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Environmental Design Environmental Design Written and edited by a team of specialists at Max Fordham LLP, one of the UK’s leading environmental and building services engineering consultancies, Environmental Design is the result of their extensive experience in designing environmentally friendly buildings. The principles of their approach, which they have taught in numerous schools of architecture and engineering, are clearly presented here. This book is essential reading for architects, engineers, planners and students of these disciplines and for all those who are concerned with our built environment. The book starts with some basic scientific principles and issues of air quality, noise and climate change and then moves on to site planning, energy use, materials and building form. Natural ventilation systems, high-efficiency mechanical equipment and alternative energy sources are covered. State-of-the-art buildings of exceptional quality are incorporated throughout the text and illustrate the authors’ belief that environmentally responsible architecture can be visually exciting. This extensively updated third edition concludes with a selection of detailed case studies of award- winning projects – including, for the first time, Beaufort Court, King’s Langley and Heelis, central office for the National Trust, Swindon. Randall Thomas has been active in practice and teaching for over thirty years. He is visiting Professor of Sustainable and Environmental Design at Kingston University, UK, and has been a Partner of Max Fordham LLP since 1987. Environmental Design An introduction for architects and engineers Third edition Edited by Randall Thomas Max Fordham LLP First published 1996 by E & FN Spon This edition published by Taylor and Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis Inc 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 1996, 1999, 2006 Randall Thomas, selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, the contributors This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Environmental design : an introduction for architects and engineers / edited by Randall Thomas.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–415–36330–0 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0–415–36334–9 (pbk. : alk, paper)—ISBN 0–203–01366–2 (e-book) 1. Architecture—Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental engineering. 3. City planning. 4. Engineering design. I. Thomas, Randall. NA2542.35.E575 2005 720′.47—dc22 2005049928 ISBN10: 0–415–36333–0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–36334–9 (pbk) ISBN13: 9–78–0–415–36333–0 (hbk) ISBN13: 9–78–0–415–36334–9 (pbk) CONTENTS Contributors vii Foreword by Edward Cullinan ix Preface by Max Fordham xi Apologies and acknowledgments xiii Units and abbreviations xv Part One 1 1 Strategies 3 MAX FORDHAM 2 Comfort, health and environmental physics 7 BILL WATTS 3 Buildings and energy balances 29 BILL WATTS AND RANDALL THOMAS 4 Building planning and design 37 RANDALL THOMAS 5 Site planning 54 RANDALL THOMAS 6 Materials and construction 67 RANDALL THOMAS 7 Energy sources 81 RAMIRO GODOY 8 Lighting 96 RANDALL THOMAS 9 Engineering thermal comfort 110 RANDALL THOMAS 10 Water, waste disposal and appliances 145 MIKE ENTWISLE, RANDALL THOMAS AND ADAM RITCHIE Summary 153 RANDALL THOMAS Part Two 155 11 RMC International Headquarters 157 BART STEVENS 12 Queens Building, De Montfort University 165 EDITH BLENNERHASSETT 13 The Charles Cryer Studio Theatre 183 COLIN HAMILTON vi CONTENTS 14 The Environmental Building, Building Research Establishment 190 RANDALL THOMAS AND BART STEVENS 15 The Millennium Centre, Dagenham 211 RANDALL THOMAS 16 The Bedales Theatre 217 RANDALL THOMAS 17 Beaufort Court 222 TAMSIN TWEDDELL 18 Heelis, Central Office for the National Trust 231 GUY NEVILL Appendices 239 A Environmental data and the psychrometric chart 241 RANDALL THOMAS B Calculation Procedures 249 RANDALL THOMAS C Acoustics 253 RANDALL THOMAS AND ANTHONY CHILTON D Photovoltaics 255 RANDALL THOMAS AND LORNA MARKHAM Illustration acknowledgements 262 Index 265 CONTRIBUTORS Edith E. Blennerhassett, BE, MIEI, Former Partner, Max Fordham Associates Anthony Chilton, MA, D Phil Mike Entwisle, MA, PhD, Former Partner, Max Fordham & Partners Max Fordham, OBE, MA, FEng, FCIBSE, MConsE, Hon FRIBA, Visiting Professor in Building Environmental Design, University of Bath, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Ramiro Godoy, MSc, DipIng, CEng, MCIBSE, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Colin Hamilton, BSc, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Lorna