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Migrant Integration Between Homeland and Host Society Volume 2 How Countries of Origin Impact Migrant Integration Outcomes: an Analysis Global Migration Issues 8 Anna Di Bartolomeo Sona Kalantaryan Justyna Salamońska Philippe Fargues Editors Migrant Integration between Homeland and Host Society Volume 2 How countries of origin impact migrant integration outcomes: an analysis International Organization for Migration (IOM) Global Migration Issues Volume 8 Series editor Frank Laczko [email protected] This book series contributes to the global discussion about the future of migration policy through the publication of a series of books on emerging migration issues. Most reports on migration policy tend to focus on national or regional perspectives; books in this series will focus on global policy challenges, such as the impact of climate change or the global economic crisis, on migration. This series is closely linked to the production of IOM’s World Migration Report. Some of the books in this series will be based on research which has been prepared for the World Migration Report. The series also includes a special focus on the linkages between migration and development, and the themes discussed each year at the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD), given the growing policy interest in harnessing the benefits of migration for development. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8837 [email protected] Anna Di Bartolomeo • Sona Kalantaryan Justyna Salamońska • Philippe Fargues Editors Migrant Integration between Homeland and Host Society Volume 2 How countries of origin impact migrant integration outcomes: an analysis [email protected] Editors Anna Di Bartolomeo Sona Kalantaryan Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Migration Policy Centre Studies, Migration Policy Centre European University Institute European University Institute Florence, Italy Florence, Italy Justyna Salamońska Philippe Fargues Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Migration Policy Centre Studies, Migration Policy Centre European University Institute European University Institute Florence, Italy Florence, Italy ISSN 2213-2511 ISSN 2213-252X (electronic) Global Migration Issues ISBN 978-3-319-56368-8 ISBN 978-3-319-56370-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56370-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937322 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Foreword In every immigrant, there is always also an emigrant. This truth, which lies at the core of Algerian-French Abdelmalek Sayad’s sociology, inspired INTERACT, a project conducted, in 2011–2015, by the Migration Policy Centre of the European University Institute. INTERACT focussed on the integration of first-generation migrants from outside the European Union (EU) and looked, too, at their numerous links with their country of origin. The project’s backdrop was the protracted eco- nomic downturn that started in 2008, and that affected economies and societies in the EU, as well as in countries of origin. When the project started, there was the idea in migration studies that immigra- tion from third countries would slow down in response to the employment crisis. A return movement to the origin countries would soon begin, and intra-EU mobility would dominate. The reality, however, proved to be rather different. Immigration kept growing. Between 2009 and 2013 in the aggregate EU28, the overall stock of those born outside their country of residence rose by 4.4 million, from 47.0, million to 51.4 million, comprising a 1.6 million increase in intra-EU migration (from 15.8 to 17.4 million) and a 2.7 million increase in the migrant stock from outside the EU (from 31.3 to 34.0 million). Contrary to expectations, a crisis-ridden Europe still attracts migrants. But does Europe manage to integrate these newcomers? To integrate migrants ideally means providing them with rights and duties, opportunities and responsibilities comparable to those of natives. Put in other terms, newcomers become full-fledged members of the host society. When migrants are many and the host society is in (economic) crisis, integration is not a straightfor- ward process, however. In the aggregate EU, migrant labour-market integration has worsened during the crisis. Between 2007 and 2013, rates of unemployment rose from 6.7% to 10.1% amongst non-migrants, from 7.2% to 13.3% amongst intra-EU migrants and from 11.1% to 20.4% amongst migrants from outside the EU. In some EU member states, such as the United Kingdom and Belgium, changes in non-EU migrants’ rate of unemployment were not dramatic (from 8.2% to 9.8% in the for- mer and from 15.2% to 19.7% in the latter). In most states, however, the fall-off was severe, with the worst cases being Italy (from 7.9% to 17.2%), Spain (from 12.1% to 38.1%) and Greece (from 7.6% to 39.2%). v [email protected] vi Foreword Social conditions worsened in several member states, too. In the same period (2009 to 2013), the at-risk-of-poverty rate increased only slightly for natives: from 14.5% to 14.8% at EU28 aggregate level. This was also true of non-EU migrants, though at a much higher level than natives: from 28.3% in 2009 to 29.6% in 2013. But in some states, an acute and sudden deterioration has been observed. It was nowhere as impressive as in Greece, where the proportion of migrants from third countries at risk of poverty jumped, in just 4 years, from an already impressive 32.9% to a record 54.3%. The above figures suggest that the tension between immi- gration and integration, between managing new flows of migrants and accommodat- ing old ones, has become more dangerous than in the “good old” pre-crisis times. Then, integration is not, we must remember, only about labour market and eco- nomic conditions. It is also about the fabric of a given society. Did the crisis affect non-European migrants’ social, cultural and civil integration? We have no quantita- tive evidence but many clues that anti-immigration sentiment and xenophobia are on the rise in every EU member state and across the political spectrum. Intolerance is no longer confined to extremist parties. Some state leaders do not hesitate to declare that multiculturalism has failed and others that immigration endangers the Christian identity of Europe. Finally, there is the alarming rise of home-grown Islamic terrorism. Immigration is commonly blamed for attacks conducted by European citizens born in Europe and for the part played by young Europeans of both sexes in global Jihadism. What is at stake, however, is not immigration so much as the failed integration of disadvantaged, and often discriminated against, segments of European populations with a migrant background. Integration is, then, extremely topical. Migration studies usually treat integration as a two-way process of mutual accommodation (or the failure to accommodate) by immigrants and natives. Instead, we postulate that integration should rather be looked at as a three-way process. The third player comprises all the actors, both physical and virtual, in the origin country, who play a part, consciously or not, in migrant integration in the destination country. Origin states, first, developed “diaspora policies” to foster ties with their expatri- ate nationals. Looking at migrants as resources, they have established specific insti- tutions for facilitating transnational contacts. Economic links with diasporas have been a goal for governments of major migrant-sending countries in the developing world since the 1980s. There have been attempts to attract migrant money, to mobil- ise migrant skills and to tap migrant business networks. Cultural links followed with attempts to revive a sense of belonging to the homeland amongst émigrés. Political links are, finally, now being strengthened: expatriates are often granted voting and sometimes eligibility rights, and their sons and daughters, though born abroad, are given dual citizenship. New terms are coined such as “citizens abroad”, “NRIs” (non-resident Indians) and “PIOs” (persons of Indian origin), “Algériens de l’étranger”, etc. A number of new non-state connectors bridge diasporas and societies of origin: cheap or no-cost communication allows regular or continuous individual links between relatives and friends separated by geography; conventional and new social media, as well as a multitude of transnational organisations, foster collective links [email protected] Foreword vii with the migrant’s homeland and keep migrants exposed, in real time, to develop- ments in the home country. Whether dual identities are competing or complement- ing each other has become the crucial question.
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