.. ·,.-�--�� .. More CIAAround the World · NCLC:Brownshirts of the Seventies The Great War:Africa Blood test of U.S. Foreign Policy
-, 19?, ... 1-4 6 Vot.2, s •·• SL50 �9Y.����·- PY CoanterSpy praenu IlaOnt Letten to the Editor column. We b.. e recel,ed oome 500letten ID the put month. A crou-sectlon of them appearbelow. We'd alto like to expreu our thanlu to all of you who wrote. We appreciatethe crltlcluna1 weU • the support.We encourqe you to getout yom penand paper and teU COUNTERSpy m what you think about CounterSpy, the CIA, yolll'local SWAT team, or any other national 11ecurlty luue. The QuarterlyJournal of the Organlzln11Committee for a Fifth Estate
I just wanted to drop you a note We work on a farm, On January 8, we sent you a contri of support on your statement and homesteading. Any contribution has bution of 52,000. A note should have my expression of solidarity with you. been to difficult to come by. But accompanied the check, but we It is quite amazing to watch so now we'll forsake next Spring's neglected to write it, so here it is now. cal1ed critics of the CIA show their replacement plow-points so that We are very glad to send along colors at a time like this. I would Fifth Estate can ei:posejust what this check, as we have been glad to like to take the liberty of pointing ex-agent Welch has beendoing to support you over the past few years. out that I don't think it is quite ac Third World peoplefor a living. It seems to both of us that you have Vol. J, 1uM 4 Wiater, 1976 curate to ascribe the outcry against Pleasestick it out, forall of us. been responsible and effective in �c�'!1:���eral Consensus / The State of the Empire / Abolish the CIA / you to "reactionary elements of the Stanardsville, VA your efforts to bring to public view Demilitarize the Police/ FBI terrorism/ Senate Bill One Press" or to "rightest cowards" the excesses of our country's secret alone. Certainly they are in the muckrake (Webster& Tbird New In• "intelligence" mechanisms as well forefront, but what seems to be even ternationalDictionary): as the unpleasant fact that secrecy more important really is the facile "to search out and charge with itself has become the accepted 8 Trends: way in which some liberal jour and seek to ei:pose publicly real or framework for our government's Agriagents at Work/ David Fine Free/ National ID Cards/ CIA on Campus.' nalists and the liberal establishment apparent misconduct or vice or dealings with us. Women Mercenaries/ KGB Agents Named /More Grand Jury News/ Denms in seneral is so willing to go along. corruption on the part of prominent Although we have never sought Banks Arrested Even the Laurence Stern article individuals (as public officials)" publicity for support we have given which you enclosed falls far short of "to investigate or go over to any organization, we would like what he might have said in a news assiduously with the purpose of to suggest that in the present 16 ana1ysis article. digging up scandal or in situation it might be a good idea for GARDEN PLOT& SWAT: U.S. PoliceAs New Action Army: The first documented overview of domestic counter-insurgency capabilities in In genera] I think your statement criminating" you to make a public statement is excellent and makes all the im "obs. rake for gathering dung in a about where your funds come from. the seventies, including Operations GRAM METRIC. LANTERN SPIKE. portant points of your (our) position heap" We would be willing to be listed CABLE SPLICER extremely well. Part of what Stern's I'm proud to know people in the among your supporters, and we article does is to try tp take some of tradition of Lincoln Steffens. Upton would have no objection to having the blame offyou byfcalling you "an Sinclair and Ida TarbeJI. -' the amount of our help listed as obscure left-wing group" and saying S.R. well. that you have scruffyoffices. You Washington, DC Since people who live in an am may be obscure and unimportantto biance of conspiracy seem to find it him but not to us and to me. With Warning to Harvey Kahn, Doug hard to imagine a simple, disin love from us all. Porter, and TRAITORS ETAL 1!1 terested act, members of the CIA - EditorialBoard Dick Goldensohn You bastards better clear out of are presumably trying to figure out Sevenda'j, ¥agazine our country! We, veterans will not if your support comes from a Julie Brooks tolerate degenerates who help mur "foreign source," "subversive Tim Butz. der our Americans who serve to elements," or whatnot. Eda Gordon protect the security of our country. It might be educational for them HarveyKahn The preposterous charge that you You have the list of our security to find that your backers are · Winslow Peck are responsiblefor the death of an agents. We have the list of you citizens who adhere to American DougPorter -.. American official shows how afraid traitors. We will make it our traditions of openness in govern Margaret Van Houten the CIA is of the growing con business to get rid of you. Dirty ment, honesty in international sciousnessthat plain citizens can do bastards!!! You don't belong in our dealings, and an informed elec Coonllnatonfor thla lauo something about the rat-hole world country. You belong in Moscow with torate. We count ourselves and you Ju1ie Brooks of government-sponsored secret the KGB. Traitors you'll die. among that number. HarveyKahn societies. The person who can only Several of us veterans. Vietnam Carol Bernstein Ferry watch passively at the worst excesses and World War II have met and W. H. Ferry 26 CIAAround the World of his age is no citizen in any voted not to allow you spies for a Scarsdale, NY Who was Richard Welch? / CIA Agents named in Europe and Zaire / David traditional sense, for he has no part foreign country and traitors to our Phillip's ARIO / □A Drug Trade / The Great Southern Africa War / in the most important decisions own to exist. Get out of the country The ferocity of the attacks and the Including new mercenary recruitment tactic:- determining the policies and the or dielll low-level ilk making them, proves moral character of government. Don'texpect the CJ.A. and F.B.I. the strength and the righteousness C:O-ter5pJseRds 1pecial thanks to: Hopefully the public will be able to protect you. You dogs!!! of your work. In solidarity with our Liz Andef!liffl, Oaip Berlet. Christine to understand the insidious stage P.S. Better be physically prepared. sisters and brothers, we remain. Bond. Robert Bonage. Minton Brooks. 40 TIP: Terrorl1tInformation Project managing of the news by in We will make sure to waste you!! The Wounded Knee Legal Frank Brownins, John Burgess. Carol National Caucus of LaborCommittees: the Brownshirts of the Seventies/ The telligence organizations. Call the F.B.I. to protect you. You Defense/OffenseCommittee Bernstein Ferry.W. H. Ferry.Morton Hal• Rise of Posse Comitatus You are showing the way. Keep it scum. You'll never have the nerve to Rapid City, Lakota Nation perin, Anne Hess. Dana Johnson. Kathy up. ask an American to protect a Johnson: Daniel Morris. Janet RatTel. Sel John foreign spy. Dogs!!!! ma Rein. Ron Ridenhour, BethStone. Jim Stanford.CA Con•,. on insideback COl'e'r True. Georgia Van Houten, Bill Wallace. 60 Keep on Keepln'On Anonymous / Literature Dale Wiehoff and the Counterspies of the Fifth Estate Annual Report/ New Organizations / Legal Actions FifthEstate. List . · AdvlooryBoard • the secret bombingof Cambodia . . • massive illegal physical and technological surYeil for the.Organizing Committee fo�a Fillh Estate• lance of law•abidi�g American citizens by the CIA and PhilipApe COMMENT NSA Former CIA case officer • hundreds of burglaries and the organization of vio SyMaCrane lent reaction to socialchanac by the FBI National Committee Against Repressive· · · LegislatiOn· ''Thereis, cl,arly,something wrongwith the system. .." • conspiracies to assassinate foreign leaders David DelUnger • involvement of the Presidency and the CIA with or Institute for New Communications Senator Edmu'nd V. Muskie January 21. 