sign in sign up
<<
Home , 13th Hussars, 17th Lancers, 89th Punjabis, Cavalry Division (India), Derajat, Garhwal Rifles

Appendix I: Order of Battle of The Corps in , 1914-15

Note: This order of battle represents the Indian Corps as it was from the end of 1914 to the end of 1915. From early 1916, the two infantry divisions served in Mesopotamia. In the autumn of 1914, the were organized as a single , consisting of the Ambala, Lucknow and Secunderabad Cavalry Brigades. Units of the are indicated with an asterisk.

3rd () INFANTRY DIVISION

7th (Ferozepore) Brigade 1st and 2nd Connaught Rangers (one unit)* 4th London (Territorials)* 9th Bhopal Infantryl 57th Rifles (Frontier Force) 89th Punjabis2 129th Baluchis

8th (Jullundur) Brigade 1st Manchesters * 4th Suffolks (Territorials)* 40th Pathans3 47th 59th Rifles (Frontier Force)

9th (Sirhind) Brigade 1st Highland * 4th Liverpool (Special Reserve)* 15th Sikhs4 1Ilst Gurkhas 1I4th Gurkhas

359 360 Indian Voices of the Great War

Divisional Troops 15th 34th Sikh Pioneers 20th and 21st Companies, Sappers and Miners

Artillery 5th, 11th and 18th Brigades, RFA * 109th Heavy Battery*

7th (MEERUT) INFANTRY DIVISION

19th (Dehra Dun) Brigade 1st Seaforth Highlanders * 1I9th Gurkhas 1I2nd Gurkhas 6th Jats

20th (Garhwal) Brigade 2nd Leicesters * 3rd London (Territorials) * 1I39th Garhwal Rifles 2/39th Garhwal Rifles5 2/3rd Gurkhas 2/8th Gurkhas6

21st (Bareilly) Brigade 2nd Black Watch * 4th Black Watch (Territorials)* 41 st 7 58th Rifles 69th Punjabis8 I 25th Rifles9

Divisional Troops 4th Cavalry 107th Pioneers 3rd and 4th Companies, Sappers and Miners

Artillery 4th, 9th and 13th Brigades, RFA * I 10th Heavy Battery* Appendix I 361

1st INDIAN

2nd () Cavalry Brigade · 6th King Edward's Own Cavalry 19th Lancers (Fane's Horse) Q Battery, RHA·

3rd (Ambala) Cavalry Brigade 8th · 9th Hodson's Horse 30th Lancers (Gordon's Horse) A Battery, RHA·

4th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade 1st (King's) Guards· 29th Lancers (Deccan Horse) 36th Jacob's Horse (Scinde Horse) Jodhpur Lancers (Indian States' Forces) U Battery, RHA·

2nd INDIAN CAVALRY DIVISION

5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade 6th Inniskilling · 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) 38th King George's Own Central Horse Y Battery, RHA·

7th (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade ' 3rd Skinner's Horse 18th King George's Own Lancers V Battery, RHA *

9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade 7th ' 20th Deccan Horse 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse N Battery, RHA· 362 Indian Voices of the Great War

NOTES

1. Left for , June 1915. 2. From June 1915. 3. Arrived from China, Apri11915. 4. Left France, August 1915. 5. The two Garhwali battalions were later combined into a single unit. 6. Originally Bareilly Brigade. 7. Left France, August 1915. 8. From June 1915. 9. Originally Sirhind Brigade; left for Egypt, June 1915. Appendix II: Composition of Indian Serving in France, 1914-15

INFANTRY REGIMENTS

Regiment Regimental Composition Centre (8 companies)

6th Jat Light Infantry Meerut 8 Jats 9th Bhopal Infantry none 2 Sikhs; 2 ; 2 Brahmans; 2 Muslims 15th Ludhiana Sikhs Multan 8 Sikhs 34th Sikh Pioneers Ambala 8 Mazbi and Ramdasia Sikhs 39th Garhwal Rifles Lansdowne 8 Garhwalis 40th Pathans Sialkot 2 Orakzais; 1 Afridis; 1 Yusufzais; 2 Dogras; 2 41st Dogras Rawalpindi 8 Dogras 47th Sikhs Rawalpindi 8 Sikhs 57th Wilde's Rifles Ismail 2 Sikhs; 2 Dogras; (Frontier Force) Khan 2 Punjabi Muslims; 2 Pathans 58th Vaughan's Dera Ismail 3 Sikhs; 1 Dogras; Rifles (Frontier Force) Khan 3 Pathans; 1 Punjabi Muslims 59th Scinde Rifles Kohat 3 Pathans; 2 Sikhs; (Frontier Force) 1 Punjabi Muslims; 2 Dogras 89th Meiktila 3 Sikhs; 1 Brahmans; 1 Rajputs; 3 Punjabi Muslims 107th Pioneers Kirkee 2 Pathans; 2 Sikhs; 2 Deccani Mahrattas; 2 Rajputana Muslims 125th Napier's Nasirabad 4 Rajputana Jats; Rifles 2 Rajputana Rajputs; 2 Punjabi Muslims

363 364 Indian Voices of the Great War

I 29th Duke of Karachi 2 Punjabi Muslims; 3 ; Connaught's Own 3 Other Pathans Baluchis

CAVALRY REGIMENTS

Regiment Composition (4 squadrons)

2nd Lancers I Sikhs; I Rajputs; I Jats; (Gardner's Horse) I Hindustani Muslims 3rd Skinner's Horse I Sikhs; I Jats; I Rajputs; I Muslim Rajputs 4th Cavalry I Muslims; I Sikhs; I Hindustani Muslims; I Jats 6th King Edward's I Jat Sikhs; I Jats; Own Cavalry I non-Jat Sikhs; I Hindustani Muslims 9th Hodson's Horse Yz Sikhs; Yz Dogras; lYz Punjabi Muslims; IYz Pathans 15th Lancers 4 Multani Pathans and Muslims (Cureton's Multanis) of the Dejarat and Cis-Indus 17th Cavalry 2 Punjabi Muslims; 2 Pathans 18th King George's 3 Punjabi Muslims; Own Lancers I Sikhs 19th Lancers IYz Sikhs; Yz Dogras; (Fane's Horse) I Punjabi Muslims; 1 Pathans 20th Deccan Horse 1 Sikhs; 1 Jats; 2 Deccani Muslims 29th Lancers 2 Jats; 1 Sikhs; (Deccan Horse) 1 Deccani Muslims 30th Lancers 2 Sikhs; 1 Jats; (Gordon's Horse) 1 Hindustani Muslims 34th Prince Albert's 2 Rajputs; Own Poona Horse 1 Kaimkhanis; 1 Punjabi Muslims Appendix II 365

