Key to Phonetic Symbols
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Anatolian Evidence Suggests That the Indo- European Laryngeals * H2 And
Indo-European Linguistics 6 (2018) 69–94 brill.com/ieul Anatolian evidence suggests that the Indo- European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 were uvular stops Alwin Kloekhorst Leiden University [email protected] Abstract In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto- Indo-Anatolian. Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds prob- ably were stops, not fricatives. Keywords Indo-European – laryngeals – phonological change – Indo-Anatolian 1 Background It is well-known that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 have in some environments survived in Hittite and Luwian as consonants that are spelled with the graphemes ḫ (in the cuneiform script) and h (in the hieroglyphic script).1 Although in handbooks it was usually stated that the exact phonetic interpretation of these graphemes is unclear,2 in recent years a consensus seems to have formed that they represent uvular fricatives (Kümmel 2007: 1 Although there is no full consensus on the question exactly in which environments *h2 and *h3 were retained as ḫ and h: especially the outcome of *h3 in Anatolian is debated (e.g. Kloekhorst 2006). Nevertheless, for the remainder of this article it is not crucial in which environments *h2 and *h3 yielded ḫ and h, only that they sometimes did. 2 E.g. Melchert 1994: 22; Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 38. © alwin kloekhorst, 2018 | doi:10.1163/22125892-00601003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC license at the time of publication. -
A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic
Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(7): 185-189, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2014.020702 A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic Iram Sabir*, Nora Alsaeed Al-Jouf University, Sakaka, KSA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract The present study deals with “A brief Modern Standard Arabic. This study starts from an description of consonants in Modern Standard Arabic”. This elucidation of the phonetic bases of sounds classification. At study tries to give some information about the production of this point shows the first limit of the study that is basically Arabic sounds, the classification and description of phonetic rather than phonological description of sounds. consonants in Standard Arabic, then the definition of the This attempt of classification is followed by lists of the word consonant. In the present study we also investigate the consonant sounds in Standard Arabic with a key word for place of articulation in Arabic consonants we describe each consonant. The criteria of description are place and sounds according to: bilabial, labio-dental, alveolar, palatal, manner of articulation and voicing. The attempt of velar, uvular, and glottal. Then the manner of articulation, description has been made to lead to the drawing of some the characteristics such as phonation, nasal, curved, and trill. fundamental conclusion at the end of the paper. The aim of this study is to investigate consonant in MSA taking into consideration that all 28 consonants of Arabic alphabets. As a language Arabic is one of the most 2. -
Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops
Title Page Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops by Eva Bacas University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Eva Bacas It was defended on November 8, 2019 and approved by Alana DeLoge, Quechua Instructor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Melinda Fricke, Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Gillian Gallagher, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, New York University Thesis Advisor/Dissertation Director: Claude Mauk, Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Eva Bacas 2019 iii Abstract Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops Eva Bacas, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Quechua is an indigenous language of the Andes region of South America. In Cochabamba, Bolivia, Quechua and Spanish have been in contact for over 500 years. In this thesis, I explore sociolinguistic variation among bilingual speakers of Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) and Spanish by investigating the relationship between the production of the voiceless uvular stop /q/ and speakers’ sociolinguistic backgrounds. I conducted a speech production study and sociolinguistic interview with seven bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers. I analyzed manner of articulation and place of articulation variation. Results indicate that manner of articulation varies primarily due to phonological factors, and place of articulation varies according to sociolinguistic factors. This reveals that among bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers, production of voiceless uvular stop /q/ does vary sociolinguistically. -
