], the Columbia Plateau, and the Great Basin). This Wyoming Basin chronology is based on the temporal distribution of 199 radiocarbon-dated components from southwest Wyoming plotted on a smoothed frequency graph. While the method may reflect biases in preservation and research foci through time, it provides a functional framework that can be refined as new data become available (refer to Wheeler et al. 1986, McKibbin et al. 1989, McNees et al. 1994, Thompson and Pastor 1995, Bandy 2008). The Wyoming Basin chronology includes seven prehistoric phases based on adaptive strategies and technological developments characteristic of Wyoming Basin cultural dynamics (e.g., housepit construction, occupation of stabilized sand dunes, and a faunal subsistence base directed toward pronghorn and small mammals [McNees et al. 2006]). Riley Ridge to Natrona Project 1 November 2018 Cultural Resources Technical Report Prehistoric use of the Wyoming Basin is heavily influenced by the distribution of resources. People traversed the landscape and obtained economic resources in the river valleys, basin interiors, foothills, and mountains as they became available by season, likely overwintering with the aid of stored resources (Binford 1980). Prehistoric inhabitants accessed various resources in the basin, including widely available lithic resources across the western Project study area and areas
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