36th Jacob's Horse 2 Derajat Muslims and Baluchis; 1 Pathans; 1 Sikhs 38th King George's Own 2 Sikhs; 1 Pathans; Central India Horse 1 Muslim Rajputs 39th King George's Own 2 Sikhs; 1 Muslim Rajputs; Central India Horse 1 Punjabi Muslims

GURKHA REGIMENTS

Regiment Regimental centre

1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles Dharmsala (The Malaun Regiment) 2nd King Edward's Own Gurkha Rifles DehraDun (The Sirmoor Rifles) 4th Gurkha Rifles Baldoh 8th Gurkha Rifles Shillong 9th Gurkha Rifles DehraDun Appendix III: Indian Army Recruitment, 1914-18

RECRUITMENT BY PROVINCE, AUGUST 1914- NOVEMBER 1918

Province * Combatants Non-combatants Total

Punjab 349,688 97,288 446,976 UP 163,578 117,565 281,143 Madras 51,223 41,117 92,340 Bombay 41,272 30,211 71,483 Bengal 7,117 51,935 59,052 NWFP 32,181 13,050 45,231 Bihar and Orissa 8,576 32,976 41,552 Burma 14,094 4,579 18,673 Assam 942 14,182 15,124 CP 5,376 9,631 15,007 Ajmer-Merwara 7,341 1,632 8,973 Baluchistan 1,761 327 2,088

Total 683,149 414,493 1,097,642

• These figures appear to refer to the provinces of British India only; but they seem to include recruitment to the Imperial Service Troops, as well as to the Indian Army.

Source: India's Contribution to the Great War (Calcutta: Government of India, 1923) quoted in VanKoski, 'The Indian Ex-Soldier' p. 90.

366 Appendix III 367

RECRUITMENT BY CLASS, AUGUST 1914-NOVEMBER 1918

Class * Number

Punjabi Muslims 136,126 Sikhs 88,925 Gurkhas 55,589 Rajputs 49,086 Jats 40,272 Other 38,546 Hindustani Muslims 36,353 Pathans 27,857 Dogras 23,491 Brahmans 20,382 19,544 Gujars 18,296 16,390 Rajputana Jats 14,967 Rajputana and Central India Muslims 14,224 Rajputana Rajputs 13,104 Dekhani Mahrattas 12,266 Burmans 12,163 Konkhani Mahrattas 12,038 Dekhani Muslims 8,118

Total 657,739

• These were the twenty most-recruited classes, who between them supplied nearly 90 per cent of all combatant enlistments. The spellings and the contradictory categories conform to the Government of India original.

Source: Van Koski 'The Indian Ex-Soldier' pp. 89-90. 368 Indian Voices of the Great War

RECRUITMENT BY YEAR, 1914-18

Year Recruits

1914 (1 August-31 December) 24,666 1915 84,353 1916 93,388 1917 179,364 1918 (to 30 November) 290,687

Total 672,458*

Total Combatants 826,868** Non-Combatants 445,592

Grand Total 1,272,460

• Indian Anny combatants only. •• Including Imperial Service Troops from the Princely States, and Indians enlisted in the British Anny.

Source: Leask, 'The Expansion of the Indian Anny in the Great War', pp. 27-9. Appendix IV: Report on Twelve Months' Working of the Indian Mail Censorship

Towards the end of September 1914, the Lahore and Meerut Divisions of the Indian Army, with the normal complement of British troops included, began to arrive in France. The force was disembarked at Marseilles, and, after a few days' rest there, was conveyed by train to Orleans. The route chosen for the troop trains was a circuitous one leading through Toulouse and other places in south-western France. While the force was in transit, a member of the Indian Revolutionary party, if it may be so called, was arrested in Toulouse, and upon examination his pockets were found to be stuffed with seditious literature intended for dissemination amongst the Indian soldiery. The authorities, thus set upon their guard, decided that, at least during the stay of the Indian troops in France, their correspondence must be subjected to systematic examination, and cast about for a suitable person to appoint as Indian Mail Censor. It was not easy to find anyone possessing anything like the requisite qualification, but eventually Second Lieutenant E. B. Howell, a member of the Political Department of the Indian Civil Service, who chanced to be serving in France as an interpreter, attached to a regiment of Indian cavalry, was chosen and directed to undertake this duty. The Indian Mail Censor reached Rouen, where the Indian Base Post Office was then established, on the 3rd November 1914, and forthwith set to work. From the very beginning to the present time the censorship has naturally had to work in close connection with the Indian postal authorities, and it would be impossible to acknowledge too warmly the assistance rendered by those concerned, without exception, from Lieutenant- Pilkington downwards. On the other hand, the censorship has always worked on the assumption that it was incumbent upon its officers to delay the mails and interfere with postal arrangements as little as possible, and the best relations have been maintained thoroughout. The original instructions given to the Indian Mail Censor did not require him to do more than examine the 'inward' mails addressed to the Indian troops in France. His first efforts were therefore devoted to causing action to be taken to secure that all communications to this address, from whatever source, would pass through his hands, The Indian public at that time was in large measure not yet quite sure that they really could correspond through the post with their soldiers across the sea,