1976 ganized crime and drug traffic hank Donner • the overthrow of a freely elected, lawful regime in ACLU Political Surveillance Project Democratic Party reply �o the years President's State of the Union Message Chile following JO of CIA and corporate coup Robed Kw d'ctats and secret wars disryapting and destroying mil- Assassination Information Bureau lions of lives While Ed Muskie and Jerry Ford obviously had op WIUIUIIKunaller • the collective crime known as Wateraate posing world views in their respective speeches on the Attorney and former OSS officer • rampant crime as the dominant fact of life Ill.mod- State of the Union there was· little to indicate their dif MarkLane ern ferences would move beyond simple election year rhet Americap society , . Citizen's Commission of Inquiry • executives on the boards of multinational ftnancial oric lo Offer the electorate a clear choiCC on program. . SidneyLem · institutions . executing"and encoura&ins crime to main• Jerry Ford, speaking for his faction of the Republican Author, lahOr'oiganizer tain the corporate hold on America Party and more significantly for the positionof the Presi Dr. RalphLowla • a government no Ion pr of the peop1e, by the people dency, p�sented· a "New Realism." realistically insen Criminal Justice Research Director, Michigan and for the people but a government ruled by the priv• ... sitive to a public ravaged by years of simultaneous in State University ile flation and recession. ged class which most of the worldnow views as a dis Victor Marchetti integrating corporate empire; Former CIA official Ford's formula, as arrogant as anything offered by his predecessor in the White ·House: does nothing to end • a government unable to meet the needs or an citi D. Gareth l;'torture apparat• for CounterSp_v Spring/Summer 1975. 'we have no availahle Arrogance shined ominously'when he inferred a similar covertaction be abolished not only because we recognize uses among the military, intelligence and poliC'e depart- back issues. We're !loorry for the iijc�n.venic�.• bwt ,we.lacked loss of confidence in our ability io governourselves. that the CIA SCt"Ves only the multinational corporate mentsof many foreignnations . the money IQ p�ot �ounl�rSs,y. th,is pasl fal!. lh;ck:,iswes of Certainly many of us believe that government doesn't empire, which is thoroughly anti�emocratic and un S. the organization of coup d'etats ID over 2S coun-
C�unterSpy are available on m,icroQlm, Wr)f� 1?(ero,,1,!Q1vers\ty care about us or our problems. •Certainly fllany of us be· American. but also because the CIA ls a criminal or• triesfrom Iran In 1954to OllieIn 1973 nn rb r. a - ganization and covertactions are criminal actions.Some the A A Q •�!f��, ��,106. lieve govemment·can't·do anything about our problems. 6. oraanizationof secretwa� fromLaos to Angola �:;�';�7i%c�,�:;���-It�;- ,·1• ''l',•l •,1· •,£..,idence 'of. the true State of the Union surrounds us well-Intentioned folks believe that only a portion of the 7. unconstitutional non-compliance with the laws like a•ptague: CIA is criminal.They think that the vut majority of the that demand disclosure periodically of government CoanterSpy welcomt..� manuscr,r!s on ·a�,X:ii,s�t'.�f.�u ril)'. analysts, secretary and service personnel at the Langley buclaetsand expenditures : · •·politicians who always seem to promise more than Signed arcicles are a pnxluct o( the authors only. and do not they can deliver headquarters of the CIA. those CIA contacts on univer 8. perjurybefore Congress nec6sarily rcnect the views or all t..-ditor.., spDnSors.'.adVlsors. or . • wars of genocide against the people of the Third sity campuses, in business or religious circles are only 9. the subvenion of the democratic processthroughout as.wciaks or the Fifth Estate.Copyright©lfJ7ti'. : · · ' · World hardworking honest American citizens. Thls is true, theThird Workl and even in Europewith . massive illegal • the deceptive d�liverance of our sons and brothers But the consensus of the Organizin1Committee is that fundlnaof poiltlcalparties ••d trade unions C.OanterSpy welcomes �ritic�sm· You'mil� haVe. 'Thr�ugh' �adCr into war in Indochina. and more recently as mercenary citizens can not admit to crime within their orcaniza JO. involvementin Watergate inpul many impor1ant t·hangk in the qtiarttrly have And will tion and continue to support that organization. There lt. propaa:anda attacks on Americans opposed to the continue 111 bemade. , · · · ·cannon-fodder for a mindless war in Angola arethose who. directly commit crime and thereare thole CIA was the Bureau', letter to Dr. King suggesting that he force wihin the police. The fanatic growth of Special commitsuicide, It should not be forgotten, however, that Weapons and Tactics Teams (SW AT) stems from mili natiop,ally recognized figures weren't the only targets of tary sources involved in GARDEN PLOT planning and Because many of the FBl's programs targeted "un theseprograms. And most importantly. it should not be demonstrates a courtship between the police and the popular" causes and personalities, political considera foraouen that the FBI assembled political dossiers on military. Before long, we will not have police forces as we, tions have prompted these investigators to, in effect, hundredsof thousands of Americans. once knew them, rather we will have full fledgedarmies cover-up evidence of massive illegal activity. The House FBI Director Clarence Kelley has attempted to re of occupationpatroling the streets of our communities Select Committee on Intelligence, for example, canceled assure congressionalprobers by constantly repeatingthe designed, equipped and motivated by the Pentagon. hearings on the notorious COINTELPRO operations myth that all such programs were discontinued in ·1971. The GARDEN PLOT/SWAT mentality and the in afterit became clear that many of the witnesses would be While lt is true that the bureaucratic designator creasing power of the military in the civil government associated with either the Black Panther or Sodalist "COINTELPRO" Wlli disCOntinued in 1971, FBI dis must be fought. Just as the CIA decided that the tar Workers parties. ruption programs and survcillcnce techniques have been gets of their operations must include the civilian popula Of particular concern is that abundant evidence of FBI and are being continued. In 1971 and 1977 (as was re tion of America, so too has the military focused their involvement in domestic assassinations and/or terrorist sights on us. If demcx;:ratic and constitutional rights vealed In Co11,u�rSpy in March 1973), the Bureau spon activity has been either buried or de-emphasized. At sored a right-wing terrorist organization, based in San are to be preserved, we must demand that the military tempts to provoke rival organizations to assassinate DiegoCalifornia and operatingin 11 western states.Ear be controlled by the peopleand not the peoplecontrolled Black Panthers in Chicago, Philadelphia, San Diego, ly In 1975, the New York Timu disclosed that the by the military. and Los Angeles have been revealed but not explored. Bureau had playeda key role in organizing and funding How many people died as the result of these "hard sham ultra-leftist organizations in New Orleans and hitting" collnterintelligence programs? In San Diego, Florida.