Markham, MEng Guy Nevill, MEng, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Adam Ritchie, BSc, CPhys, MInstP, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Bart Stevens, BSc, CEng, FCIBSE, FEI, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Randall Thomas, PhD, EurIng, CEng, FCIBSE, FConsE, MASHRAE, Visiting Professor in Architectural Science, Kingston University, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Tamsin Tweddell, MA, MSc, CPhys, MInstP, Partner, Max Fordham LLP Bill Watts, BA, MSc, CEng, FCIBSE, Partner, Max Fordham LLP FOREWORD This book was first published ten years ago and I provided a foreword then. In the intervening years, during which environmental design has more and more been seen as sustainable design (for good earth preserving reasons), two things have happened. Most buildings have more or less reluctantly taken on board ever increasing legal requirements for greater insulation (heat and sound), reduced glazing, improved orientation, the use of less wasteful materials and more natural ventilation; while all these things are not seen as having any implications for the architectural language that is used. This is the eternal no change school of behaviour. But a minority have struggled to find a new or revised architectural expression to allow for sustainable environmental conditions. Architects, engineers and designers have searched for a new aesthetic for such things as solar shading, load bearing masonry, green wood building, natural (chimney effect) ventilation, wind and photo- voltaic power generation, passive solar gain, and so on. For it is hard to see how such considerations might be incorporated without a change in the way that we think about architecture. It is hard to see how to make that change without thinking about the composition of architecture in a more expressive way than is common today. If we are to make this move towards responsive expres- sionism we will need all the help we can get from clear thinking, cool headed environmental designers. It is here that this book Environmental Design has a most important part to play. It is clear, logical, well illustrated and good to read; and it has the great quality of all profound work – it is easy to understand. Now let us use it to help us with our architecture. Edward Cullinan January 2005 PREFACE We here present another edition of this book. I have a feeling of urgency. The economies of the world are growing at an unprecedented rate and delivering the benefits of industrialisation in a way that is necessary to lead to a stable global population during this century. This growth will be a disaster if it carries an equivalent emission of carbon dioxide. During this century architecture must reduce the demand for energy while maintaining the benefits of health and comfort. This book provides the basic information to implement the new needs. ‘Good luck!’ is not enough. Take up the challenge. Max Fordham APOLOGIES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We owe an apology to Matisse for the woman in robes in Figure 2.1 and to Rembrandt for the elephant of Figure 4.9. A number of building outlines are loosely based on projects by Le Corbusier and Philip Johnson whom the editor admires. We would like to thank again all the individuals and organizations who supported the first two editions of this book. The current edition has only been made possible by Juliet Baptiste who applied both her editorial and political talents to a difficult task, Jules Mohm and Caroline Mallinder of Taylor and Francis. Thanks also to Tony Leitch who has supplied us with further illustrations for our updated text. Many people have helped with updating the work. Our thanks to Anna Georgiou, Kitty Lux, Emilia Melville, Alasdair Reid, Scott Rushford and Ian Smith. Special thanks to Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects who once again have provided us with a magnificent building for the cover. The students we have taught in schools of architecture and engineering throughout the UK and France have helped refine our ideas. We cannot thank our clients, and the architects with whom we work, too much. Without them the book would never have been published. Randall Thomas UNITS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. Physics and units The SI (Système Internationale) unit of force is the newton and the unit of work (force times distance) is the newton-metre, also defined as a joule. Work and energy have the same units. Power is the amount of energy expended (or work done) per unit time – one joule per second is a watt.
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