II Die Sowjetischen Dissidenten

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II Die Sowjetischen Dissidenten Universität des Saarlandes Philosophische Fakultät Sprach-, Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften Fachrichtung 4.2 Romanistik Propheten oder Störenfriede? Sowjetische Dissidenten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Frankreich und ihre Rezeption bei den Intellektuellen (1974—1977) Wissenschaftliche Arbeit zur Erlangung des Diplomgrades Diplom-Kulturwissenschaftlerin (mit Schwerpunkt Deutschland/Frankreich) Eingereicht von: Sonja Hauschild [email protected] Saarbrücken, Mai 2005 II Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine leicht überarbeitete Version meiner im Mai 2005 an der Universität des Saarlandes Saarbrücken und der Université Paul Verlaine Metz vorgeleg- ten Diplomarbeit im Rahmen des integrierten Teildiplomstudienganges Grenzüber- schreitende Deutsch-Französische Studien. Für ihre Unterstützung von der ersten Idee bis zur Abgabe dieser Arbeit möchte ich mich zuallererst bei meinen drei Betreuern be- danken – Herrn Prof. Dr. Rainer Hudemann von der Universtät des Saarlandes, Herrn Prof. Dr. Michel Grunewald von der Université Paul Verlaine Metz und Herrn Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Boll vom Historischen Forschungszentrum der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung –, die sich auf das Wagnis einer „trinationalen Arbeit“ eingelassen haben und mir mit wertvol- len Hinweisen, der Vermittlung von Kontaktpersonen und ihrer fachlichen Kompetenz stets zur Seite standen. Desweiteren danke ich Johano Strasser für seine Gastfreundschaft, das interessante Ge- spräch und die Möglichkeit sein Privatarchiv der Zeitschrift L’76 einzusehen. Ebenso nahm sich Roselyne Chenu Zeit, mit mir ihre persönlichen Erinnerungen an Pierre Em- manuel weiter zu geben. Bei Pierre Grémion, Directeur de Recherche am CNRS in Pa- ris, möchte ich mich für seine Einschätzungen und Anregungen hinsichtlich der Rezepti- on der Dissidenten in Frankreich herzlich bedanken. Wertvolle Hinweise und Tipps ga- ben mir auch Alfred Grosser, Carola Stern und Richard Picht. Zu Dank verpflichtet bin ich auch den Mitarbeitern der Bibliothèque de documentation et d’information contemporaine Nanterre und des Heinrich Böll-Archivs in Köln für die unbürokratische Zurverfügungstellung der Archivmaterialen. Meiner Schwester M. Katharina Hauschild und Franca Fryszer-Liebel danke ich für das zeitaufwendige Korrekturlesen der Arbeit. Nicht zuletzt gilt ein großes Dankeschön meinem Freund Johannes Großmann für seine konstruktiven Korrekturen und Anregun- gen, seine moralische Unterstützung sowie vor allem seine Geduld, mit der er im Laufe dieser Monate unzählige Diskussionen über meine Arbeit ertragen hat. II Inhaltsverzeichnis I Einleitung und Forschungsstand ...................................... 1 II Die sowjetischen Dissidenten ...................................... 14 1 Die Dissidenten in der Sowjetunion .......................................... 14 1.1 Geschichte der Dissidentenbewegung.............................................. 14 1.1.1 Von der Kultur-Opposition zum Sinjavskij-Daniel’-Prozess ......................... 14 1.1.2 Ausweitung und Stabilisierung der Dissidentenbewegung........................... 15 1.2 Merkmale der Dissidentenbewegung ............................................... 18 1.2.1 Gewaltlosigkeit und Legalismus......................................................... 18 1.2.2 Legalität und Transparenz ............................................................... 19 1.2.3 Individualismus und Solidarität.......................................................... 19 1.3 Politische Strömungen ................................................................ 21 1.3.1 „Christlich-Nationale“ .................................................................... 21 1.3.2 „Demokratische Reformmarxisten“ .................................................... 23 1.3.3 „Liberale Demokraten“................................................................... 24 2 Die Dissidenten und der Westen .............................................. 27 2.1 Die Emigration der Dissidenten ..................................................... 27 2.1.1 Die dritte russische Emigrationswelle.................................................. 27 2.1.2 Die Ausweisung der Dissidenten......................................................... 30 2.2 Interventionen der Dissidenten im Westen........................................ 34 2.2.1 Entspannungspolitik....................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Freiheit und Moral......................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Sozialismus ................................................................................. 40 III Die Rezeption der Dissidenten im politischen Kontext....... 43 1 Innenpolitik — Zwischen Solidarität und Instrumentalisierung ......... 