·The conduct of FBI agents towards activist the FBI went so far as to boast, according to a recently Narivc American organizations. especially on the Pine declassified memo, that its counterintelligence programs RidpResenation, clearly shows that disruption and ter Stop Senate BillOne hil_d created a significant degree of racial unrest. In other ror programs are an important part of contemporary aretu of the country, the FBI sought to provoke open Bureau activity. The progress of Senate Bill One (S. I) is yet another warfare between organized crime and the Communist Lately.we•ve seen a lot of Clarence Kelley ranting and indication of the repressive society the government is Party. And documents in the possession of the Senate ravin1 about the threats posed to Americans by ter trying to create in America. Originally conceived to Select Committee investigating the intelligence com rorists. He has even suggested that certain traditional streamline the federai criminal code and eliminate con munity reveal that the Bureau paid for "wanted posters" _politk:al freedoms enjoyed by citizens may have to be flicting statutes, Senate Bill One was written in such a naming a well-known activist as a police informant. Only ucrificed If terrorism is to be crushed. It seems obvious way that it virtually neutralizes the bill of Rights. It is through mere chance did this activist escape the mur to us that these declarations are merely serving to cover a nightmare for all who value a more humane and just . derous intentions of the FBI. · up the Bureau's function as a political secret police. society. and the nightmare can not be eliminated by The promotion of asHssinati'on and terror were ilot the Moreover, they come on the wave of repressive legisla simply amending the proposed law. Senate Bill One only techniques employed by the BLJureau in its quest to · tion that, if passed.would indeed require American peo must be stopped without compromise, forif it is not, the 12. experimenting with LSD and olher drugs on un curb domestic dissent. A clear_ attempt was made to have ple to sacrifice what few rights are left from our crum poor and the powerless will lose what little protection suspecting citizens causing the deaths of several Attorney William Kunstler. who defended many organi bling Bill of Rights. they now have under the law, and all of us will lose the zations, again�t gm:ernment repressi�n. framed on crim The FBI should fight crime, particularly organized spirit, if not the substance, of our democraticrights. This is only a small listing of the CIA 's crimes. The inal charges that would discredit him personally and crime, rather than reinforce right-wing paranoia that American law is alleged to be based on logic and fair CIA was created in an outlaw spirit. It has rampaged politically. AntiochColle ffin OhiQ was the target of FBI sees•terrorist behind every dissenter. ne�s. yet SenateBill One is neither logical nor just. Sen and ravished the entire world to create profitable invest programs designed to di,scredit it academically merely ate Bill One would codify a double standard law that ment climates for the multinational corporations which. because the college administration allowed campus quite literally could create a situation where a govern once achieved, facilitate the transfer of factories to other facilities to be used foranti-war activities. The worst ex ment official guilty of misconduct would go free•, while lands for less costs and trad� unions manipulated by ample of these insidious programs to.discredit ai;tivists a citizen peact.•fully protesting the misconduct would .·1 '. the CIA, thus yanking j9bs away from American work ' "'· , De-militamethe Police go to jail forsuch activity. ers. To support the CIA and covert action is to support Senate Bill One would, among other things, broaden this thirty year world history of mass murder, torture the government's authority to wiretap, virtually elimin Durinathe last two decades, the U.S. Army has quietly and high crimes against humanity, ate criminal insanity pleas, limit the freedom of the ... expanded iti domestic power and inftuence. The separa To sugg_est the CIA continue operating ,on public trust SECREc, press, make G.I. organizing a crime, and reinstitute the FAY (;UN. tion ofpGUccand militaryfunctions in our society- one and under Congressional supervision is to bury one's death penalty. (See CounterSpy, Vol. 2, No. 3 for more ofthe causes for the 1776 rebellion - has been rendered head in the sand. If Congress does not address itself to details on the specifics of Senate Bill One.) •�inoperative.. through a sophisticated form of mili the real problems, it is th,e public's responsibilityto raise The Senate Judiciary Committee is due to start its tarismwhich approximates the fielding of a counter-in these issues in every possible.forum. review of Senate Bill One in February or March with sur,enqforce against American citizens. In an address to the Massachusetts legislature in 1764, the possibility of flooraction as early as May. The liberal Representative James Olis stated: Today there exists a special branch of the Pentagon, leadership of the Judiciary Committee (Kennedy, Hart, the Division of Military Support (DOMS), whose pri .. It is the duty of every good citizen t0 point out what Tunney, Abourezk, Mathias, Burdick, and Bayh) along he thinks is erroneous in the commonwealth.'' mary responsibility is to coordinate military response to with their staff people have been discussing the possi "'civil disorden," real or imagined. DOMS is the central bilities of amending more than twenty-five controver coordinating agency for OPLAN GARDEN PLOT. the sial sections c,f the bill in hopes of satisfyingthe growing military co,11ingency p lan for u1ing full militaryforce widespread opposition to Senate Bill One. The prupo�ed ..,;,..,ciwl dis.ent, as well as acting as a central mili amendments are mostly cosmetic and do not tackle the Fight Crime, Not Dissent tarysupply depot for the domestic police.Via GARDEN basic inadequacies of the bi! /\ major fault of the cur- PLOT, thousands of police and national guard troops rent dialogue is that there b 1 ,, dfied agreement among have come to consider themselves soldiers in battle with Judiciary staffers as to what 1h, nroblems are with the A horror show, equaled only by contemporary revela theAmerican public. bill. A member of Sen. Kenn, ·v's staff, and fqrmer tions about the Central Intelligence Agency, has been As GARDEN PLOT w•s practiced again and again quietly unfolding in Washington as investigators are Justice Department prosecutor, �upports S.I. vigorous acrou theland, it becameobvious that the use of regular ly and believes that, with a few amendments and modi probing the secret nooks and crannies of the Federal military troops had practica1 political limitations in a fications. S.1. would be a goodbill. Bureau of lnvestiga1ion. While this inquiry has. thus far. democracy. So.from GARDEN PLOT exercises and ex The modification strategy will not only facilitate the produced a few scattered revelations, especially regard periences with counterinsurgency in Vietnam, our na review of the bill ln o1 will :d-,, diffuse the issues, mak- ing FBI treatment or Martin Luther King, the congres tional security managers developed a "Green Beret" sional investigators and their counterparts in the news media have seemingly failed to grasp the significance of their findings. ENTRAPMENT1 Permits couviction of defendants for com mlttina:ttimes which they were induced ta commit by improper Challenge the New pressuresfrom police agents. Puts burden on defondantto prove that he was "not predisposed" and was subject to •·unlawful Liberal Consensus entrapment." If the national security bureaucracies are to be made CONTEMPT• Penalty for refusal to cooperate with Congres• accountable to Congress, then it is ob,·ious that Congress sional committees,e.g. Senate Internal SecuritySubcommittee. Is increased from one year in prison and a thousand-dollar mu:s;t be made accountable to the public. Thus it is ob fineto threeyears and/or one hun
bec:ame more powerfuland militant, the government re unless it was specifically authorized by an Act of Con acted by militarizing the police, giving us a situation gress of the Constitution. where the police are more prepared to uphold an eco The Poss� Comitatus Act was modified by the passage nomic system of capitalism than the democratic con of five separate Jaws: 10 USC 331, 332, 333, 334, and the cepts Outlined in the Constitution, especially the concept House Joint Resolution 1292. These laws allowed the of separation of militaryand civil auth.-ity. military to be used when: SWAT is antithetical to a democratic system of crim (1) a state is unable to control violence and a request Js inal justice. The American Jaw enforcement system, de ma4e for federal assistance by ·a state governor or leg� rivedfrom that of Great Britian, has always been one of islature; 11 19