369 370 Indian Voices of the Great War

and the troops themselves were too busy to have much time for letter-writing. Even then, however, the volume of inward correspondence alone amounted to not less than 200 letters every week for each regiment of Indian infantry, and very nearly as many for each regiment of cavalry. Moreover, besides infantry and cavalry there was the Indian personnel employed in the artillery, and in the ordnance, supply and transport, accounts, and medical departments, as well as a number of clerks serving in various staff offices. Apart from the very considerable linguistic difficulties involved it was at once clear that the mere bulk of the inward mail alone was more than one man could tackle ... The volume of work has steadily increased, partly because letters have been carried to and fro free of charge, partly through the development of confidence in postal arrangements, partly on account of the addition of more regiments to the original expeditionary force, but chiefly through the enlargement of the censors' duties to include the outward as well as the inward mail. The inward mail is now at least three times as large as it was at the beginning, and the outward mail is as big as the inward. There are also letters from one part of the force to another. The troops in the field were told at first that they were not to write any news about the war, and a system of local censorship modelled on that in force in British units, and more or less effective in accordance with the personality of the officer by whom it was carried out, was devised to see that they did not do so. It is easy to be contemptuous and to say that the order was unnecessary and its administra• tion inefficient. But, on the whole, it is hard to see what better plan could have been made. If the men had been allowed to write freely, they might conceivably have given information of military value to the enemy, and they certainly would have terrified their relatives and so caused considerable political danger by exaggerated, or even accurate, accounts of the sufferings which they were required to endure. As a deterrent from writing, beyond question the prospect of having the letter examined, however perfunctorily, by the officer is more effective than anything else. No doubt it is true that in this way India has been starved for tidings of the war. But this need not have resulted and is, in any case, a minor evil. Besides checking the work of the local and regimental censors and examining letters posted uncensored at the front and at the various bases in France, the Indian Mail Censors were also charged with the scrutiny of letters written by Indian sick and wounded in the hospitals in England, where the men had leisure to write and unlimited notepaper. The task of examining the outward mail had not been carried on for more than a few days before its possibilities were apparent. The Indian Mail Censorship was in a position to supply accurate and unquestionable information on all sorts of matters which could not fail to be of value to those responsible for the bold experiment of employing Indian troops in Europe. The Head Censor therefore began issuing weekly reports supported by budgets of extracts from Indian correspondence, and the same system has remained in force throughout the year, the number of those who desired these reports to be furnished to them having been increased from time to time. Appendix IV 371

The first budget, compiled in 1914 before any Assistant Censors had been appointed, was necessarily inferior, both in quality and quantity, to those which succeeded it, but it contained satisfactory and welcome news as to the spirit of the force and the tone of Indian sentiment with regard to its despatch and the questions of the hour. It also showed that no systematic attempts were being made to tamper with the troops through the medium of the post. In December, attention was drawn to the effect upon Indian feeling produced by the return to the trenches of men who had recovered from wounds. This is a serious matter which has engaged ever since the anxious consideration of all authorities from His Majesty the King downwards. In January, what might have easily have developed into a serious danger was averted when, in response to the Indian Mail Censor's warnings, the executive of the Y.M.C.A. was induced to change the very objectionable pattern of notepaper which the Association was distributing broadcast among the Indian troops. In February, it was shown that the breaking strain was near, and correspondence revealing a disposition on the part of certain transborder Pathans to secure safety by deserting to the enemy was brought to notice. The letters, written in very guarded language, from which this inference was deduced, were withheld, and no cases of desertion occurred in the regiment from which they emanated. But a party of men of the same class and tribe (Afridis) in another regiment went over to the Germans, who, it is believed, have since sent them back to their own country. The prominent part which the Indian Corps took in the fight at Neuve Chapelle, and their hopes of a speedy return to India, together with the return of spring, kept the Indians' heart up for some nine months after this, and no very signal discovery was made in their letters. But throughout these months, as well as before and since, the Indian Mail Censorship is believed to have done useful work in bringing to light various minor needs and difficulties over questions of pay, remittances, rations, clothing, suitable gifts from funds, restrictions enforced in hospital and the like, and by stopping occasional seditious letters received from America, as well as by holding up a mirror in which could be seen reflected the current sentiments and opinions both of the troops in the field and of their circle of correspondents in India and elsewhere. For example, in August, with the advent of autumn, and the prospect of another winter campaign amid the cold, damp, dark, dull and uncomfortable surroundings of Flanders, desertion reappeared amongst the Pathan element of the Indian troops. This time the censorship was able to point beforehand not only to the class and tribe, but also to the regiment, and in one case actually to the individual concerned, though the warnings conveyed in the letters were so nebulous that no action could be taken on them. Besides its oriental work, the censorship has throughout carried on all work connected with the supervision of the correspondence of the British troops forming part of the Indian Expeditionary Force. As these have been largely increased since the Force landed in France the amount of work entailed has been considerable. 372 Indian Voices of the Great War

Apart from all present value, the record of extracts taken from Indian corres• pondence consitutes a document of some historical value and no less psychological interest. If the publication of selections should ever be permitted, a very entertaining book would result ...

(Signed) E. B. Howell, Captain Head Censor, Indian Mails

7th November 1915 Further Reading

Of the several near-contemporary accounts, the most useful is J. W. B. Merewether and Frederick Smith, The Indian Corps in France (second edition, London, 1919). Merewether replaced Smith as Record Officer to the Indian Army Corps in France, when the latter became a member of the Coalition Government in 1915. The book is laudatory in tone, and little concerned with matters of interpretation. It is, however, a very detailed military narrative down to the end of 1915. The Commander of the Indian Corps, Sir James Willcocks, published his memoirs, With the (London: Constable, 1920). These are more personal reminiscences, based on his private papers and diaries. Written in Bermuda, they were primarily intended to record the gallant deeds of the Indian Corps. We have another British eyewitness account, in the form of J. Wakefield and J. M. Weippert (eds), Indian Cavalry Officer, 1914-15 (Tunbridge Wells: Costello, 1986). This is the edited diary ofR. W. W. 'Roly' Grimshaw, who served in France with the 34th Poona Horse. Badly wounded at Festubert in December 1914, Grimshaw returned to France to take command of an Indian Cavalry War Depot. The diary extends to June 1915. The more recent literature includes my own The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994). It provides some context for the present collection, and uses Indian soldiers' letters, including many that are not reproduced in this book. Philip Mason also refers to soldiers' letters in his stylish general history of the Indian Army, A Matter ofHonour (London: Jonathan Cape, 1974), as does Jeffery Greenhut in 'The Imperial Reserve: The Indian Corps on the Western Front, 1914-15', Journal ofImperial and Commonwealth History, 12 (1983). Susan VanKoski has given them rather more extensive treatment in 'Letters Home, 1915-16: Punjabi Soliders Reflect on War and Life in Europe and their Meanings for Home and Self' , International Journal of Studies, 2 (1995). I have borrowed one or two of her points for the Introduction. We have several unpublished theses on various aspects of the Indian Army during the Great War. These include: David Brief, 'The Punjab and Recruitment to the Indian Army, 1846-1918', Oxford University M.Litt (1979); Jeffrey Greenhut, 'Imperial Reserve: The Indian Infantry on the Western Front, 1914-1918', University of Kansas PhD (1978); I. D. Leask, 'The Expansion ofthe Indian Army during the Great War', University of London PhD (1989); and S. C. VanKoski, 'The Indian Ex-Soldier from the Eve of the First to Independence and Partition' , University of Columbia PhD (1996). Further background material appears in T. A. Heathcote's two books, The Indian Army: The Garrison of British Imperial India, 1822-1922 (London: David and Charles, 1974) and The Military in British India (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995). On the 'martial races' discourse, readers should turn first to Lionel

