DOCSLIB.ORG

Occasional Hunts Or Mass Kills? Investigating the Origins of Archaeological Pronghorn Bonebeds in Southwest Wyoming Author(S): Jack N

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Occasional Hunts Or Mass Kills? Investigating the Origins of Archaeological Pronghorn Bonebeds in Southwest Wyoming Author(S): Jack N Society for American Archaeology Occasional Hunts or Mass Kills? Investigating the Origins of Archaeological Pronghorn Bonebeds in Southwest Wyoming Author(s): Jack N. Fenner Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Apr., 2009), pp. 323-350 Published by: Society for American Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20622429 . Accessed: 10/02/2015 00:46 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.56.5.15 on Tue, 10 Feb 2015 00:46:38 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions OCCASIONAL HUNTS OR MASS KILLS? INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRONGHORN BONEBEDS IN SOUTHWEST WYOMING JackN. Fenner It is often unclear whether an archaeological animal bonebed was formed by a mass kill of individuals from a single prey population or through the accumulation of a number of separate kills which occurred over a long time period or at multi ple locations. The isotope ratio variation within animals from an archaeological bonebed can be used to investigate this question by comparing the isotope ratio variation within an archaeological assemblage to the variation within modern pop ulations. If the archaeological variation exceeds that expected within a single population, then an accumulation is indi cated. Otherwise, a single mass kill or a series of kills from a single population over a fairly short timeperiod ismore likely. This technique is demonstrated using carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope ratios to characterize the amount of variation within pronghorn tooth enamel from six archaeological sites in southwestern Wyoming. The results indicate that theAustin Wash and Trappers Point sites are the result of an accumulation of pronghorn from multiple populations, while the Fire hole Basin, Gailiun, and Boars Tusk sites do not show evidence of accumulation and therefore may be the result of mass kills. The Eden-Farson site formation characteristics are currently indeterminate. A menudo es dificil determinar si un dep?sito arqueol?gico de restos ?seos de animal seform? a traves de la muerte en masa de individuos de una ?nica poblaci?n de presas, o a traves de la acumulaci?n de un n?mero de muertes por separado que tuvieron lugar durante un periodo de tiempo prolongado o en multiples lugares. Es posible utilizar la variaci?n de relaciones isot?picas en los animales de un dep?sito arqueol?gico de huesos para investigar dicha cuesti?n. La variaci?n de relaciones isot?picas de un contexto arqueol?gico es comparada con la variaci?n en de poblaci?n moderna y, si la variaci?n arque ol?gica supera aquella que se espera dentro de una ?nica poblaci?n, se indica una acumulaci?n. De otra manera, es mas prob able una ?nica muerte en masa o una serie de muertes de una ?nica poblaci?n a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto. Dicha tecnica queda demostrada mediante el uso de relaciones isot?picas de carbono, oxigeno y estroncio para car acterizar la magnitud de la variaci?n en el esmalte de dientes de antttopes americanos proveniente de seis yacimientos arque ol?gicos del sudoeste de Wyoming. Los resultados indican que los yacimientos de Austin Wash y Trappers Point son el resultado de una acumulaci?n de antilocapras americanas de diversas poblaciones, mientras que los yacimientos de Firehole Basin, Gailiun y Boars Tusk no presentan evidencia de acumulaci?n y por lo tanto pueden ser el resultado de muertes en masa ?ni cas. Las caracteristicas de la formacion del yacimiento de Eden-Farson a?n no han sido determinadas. