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History of Italian Mafia Study Guide Spring19

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History of Italian Mafia Study Guide Spring19 SANTA REPARATA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ART Academic Year 2018/2019 Spring Term 2019 History of Italian Mafia Prof. Lorenzo Pubblici Ph.D. Study Guide The origin of Sicilian Mafia: 1815-1870: protomafia Historical characters of Sicily • Ancien Regime, The European Society before the French Revolution (1789), based on a rigid social scale and the predominance of aristocracy. • The Spanish rule (since the 14th century) had created a system of personal ties that had become more important than the official institutions • 1860’s: The Unification of Italy brought about a harsh resentment against the Continent • The Legge Pica (1863) introduced very hard measures against the Brigantaggio. • The resentment against the Central Italian Government increases. Democratization of violence • Early 1800’s: end of the Ancien Regime (because of the Napoleonic conquest of Italy) and end of feudalism. • Democratization of violence: can be defined as the Right of using violence against the peasants - i.e. day laborers - transferred from aristocracy to State. • The new born Italian State introduced a professional magistracy and a professional police corp, for the first time nationally wise. • Birth of a perverse relationship between the new power (local institutions) and the old one (aristocracy). • This new situation had as one outcome the convergence of interests between landowners and criminals. • This can be called, in other words the mafia . The Gabellotti • Tenants, administrators of sulfur mines or of the latifondo • Came from the village elites • Maintained order and social control on the people also beyond the limit of the farm • They replace the 1700’s feudal militia and the 1800’s communal militia • They filled up the spaces that the State left empty, before and after the Unification • Disintegration of the big noble patrimonies • The Gabellotti were capable of intercept/grab the fluxes of this wealth • With an increase of their resources, their capability of intimidating, through violence if necessary grew as well Social causes for the birth of the mafia • Social unrest, criminal emergency, political opposition etc. • 1815-1860: Political and social discontent; opposition to the official regime seen as a tyrant • Political violence is the naturally the original environment for the birth of mafia • The abigeato (rustling) was one very effective weapon used by the criminals to blackmail the landlords. • It created a need of protection, filled by new figures, the criminals/mafiosi: extra-legal methods • The mafioso integrated himself between the peasants and the land owners • Slowly the owners lose their rights, as they have been replaced by the newly formed unitarian State • The mafioso sells a good: protection, in a framework of distrust • The mafia represents, in the young Italian Nation, a new institutional system, parallel to the official State one The first step: 1875 • Mafia becomes an extraordinary problem • 1875: a new bill to allow the Govt. to issue exceptional measures against brigands is presented to the parliament • The word mafiosi appear for the first time in an official political document • The bill was directed to Sicily, considered an primitive and anti-government region The Giunta Borsoni • July 3rd 1875: a parliamentary Commission is created to investigate on the social and economic conditions in Sicily • It is an invaluable document to study the proto-mafia: three kinds of mafia appear in the document: 1. blood crimes 2. theft in the country 3. associations of bandits Manutengolismo • It’ another term to designate the early mafia. Let’s see what it was. • Brigands cannot work alone • Birth of illegal relations between the several criminals of the same area. This relations are called manutengolismo • A political debate arose in those years (late 1800’s): • Traditionally, the Italian late 19th century politics is divided into two parts: 1. The National right wing was against the land owners 2. the left wing was against the authorities • It’s a very simplistic view, even if based on reality • The landlords needed to defend themselves and their estates • February 1st 1893, First important homicide by the mafia: the conservative Sicilian banker Emanuele Notarbartolo di San Giovanni is assassinated. Was a tireless enemy of the mafia. His battles against corruption are still today remembered in Sicily. • For the first time the Mafia kills an aristocrat 1890’s: The land and the fasci • What were the Fasci Siciliani? • The Fasci Siciliani can be considered the first peasantry rebellion against the big landlords. • We must explain the social situation first: • Sicilian peasants were harshly exploited by the land owners • Short-term contracts with the gabellotti, who exploited the peasants • 1891: birth of the Fasci which were socialist agrarian trade unions • But what did they want? 1. a more just distribution of land, 2. more fair/profitable contracts • They cannot be considered as revolutionary movements as they did not want to subvert