373 374 Indian Voices of the Great War

Caplan's Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas'in the Western Imagination (Oxford: Berghahn, 1995). For the Great War context see DeWitt C. Ellinwood and S. D. Pradhan (eds), India and (New : Manohar, 1978). Two useful books on the Army of the East India Company, which suggest some comparisons and contrasts, are Douglas Peers, Between Mars and Mammon: Colonial Armies and the Garrison State in Early Nineteenth-century India (London: Tauris, 1995) and Seema Alavi, The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in , 1770-1830 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995). For the Punjabi background, good places to start include Imran Ali, The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 (: Princeton University Press, 1988) and Ian Talbot, Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947 (Delhi: Manohar, 1988). There is now a growing literature on the question, 'Why do men fight?' For a fine synthesis of this work, see Richard Holmes, Acts of War: The Behaviour of Men in Battle (: The Free Press, 1985). S. L. A. Marshall, in his 1947 classic Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1974 reprint) argued that the interpersonal dynamics of the 'primary group' were more important than wider ideological concerns to American infantrymen in the Second World War. By way of contrast, Omar Bartov stresses the Nazi ideological penetration of the Wehrmacht, especially on the Eastern Front, in his Hitler sArmy: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). Jean-Paul Bertaud's The Army ofthe French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988) uses soldiers' letters to assess the extent of ideological motivation during the French Revolutionary Wars; see also Alan Forrest, The Soldiers of the French Revolution (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990). Comparisons between the Indian Army and other Great War armies can be made from the relevant chapters of Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experienced (London: Leo Cooper, 1996), and from Leonard V. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division During World War I (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994). The methodological problems of approaching history 'from below' are clearly and simply introduced in Frederick Kranz (ed.), History From Below: Studies in Popular Protest and Popular Ideology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985). All historians concerned with Indian history 'from below' owe something to the Subaltern Studies project. See in particular Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies 1-V (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982-87) and Ranajit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983). For a thoughtful critique see Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Recovering the Subject: Subaltern Studies and Histories of Resistance in Colonial South Asia' , Modem Asian Studies, 22 (1988). See Gayatri Spivak's 'Can the Subaltern Speak?', in Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader Further Reading 375

(Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993) for the argument that certain forms of subaltern consciousness are irrecoverable. Lastly, one should mention John Masters' novel The Ravi Lancers (London: Michael Joseph, 1972). Set in France, and by a former Gurkha officer, this concerns a cavalry regiment from a mythical . Index

Figures in brackets are page numbers, others are document numbers.

Abraham, 1I5 Bhalwa, 147,348 Aden, letters to, 114 Bihar, letters to, 598, 657 . 274 Bikaner State, letters to, 341, 627 Afridis, 20-1, 77,422 Bivouacs, 591 Agriculture, (17); European, superiority of to Bombay, (2), 521; letters from, 1I6, 304; letters Indian, 505 to, 31, 58, 64,105, 1I8, 137,519 Aircraft, 400, 630 Bonaparte, , 361, 388, 426 Albert village, 499 Brahmins, 251; baleful influence of, 655; Algerians, treatment of by French Republic, 148 intrigues of, 656 Alwar State, letters to, 569 Britain, 15,379; see also England, Europe, Ambala District, letters to, 66, 202, 229, 293, France; compare India 296,331,394,422,467-8,501 British Army, (20), 87, 341, 356, 375 Amritsar District; letters from, 512; letters to, 7, , 204 12,48,171,287,311,418,443,435,452, British Officers (Sahibs), (3, 5, 6, 13, 14,20), 472,500,549,623 63,66,89,99,144,164,178,208,231, Ancestors, 25, 581 237,258,265,299-300,317,320-1,335, Andaman Islands, 20, 590 354,375,380,398,409,419,421, Anglo-Indians, 31; see also British officials, 428-30,465,482,503-4,511,535,538, English 554,558,599,601,612,627,629; Arabia, 643 censorship by, 67, 644; and courts martial, Arabian Nights, 28 106; deaths of, 620, 623, 630; and Assam, letters to, 84 Muslims, 69; and mutiny, 276; by name, Attock District; letters from, 220; letters to, 536, 106-7,113,162,220,238,266,299,319, 545 366, 370,440, 570, 657; petitions by, 566; Aurangzeb (Mughal Emperor, 1659-1707), 605 petitions to, 181.364; and promotion, llO, Austria, 220 190,267; compare Indian Officers; see Austrians, 333 also Petitions Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam (Muslim British officials, 20, 228, 266, 310, 319,404, nationalist, 1888-1958), (19),603 435,465,504,574 Baghdad, capture of, (4, 15),507,605 British soldiers, 30, 44, 167,405 Baluchistan; letters from, 284, 416; letters to, Bulgaria, 183, 220 67,136,348,453,652 Burma; letters from, 141; letters to, 79 Bannu, NWFP, 645 Basra, (2), 276 Calcutta, letters to, 73 Battle, lust for, (10), 417, 530 Campbellpur, 42 Battlefield descriptions, 6, 19,32,41,52,63, Cambrai, battle of (November 1917), (4, 11), 94,100,163,361,375,387,394,416, 615,620,630 423, 531; attacks on foot, 553; cavalry Casement, Sir Roger, 346 actions, 356, 499, 623, 630; casualties, Caste, (12, 13),404,532,574; importance of, 552; corpses, 618; destruction, 520; 647; increasing reputation of, 528, 635; dugouts, 344, 350, 517; see also Cambrai, and promotion, 250, 266; and recruiting, Festubert, Neuve Chapelle, Passchendaele, 369,419 Somme, Ypres Cavalry Brigades, Indian; Lucknow, 499 Battles, see Cambrai, Festubert, Neuve Cavalry Regiments, Indian; 2nd Lancers, 265, Chapelle, Passchendaele, Somme 402; 3rd Skinner's Horse, 439; 6th Bengal, letters to, 396 Cavalry, 339, 402; lIth Lancers, 409; 15th Berar, 444 Lancers, 216, 276, 340; 17th Lancers, 382; Bemhardi, General von (author of Germany and 18th Lancers, 400; 20th Deccan Horse, the Present War), 598 366, 400, 402, 439; 22nd Lancers, 250;