A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
S. L. Nikolayev S. A. Starostin A NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY Edited by S. A. Starostin ***************** ****************ASTERISK PUBLISHERS * Moscow * 1994 The two volumes contain a systematic reconstruction of the phonology and vocabulary of Proto-North-Caucasian - the ancestor of numerous modern languages of the Northern Caucasus, as well as of some extinct languages of ancient Anatolia. Created by two leading Russian specialists in linguistic prehistory, the book will be valuable for all specialists in comparative linguistics and history of ancient Near East and Europe. © S. L. Nikolayev, S. A. Starostin 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor' s foreword. , . Preface List of abbreviations Literature I ntr oduct ion Dictionary ? . 200 9 . 236 5 . , . ..............242 a' i ... ' 252 a ............. 275 b ...... 285 c 322 c 3 3 L t ^39 C 352 £ 376 : 381 d 397 e 409 4 2 5 Y 474 B 477 h 48 5 h 5 00 h 5 0 3 H 342 i 625 i 669 j '. 6 7 3 k. 68 7 fc 715 I 7 4 2 1 : .... 7 5 4 X. ! 7 5 8 X ; 766 X 7 7 3 L 7 86 t. ' 7 87 n 844 o. 859 p. 865 p. 878 q . 882 q 907 r. ..... 943 s... i 958 s. 973 S. 980 t . 990 t 995 ft. ...... 1009 u 1010 u 1013 V 1016 w. 1039 x 1060 X. ........ 1067 z. ... 1084 z 1086 2. 1089 3 1 090 3 1101 5 1105 I ndices. 1111 5 EDITOR'S FOREWORD This dictionary has a long history. The idea of composing it was already ripe in 1979, and the basic cardfiles were composed in 1980-1983, during long winter months of our collaboration with S. -
Contrastive Feature Typologies of Arabic Consonant Reflexes
languages Article Contrastive Feature Typologies of Arabic Consonant Reflexes Islam Youssef Department of Languages and Literature Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3833 Bø i Telemark, Norway; [email protected] Abstract: Attempts to classify spoken Arabic dialects based on distinct reflexes of consonant phonemes are known to employ a mixture of parameters, which often conflate linguistic and non- linguistic facts. This article advances an alternative, theory-informed perspective of segmental typology, one that takes phonological properties as the object of investigation. Under this approach, various classificatory systems are legitimate; and I utilize a typological scheme within the framework of feature geometry. A minimalist model designed to account for segment-internal representations produces neat typologies of the Arabic consonants that vary across dialects, namely qaf,¯ gˇ¯ım, kaf,¯ d. ad,¯ the interdentals, the rhotic, and the pharyngeals. Cognates for each of these are analyzed in a typology based on a few monovalent contrastive features. A key benefit of the proposed typologies is that the featural compositions of the various cognates give grounds for their behavior, in terms of contrasts and phonological activity, and potentially in diachronic processes as well. At a more general level, property-based typology is a promising line of research that helps us understand and categorize purely linguistic facts across languages or language varieties. Keywords: phonological typology; feature geometry; contrastivity; Arabic dialects; consonant reflexes Citation: Youssef, Islam. 2021. Contrastive Feature Typologies of 1. Introduction Arabic Consonant Reflexes. Languages Modern Arabic vernaculars have relatively large, but varying, consonant inventories. 6: 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Because of that, they have been typologized according to differences in the reflexes of their languages6030141 consonant phonemes—differences which suggest common origins or long-term contact (Watson 2011a, p. -
Wagner 1 Dutch Fricatives Dutch Is an Indo-European Language of The
Wagner 1 Dutch Fricatives Dutch is an Indo-European language of the West Germanic branch, closely related to Frisian and English. It is spoken by about 22 million people in the Netherlands, Belgium, Aruba, Suriname, and the Netherlands Antilles, nations in which the Dutch language also has an official status. Additionally, Dutch is still spoken in parts of Indonesia as a result of colonial rule, but it has been replaced by Afrikaans in South Africa. In the Netherlands, Algemeen Nederlands is the standard form of the language taught in schools and used by the government. It is generally spoken in the western part of the country, in the provinces of Nord and Zuid Holland. The Netherlands is divided into northern and southern regions by the Rijn river and these regions correspond to the areas where the main dialects of Dutch are distinguished from each other. My consultant, Annemarie Toebosch, is from the village of Bemmel in the Netherlands. Her dialect is called Betuws Dutch because Bemmel is located in the Betuwe region between two branches of the Rijn river. Toebosch lived in the Netherlands until the age of 25 when she relocated to the United States for graduate school. Today she is a professor of linguistics at the University of Michigan-Flint and speaks only English in her professional career. For the past 18 months she has been speaking Dutch more at home with her son, but in the 9 years prior to that, she only spoke Dutch once or twice a week with her parents and other relatives who remain in the Netherlands. -
