Johann Faustus and the Threat to the Ideological Reshaping of East Germany
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Author History, Heritage, and the German Spirit: Johann Faustus and the Threat to the Ideological Reshaping of East Germany Alexander R. Phillips Comparative Literature & German Studies Alexander Phillips became Abstract interested in the field of lit- erature from the German he ideological project of “antifascist-democratic renewal” undertaken by Democratic Republic (GDR) TMarxists in East Germany after 1945 included a need to understand German through reading various works, history in a way that would legitimize the new socialist state. When the socialist com- many of them unknown in poser Hanns Eisler published his libretto Johann Faustus, it was perceived by Socialist the English speaking world. Unity Party leadership as being antithetical to the party’s efforts to redefine history. He was also interested in In spite of his use of themes friendly to Marxist ideology, Eisler was attacked for the reception of the works failing to uphold the party’s platform, implying that he was undermining efforts to of German classicism, espe- ideologically reshape Germany after Nazi terror. By examining the libretto as well as cially Goethe, in the GDR. the proceedings of the subsequent debate and situating them in their historical and Professor Biendarra pointed cultural contexts, it becomes evident that Eisler’s use of the German literary tradition him to a few materials, and he coupled with his portrayal of history seriously problematized the official interpreta- found himself reading about tion of history touted by the East German communist party in the late 1940s and this debate in the Academy early 1950s. The ensuing debate, in which the libretto was demonized to the point of Arts. Although investigat- that Eisler could not bring himself to complete the opera, reveals much about the ing this topic showed him how ideological problems facing East Germany in those early years, as well as the party’s ideology impacted literature in anxiety about its own grip on power. the GDR, Alexander’s research led him to realize that issues of ideology and literature are uni- versal. Alexander is spending a year studying in Berlin through Faculty Mentor a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service. Alexander Phillips’ paper grew out of an independent study on the literature of East Germany’s Democratic Republic. After back- Key Terms ground reading of literary histories, Alex narrowed his interest to Johann Faustus, a libretto written in the 1950s by the well-known Antifascist-Democratic Renewal composer Hanns Eisler. Over the course of the quarter, Alex Classical Heritage researched the text further by reading material that I suggested and drew up an ambitious and interesting research proposal. In Cultural Politics his paper, Alex developed a nuanced understanding of the critical German Misery Thesis connections between the realm of art and cultural politics in a state governed by surveillance and censorship, which is a topic that has implications for other historical moments and national literatures as well. I am pleased to see Alex go on to graduate school in the German program at Cornell University and wish him the best of luck! Anke Biendarra School of Humanities T HE UCI UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL 17 H ISTORY, HERITAGE, AND THE GERMAN SPIRIT Introduction focused to a great extent on explaining how German his- tory could have resulted in the catastrophe of the Nazi In the year 1952 the East German publishing house Aufbau regime. In an attempt to rationalize the historical roots of released the libretto Johann Faustus by the composer Hanns Nazism, Alexander Abusch, who would later become the Eisler, who hoped that upon the completion of the music GDR Minister of Culture, posited a Marxist interpretation the opera would become one of the first great cultural prod- of the German Misery Thesis (deutsche Misere) in his book ucts of the newly founded East German state, the German Irrweg einer Nation (A Nation on the Wrong Path), written and Democratic Republic (GDR). The legend of Faust, the first published at the end of his exile in Mexico and then medieval scholar who made a pact with the devil, had, since released in Germany in 1946. In the introduction to the its origins in the sixteenth century, inspired such writers as book, Abusch argued that the rise of the Nazi regime could Marlowe, Lessing, Goethe, and Thomas Mann. Drawing be traced back through German history to a series of his- upon this tradition, Eisler used the story to confront the torical “turning points,” beginning with the peasant uprising problems of German history at a time in which the Socialist of 1525 and leading up to the rise of Hitler (Abusch 6). The Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, or SED) turning points Abusch cites consist of a series of both class was actively attempting to reinterpret that history in a way conflicts and reform movements