(2) rebellion or insurrection obstruct the enforcement Great Britian in 1066. William divided the country into was not until 1905 that modem state policeforces were of federal laws through normal means; 55 military regions; the Shire-Reeves were displaced by formed. (3) violence or conspiracy hinders execution of the law Knights called Conservators of the Peace, or Peace Pennsylvan•ia was in the midst of great labor strife in Tricks of and the state cannot or will not protect the coni.titutional Wardens. the coal regions of the state in l 'X>S. The labor riots rights of the citizenry; In 1215. King John signed the Magna Charta at Run crossed jurisdictional lines for both constables and (◄) the Secret Service requires their assistance in per nyrneade, and military control of law enforcement was sheriffs, and company-employed strike.breakers did not forming their statutory protective dutirs. eliminated. The basics of the pledge system were re theTrade have the power of the State behind them, The response Thus, the �strictions on the use of the military are established by bringing back into existance the Shire was to create a state police force; its first job was to American police have become militarized not only very clear: all other forms of force must be used before Reeves and making able-bodied "freemen" once again 5 break the strikes in the coal mines. u through the transfer of weapons and technology, but the military can be used to suppress an insurrection. responsiblefor the order oftheir communities. Other states soon followed suit, and todaya uniformed also through the transfer of military philosophy. The Prof. David Engdahl, writing in the Iowa Law Review, The City of London established the firstcivilian police state police force exists in every state of the Union except transfer is made through two major routes, the Civil states that " •. . This traditional abhorcnce of military force in 1253, a night watch composed of residentsof the for Hawaii. Disturbance Orientation Course (SEADOC) at Ft. Mc measures for dealing with domestic civil and polilical city who performed their duties on a rotational basis. FederalPolice Clellan, Alabama, and the Civil Disturbance Manage problems, which is an elemenl of the concept of civilian The night watch was an unpaid civic obligation, and ment Course (CDMC) at Camp San Luis Obisbo, Cal •due process', has roots that run more than seven cen therefore unpopular. Soon, it became custom to pay for ifornia. turiesdeep into Anglo-American history; and it was pro another to perform the duties of night watch, and it The federal government also created police forces as the country grew. The first Judiciary Act passed in 1789 The two courses are not identical although they are minent in the minds of statesmen who gave birth to our became a haven forcrooks, the elderly, and the crippled similar. Instructors fromboth schools keep in touch with Republic."l who hired themselves out as replacements. created the U.S. Marshals and empowered President George Washington to appoint 13 U.S. Marshals. The their counterparts through twice-a-year visits, but for Indeed.the English did lake great pains to insure that King Edward I revised the night watch syst�m in 1285 mer SEADOC commander. Col. Zane Kortum. feels that there was a law enforcementstructure that was separate when he signed the Statutes of Winchester.• This law Revenue Cutter Service was also created in 1789 so that the navy would not have to beinvolved in enforcing laws SEAOOC has "more liberal" views and approaches. from the military, and it was this model of law enforce codified the concept of obligating all people to answer Thousands of civilian law enforcement officials have ment that the colonists brought to the Americas. It is a the "Hue and Cry'', re-established the Hundreds, and related to maritime practices. In 1829, the U.S. Post Of far fice was allowed to create a force of investigators to attended the two schools, but the public is seldom in-. cry from what we see today with the existence or provided for a paid force of night-time gate watchers for formed about military training of their localpolice. crac� down on mail theft and fraud. Tn 1865, the Secret paramilitary units such as SWAT. the cities. Following are excerpts from SEADOC and CDMC The next change fame in 1361 when King Edward Ill Service'! as created to combat-counterfeiting and protect The first recognized system of law enforcement in training manuals. They clearly indicate the route to ◄ established the office ofJustice of the Peace and placed · th Pres1dent. The Internal Revenue Service was auth• Great Britian was known as the Mutual Pledge System. �, militarizing the police. Under the Pledge System, every able-bodied "freeman" the Shire-Reeves under them.1 Until that time, one of onzcd to hire 25 detectives in 1868. and in 1886 the atrol was formedwithin the Department of t�e ':'Ver age 12 was obliged to join a Tithe, a group of ten the obligations of the Shire-Reeve was the formation of �:!ie:t men. Ten Tithes were banded together into a Hundred, Gr.ind Juries and Petite Juries, and Edward's reforms TERRORISM AND INSURGENCY and several Hun�reds into a Shire. removed the Shire-Reeve from direct involvement in Senator Charles Percy (R.-111.) stated on October 14, Each Tithe· elected a head, or Chief Tithesman, as the judicial system. Another major reform established. 1975. that excluding military and foreign intelligence LESSON HANDOUT: Terrorismand Insurgency. agencies ge ge their leader. When summoned by a "hue and cry", each by Edward was to rC-establish the Peace Wardens, mak �uch as the Defense Intelli nce A ncy, Cen SCOPE: A lecture and discu&Sion relating historic in
1941, for example, B1ack labor leader A. Philip Ran• As an example, what would you say was the single dulph threatened President Roosevelt with a mass march 21 leading contributing factor to the disorders in this coun oF unemployed Blacks if discrimination in the growing try in the 1960s7 The war? Is war new to our country? defense industry was not broken down and jobs opened Movement, of the '608 Is it a new issue?Was the VietNam War a popular war? street, and then let some of the organizers get into the to them. The march never occurred because Roosevelt No. Why wasn't it a popular war? It wasn't properly Black students were organizing during this period, and back row and punch, push, and shove, accuse, allege, created a Federal Employme,nt Practices Commission to sold. Media probably contributed as much if not more when Dr. King called Black student leaders to a con spread rumor, onward and upward. It doesn't take k>ng toward Its unpopularity. establish guidelines for fair employment practices within ference in April, l 960, they launched the Student Non• to make a riot. It doesn't take long at all when govern Was the racial problem an issue, pcirticularly was the the industrial firms with government contracts." violent CoordinatingCommittee (SNCC). SNCC played a ment doesn't know that it's happening. The answer·by racial issue a problem as it pertained to the Black Amer Black war veterans, returning from serving in seg• key role in the lunch counter sit-ins in tile remainder of government is to hook up, mount up, race out into the icans7 Was that new? No. We had that paper that was regaled Army units, still faced the reality of employment 1960, but'its leaders broke with Dr. King in 1961 be streets, kick ass, and take names. If you don't know issued by President Lincoln in 1865called the Emancipa that it's happening to you, there wiU bepeople out there discrimination when they returned to civilian life. Across cause they considered him too cautious. tion Proclamation. It could not be enforced. It said, the country the social and economic conditions of .Black who will take advantage of the legitimate grievances of "The Black man is free." But it dtd not provide tor him In 1961, CORE installed James Forman as its National Americans was anything but equal to that of Middle peopleand use these issues to bring aboutdisorder. economically. It did not providetor him educationally. Director and launched its famous "Freedom Rides" in Class America. The National Association for the Ad· Since 1794, our nation has experienced more than We should be well aware·that there 1/loftre three hun· an attempt ·to integrate public facilities in the South. 