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) roam over time.This is an importantquestion because it wild onWyoming rangelands today as they has implications for a variety of human behaviors have formany millennia. Archaeological of archaeological interest.An improved under evidence indicates that people have successfully standing of prehistoricmass kill strategies in gen hunted these fairly large and very fleet animals for eral, and pronghorn procurement in particular, at least 13,000 calendar years (Frison 1991; Hill would affectnot only the interpretationof siteoccu 2001; Lubinski 2000a), which in some instances pation histories, but also larger issues such as the has led to substantial archaeological pronghorn prevalence of communal hunting and population bonebeds. As is often the case for archaeological aggregation (Arkush 1986; Davis et al. 2000; Faw bonebeds, it is difficultto determine whether a par cett 1987; Lubinski 1999), resource intensification a ticular pronghorn bonebed resulted from single (Lubinski 1997), population size and mobility or an mass kill from accumulation ofmultiple kills (Todd 1987;Widga 2004), gender roles and meat N. Jack Fenner Department of Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia ([email protected]) American Antiquity 74(2), 2009, pp. 323-350 Copyright ?2009 by the Society forAmerican Archaeology 323 This content downloaded from 130.56.5.15 on Tue, 10 Feb 2015 00:46:38 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 324AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 74, No. 2,2009] sharing (Dewar et al. 2006), and cultural or tech pie populations and a singlemass kill (or a series nological change (Lubinski 1997, 2000a; Ugan et of fairlyclosely related kills from a single popula al. 2003). tion) ismore likely. Much of our understanding of mass procure Hoppe (2004) assessed thecarbon, oxygen, and ment events derives from ethnographic and histor strontium isotope ratio variation of two paleonto ical sources. Within western North America, logical mammoth bonebeds thought to represent traditionalpeoples communallymass-hunted bison catastrophic herdmortality, and decided thatonly (De Smet 1859), rabbits (Chamberlin 1911:336; carbon isotopes showed sufficient inter-herdvari Steward 1933:253-254), deer (Steward 1933:252, ation to confidentlydistinguish between herds. She 1938:82-83), and even insects such as crickets then compared the carbon isotope variation in the (Egan 1917:230-233). Of particular interestto this paleontological mass mortality bonebeds to the study are numerous reports of historic communal variation within theBlackwater Draw, Miami and pronghorn hunts (Arkush 1986; Egan 1917: Dent mammoth archaeological assemblages. Her 238-241; Grinnell 1923:277-290; Hyde analysis suggests that all three assemblages are 1968:18-20; Irving 1986:225-226,353-354; Kelly composed of mixtures of individuals frommulti 1932:82-86; Kindig 1987; Lowie 1909:185, ple herds (Hoppe 2004:139) and therefore likely 1924:197; Lubinski 1999; Steward 1938:34-36, representmultiple kill events within each site. 105, 115, 120, 128, 175, 233; Sundstrom 2000). Widga (2004:38-41), as part of a larger analy Pronghorn herds were driven or led into brush or sis of Early Archaic bison procurement, compared timber corrals, driven into pits, or surrounded by the carbon isotope variation within bison remains people either on foot or horseback. The pronghorn recovered from several components of the Spring were often then run to exhaustion, at which point Creek and Logan Creek sites inNebraska to that they could be easily killed. There are also numer of bison remains fromPaleoindian mass kill com ous accounts of individual pronghorn hunting, ponents at theAgate Basin site and themultiple using disguises to stalk pronghorn (e.g., Lowie kill Plains Village sites ofHelb and Talking Crow. 1909, 1924) or colored flags thatflap in thewind He found thatSpring Creek and at least one Logan and attract curious pronghorn (e.g., Chittenden Creek component appear to represent single 1905; Schoolcraft 1860). While valuable, these episode procurement events.Widga (2004:39,41) accounts lack timedepth andmay reflectresponses acknowledges that the comparative samples from toEuroamerican contact ratherthan traditionalpre differingtime periods are of uncertain comparative historic behavior. For a long-termperspective, we value, and thata number of untested assumptions must turn to archaeology. are included inhis isotopic analysis. Nevertheless, Unfortunately, theuse of archaeology tounder a qualitative assessment of the range of variation stand communal mass-kill behavior is often ham suggests thatbison mass kill sitesmay have sub pered by an inabilityto reliablydistinguish between stantiallyless carbon isotope variation thando mul sites thatcontain the remains of large kills from a tiple kill sites (Widga 2004:41). single population and those containing an accu These interestingstudies introduce a technique mulation of small, presumably noncommunal kills thatpromises to improve our understanding of pre obtained frommultiple prey populations. Hoppe historic hunting practices. The study reportedhere (2004) andWidga (2004) recently and indepen furtheranalyzes and develops isotopic characteri dently introduceda technique thatuses isotope ratio zation of bonebeds along several lines.Both Hoppe analysis to investigate this issue. Simply put, a site andWidga used ancient
