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Andwardslate Spring 2003 Agriculture • Horticulture • Forestry • Environment • Amenity LANDWARDSLate Spring 2003 CAN-bus Eden Project www.iagre.org Fauna Volume 58 No.2 58 No.2 Volume Protection IAgrE JOURNAL Soil Management for Sustainability ISTRO International Soil Tillage Research Organisation President: Dr Jeff Tullberg, University of Queensland 16th Triennial Conference Registration brochure now available or register online <http://www.istro.org> July 13-18 2003 Brisbane,Australia SPREADERS New spreader system with in-cab border control new border spreading actuator moves the spout to off while maintaining the visual indicator. The patented system with convenient feed fertiliser to a special third application rate. spout and spreader mechanism Ain-cab electric control is, vane on the disc, which results in The system is easy for the are made from stainless steel in available on the Sulky DPX a shorter throw with exact cut- operator to use and includes a order to maintain long-term fertiliser spreaders, distributed in accuracy, and the electric the UK by Rustons Engineering. actuator has a protective casing. The Sulky Tribord system gives very clean cut-off at field CONTACT edges without changing discs or manual resetting, so tractor Rustons Engineering Co Ltd, drivers can quickly adjust spread Brampton Road, widths on one side to take Huntingdon, Camridgeshire, account of ditches, hedges, PE18 6BQ. Tel: +44 (0)1480 watercourses and other sensitive 455151 Fax: +44 (0)1480 areas without leaving the cab. 52116 E-mail: The application system on [email protected] Website: standard DPX spreaders consists www.reco.co.uk of a movable spout and a disc with two vanes, the spread width being determined by the point on the disc where the The new Tribord system now available on Sulky DPX fertiliser fertiliser is dropped. With the spreaders distributed by Rustons Tribord system, an electric Engineering (RECO) Volume 58 No 2, 2003 The Professional Journal for Engineers, Scientists, and Technologists in Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Environment LANDWARDS and Amenity Editor CONTENTS Eur Ing Prof Brian D Witney PhD CEng FIMechE HonFIAgrE MemASAE FFCS Feature Articles LAND TECHNOLOGY LTD 33 South Barnton Ave, 2 MACHINERY MANAGEMENT Edinburgh, EH4 6AN Tel/Fax:0131 336 3129 Protecting grassland fauna during harvest E-mail: [email protected] Annette Prochnau, D Kraut and H Jacobs Website: http://www.landtec.co.uk 6 AMENITY Advertising All enquiries to IAgrE Eden Project Tel:01525 861096 John A C Weir Fax: 01525 861660 Origination: David King 12 EROSION CONTROL Printing: Barr Printers Ltd Sustainable soil and water management in sub-Saharan Publisher Africa Landwards is published bimonthly by: Vaughan Redfern IAgrE, West End Road, Silsoe, 15 ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER Bedford, MK45 4DU Tel:01525 861096 Harvesting with CAN-bus Fax: 01525 861660 Morten Moller E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.iagre.org President Membership Matters centrefold Dr Dan Mitchell CEng FIAgrE FRAgS News and Comment Chief Executive & Secretary 5 News scan Christopher R Whetnall IEng MIAgrE MemASAE 22 Book reviews 24 Company and product information Front cover: Daffodils (Photo: Land Technology Ltd) The views and opinions expressed in individual contributions are not those necessarily of IAgrE or the Editor. Landwards is compiled from information received by IAgrE but no responsibility can be accepted by the governing Council, the Publishers or the Editor in respect of any errors or omissions. The Editor reserves the right to edit any material sent to the journal. Material from this publication may be quoted or reported on condition that full credit is given to Landwards and to the author, and that the date of publication and volume number are stated. In the interest of factual reporting, reference to trade names and proprietary products may be inevitable. No endorsement of the named products or manufacturers is intended and no adverse criticism is implied of similar products which are not mentioned. © The Institution of Agricultural Engineers (IAgrE) ISSN 1363-8300 MACHINERY MANAGEMENT Double knife mower causes less damage to grassland fauna PROTECTING GRASSLAND FAUNA DURING HARVEST A. Prochnow, D. Kraut and H. Jacobs Summary patterns from the inside cost way of protecting grassland Purpose Several times a year mechanised outwards to facilitate the fauna. Several times a year mechanised grassland harvest leads to injury animals’ escape. Process costs, calculated for grassland harvest leads to the and death of large numbers of Field investigations, carried out mowing with several working injury and death of large numbers invertebrates, amphibians, birds over 6 years, show that in most widths, decrease with rising field of invertebrates, amphibians, birds and mammals. Measures for cases the ‘double knife’ mower size for all working patterns and mammals, thus endangering protecting the grassland fauna causes significantly lower damage, considered, even when whole populations (Meierhöfer, during harvest include: to invertebrates, than the ‘disc consistently mowing in stripes 2002).As far as protecting the • use of oscillating instead of mower’ or ‘flail mulcher’, with these from the inside outwards. If it is species group is concerned, several rotary mowers; last two machines being less possible to mow from one field technological and technical • cutting at a height of at least clearly distinguishable.An example side to the other or in spirals from measures are recommended. 