450,000 civ� disorders, not merely neighborhood mis vancement of Colored People (NAACP), formed in 1910. dred and three treaties made with the American Indians Hundreds of Black and White students and clerics rode understandings, bot expressed dissent over social, by the American Government. How many of those and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in together through the South, sometimCs meeting with cultural, or political issues. In the late 1950s and very treaties have ever been·1ived up to - not by the Indian l943, became the primary organizations for the post war violence, including the bombing of their bus. The earty 1960s, the Federal Government ordered deseg civil rights work. The NAACP concentrated on voter and he's viOOlted his share - by the American Govern Freedom Rides were successful,however, in forcing the regation efforts to be stepped up in the South. How ment? How many of those treaties have been lived up registration and school integration while CORE worked Interstate Commerce Commission to rule that interstate ever, the&e efforts were not pressed by either Southern to? Three; of three hundred and three. blacks or whites, but rather, by young, Northern, mid on eliminating discrimination in publtc accommoda transportation accommodations could no longer pe seg How about the Mexican-American, the Spanish dle-class individuals with a desire to serve humanity tions. regated. surnamed American? Is he intentionally repressed in this or the specific cause. They were met by considerable The first major post-war victory came in 1954.. The The formation of SNCC in 1960 was followed by an country? Are the opportunities avai!ilble to him, en NAACP had sued the Board of Education in Topeka. Southern resistance, to include inappropriate police couraged and aided in by everyone of us the same as other breakthrough in the student movement. In Port responses and a laclt of timely government 11Upport. . Kansas, over their practice of segregating schools. The they are for Caucasians? Huron, Michigan, young White students launched the Following theearlier desegregation movement was the court battle went to the Supreme Court, which ruled in Democracy and the crisis of freedom is what this is Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. SDS "FreeSpeech Movement"originating as the first of the aU aboutand we have unfortunatelybeen apathetic and its Fall, 1954term that the practice of segregated schools began to work in northern ghettoes in an attempt to major student-oriented grievances at the University of complacent. There are laws as an example that are violated the constitutional concept of equal protection organize tenant unions and other community based California at Berll.etey. Suppression of that movement under the law; public schools across the country were 1till on the books m this country which you and I can groups. and a redefinitionby theestablishment of "constitution ,systematically ignore. We are supposed ta be objec al freedoms," left students with no feeling of social or placed in the position of having'. to open their doon to It was all this, and much more, that filtered across the tive and neutral, and we've got our own version of the political accomplishment. Additionally, students pin Black students. desk of J. Edgar Hoover,the Director of the FBI. As the hypocratic oath which aavs that if a crime is com pointed issues (unresolved to their satisfaction) which In 1955, a Black woman named Rosa Parks refused to civil rights and student movements gained in size and mitted fflour presence, it doesn't make any difference if sit in the rear of a Montgomery, Alabama municipal have causedthem to loae faith In the peaceful, demo the world ends for everybody else, we've got to put power, they also pickedup the attention of the police and cratic system. bus. Her arrest sparkeda bus .boycott by the Black com down that crime. It's a felonyin someplaces and a mis the FBI. Based on confidential intelligence reports, During early 1970 a majOf' rift occurred N1 both the munity, a boycott that lasted two years before it forced demeanor in others, if we don't jump in there and pre Hoover, in 1962� took the firststeps towards militarizing BPP and SOS/Weathennen. The splintering Of'ganiza vent that crime. Now, if in the pro� of doing that we the city to change the laws on public transportation and the domestic police forces.There had been a number of tiona openly announcing that, in our prnent society, start Woi:ki War Ill, that's somebodyelse's problem. accommodations. The two-year boycott was the center of small riots as a result of racial unrest: 19 of them in the change could not be brought about by peaceful means That's what we've said hundreds of times, and all of national attention and thrust the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther period of1957-1962 required the use of National Guard and violence was required. Almost immediatelyfollow ing these happeninga came Kent State University and that is pure hogwash. We don't make one single ob· King into the frontof the civil rights movement. troops. jective decision when we're mthe process of enforcing Jackson State College·. During these uprisings, deaths thelaw. , HiringOn TheArmy of a highly controversial nature and under most aus Security and freedom don't go together. SecuritY picious circumstances resuhed. Still yet another Presi just by the mere mention of it envisions that some Calculating that the civil rights movement and the stu dential Commisaion was formed to study these dls thing Is contained and une)(posed to the undesirable ord&r1. In the eyes of radical youth and minority groupa, . di:nt movement might be the source of future confronta• environment. Why do we arrest drunks? Because of the wishy-washy receipt of thefiodings of this Commis tions with the government, Hoover negotiated a quiet sion by the very administration which convened it, the damagethey can do to others, yes, but frankly be 11 cause of the damage that they can dQ to themselves. de&I with the Department of the Anny, The FBI gave drove the mass of radical group&and individuals under We've all been in that particular boat, but in order to .,. the Army's Military Intelligence service access to FBI ground, announcing as they went - more violence. do that vau've got to restrkt his freedom. You're cer ' files without charge for clerical or-computer time. The This is where we are today. tairdy restricting his mobility. So the terms don't go Anny, in exchange, agreed to teach 200 FBI agents per In the interest of aelf-protection and preserving the together, but it's still a true statement, Only a free man year in the strategy and tactiCS of riot control, without image of national stability, recent events Inthis country can enjoy any security, and only a secure man can en charge. Had either agency been forcedto transfer funds would seem to dictate the necessity for an increased joy freedom. Each of which has got to be a give and as a result of the deal, congressional oversight might state of awareneu and alertness on the part of key take and neither of which can he have all the time, be· officials of business and government In countering have discovered it. Without a financial exchange, the · causethe two tenns don't go together. any potential kktnaping or assassination threats on deal remained very quiet, and provided the Military In- In order to terrorize there must be a little bit of or themselvea and members of their families. Target de . ganization. There must be those guys who are work telligence Service with the basics that were later to lead sirablity and accessibilitystudies shouldbe conducted ing within federal government organizations, within to an estimated 100.000files on American citizens. for all personsof high social, political, or fl08ncialstand religious organizations - religious organizations have Between 1963 and 1972, with the exception of 1965, ing. Specificatty, it is