376 Index 377

19th Lancers, 339; 30th Lancers, 208, 439; Death, (22), 94, 99, 199; acceptance of, 85; 31 st Lancers, 175; 34th Poona Horse, 208, announcments of, 37; appropriateness of, 250, 364, 366, 439; 36th Jacob's Horse, 25, 60; arrangements in event of, 428; 265, 466; Viceroy's Bodyguard, 320 careless attitude to, 127, 226; and courage, Cavell, Nurse Edith, (19), 292 39, 43; and fate, 203, 322; happiness over, Celebrations, 584; see also Festivals 305, 40 I; rumours of, 178; and sacrifice, Censors, remarks addressed to, 117,314,353, 115; see also Reincarnation; compare 375 Resignation Censorship, (4-9, 10-II, 17),67,84,93, 151-2, Decorations, (3, 21), Ill, 128, 164,363,398, 217,228,239,242,301,361,370,389, 426,553,559,560; Indian Order of Merit, 398,434,471,563; deletions by, 152, 171, 238,467,511,521; , 95, 177,184,192,245,247,348,648; evasion 130,246,587,651-2 of, 455; letters detained by, 114, 137-8, Delhi; letters from, 214,366; letters to, 240, 146,148,150,154,156,163,170,208, 323,470,490,570,585 280,287,542,553; process of, 173,188; Depression, 138, 146,270,474,484; see also self-, 16, 105, 141,336,394,453,516, Homesickness, Warweariness 563,574,577; women, unWillingness to ; letters from, 372, 412, 421, mention, 475, 644; see also Codes, Invisible ink 466; letters to, 266, 430, 460, 464, 499, Central India; letters from, 218; letters to, I, 87, 592 177,184,241,246,252,373,392,406, Desertion, (7,15),40,77,86,96,129,165,179, 428,444-5 236,299,473,536; see also Depression, Central Provinces; letters from, 233, 299, 330; Cowardice, Murder, Mutiny, Self-inflicted letters to, 270, 338 wounds Ceremonies, 359; burial, 215, 438; funeral, 178; Diwali, see Festivals. ruinous expense of,S 10, 572, 656 Dogras, (22), 409 Ceylon; letters from, 16,86; letters to, 129 Dreams, 367, 456 Charas (cannabis), 137, 163, 177 Drought, (17), 77,185,214,231 Chelmsford, Lord (Viceroy of India, 1916-21), 284 Education, (18), 377; need for, 273, 312, 358, China, 363 518, 572, 592; of women, 448, 654 Christianity, 35, 153 Egypt, (7,13); letters from, 297, 383; letters to, Clothing, helmets, 339, 495; plentiful supplies 62, 70; move of cavalry to, 648; rumours of, 561, 588, 613; see also Cross-dressing of move to, 210, 216 Cipher, 171; see also Censorship, Codes Emden, (19), 2 Circumcision,S 1° England, 8, 25, 134,293; compared with India, Codes, (8-9),5,28,43, 55,60, 73,129,149,151, 58 154, 536-7; see also Censorship, Cipher English, 4, 8, 31; education of, 377; kindness of, Commander-in-Chief, petitions to, 599 24 Conscription, 156, 220, 236 Enlistment, (I, 10),33,140,236,409,465,480; Contentment, 577 advice against, 22, 67, 281, 413, 500, 594; Correspondence, 445; complaints about, 513, advice in favour of, 257, 316, 565; age on, 606; desire for, 314, 307, 452,597; 565; bonuses on, 609; enforced, 48; different content of urged, 69, 134, 174, 216, 289, 385, 408, 579; problems with, importance of, 528, 642, 643; motives for, 187; seditious, 279, 616; see also 494; see also Recruiting Censorship, Reading, Scribes, Writing Europe, (18), 389; compared with India, 448, Courts Martial, 21, 40, 106,267,340,460,532, 462, 478; see a/so, Britain, English, 558 France, French, Germans, Germany Cowardice, 72, 162; see also Depression, Europeans, (18); education of inhabitants, 388, Desertion, Mutiny, Self-inflicted wounds 592; poor relationship with Indians, 617; Cox, General (Military Secretary, India Office), and religion, 355; compare India; see also 657 Britain, France, Germans, King-Emperor Cross-dressing, 324 Fame, 17,74,87, Ill, 133,306,330,585; see Dacoities, (17),14,228,245,310 also Decorations, Glory, Honour, lzzat, Dardanelles, 132 Reputation 378 Indian Voices of the Great War

