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Moroccan Migration Dynamics: Prospects for the Future

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Moroccan Migration Dynamics: Prospects for the Future Cover_MRS10.qxd 9/2/02 10:31 AM Page 1 Moroccan Migration Also available online at: M Dynamics R http://www.iom.int S 10 Prospects for the Future No. 10 Well over one million Moroccan nationals are officially resident in the 15 Member States of the European Union, and many more live and work there without valid documents. While the countries north of the Mediterranean Basin need labour immigrants, those striving to cross from the southern shores vastly outnumber any of the available legal opportunities to migrate. This plays into the hands of smugglers and traffickers, and the resulting clandestine sea passages in overcrowded and dilapidated vessels have proved fatal for thousands of irregular migrants. This report, compiled by the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI) focuses on migration dynamics between Morocco and the European Union. Based on an extensive survey of 2,500 Moroccan households in five provinces in Morocco as well as in five Spanish regions, the study analyses the reasons for migration and identifies social, eco- nomic and regional policy issues that need to be addressed in order to moderate the existing migration pressure. The report also offers some explanations as to why the actual amount of migrants is significantly lower than the number of those who express such an intention. The study is part of the larger "Push and Pull" research project on migration from the south- ern and eastern Mediterranean region and from sub-Saharan Africa to the European Union, conducted by NIDI and Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Commission. IOM IOM • OIM ISSN 1607-338X MRS_9_IC.qxd 02/09/02 10:32 Page 1 June J.H. Lee prepared this report as an independent consultant to the International Organization for Migration. Opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM. _______________ IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental body, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance under- standing of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int _______________ ISSN 1607-338X © 2002 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _______________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Moroccan Migration Dynamics: Prospects for the Future Prepared for IOM by Rob van der Erf and Liesbeth Heering Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI) The Hague August 2002 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 5 11 Background 5 12 Content of report 6 2 Population and Socio-economic Profile of Morocco 7 21 Introduction 7 22 Brief overview of the history of Morocco 7 23 Current demographic trends 9 24 Language and literacy 13 25 Economic situation 14 26 Foreign relations 16 3 Morocco and Migration 18 31 Introduction 18 32 Past and present 18 33 Future 22 4 Background of the Survey Data 27 41 Introduction 27 42 The project Push and pull factors of international migration 27 43 Sample design for Morocco and implementation 28 44 Sample design for Moroccans in Spain and implementation 30 45 Regional macro data for Morocco 31 5 Migration Potential in Morocco 37 51 Introduction 37 52 Review of characteristics of current migrants 39 53 Migration intentions 48 54 Steps towards realization of migration intentions 60 3 6 Moroccan Migration in Spain 63 61 Introduction 63 62 A new phenomenon 63 63 Review of migration issues in relations between Morocco and Spain 64 64 Review of characteristics of Moroccans in Spain: survey results 65 65 Perceptions and attitudes of Moroccans in Spain 72 66 Regularization of undocumented migrants 79 7 Summary and Conclusions 81 Notes 89 References 91 Annexes 94 Glossary 101 4 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background International migration flows have increased in magnitude and complexity over the past decades From an original predominance of labour migration and post- colonial migration flows, migration flows have diversified: family reunion and mar- riage migration have become much more common and in the past decade refugees and asylum-seekers have arrived in increasing numbers, from many regions in the world stricken by war, civil conflict, ecological degradation and poverty As a result of these, migration and potential migration to, for instance, the European Union (EU) are receiving ever more attention at policy level In order to help prepare policies in the broad field of migration, development and integration, there is a need for statistics as well as in-depth research It is within this context that the Commission of the European Communities entrusted Eurostat, its Statistical Bureau, and the Nether- lands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI) with a project to study the push and pull factors determining international migration flows in the mid-1990s The ob- jective of the Push and pull study was to improve our understanding of the direct and indirect causes and mechanisms of international migration to the European Union, from an internationally comparative perspective The first results have been published by Eurostat in a comparative report (Schoorl et al, 2000), as well as in a series of eight individual country monographs (see Annex 1) One of the measures to be taken according to the so-called Implementation Docu- ment for Morocco of the European Union High Level Working Group on Asylum and Migration (HLWG), is Promotion of comprehensive studies and holding seminars on trends and causes of Moroccan migration dynamics (HLWG, 2000: 6) Against this background the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs asked NIDI to do an in-depth study into migration dynamics and potential in Morocco, using the material collected in the push and pull study Hence, the focus in this report is on migration from Morocco, especially towards the European Union Data for this report have been collected not only in Morocco but also among Moroccan immigrants in Spain In both countries, local research teams were responsible for data collection and, to a large extent, for data processing and analysis A list with details about the two participating research teams is included in Annex 2 5 1.2 Content of report Chapter 2 presents a general population and socio-economic profile of Morocco, while in Chapter 3 Moroccan migration is the focus First, the past is described and then hypotheses within the context of future migration are formulated After a gen- eral description of the sources of the data used (Chapter 4), the main body of the report is devoted to analyses relating to potential migration of Moroccans in two different contexts Potential migration from Morocco is discussed in Chapter 5 and the status of Moroccan migrants living in Spain is elucidated in Chapter 6 In the final chapter of this manuscript the main conclusions are presented 6 2. POPULATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF MOROCCO 2.1 Introduction This introductory chapter will start with a short description of the history of Morocco (22) Then, the current demographical trends will be discussed (23) At- tention will be paid to population growth, age and sex distribution and differences between rural and urban regions Section 24 will address the issues of language and literacy and Section 25 will highlight the economic situation in Morocco, followed by a brief treatment of foreign relations issues (26) 2.2 Brief overview of the history of Morocco1 Moroccos strategic location has shaped its history Beginning with the Phoenicians, many foreigners have come to this area, some to trade or settle, others as invaders sweeping across the land and dominating it Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, and Byzan- tine Greeks successively ruled the area Arab presence began in Morocco in the seventh century AD, bringing Arab civilization and Islam The Alaouite dynasty has been ruling the country since 1649 Moroccos location and resources led to early competition among European powers in Africa, beginning with successful Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the fifteenth century France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830 Following recognition by the United Kingdom in 1904 of Frances sphere of influence in Morocco, the Algeciras Conference (1906) formalized Frances spe- cial position and entrusted policing of Morocco to France and Spain jointly The Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a protectorate of France By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of protecting power over the northern and southern zones The first nationalist political parties based their arguments for Moroccan inde- pendence on such World War II declarations as the Atlantic Charter (a joint state- ment issued by President Franklin D Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill that sets forth, among other things, the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live) A manifesto of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party in 1944 was one of the earliest public demands for independence That party subsequently provided most of the leadership
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