desired that both the target and been a seed for these people,and within a place where 200FBI agents per year received Army riot control train the protecting agency know: the nature of the threat; they can hide and subsist in a civHian community until ing at a specialArmy seminar conducted at Fort Belvoir, and the probable direction of tha threat.Armed with they're needed. These are people who don't believe Virginia." The seminar was a two-day affair that spent such study rasults and the cooperation of the target in just the war theory of Communism or a revolution one day discussing the philosophy and applications of and his family, proper security measures may be taken and continuing intelligence gathering activities can be but who philosophically, theoretically believe ifl an al riot control techniques; the second day was devoted to ternativeform of government - some different farm of undertaken effectively. observing a simulated civil disturbance and discussing government. A quote from the Weathermen: "Revolutionary vio the techniques used to contain it. The school was not Were the issues in Watts legitimate? Were they lence is the only way. Now we are adapting the clauic legitimate in Newark? Were they legitimate in Balti designed to teach the FBI Special Agents how to use a guerrilla strategy of theViet Cong and theurban guer• more? Were they legitimate mall of the other towns? riot baton or toss a tear gas grenade; the course was rilla strategy of the Tupamaras !South America) to our Was it organized rioting and revolution at the start? designed to transfer the military philosophy of civil own situationhere in America.•.. " No way. In every case it was a traffic bust. A precipi· disturbance suppression to the civil law enforcement Weathermenare known to have bomb factoriea. tating incident that was high in its emotional content to arena. Each department or agency responsible for respond take peopte �ith a legitimate gripe, get them into the ing to a bomb ca8 shouldhave clearly established pro ceulngprocedurea defined. The i,,an should Include separate operadng lnatruc- continuedon 1!18-!. 43 l 'I I
23
z.ations that threaten the safety and well•being of our The following defines the responsibilities of the State tions for each functional area of the overall bomb mis as the United States Senate, have Included many at• natk>n. Military Forces: sion.As a minimum, this shouldinclude a minimum of: tacks on the intelligence gathering efforts of the mili• INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS MISSIONS AND FUNCTIONS Protective services: to provide traffic control, area tary and various Mlvels of governmental intelligence SECURITY & INTELLIGENCE SECTION isolation, area clearance, and bomb scene security. systems. Orientation of Intelligence to the Ml11lon - We Military equivalent is MP. comments noted, above, in the most part, come STATE MILITARY FORCES The previousfy examined a type organization. Often we are Technical services: to actualty deal with the device. from concerned citizen1 who in no manner are associ forced to utilize an exilting organizational structure I. MISSION. The Security and Intelligence Section This is the only team which under normal condhiona, ated with revolutionary or radical �ul8S. Their obser and thereby subsequently find that the system is in• monitor■, collects and evaluates information concern the will in any way move or tamper with device. Military vations indicate that they feel the threat to their indi flexible. ing personnel, activities, occurrences and conditions equivalent is EOO. vidual freedoms '- greater than the threat presented The military approaches a task as a "mission." Fur• which may require the employment of State Military Investigative services: to seek out causes, origins of by the dangers of either organized crime or the revolu· ther,in order to best accomplish the mission, the mill• Forces or may affect the securityor operationalcapabil· material, location of exploded devices, and perpetrators. tk>nary. tary has the capability of "tailoring" Its forcea. This hy of the California National Guard and other govern Military equivalent is EOD and CID. The only conclusion that can be drawn from the moat effective technique has recently been adopted mental installations and activities located within the In summary, many of you came here aware of por• above is that the nmponaibUityof thelntdigencesyatem by thefire ae,vices and law enforcement .•. State. The Security and Intelligence Section is respon· must remain the Ame. The k'ldtvidual or organization tions of the special threats pervading our societytoday. The Tuk Force - The" taak force has been de• siblefo, advising and assisting other ltaff officaa in the Few of you realized the full impact of "where we are." that threatens to destroyour societymust beidentified. scribed as the "taUored force" directed to a specific �curityand lntellig80Ce phases of the functional areas It has been the intention of this class to show how the The only maana of identifying such a threat lathrough mluion. for which they areresponsible. the inteUigence 1ystem. Pouibty several recommenda atmosphere for violence came about and how the The concept of "tailoring" or the "task force" has II. FUNCTIONS. tions arise from thecriticisms and attacks: manifestation of these threats so c:losely reaembkl the led to many Innovations in countering civil disotders. a. Ptans, directs and supervises the intelltgence, For the intelllgence 1ystem to conductits oparationa early phases of an insurgenc:y leading toward revolu• The joint intelligence operations involving the many counterintelligence and security activities of the Cali Insuch a fashion aato avoidjustifiable critlcilm. tion. We are not at war internally in the United States, controlfofces in a large civildisorder could well not be forniaNational Guard. To continuewhenever possible to Identifyand prose but we are having severe enough problems that at• poasible if not tor the task force concept. The task b. Produces and disseminates Intelligence and coun cute those individualslnvotved in criminalactivitiel. tempting to ignore today's threats c:an only lead to force is generally tailored and directed to a specific terintelligence required by the Commanding General. To convince those citizen■ and public official■ that natural disaster. task, problem area, or minion. Further, when faced the State Headquarter■ staff and subordinate head the efforts of the lntelligence system are neC8118ry If we are aU singing off the tame sheet of music at with geographical and jurisdictional boundaries, the quarters. the same time the radicals are •vfng their organs functions and that an actual threat exist■•The intelli taskforce ha1 proven to be an excellent meansof com c. MonitOfS appropriate intelligence and counterin underground, our sweet, mebdious ha,mony will con gence.vstem could weU prove to bethe meansto pro batting the problem. The taskforce ha1 brought about telligence activities by maintaining liaison with other tinue to overrkietheir off-key, unacceptable behavior. tect" the freedoms of those who claim their constitu improvemen11 in the conduct of intelligence operations agencieslocated within the State. tional right■ have beeninfringed upon. FACTORS LIMITING EFFECTIVENESS In: d. Exercises staff responsibility over the command OF INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM LESSON TITLE: Coordinating the obtaining of inteffigence informs• counter8SpK>nage, countersabotage and countersub CONTROL FORCE INTELLIGENCE lion. Cooperation in the disseminationand exchange of versionprograma. Attacks on the Intelligence System: lnteltigence information. Assisting in avoiding dupli e. Monitors, colleci., evaluates. �minates and LESSON TITLE; ControlForce lnteligence cationin all areas of lnteRlgenceoperations. report& information of inteNigance interest, as well as The Revolutionist - The conduct of the law en• Mutual Aid - The civil disorder that has occurred sabotage,espionage andsubversion pefpetrated within forcementintelligence systemfor mostof Its existence COURSE: CaliforniaClvl