The Stops of Tlingit
The Stops of Tlingit IAN MADDIESON1,2 and CAROLINE L. SMITH2 1University of California, Berkeley and 2University of New Mexico Introduction One aspect of the maintenance of languages is the maintenance of the appropriate pronunciation. A language whose speakers use it only a minority of the time is often strongly affected by the phonetic patterns of the dominant language, particularly as speech habits natural to the ‘new’ language are carried over to the traditional one. Documenting the phonetic patterns of those speakers who were the last to have learned the language in question as their first language can provide an appropriate source of guidance to the pronunciation to adopt for later generations. In this paper we aim to present a good description of certain important aspects of the pronunciation of the stops of Tlingit. We hope that this data will be of value to those interested in the continuation of Tlingit as a spoken language. Of course, all languages change over time, and pronunciation will evolve in natural ways, so this information should be used in ways that accommodate natural changes. This data will also have value for comparative phonetic studies as illustrating details of a language whose phonetics has been previously little studied. Tlingit ([!i"ít]) is a Na-Dene language (Krauss 1979) spoken in South-East Alaska and the Yukon. There are now few fluent speakers under the age of 60 (Dauenhauer and Dauenhauer 1995). The language has some dialect variation, with particular differences noted between Inland or Yukon Tlingit and Coastal or Alaskan varieties, and further differences between Northern, Central, and Southern varieties along the Coast. -
The Diachronic Emergence of Retroflex Segments in Three Languages* 1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main The diachronic emergence of retroflex segments in three languages* Silke Hamann ZAS (Centre for General Linguistics), Berlin [email protected] The present study shows that though retroflex segments can be considered articulatorily marked, there are perceptual reasons why languages introduce this class into their phoneme inventory. This observation is illustrated with the diachronic developments of retroflexes in Norwegian (North- Germanic), Nyawaygi (Australian) and Minto-Nenana (Athapaskan). The developments in these three languages are modelled in a perceptually oriented phonological theory, since traditional articulatorily-based features cannot deal with such processes. 1 Introduction Cross-linguistically, retroflexes occur relatively infrequently. From the 317 languages of the UPSI database (Maddieson 1984, 1986), only 8.5 % have a voiceless retroflex stop [ˇ], 7.3 % a voiced stop [Í], 5.3 % a voiceless retroflex fricative [ß], 0.9 % a voiced fricative [¸], and 5.9 % a retroflex nasal [˜]. Compared to other segmental classes that are considered infrequent, such as a palatal nasal [¯], which occurs in 33.7 % of the UPSID languages, and the uvular stop [q], which occurs in 14.8 % of the languages, the percentages for retroflexes are strikingly low. Furthermore, typically only large segment inventories have a retroflex class, i.e. at least another coronal segment (apical or laminal) is present, as in Sanskrit, Hindi, Norwegian, Swedish, and numerous Australian Aboriginal languages. Maddieson’s (1984) database includes only one exception to this general tendency, namely the Dravidian language Kota, which has a retroflex as its only coronal fricative. -
City Research Online
SPEECH SOUND ACQUISITION AND PHONOLOGICAL ERROR PATTERNS IN CHILD SPEAKERS OF SYRIAN ARABIC: A NORMATIVE STUDY By Husen OWAIDA Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in Communication sciences and disorders School of Health Sciences Division of Language & Communication Science City University London April 2015 THE FOLLOWING PARTS OF THIS THESIS HAVE BEEN REDACTED FOR COPYRIGHT REASONS: p. 78 Map of Syria. pp. 248-265 Appendix 1 – Articulation Test. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ VIII ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: AIMS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 RESEARCH AIMS ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.3 RATIONALE ....................................................................................................................................... -
Kazakh Phonology Edward J