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attachment M Amendment 2 to the Jonah Programmatic Agreement
    Attachment M Amendment 2 to the Jonah Programmatic Agreement APPENDIX A CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN for the Jonah Gas Field, Sublette County, Wyoming 15, JUNE 2007 Theoretical Perspective. A useful approach to structuring data recovery derives from assumptions inherent in evolutionary ecology (Bettinger 1991). Human behaviors are viewed as being adaptive in the sense that the long term success of a group depends upon knowledge and adaptive behaviors being passed from one generation to the next. In order to focus on archaeological evidence for these behaviors, models based on hunter-gatherer mobility (Binford 1980) and on food (energy) costs are used. Sometimes termed middle range research, these approaches form a bridge between broad theory and the archaeological record. Binford's (1980) observations showing that hunter-gatherers organize along a continuum of strategies between two extremes, foraging and collecting, have laid the groundwork for much debate in archaeology (Gould 1980; Hodder 1986), but have also stimulated a very useful way to view the archaeological record (Binford 1983; Price and Brown 1985; Kelly 1983; 1995; Watson 1986). The forager-collector model and others of a similar nature (e.g. Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982) provide the archaeologist with a powerful set of tools for interpreting archaeological remains. The archaeological record is viewed as being reflective of sets of behaviors used by prehistoric people in their daily lives. Evidence of these behaviors includes tools and facilities, the nature and distribution of refuse produced by tool manufacture and use, and the overall patterning of these remains both within individual sites and over the landscape. Care must be used in interpreting the meaning of the patterning of remains in order to account for various natural and cultural distortions that may have affected this record during the elapsed period of time since the prehistoric activity occurred (e.g., Schiffer 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife and Energy Development Pronghorn of the Upper Green River Basin – Year 1 Summary
    JANUARY 2006 Wildlife & energy development Pronghorn of the Upper Green River Basin - Year 1 Summary By Joel Berger, Kim Murray Berger, Jon P. Beckmann Project Funding by Shell Exploration and Production Company, Ultra Petroleum, Anschutz Petroleum, and The Wildlife Conservation Society The Wildlife Conservation Society The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) is dedicated to saving wildlife and wildlands to assure a future for threatened species like elephants, tigers, sharks, macaws, or lynx. That mission is achieved through a conservation program that protects some 50 living landscapes around the world, manages more than 300 field projects in 53 countries, and supports the nation’s larg- est system of living institutions – the Bronx Zoo, the New York Aquarium, the Wildlife Centers in Central Park, Queens, and Prospect Park, and the Wildlife Survival Center on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. We are devel- oping and maintaining pioneering environmental education programs that reach more than three million people in the New York metropolitan area as well as in all 50 Unites States and 14 other countries. We are working to make future generations inheritors, not just survivors. To learn more about WCS visit www.wcs.org. WCS has been an active force in North American conservation since 1895. Bison reintroduction, legislation to protect endangered wildlife, and the establishment of more than twenty parks and reserves were early WCS accomplishments. Pioneering studies of bighorn sheep, elk, cougars, and wolves all benefited from WCS support. Today the WCS North America Program takes a science-based approach to conservation in more than forty projects in twenty-one states and provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists
    National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists January 5, 2007 ............................................................................................................................................. 3 January 12, 2007 ........................................................................................................................................... 8 January 19, 2007 ......................................................................................................................................... 14 January 26, 2007 ......................................................................................................................................... 20 February 2, 2007 ......................................................................................................................................... 27 February 9, 2007 ......................................................................................................................................... 40 February 16, 2007 ....................................................................................................................................... 47 February 23, 2007 ....................................................................................................................................... 55 March 2, 2007 ............................................................................................................................................. 62 March 9, 2007 ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NPS Form 10 900 OMB No. 1024 0018
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name Medicine House Site other names/site number 48CR2353 2. Location street & number x not for publication x city or town Hanna vicinity state Wyoming code WY county Carbon code 007 zip code 82327 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this x nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property x_ meets _ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: national x statewide local Signature of certifying official/Title Date State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wyoming Archaeologist
    THE WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 56(1) SPRING 2012 ISSN: 0043-9665 [THIS ISSUE PUBLISHED February 2013] THE WYOMING ARCHAEOLOGIST Wyoming Archaeological Society, Inc. Larry Amundson, President Please send a minimum of two (2) hard copies of each manuscript 85 Goosenob Dr submitted. A third copy would speed the process. Please contact Riverton WY 82501 the Managing Editor for instructions if the manuscript is available in 307-856-3373 electronic format. Readers should consult the articles in this issue for style and format. Deadline for submission of copy for spring is- Email [email protected] sues is January 1 and for all issues is July 1. Reports and articles received by the Managing Editor after those dates will be held for Bill Scoggin, 1st Vice President the following issue. PO Box 456 Rawlins WY 82301-0456 The membership period is from January 1 through December 31. Email [email protected] All subscriptions expire with the Fall/Winter issue and renewals are due January 1 of each year. Continuing members whose dues are Judy Wolf, 2nd Vice President not paid by March 31 of the new year will receive back issues only upon payment of $5.00 per issue. If you have a change of address, 1657 Riverside Dr please notify the Executive Secretary/Treasurer. Your WYOMING Laramie WY 82070-6627 ARCHAEOLOGIST will not be forwarded unless payment is received Email [email protected] for return and forwarding postage. Back issues in print can be pur- chased for $5.00 each, plus postage. Back issues out of print are Carolyn M Buff, Executive Secretary/Treasurer available at $0.25 per page plus postage.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Chapter 18: Wyoming
    Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Central United States VOLUME 16 - CHAPTER 18 Montana North Dakota Minnesota Colorado Illinois Wisconsin South Dakota Indiana Wyoming Michigan Iowa Iowa Kansas Nebraska Michigan Ohio Utah Illinois Indiana Minnesota Colorado Missouri Kansas Missouri Montana Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Utah Wisconsin Wyoming JUNE 2017 First Responder Network Authority Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Central United States VOLUME 16 - CHAPTER 18 Amanda Goebel Pereira, AICP NEPA Coordinator First Responder Network Authority U.S. Department of Commerce 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. M/S 243 Reston, VA 20192 Cooperating Agencies Federal Communications Commission General Services Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture—Rural Utilities Service U.S. Department of Agriculture—U.S. Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture—Natural Resource Conservation Service U.S. Department of Commerce—National Telecommunications and Information Administration U.S. Department of Defense—Department of the Air Force U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Homeland Security June 2017 Page Intentionally Left Blank. Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 18 FirstNet Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network Wyoming Contents 18. Wyoming ............................................................................................................................. 18-7 18.1. Affected
    [Show full text]
  • A Cultural Resources Model for Pine Valley, Nevada
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Land Management NEVADA A Cultural Resources Model for Pine Valley, Nevada by Michael Drews Eric lngbar David Zeanah William Eckerle Cultural Resources Series No. 13 2004 • • • • • • • • • • A Cultural Resources Model for Pine Valley, Nevada • Final Report on Department of Energy Agreement DE-FC26-01BC15337 • • • by • Michael Drews • Gnomon, Inc. • Eric lngbar • Gnomon, Inc. • David Zeanah • California State University Sacramento William Eckerle • Western Geoarch Research • • Gnomon, Inc. • 1601 Fairview Drive, Suite F • Carson City, Nevada 89701 • • with the assistance of: • Nevada Division of Minerals • July, 2002 • • 1• • • • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • The work reported here has many roots. Models and spatial hypotheses in management • and archaeology have a long, long history. One cannot begin to state the intellectual debts • owed. • This project could never have succeeded without the prior work done by David Zeanah and the staff of Intermountain Research. The seminal studies sponsored by the U.S. Fish • and Wildlife Service, then by the Naval Air Station, Fallon, provided the impetus for this project. The Bureau of Land Management Railroad Valley planning project is the • immediate progenitor of this work. Without the Bureau's initiation of that work, this work would not exist. The Department of Energy made possible this study, a sponsorship • and collaboration that could never have occurred without the assistance of the Bureau of • Land Management and, especially, the Nevada Division of Minerals . • The staff of the Nevada Division of Minerals were responsible for all of the outreach and public coordination. They did a terrific job. John Snow and Alan Coyner of the Division • served as our industry and agency coordinators.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes for WAPA Spring Meeting, April 9, 2010, Casper, Wyoming
    Minutes for WAPA Spring Meeting, April 9, 2010, Casper, Wyoming President Jana Pastor called meeting to order. WAPA board welcomed all attending. Officers and attendees introduced themselves. Secretary’s Report: Adam Graves: Read the minutes from the Fall 2009 WAPA Meeting in Lander, Wyoming. Motion to accept minutes passed. Treasurer’s Report: John Laughlin: John Laughlin: The WAPA checking account has $6718.28 of which $1,144.00 belongs to the Project Archaeology funds that WAPA holds for the BLM, leaving $5574.28 of actual WAPA checking account funds. The Putnam account continues to rebound. At the end of the third quarter of 2010, the Putnam account balance stood at $10,731.26. As of April 8, 2010 the Putnam account stood at $13008.04, an increase of $2276.78 since the fall meeting. Expenditures incurred since the spring 2009 meeting total $1416.46 and consist of: $43.66 Radio Shack-Microphone $194.60 Best Western Lander-Fall 2009 meeting room rental/refreshments $100.00 Jason Bush Cancer Fund $179.00 Sam Trautman-Web upkeep $40.00 PO Box rental $250.00 Wyoming Archaeology Awareness Month donation $21.20 Kinko’s-2010 Dues Mailing $88.00 USPS-2010 Dues Mailing $500.00 2010 WAS Spring Meeting Brad Humphrey Award The majority of WAPA dues for 2010 have been paid (73/98 members with outstanding 2010 dues). Membership as of 4/9/10 is 124. Committee Reports: Vice President Joe Daniele: There are 6 new members since last meeting. Agency and Contractors Reports (see also below): Mary Hopkins: Summarized SHPO report.