Family allowances, (17),112,119,231,243-4, tyranny of, 522, 578; see also Germany, 277,562,609; problems over, 25, 161, Hindenberg Line 189,233,258,268,288,386,390,502 Germany, 123,220,349,530; letters from, 122 Family relationships, (17), 24, 244, 347; Germany and the Present War (von Bemhardi), brothers, 227; children, 209, 328, 592; 598 fathers, 281; mothers, 521, 601, 612, 622, Glory, 25--6, 30, 45, 87, 74, 530, 552; see also 644; sister-in-law, 596; sons, 364, 421, Decorations, Honour, /zzat, Reputations 605; wives, 114,172,182,303,354,429, Government of India, 369, 375,427,459,555; 606; see also Family allowances, Marriage disappointment in, 354, 603; duty to, 17, Famine, 112, 166,243,268,389; see also 116, 133,315,434,493,560,570,585, Drought, Plague 600,602,604; excellent arragements of, 7, Farrukhabad District, recruiting in, 612 205, 306, 393, 561, 585, 588; justice of, Fauji Akhbar, 415-16 91,284,397,578; loyalty to, 60, 74,155, Ferozepur District, letters to, 197,255,647 226,234,282,525,561; mercy shown by, Festivals, (13), 374,436; Diwali, 611; Holi, 590; neglect by, 551; postal arrangements 299; [d, 373, 378, 383, 554; New Year, of, 309; praise to, 605; prayers for victory 207 of, 107,514; protection by, 14; thanks to, Festubert, battle of (May 1915), (3), 88,110 256; willingnes to die for, 404; see also Feuds, (14), 89,180,201,243,287,419,543, King-Emperor, Sirkar, Viceroy 558,610; see also Murder Granth, (13), 254, 358, 512 Flute, 142 Grief, (10), 11, 181, 227 Food, (13), 113; lack of, 429, 501; plentiful Gujranwa1a District, Punjab, letters to, 312, 420, supplies of, 73,194,375,393,479,527, 455, 510, 636 571,588; quality of, 590; taboos, 98, 251, Gujrat District, Punjab; letters from, 515; letters 399,488,490504 to,288,303,400,404,544,562,578,586, France, (18, 20),10,153,205,210,273,358; 600,608,633;plaguein,55 beauty of, 35, 85; compared to Heaven, Gurdaspur District, 624; letters to, 161, 485, 255; compared to India, 135, 159; 566 compared to Mesopotamia, 271; Gurgaon District, letters from, 307 excellence of, 121; rumours of departure Gurkhas, 107, 167,297 from, 193,202; President of, 359; see also French, Hardinge, Lord (Viceroy of India, 1910-16), French, (18), 374, 436; age on marriage, 283; 284 compared to angels, 163; education of, Hardships, 221, 316, 378, 540; lack of, 200, 572; eating with, 399; excellent customs 323,327,377,523,566,613 of, I, 505; festivities of, 207; fortitude of, Harvest, 124,444; excellence of, 573; see also 212,470,485; kindness of, 212, 294, 442, Drought, Famine 449,451; marriage to, 492, 568, 588, 607; Hazara District; letters from, 429, 610; letters officers, 559; sexual behaviour of, 247; to,97,327,413,438,454 women, 311, 368, 408 Heaven, 198, 232; see also Paradise, French Republic, 148 Reincarnation Frostbite, 19,44,81 Helmets, (13), 495 , retreat to (March 1917), (4, Garhwalis, 167 21),497,517,522,545,567 Gas, (2l), 71, 76, 95, 331 Hissar District, letters to, 76, 221, 306, 336, George V. See King-Emperor. 369,377,389 Germans, (2, 21), 41, 63, 330, 367, 393,416, Home Rule, 616 426,457,460,466,497,525,527,531, Homesickness, (15-16), 437, 551, 597, 602; 560,605; atrocities of, 36, 76, 213; separation and, 10,39, 157, 278, 294, 303, declining power of, 32, 51, 240, 404, 447; 314,318,328,381,432,458,575,611, desire to kill, 62, 87; destructiveness of, 626 143,534,545,610; evil of, 292, 507; Hong Kong, letters from, 5 games with, 96; military arrangements of, Honour, 303, 460, 493, 496, 585; lack of in 45; need to destroy, 198,306,555; Army, 539, 579; see also Fame, Glory rumoured arrival of in , 165; lzzat; compare Shame savagery of, 136; strength of, 18,52,71; Hookahs, 547 Index 379

Hoshiarpur District; letters from. 108; letters to. Jaipur State. letters to, 581 134.419.486.523 Japan, rumours of help from. 489 Hyderabad. 480; letters from. 239. 352. 599; Jats, 299, 504; reputation of, 133, 282 letters to. 278. 356. 362. 370. 393. 484. Jhalawar State, letters to, 611 521.564.653; recruiting in. 362 Jhang District, 308 Jhelum District. 42. 427, 570; letters from. 55. Images. (II. 22). 549; bubbles. 396; bullocks. 187,264,268,407,434.513.574,639; 123; butter. 396, 437; chess. 331. 541. letters to. 71. 115. 193,212.216--7,232, 573; Diwali. 387; elephant. 361; 265,277,289,301,305.329,342,395. fireworks. 530; flood. 59; forest fire. 94; 405.446.488,542,591,614.627.641; fruit. 183.357; goats. 49, 56; glow-worm. plague in, 55 88; grain. 67.123; grass. 541; Holi, 262; Jind State. letters to, 295. 571 kittens, 12; leaves, 36, 73; maggots, 12; Joan of Arc. 159 marriage. 343; mill, 70; millstones. 567; Jodhpur State. letters to, 651 nightingales, 383; pigeon house, 396; Jullundur District, 77; letters from, 185,259, pepper, 43, 60, 73; plums. 100; rain, 67, 509; letters to, 59. 213. 326, 431, 572, 154,314; religious. 41; sarson, 254; snake. 593.615,634 361; snow, 6; soap bubble, 585; Jutland. battle of. (19). 326 tentpegging, 411; thunder, 387; Victoria Cross, 509; see also Codes, Salt Kangra District. 197; letters to, 49. 61,88. 192, Imperial Conference, 504 198,409 India, (12, 19).462.504,529; backwardness of. Karachi. (2); letters from, 498; letters to, 96, 15,58,654; compared with Britain, 15; 113. 190 compared with France. 135.209; desire to Kamal District; letters from, 596; letters to. 319, return to, 59, 153,602,657; famine in. 379,642 389; impossibility of return to. 83; poverty Karbala, (11), 56, 115,521 of. 572; requests to return to, 410, 418. , letters to, 343. 640 481. 503, 574; rumours of return to. 31, King-Emperor, George V, (9,14,20-1),153, 38.65.76,376,380,395,406,423,562, 183.275.290-1.308,349.388,408,459. 648; see also Leave; compare England, 478.490,514-15,519.527,560-1,605; France duty to, 7, 543, 634; duty to die for, 317, Indian National Congress, 453 581; loyalty to, 2, 234, 259; meetings Indian Officers (Sirdars). 89-90, 179. 208. 225, with. 4. 63, 126, 128, 130, 164,238,286, 237.239-40,258,270,290,321,362, 293, 311; mercy of, 550; petitions to, 68, 398,409.430.440.450.460,503-4.580, 583; capture of, 81, 304; court martial of. 128.535; picture of. 472, 483; prayers for 21,40; cowardice of. 162; deaths of. 151. victory of, 2, 25, 32, 64,125,132,134, 154-5. 199. 623; and leave, 446; and 198,204,232,248,260,286,306,342. mutiny. 276; oppression by, 372, 594; and 418,476,525.554,590.602,615.625, promotion, 266; treachery of, 590 631. 646; sacrifice for. 25, 80, 397, 556; Indian officials; chaukidars, 257; lumberdars, thanks for rule of. 498, 507, 610; visits of, 435. 494. 528. 625; tehsildars, 639 51,416,566 Indians, ignorance of, 505. 592; malingering by, Kings. 2.19,23,71.132,548 107; see also India. Indian officers, Indian Kitchener, Lord, death of, (20), 330, 332 officials Kohat District; letters from, 21, 77, 242, 302; Infantry regiments, Indian, 120; 6th Jats, 282; letters to. 95, 98, 127, 130, 151,201,386, 9th Bhopal Infantry. 76; 13th Rajputs, 73; 447,558.632,644; unrest in, 27 39th Garhwalis, 110; 40th Pathans, 140; Kshatriyas, 581; see also, Rajputs 41st Dogras, 110; 47th Sikhs. 199; 57th Kut-el-Amara, siege of. (4. 6, 19),298.304,329 Rifles, 70; 69th Punjabis, 181; 84th Infantry, 70; 129th Baluchis, 81 Labour Corps, Indian, 628. 637, 646, 657 Invisible ink. (8), 245, 408 Labour Party. British, 637 Ishmael, 115 Lahore; letters from. 42. 124, 291, 314, 489; , 70, 333 letters to. 247, 250. 294, 442. 465, 474, Izzat, (12. 17. 18).296.319-20.322.404,429. 607.619 490, 558, 574. 583; importance of, 528, Lahore conspiracy case, 280 600; lack of, 274. 440, 594 Land, 461 380 Indian Voices of the Great War

