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La Défense Des Droits Humains En Union Soviétique Sous Brejnev

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La Défense Des Droits Humains En Union Soviétique Sous Brejnev Entre coopération et répression: la défense des droits humains en Union soviétique sous Brejnev. Étude du Groupe Helsinki de Moscou Mémoire Zoé Allen-Mercier Maîtrise en histoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Zoé Allen-Mercier, 2018 ii Résumé Ce mémoire porte sur le Groupe Helsinki de Moscou et son évolution au sein de l’Union soviétique dans les années 1970 et 1980. Celui-ci y est présenté en tant qu’association dissidente originale de par son pouvoir de convergence parmi les sources d’opposition et son succès à mobiliser les instances étrangères à la cause des droits humains en URSS. L’étude se penche plus spécifiquement sur la portée de ses activités à la fois sur la conduite du gouvernement à l’intérieur du pays et sur la création d’un réseau d’activisme au-delà des frontières du régime. En maintenant une approche orientée selon ces deux perspectives, à savoir celle de la politique intérieure de l’URSS et celle de l’évolution du contexte international, il s’agit de mettre en évidence la contribution du groupe à la montée d’une opposition au régime soviétique et à ses pratiques humainitaires, mais également d’en souligner les limites. À travers cette narrative, se révèleront donc les contours du régime soviétique sous Léonid Brejnev, sa nature, ses priorités et son caractère répressif. iii Abstract This thesis focuses on the Moscow Helsinki Group and its evolution in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and 1980s. The Group’s work is presented as an original form of dissidence due to its ability to converge the sources of opposition and its success in mobilizing foreign advocacy groups to the cause of human rights in the USSR. This study deals more specifically with the influence of its activities both on the government’s course of behavior domestically as well as on the creation of an activism network beyond the borders of the regime. By focusing on these two perspectives, namely on the USSR’s internal politics and on the shifting international context, the research highlights the Group’s contribution to the growing opposition to the Soviet regime and its humanitarian practices, but also emphasises the limits of this strategy. This thesis hence uses these perspectives as a framework to reveal the outlines of the regime under Leonid Brezhnev, its nature, its priorities and its inclination towards repression. iv Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ......................................................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... IV TABLE DES MATIÈRES ................................................................................................................................ V REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... VII LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... IX INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ..................................................................................................................... 1 A. UNE COOPÉRATION AUX SOURCES DE LA CONTESTATION ................................................................................. 1 B. PROBLÉMATIQUE ET HYPOTHÈSE : UN GROUPE AUX MULTIPLES FACETTES ................................................. 6 C. ENTRE TOTALITARISME ET DROITS HUMAINS : UNE HISTORIOGRAPHIQUE À LA CROISÉE DES COURANTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 D. CORPUS DE SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................ 17 E. METHODE D’ANALYSE .......................................................................................................................................... 21 1. Le Groupe Helsinki de Moscou : son rôle et sa quête de légitimité ........................................... 21 2. Une analyse de la répression ...................................................................................................................... 24 F. PLAN DE LA PRESENTATION ................................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPITRE 1: DE L’ÉVEIL À LA PRISE DE PAROLE : LES PRÉMISSES DU MOUVEMENT DES DROITS CIVIQUES EN UNION SOVIÉTIQUE ...................................................................................... 26 1.1. KHROUCHTCHEV ET LE RÉVISIONNISME CONTROVERSÉ ........................................................................ 26 1.2. BREJNEV ET LE RETOUR À LA RIGIDITÉ IDÉOLOGIQUE ................................................................................ 29 1.3. UNE RÉPRESSION AUX EFFETS CATALYSEURS : LA MONTÉE DU MOUVEMENT DE PROTESTATION ...... 32 1.4. ENTRE MARASME ET RENOUVÈLEMENT CONTESTATAIRE ......................................................................... 37 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPITRE 2: L’AVÈNEMENT DU PROCESSUS D’HELSINKI ......................................................... 45 2.1. COOPÉRATION, SÉCURITÉ ET PRESTIGE: LES MOTS D’ORDRE SOVIÉTIQUES À HELSINKI ...................... 45 2.2. L’OCCIDENT À HELSINKI : ENTRE INTÉRÊTS ET DÉTACHEMENT .............................................................. 50 2.3. LES DROITS HUMAINS À LA CROISÉE DE DIFFÉRENTS PARADIGMES ......................................................... 57 2.4. « NOUS SOMMES LES MAÎTRES DANS NOTRE PROPRE MAISON » .............................................................. 61 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPITRE 3: LE GROUPE HELSINKI DE MOSCOU : UN GROUPE, DEUX CONTEXTES ......... 68 3.1. UNE EMPRISE INTÉRIEURE .............................................................................................................................. 68 3.1.1. Aux origines de la fondation .................................................................................................................... 68 3.1.2. Une mission fédératrice ............................................................................................................................. 71 3.1.3. Le fonctionnement du groupe ................................................................................................................. 76 3.2. UNE EMPRISE EXTÉRIEURE .............................................................................................................................. 79 3.2.1. L’avènement d’un réseau de surveillance et de support transnational .............................. 80 3.2.2. La « tactique du boomerang » ................................................................................................................ 86 3.2.3. Jimmy Carter : les droits humains au cœur de la diplomatie américaine .......................... 91 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPITRE 4: RÉACTION DE L’ÉTAT ET LE POIDS RÉEL DU GROUPE SUR LA CONDUITE DU GOUVERNEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 98 4.1. UNE PERSISTANTE ILLÉGITIMITÉ ................................................................................................................... 98 4.1.1. Entre rigidité et insécurité ....................................................................................................................... 99 4.1.2. Le Groupe Helsinki de Moscou à la merci des lois soviétiques .............................................. 102 v 4.2. LES LIMITES DU PROCESSUS ......................................................................................................................... 107 4.2.1. Une répression exacerbée ...................................................................................................................... 107 4.2.2. Une discussion impossible ..................................................................................................................... 110 4.2.3. Manque de cohésion et de cohérence ............................................................................................... 112 4.3. L’INÉVITABLE DÉPENDANCE AUX RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES ............................................................. 117 4.3.1. La Fatigue de la Détente ........................................................................................................................ 117 4.3.2. L’expiration du mouvement Helsinki en Union soviétique ..................................................... 119 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................ 123 CONCLUSION : UN GROUPE CLOITRÉ À SES LIMITES INTÉRIEURES ..................................... 124 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .....................................................................................................................................
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