DisorderManagement Cour■e In California communides in recent years has brought the command and other installations and activities has been accomplished ln a covert manner. Few in SCOPE: Discussion of police Intelligence activities to about the concept of mutual aid. Mutual aid has pro k>catedin thearea of interest. dividuals, other than the recipients of the intelligence lnclude theprinciples of collection, evaluation, and dil· vided thecommunity with the necessarycontrol fo,ces f. Monitors and reports dissident activity within the activities; i.e., indicted criminals, etc., were aware of aeminatlon; problem■ altOCiated � the conduct 0:f that would otherwise be unavaitable to control civil CaliforniaNational Guard. such activities on the part of law enforcement. police Information actfvftlea;and integrationof clvUlan disorder. A 1ide benefit from mutual aid is that in many g. Monitors, evaluates and provides advice and lo recent years the intelligence functions of law police andmllhary Information and intelligence efforts. of the mutual aid systems an Intelligence unit has been recommendations on physical security systems at all enforcement have been widely publicized. The public Dilcuuion of information 8lld inteligence exchange formed. The primary benefit from the formation of the California National Guard Facilities. ity has accOO)panied attacks on the system from many procedures and maintenance of central source agen• Mutual AidIntelligence Unit is that it can meet at reg h ..Performs, supervises and coordinates the security sources. No doubt many of the attack, have been in• cles within the parametera of recentfederal and 11ate ularlyICheduled times 10 plan and coordinate its intel• of military informadon program. itiated by individuals for self-servlng purposes. Many of court findings.AppUcadon of principlesand procedurea ltgance.collection efforts of a strategic nature. Further, i. Pl�ns, coordinates and requests counterintelli these individuals, members of organizatiorui with revo to at leastone casestudy of a Californiadisorder. the unit fills the votd, otherwise existing, in the dis• gence,security and technical surveys and inspection. lutionary or subversive intent, found their purpose in semlnationand exchangeof inteHigenet,data. j. Coordinates and supervises the implementation of Our inteligence system islnvotved ln a batlleaga � life had bei:m exposed by the dedicated·efforts of an In theevent of an emergency, theunit i& immediately the imelllgence portion of mobilization, domestic thO&a element■ of our aoc:Ntty that would destroy us. emergency and special plans, exerctseS and opera inteUige11ce system. The resultant attack on the in• If we were to make a frank appraisal of our manage availabkt under the mutual aid concept to staff the telligencesystem in this casebecame a d&fensive meaa• tion,. ment of the intelllgence system, we wouk:I find a num inteligence functions of the Emergency Coordination ' ure as their revoluUonary efforts might otherwise con _. ber of fatal shortcomings on the part of the manage� Cante, or the Commend Poat. The application of the k Supervises, monitors and coordinates the Special tinue to be exposed. Counterintelligence Program. ment. In the put, few administrators recognized the kltellgence Group In the mutual aid concept is found The Concerned Citizen - The concern of possible rieed for intelligence, and faw woukl admit their lack lo the Emergency Operations Plan, Office of Erner• I. Monitors thepersonnel security cieareoceprogram. violations of constitutional rights guaranteed under the m. Monitors, evaluates and coordinates unit and of knowledgeof what lntalllgenceIs all about.To repeat gency SeJVices, State of Calttornia. United States Constitution presents diaturblng and the theme - inteltlgence ii a management responalb Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit (LEIUJ - In indlvidual intelligence training and readiness of the many times justifiable issues. 1968 California National Guard. Uity. the Law EnforcementIntelligence Unit was formed The attacks on the intelligence system have involved primarNy through the efforts of Captain James Hamil• LESSON: CIT. VIOLENCE &TERRORISM individuals who before would have evidenced no con• RADICAL/REVOLUTIONARY GUERRILLA ton of the Los Angeles Police Department. At the cern over what they now feel is a threat to their indl· Extremist Organizations - the conductand man timeof theformation of the unit there was no effective LESSON TITLE; Citizen Violenceand Terrorism vidual privacy. Many have joined this battte between: agement of the inteHigance system is a dtfficuh and inteAigence organization In existence to fill the needs ( 11 the government attempting to identtty the indi complex task. So that we may lpPreciate the intri of collecUon and dissemination of criminal intelllgence COURSE; OfficerSurvival and Internal Security Course. viduals and organizations that threaten the security cateness of our system and thethreat facing us - flrat data on a nationwide scale. TheLEIU was formed at SCOPE: A lecture/dil.cussion of the planned, criminal of the country; and 121 those individuals who feel the letus examinethe threat. the time primarily to combat the increasing strength extremist acts which are most difficult for the peace various levelsof the city, state and federal government We are looking at I political spectrum with extrem of organizedcrime In the United States. officer to counter. Emphasiswall be placed on preven are waging a war against their individual freedoms.The ists extending from the dasak:alright to the morerecent The LEIU is not a formal governmentalorganization. common terminology used in this concept is "police Membership In the LEIU Ni on a selected ball6with its tion through proper target surveys, exchanges of sus violent extreme left. Tlleae extremet of the spectrum pect information and the unfformity of operational state." rapresenl the threat of which we speak, Representing membership drawn from law enforcement intelligence One ma;or attack was initiated in a lawsuit In 1971 representativesfrom major metropolitan area, through policyand procedures of government and law enforce• tllis threat we have in our midst trained and dedicated ment agencies. against the Federal Bureau of Investigation and "fed• revolutionists, radicals, and others sharing varying de out the UnitedStates and Canada. eral, state and local authorities" with allegations of greesof a belief In violence, or what tome have naivety In more recentyears, LEIU has found it necessaryto A discussion of assaulta upon law enforcement offk:ers "spying, infiltrating and collecting dossiers on (their) called"civil disobedience." This segment of our society includeMl its scopethe nationwide criminal activities of which result in seriousinjury or death of the officer. In• political, soc:ial and other activities." Mentioned in the was described by J. Edgar Hooveras the Revolutionary the revolutionary. • struction will include the causes for such violeOce as suit was the collection of bank end telephone records Guerrilla, The avowed purpose of thil radical minority The LEIU is continuing its professional intelligence well as the policies and tactics being used to combat andthe use of informants from coltegecampuses. is to deltrov our socio/political 1tructure. Of Immedi function1 and serves as an excellent means to bring to these assaults. Recent comments and statements to the press, to ate concern, and as a proper task for the inteftgance gether those indMduals that have a responsibility in While no one man can be blamed for the violent at . include presentations by public officiats to such bodies system, is the identification of lndlvktuall and oraanl- lntellklence endeavorsof a nationwide nature. titudes of an entire segment of a soc-iP-•" :, :,. ·· �.. -r that f
:ZS