Leave, (15-16), 424, 450, 457, 468, 471, 476, and prayer, 66, 169, 267, 312; and 486,523,531; hope for, 589; conditions sedition, 279; superstitions of, 57, 603, for, 435, 439, 441, 443, 446; lack of, 420; 629; and war with Turkey, 1,340; lack of desire for, 642; improbability of, compare Sikhs; see also Festivals, Muslim 328,445,521,526,595; petitions for, 599, League, Pathans, Pirs, Qu'ran, Religion 601; problems obtaining, 640; requests to Mutiny, (14-15),156; of 15th Lancers (1916), take, 563; yearning for, 551 259,276,313,315,340,397,407,550, Lice, 54, 194, 211, 261 590; of I 30th Baluchis (1915), 20-1, 40 London, 164,215,238,311 Loos, battle of (1915), (3,10),151,154-5 Nabha State; letters from, 525, 605; letters to, Love-potion, 269 258,426,432,483,497 Lovers, 235, 405 Newspapers, 15,81, 152,218,220,240,246, Ludhiana District; letters from, 481; letters to, 303,337,341,370,373,415-16,548; 226,351,358,360-1,363,401,424,450, extracts from, 598; letters to, 504, 603; 493,517,557,655 reliability of, 80; requests for, 619 Lyallpur District; letters from, 340, 573, 625; letters to, 209, 254, 359, 387, 399, 491, Neuve ChapeIle, (3, 10), 80; battIe of (1915), 530,548,621 32,36,41,45

Madame Tussaud's, 311 Opium, (14), 177,229,267,431 Madras; letters from, 391 ; letters to, 407 Mahabarata, (11),13,23; compare Karbala Palaces, 238, 374 Malingering, (10), 50, 63, 75, 78, 103, 114, 150, Paradise, (13),17,162,256; see also Heaven, 162,223-4,325,348,433,570; see also Reincarnation Desertion, Self-inflicted wounds Paris, 355, 359, 374, 607; compared with Marathas, 116 Heaven, 260 Marriage, (18), 150,324,354; age on, 283; Parrots, 180 expense of, 655; lack of interest in, 642; Pathans, (IS, 22); campaigns against, 37, 139, European, compared with Indian, 15,334, 145,560 656; of Mahomed Khan (6th Cavalry) to a Patiala State, letters to, 163,471,628 Frenchwoman, 492, 535, 568, 589; Pay, (I, II, 14),91,237,342,349,373,381; problems in, 114, 195; reluctance to backdated after mutiny, 590; complaints undertake during wartime, 424, 486, 556; about, 320; increases in, 463, 473; see also Vedic,606 Family allowances Marseilles, (2), 417 Peace; no prospect of, 151, 163,258,529,531; Medical Service, 615, 639 rumours of, 326, 332, 350, 393, 457, 638 Mesopotamia, (3-4, 14, 15),230,261,271,276, Pensioners, 623 298,340,417; letters from, 230, 261; Pensions, 241, 267, 300, 308, 328, 370, 395, letters to, 89, 107, 196,235, 315; see also 425 Baghdad, Kut-el-Amara, Mutiny Persia, 249, 382; letters from, 143; letters to, Mianwali District, letters to, 204, 609 101,249,567 Montagu, Edwin (Secretary of State for India, Persian Gulf, letters from, 186 1917-22), (19), 616 Peshawar District, 20-1, 45, 145,322; letters Montgomery District, Punjab, letters to, 527 from, 20, 37,132,139,145,191,274, Multan; letters from, 502; letters to, 516, 554 Murder, (7, 14),238,338; attempted, 297, 430, 285,354,385,459,460,503,568,638; 460, 464; incitements to, 542; planned, letters to, 15,81,91, 1I7, 125, 153, ISS, 558 173,188,208,227,267,281,286,300, Muslim League, (15, 19),346,453,619 317,328,334,378,409,415,433,456, Muslims, (2,13,14-15,18,19),34, 1I5, 178, 505,522,529,561,581 219,275,345,349,367,399,414,436, Petitions, (14, 16), 68,237,535,538,566,599, 454, 490, 508, 582; and Arab revolt, 346; 601,612,621-2; fradulent, 627; and courts martial, 106; and Edwin undesirable, 563; Montagu, 616; faith of, 135, 155,613; and Photographs, included in letters, 207, 253, 311, fasting, 104, 113, 353, 547; and food, 449; 318,323,472,483,548 loyalty of, 69; mutinies of, 20-1, 40, 259, Pirs, 367,544,614 276,313,315,340,397,407,550,590; Plague,48,53,55,60,322 Index 381

Postal arrangements, (8, 11),213,225,229, of tribe, 387 see also Decorations, Fame, 309,335; see also Censorship, Glory, Izzat Correspondance Resignation, expressions of, (1O, II), 529; by Prices, rise in, (17), 26-7, 37, 42,124,149,186, Muslims, 347,458,618; by Sikhs, 351, 412 557 Prisoners of war, (7), 81,122,392; German, 32 Risalpur; letters from, 324, 587; letters to, 508, Promotion (and demotion), (II, 14),50, 174, 588 191,208,237,246,250,420,428,467; Roberts, Lord, 144 complaints about, 110, 190, 241, 266, 299, Rohtak District, 504; letters from, 275, 282, 321,338,370-1,482,645; disappoint• 555; letters to, 83,133,205,207,257, ment over, 349, 384, 398, 633; hope for, 269,271,339,380,384,425,441,448, 366; pleasure in, 43, 272, 652 451,476,504,535,552,556,577,579, Prostitutes, 383 602,606,646,650 Punjab, 14, 114,369; newspapers of, 15; Romania, 389 scarcity in, 39; see also under individual Royal family, 215; see also King-Emperor districts Russians, offensive by in Galicia (1916),333, Purdah, fears for, 574 365

