The MOS Silicon Gate Technology and the First Microprocessors
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When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry. -
"Bob" Schreiner
Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Interviewed by: Stephen Diamond Recorded: June 10, 2013 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X6873.2014 © 2013 Computer History Museum Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Stephen Diamond: We're here at the Computer History Museum with Bob Schreiner. It's June 10th, 2013, and we're going to talk about the oral history of Synertek and the 6502. Welcome, Bob. Thanks for being here. Can you introduce yourself to us? Robert “Bob” Schreiner: Okay. My name is Bob Schreiner. I'm an ex-Fairchilder, one of the Fairchildren in the valley, and then involved in running a couple of other small semiconductor companies, and I started a semiconductor company. Diamond: So that would be Synertek. Schreiner: Synertek. Diamond: Tell us about that. Schreiner: Okay. As you know from an earlier session I left Fairchild Semiconductor around 1971. And at the time I left I was running the LSI program at Fairchild, and I was a big believer that the future marketplace for MOS technology would be in the custom area. And since Fairchild let that whole thing fall apart, I decided there's got to be room for a company to start up to do that very thing, work with big producers of hardware and develop custom chips for them so they would have a propriety product that would be difficult to copy. So I wrote a business plan, and I went around to a number of manufacturers. I had a computer guy [General Automation], and I had Bulova Watch Company, and I had a company that made electronic telephones [American Telephones], and who was the fourth guy? Escapes my memory right now, but the pitch basically was, "Your business, which now you manufacture things with discrete components, it's going to change. -
Using the Intel® LXT973 Ethernet Transceiver Application Note
Intel® IXP42X Product Line and IXC1100 Control Plane Processor: Using the Intel® LXT973 Ethernet Transceiver Application Note July 2004 Document Number: 253429-002 Intel® IXP42X Product Line and IXC1100 Control Plane Processor: Using the Intel® LXT973 Ethernet Transceiver INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL® PRODUCTS. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS, INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Intel Corporation may have patents or pending patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights that relate to the presented subject matter. The furnishing of documents and other materials and information does not provide any license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any such patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, life sustaining, critical control or safety systems, or in nuclear facility applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Designers must not rely on the absence or characteristics of any features or instructions marked "reserved" or "undefined." Intel reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order. -
Lecture Note 1
EE586 VLSI Design Partha Pande School of EECS Washington State University [email protected] Lecture 1 (Introduction) Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before? Will it change in future? The First Computer The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470 ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) The Transistor Revolution First transistor Bell Labs, 1948 The First Integrated Circuits Bipolar logic 1960’s ECL 3-input Gate Motorola 1966 Intel 4004 Micro-Processor 1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months Moore’s Law 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 OF THE NUMBER OF 2 5 4 LOG 3 2 1 COMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTION 0 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Electronics, April 19, 1965. Evolution in Complexity Transistor Counts 1 Billion K Transistors 1,000,000 100,000 Pentium® III 10,000 Pentium® II Pentium® Pro 1,000 Pentium® i486 100 i386 80286 10 8086 Source: Intel 1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Projected Courtesy, Intel Moore’s law in Microprocessors 1000 2X growth in 1.96 years! 100 10 P6 Pentium® proc 1 486 386 0.1 286 Transistors (MT) Transistors 8086 Transistors8085 on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years 0.01 8080 8008 4004 0.001 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Courtesy, Intel Die Size Growth 100 P6 -
Download/Face- Modules/Documents/Face-Modules-Hw-Specifications.Pdf
I PC H “ CompuLab Ltd. Revision 1.2 December 2013 Legal Notice © 2013 CompuLab Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means whether, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise without the prior written permission of CompuLab Ltd. No warranty of accuracy is given concerning the contents of the information contained in this publication. To the extent permitted by law no liability (including liability to any person by reason of negligence) will be accepted by CompuLab Ltd., its subsidiaries or employees for any direct or indirect loss or damage caused by omissions from or inaccuracies in this document. CompuLab Ltd. reserves the right to change details in this publication without notice. Product and company names herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. CompuLab Ltd. 17 HaYetsira St., Yokneam Elite 20692, P.O.B 687 ISRAEL Tel: +972-4-8290100 http://www.compulab.co.il http://fit-pc.com/web/ Fax: +972-4-8325251 CompuLab Ltd. Intense PC Hardware Specification Page 2 of 74 Revision History Revision Engineer Revision Changes 1.0 Maxim Birger Initial public release 1.1 Maxim Birger Memory Interface updated Super-IO Controller peripheral section added RS232 serial com port info added 1.2 Maxim Birger HDMI Block Diagram updated DP Block Diagram updated CompuLab Ltd. Intense PC Hardware Specification Page 3 of 74 Table of Contents Legal Notice .................................................................................................................................................. -
HP RP5810 Retail System, Model 5810
