Des Black Metal

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Des Black Metal Skandinavischer Black Metal. Geschichte, Thematik, Symbolik und Ästhetik zwischen Satanismus und (Neu)Heidentum. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra theologiae eingereicht von Cornelia Foschum bei Ao.Univ.-Profin. MMaga. DDrin. phil. et theol. Theresia Heimerl Institut für Religionswissenschaft an der Kath.-Theol. Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Graz 2013 Danksagung Mein Dank gilt: Meiner Betreuerin Frau Ao.Univ.-Profin. MMaga. DDrin. phil. et theol. Theresia Heimerl für die Motivation, die raschen Rückmeldungen und Hilfestellungen und auch dafür, dass sie es mir überhaupt möglich gemacht hat, dieses Thema im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit behandeln zu dürfen. Meiner Familie für die jahrelange finanzielle und emotionale Unterstützung sowie den festen Glauben, dass ich das Studium doch noch abschließen werde. Meinen FreundInnen und StudienkollegInnen für den Rat und die Motivation. Meinen Vorgesetzten und ArbeitskollegInnen für das Entgegenkommen, was die Urlaubseinteilung für Uni-Belange etc. betrifft, sowie den Antrieb. Didrik Søderlind für die Rückmeldungen eines norwegischen Experten. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 5 2. Ursprünge und die „Erste Welle“ des Black Metal ............................................................ 8 3. Skandinavischer Black Metal und die „Zweite Welle“ .................................................... 15 3.1 Øystein Euronymus Aarseth: Helvete, der Svarte Sirkel, Deadlike Silence Productions (DPS) und neue, junge Black Metal Bands ...................................................... 17 3.2 Kirchenbrände ........................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Mord .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.4 Exkurs: Norwegen – Fakten über das Land und Antworten auf die Frage, warum Black Metal gerade in Norwegen entstand ........................................................................... 25 4. Thematik, Symbolik und Ästhetik im Black Metal .......................................................... 28 4.1 Satanismus ................................................................................................................. 28 4.1.1 Einleitung und Definition Satanismus ................................................................ 28 4.1.2 Satanismus: Aleister Crowley und Anton LaVey .............................................. 29 4.1.3 Satanismus im Black Metal ................................................................................ 30 4.1.3.1 Satanismus als Ausdrucks- und Stilmittel in Text und Musik .................... 31 4.1.3.2 Satanistische Symbolik und Ästhetik als Stilmittel .................................... 38 4.1.3.3 Exkurs: Belphegor - Black Metal aus Österreich ....................................... 42 4.1.3.4 Exkurs: Christlicher (Black) Metal ............................................................. 43 4.2 (Neu)Heidentum / Neopaganismus und nordische Mythologie ................................ 49 4.2.1 Einleitung und Definition Heidentum/Paganismus ............................................ 49 4.2.2 Neuheidentum / Neopaganismus ........................................................................ 51 4.2.3 Nordische Mythologie: Germanen und Wikinger .............................................. 51 4.2.3.1 Nordische Mythologie als Ausdrucks- und Stilmittel in Text und Musik .. 54 4.2.3.2 Heidnische Symbolik und Ästhetik im Black Metal ................................... 59 4.3 Exkurs: Die Darstellung der Natur im Black Metal .................................................. 62 5. Black Metal im Wandel der Zeit ....................................................................................... 66 3 5.1 Exkurs: Stimmen der Kirchen zum Thema Black Metal ........................................... 69 6. Schlussbetrachtung ........................................................................................................... 71 7. Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 73 8. Anhang .............................................................................................................................. 