Qu'ran, (13),158,176,276,322,449,456,613; Safty, care for, 248 see also Muslims. Sahibs, see British Officers Salt, (20), 60, 118, 125, 130, 198, 204, 256, Raj, British, (20), 428; prayers for endurance of, 503,510; treachery to, 96, 315, 564; 515; and Sikhs, 222; see also Government loyalty to, 74, 545 of India, King-Emperor, Sirkar Schoolteachers, 153,355,501,606 Rajputana; letters from, 272; letters to, 203, Scribes, (4-5, 9, 21), 307, 345, 452 473,533 Sedition, (19), 279; see also Desertion, Mutiny Rajputs, (2, 12),76, 162; martial spirit of, 44, Seistan, Persia, letters from, 507 III, 198, 234, 256, 295, 419, 526, 533, Self-government, 388; see also Home Rule, 647; reputation for bravery, 134,651; Muslim League women, letters from, 206, 487, 576 Self-inflicted wounds, (10), 12,75,224,352,403 Ramazan, (13), 113 Sex, (7,18),140,170-1,184,219,247,383 Rangoon, 20 Shahpur District, 349, 570; letters from, 322, , 253, 308 397,437; letters to, 195,273,350,365,374, Rape, 145, 175 416,495-6,511,520,528,604,630,643 Rawalpindi District, 42, 449; letters from, 27, Shame, (12), 119, 172, 20 I, 532, 542, 570, 578, 53,92,144,183,236,244,388,462, 612,622; compare Honour, izzat. 477-8; letters to, 32, 80, 93,131,154, Sharif of Mecca, (15), 346 157,166,337.355,368.463,469,518, Sialkot District, 144,276; letters from, 237, 260, 546,579,597 275,357,540; letters to, 210, 215, 263, Reading, 187, 194; see also Codes, 309,332-3,353,414,492,494,532,537, Correspondence, Scribes 551,565, 583,594,631,656;plaguein, 55 Recruiting, (16), 108,214,404,440,469,473, Sikhs, (2), 355, 358, 494; and , 222; 596; of Afridis, 422; and desertion, 86; in and Lahore conspiracy case, 280; and Farrukhabad District, 612; forced, 444, marriage, 655-6; martial spirit of, 226, 295; 574, 631; in Hyderabad, 362; importance and steel helmets, 339; see also Granth of, 250, 263, 604; in Ihelum District, 264; , and Paradise, 624 in Punjab, 369; quotas for, 574, 625; and Sind, letters to, 344 social advancement, 319; in Rohtak Sirdars, see Indian Officers. District, 555; see also enlistment Sirkar, (20),145,278,291,308,340,351,358, Recruits, 382 376,410,494,522,564,585; desire to die Reincarnation, (13), 12,25,61,82, 118, 198 for, 650; duty to, 125,307,318,459,510, Religion, (13, 14),353,414; interference with, 639,642,643; excellent provision of, 154, 603; loss of, 582; Muslim and food, 488, 479,628; gratitude to, 463, 647; honesty 490; Sikh, 512; see also Granth, Festivals, of, 97; loyalty to, 87; sacrifice for, 605; Muslims, Qu'ran, Sikhs wealth of, 80; see also, Government of Reputation, 155,403,473; of caste, 369; of India, King-Emperor clan, 50, 282, 469; of family, 29; of Somme, battle of (1916), (4, II), 341, 350, 356, regiment, 29; 362, 373, 465-7, 496, 620; 393,400,415,447 382 Indian Voices of the Great War

Soothsayers, 97 War Loan, 639 Sports, 240, 554, 559 Warweariness, (10), 501, 571, 582 Superstitions. 391 Waziris, 245, 310 Swatis,583 Weather, (10), 98, 154,211,296,334,439; cold, 188,196,240,254-5,258,445,451,479, Tea, drinking of, 375 493,589,593,613,617,636; heat, 261, Tiwanas, 325 271; mud, 6, 66; rain, 394; snow, 18,262, Turks, 76,132,313 501,626,628; spring, 498; storms, 468, Turkey, (14-15), I, 165,291,349 508; sun, 520 Women, (4-5, 12, 17, 18),65, 195,200; United Provinces (UP); letters from, 223, 248, complaints by, 429; desire to come to 346,381,487,550,576,584,590,601, France, 621; education of, need for, 448, 616; letters to, 29, 41, 43, 60, 65, 82,135, 654; equality of, need for, 572, 655; 147,150,159-60,189,211,219,238, French, 192,207,273,368,477,485; 248,251,256,262,282,292,298320--1, ignorance of, 526; and image of fruit, 183; 345,347,375,390,398,423,439,449, and purdah, 475, 574; Rajput, letters from, 458,526,531,534,547,559,575,589, 487,576; rampant, 302; and sexual 612-13,617-18,620,622,626,654 continence, 219; sex with white, 170--1; Universities, 290, 388 stoicism of, 79; work, doing mens', 503, 546; see also, Family relationships, Veneral disease, 105, 509 Marriage, Sex, Veneral disease Verdun, battle of (1916), 284, 326 Wounds,52,82,90,95, 151, 160, 180, 168, Verse letters, 235; Gurmukhi, 146,295,549; 249; see also Self-inflicted wounds, ,232,256 Wounded Viceroy, 284, 340; petitions to, 599, 621 Wounded, (11,14),19; policy of returning to Victoria Cross, see Decorations. the front, 3, 9, 23-4, 44-6, 48-9, 52, 63, Victory, (11, 16) 290, 379; belief in, I, 232, 306, 68,88, 197; see also Self-inflicted wounds 363, 586, 589; entitlements resulting from, Writing, (4-5), 265; see also Correspondence, 388; hopes for, 64, 389, 545; prayers for, Scribes 30,234,239,418,525,541,560,564, 605; prospect of, 497, 519, 527, 531 Ypres, second battle of (1915), 71