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Migration and the Family in the European Union

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Migration and the Family in the European Union Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung Austrian Institute for Family Studies Johannes Pflegerl, Sylvia Trnka (eds.) Migration and the Family in the European Union Heft 13 | 2005 European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demography and Family Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung Austrian Institute for Family Studies Johannes Pflegerl, Sylvia Trnka (eds.) Migration and the Family in the European Union ÖIF Schriften Heft 13 | 2005 ISBN 3-901668-41-1 Johannes Pflegerl, Sylvia Trnka (eds.) Migration and the Family in the European Union Schriftenreihe des ÖIF Nr. 13, Wien, 2005 ISBN 3-901668-41-1 Eigentümer: Bundesministerium für soziale Sicherheit und Generationen Medieninhaber und Verleger: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung (ÖIF) Geschäftsführerin: Dr. Brigitte Cizek Gonzagagasse 19/8, A-1010 Wien Gestaltung, Layout und Grafik: Edith Vosta, 1050 Wien Druck: Elfriede Jank Logistik und digitale Daten, 2213 Bockfließ Das Österreichische Institut für Familienforschung (ÖIF) ist ein unabhängiges, gemeinnütziges Institut zur interdisziplinären wissenschaftlichen und anwendungs- bezogenen Erforschung und Darstellung der Vielfalt und Veränderungen familialer Lebenswelten aus Sicht von Kindern, Frauen und Männern. Zu beziehen bei: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung (ÖIF), Gonzagagasse 19/8, A-1010 Wien,Tel.: +43-1-535 14 54-19, Fax: +43-1-535 14 55 e-mail: [email protected] Das Österreichische Institut für Familienforschung wird vom Bundesministeriums für soziale Sicherheit, Generationen und Konsumentenschutz sowie den Ländern Burgenland, Kärnten, Niederösterreich, Oberösterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol,Vorarlberg und Wien gefördert. 2 | ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 Preface This volume of the Schriftenreihe contains the papers presented at the Annual Seminar of the European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demography and Family in 2002. Although financial and other constraints considerably delayed the preparation of the manuscripts, we are convinced that the results of this Seminar will be of interest to the scientific community, policy-makers and the public at large, as it was among the first to focus on the link between migration and the family and explored this issue at a crucial point in time for the European Union, i.e. shortly before its enlargement to 25 Member States. We would like to use this opportunity to thank all the authors for their inputs, support and patience throughout the lengthy preparatory phase of this publica- tion. We are grateful to Susan Stephens who took care of the linguistic editing. We also want to thank the Austrian Institute for Family Studies for including this volume in its series. Johannes Pflegerl Sylvia Trnka ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 | 3 4 | ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 Contents Johannes Pflegerl 7 Introduction Section 1: Demographic aspects of migration 15 Heinz Fassmann 17 Immigration into the European Union: causes, patterns, future trends Sirpa Taskinen 31 From a country of emigration to a country of immigration. Case study Finland Ceri Peach 41 A country with long experience of migration. Case study UK Section 2: The role of families and relatives 57 in the migration process Raffaele Bracalenti and Moreno Benini 59 The role of families in the migrant integration process Pablo Pumares 81 A key dimension of family migration research: intergenerational relations in migrant families—a study of Moroccan families in Madrid Bernhard Nauck 99 Intergenerational relations in Turkish families in Germany Section 3: Socio-economic situation of migrants 129 Philip Muus 131 Migration, immigrants and labour markets in EU Member States ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 | 5 Katleen Peleman 165 Social life of Moroccan immigrantwomen in urban and non-urban settings Section 4: Potential impacts of EU enlargement 179 Loukia M. Moussourou 181 Integration of immigrant children in school Claire Wallace 195 Migration, family and welfare in East-Central Europe Marek Okólski 209 The impact of EU enlargement on migration.The perspective of Poland Authors 227 6 | ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 Johannes Pflegerl Introduction Over the past decade, migration-related issues have become increasingly impor- tant in the public and political debate among the 15 Member States of the European Union (EU-15).This was mainly because a rising inflow of migrants from different backgrounds and for various reasons began challenging the image that many European societies had hitherto had of themselves as—in many respects— non-immigrant countries. In many European countries, immigration figures began to rise sharply in the late 1980s, and the trend continued into