100 mm; and of this is with carabid beetles. It the field centre to the periphery, • mowing the fields in special was found that the growing then using fauna-friendly patterns • Using oscillating population during the year, could may even reduce costs.Thus instead of rotary compensate the short-term fauna-friendly mowing patterns mowers impacts of the mowing machines. can contribute to fauna protection Results have been obtained, For all types of mowing machines at little or no additional costs to from various investigations raising the cutting height to 100 other practices. referring to impacts of mowing mm is a simple, effective and low machines on invertebrates and BIO NOTE This article was first prepared as EurAgEng Paper No 02-SE-046 and displayed at the Poster Session held at AgEng2002 in Budapest, Hungary. Contact Dr Annette Prochnow at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bornim, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0) 331 5699 213 E-mail: aprochnow@atb- Fig. 1 Special mowing patterns for the protection of grassland fauna potsdam.de 2 LANDWARDS LATE SPRING 2003 yet. Further technological and technical measures for protecting the grassland fauna is harvesting after the reproduction season of birds or other sensitive species and mounting game savers on the mowing machines. However, knowledge in this area is insufficient; short and long- term impacts of working with different mowing machines and cutting heights on the invertebrate grassland fauna have to be investigated.A second focus that Fig. 2 Damage to grassland invertebrates caused by different mowing machines (Kraut et al., 2002), in must be considered is the relation to the average damage caused by the double knife mower calculation of costs for mowing in fauna-friendly patterns. Approach Extensive field trials have been carried out in a large nature reserve near Berlin since 1992 (Kraut et al., 2002). On three typical grassland biotopes there are permanent plots, each of them being mowed annually with a double knife mower, disc mower or flail mulcher.Additional experiments using cutting heights of 60 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm were also completed in one year. Dead and injured invertebrates on the ground and in the grass are counted immediately after mowing. In Fig. 3 Damage to grassland invertebrates caused at different cutting heights, in relation to the damage order to determine long-term caused at a cutting height of 60 mm effects, the populations of carabid beetles are investigated before amphibians which show that invertebrate models indicate subdivide the fields into several mowing. rotary mowers cause that damage to small animals plots. Fleeing mammals and Process costs are calculated significantly higher damage to can be reduced by increasing ground birds that instinctively for the following mowing patterns the animals than oscillating the cutting height of the do not leave the cover of the which use varying field size and mowers (Claßen et al., 1996). mowers (Kraut et al., 2002) standing vegetation gather in working width: There is, therefore, a strong call and thus providing a sheltering the remaining grass strips and • conventional pattern from nature conservationists in zone in the stubble.This refers are seized there by the subdividing the field into support of the use of ‘double to all types of mowing and mowing machines. Special several plots; knife’ or ‘finger bar’ mowers in mulching machines. It is mowing patterns are therefore • mowing the field in stripes place of rotary mowers. questionable whether results recommended to facilitate the from the inside outwards However, to date, there have from experiments with artificial animals’ escape; mowing the [Fig.1(a)]; been no field experiments invertebrate models can be field in stripes from the inside • spiral mowing from the field covering varying site conditions applied to field conditions outward [Fig.1(a)], spiral centre to the periphery [Fig. and different years, nor are the because the escape behaviour mowing from the field centre 1(b)]; long-term impacts on the of mobile animals cannot be to the periphery [Fig.1(b)] and • mowing from one side of the grassland fauna known, from taken into account. However, mowing from one side of the field to the other using only the use of different mowing results from field experiments field to the other, with front- front mounted mowers machines. are not available so far. mounted mowers only [Fig.1(c)]. [Fig.1(c)].The influence of the The fields are assumed to have • Cutting at a height of • Mowing the fields in mowing patterns on mowing a rectangular shape with a at least 100 mm special patterns capacities and hence process length to width ratio of 2:1.
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