the political order. • 1893: the Government harshly repress them • Their leader, Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida is trailed and imprisoned • The mafia participated in both sides: infiltrators in the fasci and allied of the gabellotti (or gabellotti themselves) to repress the revolts. The end of the fasci • The repression moved the equilibrium in favor of the State (and the landlords) • The mafia (Onorata società or Fratellanza) understands the tendency • 1915: Bernardino Verro is assassinated in Corleone • Verro was a unionist, active in pursuing the right of the peasants to have a more just distribution of the land. MAFIA AND POLITICS The origin of a successful partnership: 1870-1880’s Destra and Sinistra Storica • In the late 1800’s, Italy was a politically divided country 1. Destra Storica: mostly land owners of Northern Italy 2. Sinistra Storica: mostly Southerners, who had strong ties to the local society • In the elections of 1874, the Destra wins, but by a whisker... (33% to 32%) • Hard accusations against the Left, considered to be the political face of the mafia • A highly repressive legislation soon after the elections • A common thought was that the South, and Sicily in particular, were a dangerous place, polluted by organized criminals The Parliament’s turmoil • The reaction of the Leftists to the Right’s accusations was harsh • A crucial political confrontation • On June 1875, while was delivering a speech on the mafia in the Parliament, Diego Tajani, was interrupted many times • He reported the connections between the police and the mafiosi in Sicily • Tajani could finish his speech only the next day… “The mafia in Sicily is not dangerous or invincible in itself. It is dangerous and invincible because it is an instrument of local government. • A parliamentary commission of inquiry was set up • The results it got to, were banal and discouraging: “What is this maffia then? First of all, there is a benign maffia. The benign maffia is a kind of spirit of defiance... So I too could be a benign maffioso. I am not one, of course. But anyone who respects themselves could be” • The papers of the inquiry were never published • Neither the Right nor the Left and much interest in understanding the Mafia • The final report of the Commission was delivered in a almost empty Chamber “Mafia is an instinctive, brutal, biased form of solidarity between those individuals and lower social groups who prefer to live off violence rather than hard work. It unites them against the State, the law and regular bodies” • Again, a wrong, superficial view... The Left (Sinistra Storica) in power • March 1876: the Left coalition forms a new Government • A neat win, new Minister of Interior was Giovanni Nicotera • Another wave of harsh repression of crime in Sicily, but how did it happen for real? • A“political”use of the police • November 1877 Nicotera announced the “total defeat of the bandits who had terrorized the countryside in Sicily since 1860 • Was it true? • Nicotera’s bargain: political favor in exchange of favor to politics • Many mafiosi were left untouched by the repression, if they had right political cover • Mafiosi were gradually becoming part of a new political normality • Political friendship become more important than ever to their survival Mafia and the Italian Culture Inside and outside the organization A new phenomenon for a new State • Bandits: • an intermediate phenomenon between the brigantaggio and the mafia poor peasants • organized in mobs, moving from village to village • occupied these villages with arms, imposed payments to maintain the mob had no political aims • All three phenomena: mafia, brigantaggio and banditismo had one common element: • control over the territory in “substitution” of the State • were three “subversive” phenomena A double orientation • Bandits in Sicily were oriented both 1. to the low 2. to the high of the social rank • a very unique case in a very rigid society • land owners, nobles, entrepreneurs, notaries had “friendly” relations with bandits friends of bandits were often employed as guardians: campieri (which are the same of the gabellotti) • were often well treated by the law But why? The bandits and the “industry” of violence • Bandits could boycott the higher classes of land owners and nobles general social insecurity • friends of mafiosi, and then the mafiosi themselves, got the gabella, a rent of lands from the owners in order to establish their agrarian activities • That’s how the mafia becomes an industry • organized and powerful economic activity • the land owners were, in this way, victims and accomplices at the same time • a defensive reaction in difficult conditions, but a decisive input to enforce the mafia • the mafia has thus two faces: 1. a criminal and predatory one: the bandits/brigands a protective 2. legal one: the campieri/gabellotti An ambiguous system • Personal utility and distrust in the Central Institutions • The Manutengolismo (see above): complicity, a very vast phenomenon • The use of violence became instrument of personal affirmation • There existed, in fact: • a “popular” mafia: peasants, sulfur workers etc.
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