the 1990s. This was due to the radical political, economic and social changes that took place after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Communist system.Whereas in the 1960s and 1970s migration was predominantly labour migration, in the 1990s migration patterns were to become more complex, comprising a larger number of asylum-seekers, highly skilled labour migrants and ethnic migrants. Regarding the overall immigrati- on rates in Europe during that decade, we may say that not only Western but also Southern European countries turned into net immigration countries. In addition, many European countries have seen a remarkable increase in family reunification. This migration mode now constitutes a sizeable proportion of the inflows into most EU Member States. The post-industrial migration wave has altered the social consequences of immigration and led to migrants participating in the socio-economic infrastructure to a greater extent than before. This involves both opportunities and challenges for European society. Participation in economic and social life constitutes the main route to integration for migrant groups and their families. Several studies have shown that the family plays an important role in the integration process. In turn, the successful integration of migrants into receiving societies is important both for their economic progress and for social cohesion. Promoting integration requires targeted policy efforts aimed both at immigrants and at the receiving societies.The fight against discrimination is particularly important. Barriers to social participa- tion—whether embedded in the existing structures, capacities and attitudes of the receiving communities or in those of the newcomers—reduce the chances for successful integration and weaken social cohesion. In the EU, several policy initia- tives were launched to support the integration. In the European Strategy to Promote Social Inclusion, for instance, the National Action Plans of several Member States have recognised the growing ethnic and cultural diversity as well as the higher risk of social exclusion faced by ethnic minorities and immigrants. Common policies in ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 | 7 the field of immigration and asylum are being built in line with the conclusions of the Tampere European Council. In order to manage migrant flows successfully and to cut illegal migration, the Commission has proposed a co-ordinated approach integrating all aspects of the migratory system and strengthening partnerships with the countries of origin. It is a fact that, in the last 20 years, all Member States of the former EU-15, as well as most of the new Member States, have effectively become net immigrant countries. This has caused vigorous public debate on how to deal with migration movements into the EU and on how to manage them. Moreover, in the EU the issue of migration also gained increased significance at the political level when the Amsterdam Treaty went into force in May 1999. Under the new Treaty, all issues related to visas, asylum, immigration and external borders came under the jurisdic- tion of the European Community. The topicality of migration-related issues encouraged the Co-ordination Team of the European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demography and Family to focus on the topic of migration and to monitor relevant developments in this field in the EU-15. For this reason, the Observatory network decided to dedicate its 2002 Seminar to immigration and family with the aim of analysing immigration into the EU Member States.With special attention being paid to the crucial role of families, the Seminar highlighted demographic, socio-economic and political aspects of the immigration process. This volume, published in the Schriftenreihe series of the Austrian Institute for Family Studies, contains the papers presented at the Annual Seminar held in Helsinki from 8–10 June 2002. The Seminar was divided into four sessions, each highlighting different aspects of the immigration process and paying special atten- tion to families.This structure is also reflected in the four sections of this volume. I Section 1 deals with the demographic aspects of migration and introduces the overall topic. I Section 2 deals with the key topic of the seminar: the role of families and rela- tives in the immigration process. I Section 3 addresses the socio-economic situation of migrants. I Section 4 analyses the potential impact of EU enlargement from different per- spectives. Section 1: Demographic aspects of migration In the first paper, Heinz Fassmann provides reasons why the EU Member States have become immigration countries. According to Fassmann, in a growing number of European countries, migration now exerts a greater demographic impact on 8 | ÖIF SCHRIFTEN 13 population size and structure than does the balance of births and deaths. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the inflow of asylum-seekers, labour migrants and fami- ly
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