from government leaders, that would serve to legitimize the power of a socialist state all of which failed to bring about genuine change, leaving on German soil. The controversy the libretto caused, which the lower classes in a perpetual state of bondage. Abusch culminated in a series of debates in the GDR’s Academy cites the sheer brutality of the nobility, the failure of the of Arts (Akademie der Künste), drew in such important con- bourgeoisie to topple the aristocracy, and the occasional temporary cultural figures as Bertolt Brecht, Johannes R. complicity of would-be revolutionaries with the established Becher, and Alexander Abusch. Eisler’s defenders praised powers as having hindered a Marxist teleological trajectory the text for actively confronting the problems of German in German history and thus allowing for the rise of the Nazi history; others attacked it as pessimistic, ahistorical, and Party. Thus, in spite of German industrial might at the turn a mistreatment of the “klassisches Erbe,” or “classical heri- of the twentieth century, the nation’s class development tage,” a canon of works viewed as being in accord with the was still far behind France, England, and the United States, cultural program of some of the German Marxists of the with the proletariat stuck in the remnants of feudal bondage period. How could a cultural figure as committed to social- (Abusch 199). ist ideology as Hanns Eisler produce a libretto that, while seemingly espousing traditional Marxist values, nevertheless This interpretation of German history may have given came into such conflict with party doctrine? By placing the Marxists living in exile the comfort of explaining how it libretto and the documentation of the ensuing debate in came to be that they had had to flee Germany. However, their theoretical and historical contexts, it becomes appar- after the foundation of the GDR the SED came to view the ent that the attacks on Eisler were motivated primarily by theory’s emphasis on the consistent failure of Germany’s an alleged failure on Eisler’s part to produce a piece con- progressive forces as a negation of the trends they regarded forming to SED attempts to emphasize and appropriate as progressive and were attempting to appropriate as his- self-legitimizing threads in German history and culture as torical antecedents to justify their power. In The Communist part of a project of “anti-fascist democratic renewal.” The Manifesto, Marx and Engels identify the proletariat’s battle Johann Faustus libretto became the object of censorship for against the bourgeoisie as being an international battle, but directly contradicting the SED’s self-legitimizing project one in which the proletariat of each individual nation was of “anti-fascist democratic renewal” on two levels: first responsible for overthrowing its own bourgeoisie (32; ch. because Eisler had failed to treat the classical heritage canon 1). If the German Misery Thesis were to be accepted, then as a positive basis for his new work, and second because the how could its core theories be reconciled with the existence libretto’s representation of the course of German history of a German communist state? Official acceptance of the and the role of the German intellectual stood in contrast German Misery Thesis would have proven to be problem- with that of the SED. atic at a time when the SED was trying to legitimize the GDR against the instability of the post-war years. Thus, the The New Interpretation of History in SED explicitly rejected it in 1950, less than a year after the the GDR founding of the GDR, in favor of a greater emphasis on what it regarded as the progressive, humanist, and demo- The Marxists’ engagement with history after the end of cratic traditions of East German history (Dorpalen 48). the Second World War and their return from exile was Rather than speaking of a long history of misery stemming 18 The UCI Undergraduate Research Journal Alexander R. Phillips from reactionary victories, the GDR leadership came to the genuinely present strength of the German people, that favor the view of German history as an equal split between had long fought for freedom and finally helped them to the reactionary and progressive forces, with the GDR this upswing” (in Bunge 57)1. Without repudiating his own embodying the heir of the progressive forces and capitalist work, Abusch here represents history in a way very different West Germany threatening to resume the fatal reactionary from the German Misery Thesis and closer to the self-legiti- path that, in the official view, had already brought about mizing view that the SED was propagating, emphasizing two World Wars (Iggers 66). The foundation of the GDR, that communism actually could claim a long historical heri- therefore, was a victory in both the resistance to fascism tage in Germany, which, rather than having been squelched and the centuries old struggle of the progressive, human- under Hitler, was finally able to blossom fully due to the ist German spirit against the oppressive ruling classes.