    [Show full text]
  • Green River Drift Trail Traditional Cultural Property Other Names/Site Number the Drift; 48SU7312 ~~~~~~~~------2
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 REeetvro 22ao 1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NOV 0 1 2013 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative items on continuation sheets If needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name Green River Drift Trail Traditional Cultural Property other names/site number The Drift; 48SU7312 ~~~~~~~~--------------------------------------------------- 2. Location street & number Linear corridor that generally follows the upper Green River & crosses B not for publication BLM Pinedale & Bridger Teton National Forest lands. city or town Cora vicinity ~~---------------------------------------------------- state code WY county Sublette code 035 zip code __:8:..::2:.::9.=.25=-- -- 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this ...!....__ nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ____x_ meets __ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: national __1L_ statewide _local In my opinion, the property ){meets_ does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment K Amendment 2 to the Jonah Programmatic Agreement
    Attachment K Amendment 2 to the Jonah Programmatic Agreement APPENDIX A CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN for the Jonah Gas Field, Sublette County, Wyoming 15, JUNE 2007 Theoretical Perspective. A useful approach to structuring data recovery derives from assumptions inherent in evolutionary ecology (Bettinger 1991). Human behaviors are viewed as being adaptive in the sense that the long term success of a group depends upon knowledge and adaptive behaviors being passed from one generation to the next. In order to focus on archaeological evidence for these behaviors, models based on hunter-gatherer mobility (Binford 1980) and on food (energy) costs are used. Sometimes termed middle range research, these approaches form a bridge between broad theory and the archaeological record. Binford's (1980) observations showing that hunter-gatherers organize along a continuum of strategies between two extremes, foraging and collecting, have laid the groundwork for much debate in archaeology (Gould 1980; Hodder 1986), but have also stimulated a very useful way to view the archaeological record (Binford 1983; Price and Brown 1985; Kelly 1983; 1995; Watson 1986). The forager-collector model and others of a similar nature (e.g. Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982) provide the archaeologist with a powerful set of tools for interpreting archaeological remains. The archaeological record is viewed as being reflective of sets of behaviors used by prehistoric people in their daily lives. Evidence of these behaviors includes tools and facilities, the nature and distribution of refuse produced by tool manufacture and use, and the overall patterning of these remains both within individual sites and over the landscape. Care must be used in interpreting the meaning of the patterning of remains in order to account for various natural and cultural distortions that may have affected this record during the elapsed period of time since the prehistoric activity occurred (e.g., Schiffer 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Technical Report in Support of Final Environmental
    U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Cultural Resources Technical Report Riley Ridge to Natrona Project DECEMBER 2018 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Cultural Context .................................................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Prehistoric Overview ................................................................................................................. 1 2.1.1 Paleoindian Period (ca. 11,500 to 8,500 B.P.). ............................................................. 3 2.1.2 Archaic Period (ca. 8,500 to 1,800 B.P.) ...................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 1,800 to 300 B.P.) ............................................................ 9 2.1.4 Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1600 to 1800). ................................................................. 11 2.2 Historic Overview ................................................................................................................... 13 3.0 Baseline Cultural Resources Inventory ............................................................................................. 19 3.1 Cultural Resources Site Data ................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Historic Properties Listed in the National Register of Historic
    [Show full text]
  • Cherney, David 2011. Securing the Free Movement of Wildlife
    GAL.CHERNEY.DOC 5/31/2011 6:46 PM SECURING THE FREE MOVEMENT OF WILDLIFE: LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN WEST’S LONGEST LAND MAMMAL MIGRATION BY DAVID N. CHERNEY* Large mammal migrations are in decline globally, despite the popularity of innovative, large-scale management tools. From an ecological perspective, the problem may appear obvious—the ever increasing number of physical barriers to wildlife movement (e.g., habitat fragmentation, increasing human population, roads, industrial development) leading to the continued disruption and loss of wildlife movements. Effective methods of addressing these barriers are often hindered by political conflict between divergent political actors. Commentators often assert that collaboration and coordination among diverse interest groups throughout the geographic confines of a migration are necessary to secure the protection of migratory species. This Article revisits the protection of the longest mammal migration of the lower forty-eight states, a 170-mile pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) migration between Grand Teton National Park and the Upper Green River Basin in western Wyoming. This case suggests that, while collaboration among diverse stakeholders is a worthy aspiration, collaboration among all stakeholders is not necessary for the protection of all migratory species. A key to developing successful protection strategies is to correctly identify and address the problems faced by conflicting perspectives. In the case of this pronghorn migration, two different solutions addressed the problems faced by conflicting perspectives. The first was a political (symbolic) outcome that reduced political intensity between divergent stakeholders by allowing both sides to claim victory independent of one another. The second was a policy solution, disconnected from the political outcome, that significantly reduced physical barriers to the free movement of pronghorn along the migratory corridor.
    [Show full text]