78 4 1. Einleitung “Black Metal, the Music of Satan”1. Ein provokanter und aufsehenerregender Satz. Beschäftigt man sich näher mit dem Musik-Genre Heavy Metal, stolpert man früher oder später auch über das Sub-Genre Black Metal und wird bei genauerer Betrachtung auf genau solche Aussagen treffen. Kaum ein Genre ist so aggressiv, destruktiv und düster wie Black Metal. Schenkt man dem Klappentext des Werks Lords of Chaos Glauben, so ist Black Metal in jeder Hinsicht die wahrscheinlich unheilvollste Musikform überhaupt2. Entstanden im hohen Norden Skandinaviens, ausgehend von Norwegen, in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren hat diese Musik zusammen mit den Texten und der damit einhergehenden Lebenseinstellung einen Weg in die ganze Welt gefunden. Die KünstlerInnen und Anhängerschaft dieser speziellen Musikrichtung heben sich auch innerhalb der Heavy Metal Szene ab und sind besonders durch einige Ereignisse in den 1990er Jahren in die Presse geraten. Mord, Selbstmord und Zerstörung bzw. Brandstiftung von Kirchen in Norwegen und anderen Teilen Skandinaviens sorgten und sorgen teilweise noch immer für Aufsehen. Das nicht enden wollende Reden über Black Metal mag sicher zum Teil auch an dem äußerlichen Erscheinungsbild der Szenemitglieder liegen, das mitunter befremdlich wirkt, denn Nieten, Ketten, leichenähnlich bemalte Gesichter, verkehrte Kreuze und Pentagramme sowie beispielsweise aufgespießte Schweineköpfe auf der Bühne bei Liveauftritten sind nicht unbedingt Stilmittel, die alltäglich anzutreffen sind. Besonders auffällig ist die negative Einstellung der Mitglieder der Black Metal Szene zum Christentum und zur Institution Kirche, unabhängig von Konfessionen. Man findet in diversen Darstellungen auf CD-Covern, Promotion-Bildern, Bandlogos und auch in den Texten der KünstlerInnen eindeutig satanistische und antichristliche Symbolik. Neben dieser satanistisch-antikirchlichen Strömung finden sich im Black Metal noch andere Themenfelder, unter anderem auch jenes, welche die nordische Mythologie und die Geschichten über Wikinger und Germanen in das Zentrum rückt und sich dadurch vom Christentum abgrenzt, ohne Satan als Gegenspieler des christlichen Gottes einzubringen, sondern indem die glorreiche Vergangenheit als Ideal zum verhassten vorherrschenden Christentum beschrieben und besungen wird. Die verwendeten Stilmittel dieser Richtung 1 BLACK METAL. The Music of Satan (Regie: Bill Zebub Productions, USA 2010). 2 Vgl. Moynihan, Michael / Søderlind, Didrik: Lords of Chaos. Satanischer Metal: Der blutige Aufstieg aus dem Untergrund. Zeltingen-Rachting: Index 2007, Klappentext. 5 mögen weniger verstörend wirken als jene des satanischen Black Metal, sind jedoch dennoch eigen, denn Kettenhemden, Äxte sowie Runen, um nur einige Beispiele zu nennen, sind auch keine alltäglichen Gegenstände. Auch die KünstlerInnen dieses speziellen Sub-Genres verwenden spezielle Symbolik auf ihren Veröffentlichungen, Merchandising-Produkten und bei ihrer Selbstdarstellung. Die Frage, wie ernst es den KünstlerInnen dieser speziellen Musikrichtung mit ihren Aussagen über Satan oder über die Wikingervergangenheit tatsächlich ist, hat mich dazu bewogen, diese Arbeit zu verfassen. Was ist dran an den satanistischen Aussagen, hat wirklich jede/r MusikerIn dieses Genres eine Affinität für antichristliche Themen oder gilt es damit einfach die Verkaufszahlen der Tonträger zu steigern? Und waren die Kirchenbrände wirklich das Werk einer kleinen Gruppe extremer MusikerInnen in den 1990er Jahren? Aber vor allem das Auftreten der KünstlerInnen mit ihrem speziellen Make-Up, Kleidung und Live-Performance übte eine groteske Faszination auf mich aus und ließ mich das Thema genauer betrachten. Ziel dieser hier vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Entstehung des Black Metal Genres mit seinen Ursprüngen im frühen Heavy Metal aufzurollen sowie die Inhalte und Hintergründe der antichristlichen, antikirchlichen und (neu)heidnischen Thematik und Symbolik aufzuzeigen und zu analysieren. Betreffend der Methodik bewegt man sich im Themenfeld der Black Metal Musik bei seiner Recherche auf relativ unsicherem Terrain. Es gibt zahlreiche Publikationen, Filme, Dokumentationen und Internetseiten, allerdings verfolgen viele AutorInnen ihre eigenen Motive, entweder die Szene und ihre AnhängerInnen anders, oftmals schlechter, darzustellen, als es der Wirklichkeit wahrscheinlich entspricht, oder die KünstlerInnen selbst stellen sich selbst provokanter und schlichtweg böser dar, um ihrem Image der gesellschaftlich unangepassten antichristlichen RebellInnen gerecht zu werden. Oftmals ist es für Außenstehende nicht erkennbar, wo die werbewirksame Selbstdarstellung zum Zwecke der besseren Verkaufszahlen von Platten und Merchandising-Produkten endet und wo die echte Satansverehrung bei den Bands beginnt. Ich habe für diese vorliegende Arbeit Publikationen von einschlägigen AutorInnen und FilmemacherInnen verwendet, wobei ich keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhebe, und habe gleichzeitig versucht, die eindeutig in eine bestimmte Richtung tendierenden Schriften objektiv aufzuarbeiten. Bei den behandelten Bands habe ich
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