QuickSpecs HP RP5 Retail System, Model 5810 Overview HP RP5 Retail System, Model 5810 Front View 1. 5.25” external optical drive 5. NIC link indicator LED 2. Power/ Diagnostic LED 6. Hard Drive LED 3. NIC link indicator LED 7. Power button 4. 2 USB 2.0 ports with sliding door c04304464 — DA - 14956 Worldwide — Version 8 — December 8, 2014 Page 1 QuickSpecs HP RP5 Retail System, Model 5810 Overview Rear View 1. 24 Volt USB + PWR port 10. PS/2 keyboard port 2. Two (2) Full-Height Slots* 11. VGA port 3. RS232 serial COM3 12. 3 USB 2.0 ports 4. RJ-45 LAN jack 13. 2 USB 3.0 ports 5. RS232 serial (power configurable) COM1 port 14. RS232 serial (power configurable) COM2 port 6. PS/2 mouse port 15. DisplayPort 7. 240W EPA – Active PFC power supply (no line 16. RJ12 cash drawer port switching required) 8. Line in audio jack 17. One (1) PCIe x16 Slot (wired as x16)** – shown is optional three (3) port 12 Volt USB +Power Card 9. Line out audio jack 18. One (1) PCIe x16 Slot (wired as x4)** – shown is optional three (3) port 12 Volt USB + Power Card * Can be configured either as two (2) PCI x1 or two (2) PCIe x1 Full-Height slots. Shown is optional 2 Port RS232 serial (power configurable) Card, COM4 port (left) and COM3 port (right port). **A variety of cards are available to populate slots, dependant on riser choice and connectors utilized. For full details, please contact your HP sales representative for configuration choices. -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
Native Configuration Manager API for Windows Library Reference
Native Configuration Manager API for Windows Operating Systems Library Reference December 2003 05-1903-002 INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL® PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, or life sustaining applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. This Native Configuration Manager API for Windows Operating Systems Library Reference as well as the software described in it is furnished under license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license. The information in this manual is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Intel Corporation. Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this document or any software that may be provided in association with this document. Except as permitted by such license, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without express written consent of Intel Corporation. -
THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING
z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information. -
Delft University of Technology on Leveraging Vertical Proximity in 3D
Delft University of Technology On Leveraging Vertical Proximity in 3D Memory Hierarchies Lefter, Mihai DOI 10.4233/uuid:f744c1af-505e-440c-bc49-2a1d95d0591d Publication date 2018 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Lefter, M. (2018). On Leveraging Vertical Proximity in 3D Memory Hierarchies. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:f744c1af-505e-440c-bc49-2a1d95d0591d Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. On Leveraging Vertical Proximity in 3D Memory Hierarchies Cover inspired by the works of Dirk Huizer and Anatoly Konenko. On Leveraging Vertical Proximity in 3D Memory Hierarchies Dissertation for the purpose of obtaining the degree of doctor at Delft University of Technology by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. ir. T.H.J.J. van der Hagen chair of the Board for Doctorates to be defended publicly on Wednesday 14 November 2018 at 10:00 o’clock by Mihai LEFTER Master of Science in Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands born in Bras, ov, Romania This dissertation has been approved by the promotors. -
Intel® Technology Journal
9/4/09 8:28:45 AM Intel® Technology Journal Technology Intel® SEPTEMBER 2009 in the Home Enabling Healthcare INTEL® TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL | ENABLING HEALTHCARE IN THE HOME VOL 13 | ISSUE 03 | SEPTEMBER 2009 35858 21143 77 ISBN 978-1-934053-23-2 9 781934 053232 $49.95 US Copyright © 2009 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel, and the Intel logo, are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. Copyright © 2009 Intel Corporation. More information, including current and past issues of Intel Technology Journal, can be found at: at: Journal, can be found Technology Intel issues of and past including current information, More http://developer.intel.com/technology/itj/index.htm ITJ9-3_Cover_BFC_39spn_090409.indd 1 About the Cover Enabling Healthcare in the Home is the theme of the Intel Technology Journal, Volume 13, Issue 3. The physician in the foreground (1) is remotely performing a house call. The doctor is able to see the patient (2) and to obtain diagnostic information, such as blood pressure and pulse vitals. The patient is able to remain at home, which is helpful and efficient for those with ambulatory or transportation issues. Next door (3) is an elderly person who can safely live independently because the home is out- fitted with sensors (the yellow spots) that monitor motion. Family caregivers located elsewhere can be aware that this individual is performing routine tasks. Upstairs is (4) someone sleeping. Sensors measure nighttime activity, which can be an indicator of health risk. Also upstairs (5) is a child or an elderly person for whom reading is difficult. -
DEVICE and CIRCUIT DESIGN for VLSI by Amr Mohsen
31 DEVICE AND CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR VLSI by Amr Mohsen* Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara, California 95051 ABSTRACT A review of the device and circuit design complexity and limitations for VLSI is presented. VLSI device performance will be limited by second order device effects, interconnection line de lay and current density and chip power dissipation. The complexity of VLSI circuit design will require hierarchial structured design methodology with special consideration of testability dnd more emphasis on redundancy. New organizations of logic function architectures and smart memories will evolve to take advantage of the topological properties of the VLSI silicon technology. * The author is also on the faculty of California Institute of Technology CALTECH CONFERENCE ON VLSI, January 1979 32 Amr Mohsen I. INTRODUCTION: As semiconductor technology has evolved from discrete to small-scale to medium-scale and through large-scale integration levels a rapid decrease in the cost per function provided by the technology have opened up new applications and industries. Today there is a large interest in the next phase of integration: very large scale integration (VLSI). The semi conductor technology will be able to fabricate chips with more than lOOK devices (l) in the 1980's. The continuous scaling of the semi- conductor devices and increase in components counts on a single chip is resulting in more complex technology developments, device and circuit designs and product definition. In this review paper, projections of how device technology will evolve in the future and the problems and limitations of device and circuit design for VLSI are presented. VLSI TECHNOLOGIES: In Fig.