Kazakh Phonology Edward J. Vajda Although Kazakhstan is now an independent country, information about the Kazakh language remains largely in accessible to English speakers. The present work provides a general introduction to the language and a thorough description of its phonology. Kazakh sounds are described with reference to the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet presently in use in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakh words appear in bold face type, followed by phonetic transcriptions enclosed in brackets [ ]. Standard symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet have been used for transcription, and any instances where no IPA symbol exists to represent particular nuances of Kazakh sounds have been noted. The transcriptions are not intended as transliterations: they reflect pronunciation rather than spelling, and apparent inconsistencies between ortho graphy and pronunciation are carefully explained in the section "Native Kazakh Phonology." Particular attention has been devoted to three aspects of the phonology which previous studies have examined inadequately: the status of diphthongs and diphthong-like vowels, the phonetic nature of the "hard" vs. "soft" distinction in vowels, and the inter dependence of synharmony and stress. I. Preliminary Discussion 1. Turkic and Altaic Languages Kazakh is a member of the Turkic language family, which consists of about 40 languages distributed across Asia from Turkey to northern Siberia. The tribal pre decessors of the Kazakhs seem to have coalesced by the 16th Century into a single ethnic group with a single language (Krader 1962:123). At various times in the past this people and language have been called Kirgiz, Kirgiz- Kaisak, or Kipchak (Krader 1962:124-125). -
The Case of Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew
LUBLIN STUDIES IN MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE, 42(1), 2018, HTTP :// LSMLL .JOURNALS .UMCS .PL Bartosz Pietrzak Jagiellonian University Al. Mickiewicza 3 31-120 Krakow, Poland Rhotic Phonemes in Semitic Languages – The Case of Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew ABSTRACT Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew represent two opposite directions of the development of Proto-Semitic phonological system. This also refers to the rhotic phonemes /r/ and / ġ/. The comparison of the situation of their respective allophones portrays a different fate of these phonemes in Semitic languages in general. The comparison is based mostly on the description provided by Semitic languages researchers, including the medieval Arabic grammarian Sibawayh. Additionally, it takes into consideration the results of a statistical analysis on the situation of the phoneme / ġ/ in Biblical Hebrew. Keywords: rhotic phonemes; Semitic languages; Hebrew 1. Introduction The phonological systems of Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew represent two opposite directions of development of Semitic languages. The first one was a lingua franca of secluded nomadic tribes, which dwelled in the Arabian deserts before Islam, and as a result, was utterly conservative in respect to any change (al-Ğanābī 1981: 14, 23-24). The other was spoken by a society, which lived at the crossroads between Asia, Africa and Europe and as such DOI: 10.17951/lsmll.2018.42.1.33 34 Bartosz Pietrzak underwent significant evolution (Kutscher 1982: 1-2). The two systems are in fact two extreme points of the spectrum of phonological changes present in the Semitic languages. Therefore, their comparison presents the whole range of phenomena, which occurred in the phonological history of the Semitic language family. -
Arabic and English Consonants: a Phonetic and Phonological Investigation
Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol. 6 No. 6; December 2015 Flourishing Creativity & Literacy Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Arabic and English Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Investigation Mohammed Shariq College of Science and Arts, Methnab, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.146 Received: 18/07/2015 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.146 Accepted: 15/09/2015 Abstract This paper is an attempt to investigate the actual pronunciation of the consonants of Arabic and English with the help of phonetic and phonological tools like manner of the articulation, point of articulation, and their distribution at different positions in Arabic and English words. A phonetic and phonological analysis of the consonants of Arabic and English can be useful in overcoming the hindrances that confront the Arab EFL learners. The larger aim is to bring about pedagogical changes that can go a long way in improving pronunciation and ensuring the occurrence of desirable learning outcomes. Keywords: Phonetics, Phonology, Pronunciation, Arabic Consonants, English Consonants, Manner of articulation, Point of articulation 1. Introduction Cannorn (1967) and Ekundare (1993) define phonetics as sounds which is the basis of human speech as an acoustic phenomenon. It has a source of vibration somewhere in the vocal apparatus. According to Varshney (1995), Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. It studies the medium of spoken language. On the other hand, Phonology concerns itself with the evolution, analysis, arrangement and description of the phonemes or meaningful sounds of a language (Ramamurthi, 2004).