43 1.1 Frankreich — Zwischen Union de la gauche und Jeu de la droite ............. 43 1.1.1 Antisowjetische Kampagne oder Union de la gauche................................ 44 1.1.2 Der Prophet Solženicyn und der Marxist Pljušč ....................................... 50 1.1.3 Jeu de la droite?........................................................................... 59 1.2 Deutschland — Zwischen Terrorismus und Antikommunismus.................. 64 1.2.1 Angst vor „falschen Brüdern“ ........................................................... 66 1.2.2 Dissidenten als „Gegen-Intellektuelle“ ................................................ 73 2 Außenpolitik — Zwischen Entspannung und Menschenrechten ......... 77 2.1 Deutschland — Annäherung ohne Wandel? ........................................ 78 2.1.1 Bedenken und Kritik der Entspannungsbefürworter ................................. 79 2.1.2 Instrumentalisierung durch Entspannungsgegner..................................... 84 2.2 Frankreich — Intellektuelle Opposition gegen Entspannungspolitik ........... 85 2.2.1 Dissidenten als „Kalte Krieger“ ......................................................... 86 2.2.2 Intellektuelle Opposition gegen die Entspannungspolitik ........................... 87 Inhalt III IV Der Einfluss der Dissidenten auf die Intellektuellen.......... 92 1 Veränderungen im intellektuellen Feld ..................................... 92 1.1 Ideologische Neuverortungen in Frankreich....................................... 92 1.1.1 Prestigeverlust des Kommunismus...................................................... 92 1.1.2 Nouveaux Philosophes und Totalitarismuskritik ...................................... 95 1.1.3 Prestigegewinn der Liberalen und Marxismuskritiker................................ 98 1.2 Bipolarisierung in Deutschland .................................................... 102 1.2.1 Intellektuellenkritik......................................................................102 1.2.2 Kontinuität der politischen Positionen................................................105 2 Deutsch-französische Annäherung? .........................................107 2.1 Deutsch-französische Kooperation................................................ 107 2.2 Wahrnehmung der Rezeption des anderen ...................................... 110 2.3 Gemeinsame Perzeption des Dritten ............................................. 113 V Schlussfolgerung .....................................................118 VI Bibliographie.........................................................124 1 Quellenverzeichnis..............................................................124 1.1 Ungedruckte Quellen ............................................................... 124 1.2 Gedruckte Quellen .................................................................. 124 1.2.1 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften ............................................................124 1.2.2 Quellensammlungen......................................................................124 1.2.3 Schriften der Dissidenten und Intellektuellen .......................................125 2 Sekundärliteratur ...............................................................129 3 Internet............................................................................137 VII Anhang ...............................................................138 1 Chronologie .......................................................................138 2 Biographisches Verzeichnis ...................................................142 2.1 Dissidenten ........................................................................... 142 2.2 Französische Intellektuelle ........................................................ 145 2.3 Deutsche Intellektuelle............................................................. 148 3 Die Emigration der Dissidenten 1973–1986 ................................151 IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis AK Archives Kontinent CDU Christlich Demokratische Union CFDT Confédération française démocratique du travail CSU Christlich Soziale Union CIEL Comité des intellectuels pour l’Europe des libertés DEA Diplôme d’Études appliquées DKP Deutsche Kommunistische Partei FAZ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung FEN Fédération de l’éducation nationale EHESS École des Hautes Études en Sciences sociales ENS École nationale supérieure FDP Freie Demokratische Partei FEIE Fondation pour une entraide intellectuelle européenne FR Frankfurter Rundschau HBA Heinrich-Böll-Archiv IEP Institut d’Études politiques, Paris IHTP Institut d’Histoire du Temps présent KGB Komitet gosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti (Komitee für Staatssicherheit) KPdSU Kommunistische Partei der Sowjetunion KSZE Konferenz für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa Observateur Le Nouvel Observateur PCF Parti communiste français
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