ltraightforward language as "al atate agencies and civl law the most powerful weapon of a revolutionary is the If one subscribes to the theory of revo4ution which MEDIA CONTROL enforcement agencies to be advised of the necessity for silent, accumulating contempt and hatred of a people assertsthat there is a nucleus of the society (3% m less) Over the long years of U.S. involvement in the cruel war tn avoidingmention of the exercise." directed llt the government or another segment of the who wish to destroy the existing form of government, Indochina, the press was quite often manipulated into distort Thirdly. in the event any of the p,eceeding subterfuges fail class structure. This thesil is magnified considerabty then it is possible to foUow the age-old tactics of such ing thenews; the mediaas an official organ of thegovernment end the participating agencies should receivequeries from the when the choHn form of government of the people movements and understand these changes in trends became the rule more than the exception. Some of this press they are given two canned answers. One is simply to iicapitalistic and clauridden and dows for thtt ready of violence. manipulationinvolved the active participation of journalistsand refer au queries to the public infonnatlon officer at Head labelling of al: white, black, red, brown, rich, poor, The point of this discussion on illegal violence being editors, but most of the press wasunaware and unwitting In quarters, State Oepanment of the Military. The other is to middlecla•, Protestant, Catholic, Jew, et al. directed at or by one segment of our society is not to the manipulatk>n. aimptv give them the same cannedanswer the information of� Students in America llave contributed a long histDfy raise a new flag for their cause; but to show graµhic Our national security managers devisedmany sophitticated fleer would: The exercise was being conducted to enable the of violence. Thia is not an unusualphenomenon as they, ally, in contemporary terms, what James Baldwin techniques to ensure this unwitting manipulation, as docu "Military Department, other state agencies and local jurisdic representative of each generation, are more morally meant when he summed up his understanding of sod ments on the CABLE SPLICER exercises of GARDEN tionsto standardize their pracdcesand workingrelationships in and polidcally serious than their parents and many of , etal violence - the most powerful weapon of the revo PLOT indicate. Ron Ridenhour, the reporter who e>
:za {whom· they named) to provoke violence, blow up bridges and if necessary kill -all to bring disrepute to the left. I attempted to get statements from the agents themselves and from the bureau, but all effot1s failed. Then, a couple of days before the telecast COMBINE AROl::'110THE WORLD date, J. Edgar Hoover joined the agents in threat ening libel suits. Hoover even said he was prepar ing to turn the case over to the Justice Department CIA (which, of course, is exactly what the OA is now at· tempting to do with those who published Welch's name). THEORY with Who isRichard Welch? ACTION Commentaryby Paul Jacobs Get in touch with some of the best On Jan. 17, 1969, the FBI helpedmurder Black Pan tasks carried out by patriotic cit�ns acting on orden thinkers dealing with the contradictions ther memberJohn Huggins in a dining hall at UCLA. from superiors. Endowed with the federalgovernment's of creating a new, humane society here Oh, an FBI agent did not actuaUy pull the trigger dignity and institutionalized in an agency like the CIA, On� hour before the program �as to be 8ired, top and now. People like Eric Bentley, Allen that was done by a member of US, a black nationalist murder and ·assassination (known In the trade as •1er management of the Public Broadcasting Service Ginsberg, Grace Paley, Barbara Deming, group. But, morally, the FBI must share responsibilityin mination with prejudice ..) have become, in the name of canceled the FBI segment. It was broadcast later Daniel Berrigan, David McReynolds and his death, for the bureau now admits that it fomented patriotism, ethically acceptable. by Channel 13 in New York as part of a different many others. Make J place where they dissension and fierce fights between US and the Black As a result. each time the names of CIA agents are kind of program concentrating on the cancellation can have a real dialogue. Panthers. made public (it happened a9ain last week), the media itself rather than on the propriety of FBI actions. Add to that on-the-spot reports from :11 I was particularly angered by this latest revelation of and governm·ent officialshave fulminated.Over and over This change of focus is. of course, what is hap the places where people arc actually I, wrongdoing by a federal agency, because John Huggins we have been told that Welch was a gentleman, moti pening today in the Welch matter: Attention is be working for change. Places like co-ops, ing shifted to the wrong concern. The currept furor ,,,II was my friend. A gentle, thoughtful young man, he was vated by the highestof ideals, fluent in man)'lan auaaa. picket lines, political p.trties. prisons. is over the naming of names, not over the propriety on his way to achieving a position of leadenhip in the a man on his way up in the aA hierarchy, a man. who, Season with thoughtful book, film Black Panthers. If he had lived, Huggins would have almost blind in one eye, never fireda weaponhimself. of illicit politicalactivity by federal agencies, and record reviews.Toss 'in original illus helped make the organization into an unusually effective This floodof posthumouspraise only dive� the publk: Many people have been hurt by the actions of the trations and a few poems. voice. With his murder, the Panthers lost, the black from the crucial questions, which have to do not with the CIA and FBI. .directly or indirectly. Some have been killed,' and not always for very good reasons Make it a mgazine that comes out' community lost�he whole country lost. man's penonalattributes but with his political activities, every week so that its readers are up to Paradoxically, the words that I have used to describe How does the CIA station chief in Greece - or any - my friend John Huggins among them. For Huggins, I reel deep grief. So, too, for the minute on what they need to know Huggins have the same eulogistic ring as thOSC widely otherstation chief anywhere in the world, forthat matter And give the magazine a growing audience used ·to characterize Richard Welch, the CIA station - spend his ·days? And nights? And weekends? Did Richard Welch, the human being. But for Richard (the biggest of any publication of its chief in Athens who W8$ murdered on his doorstep in Richard Welch simply sit in his office and translate Welch, the CIA agent, I cannot mourn. Aft�r all. kind) so that not only the chosen few mid-December shortly after his name was made public Greek newspaper stories into English? h, it not pouible no one has to work for the CIA oi FBI. It's a matter have the opportunity to combine by radical periodicals here and abroad. Now portrayed that this gentle CIA official. who may never have fired a of free choice; if agents don't like their work, they theory and action. as a victim of a cabal that would betray our national gun himself, issued orders that required othet apnts, can quit, as some have done. Call it WIN magazine. security apparatus, Welch has been virtually canonized perhaps family men themselves, to fire guns and kill To me. it seems inevitable that the CIA 's political murders should be followed by reprisals against its Fortunately some folks have already as a national hero. Greeks or Cypriots or South Americans? And if he did done all of that. A year's subscription Not so John Huggins, victim of truly sinister govern this, why should anyone be surprised that he ml1ht be agents. Perhaps murders and countermurders costs only $11. ment activity, who goes unhonored. And what of the killedon his.own doontep? should not take place in a civilized world, but it FBI? Its complicity in his murder rates just an asterisk These arc cruel questions, but they need to be an• should come as no real surprise - nor cause grief WIN• Box 547• Rifton• NY12471 - when a CIA agent gets killed in the line of. "du- in its laundry list of dirty tricks. swered - along with other, equally sipificaat, ques• ' Meanwhile, the people who published the fact that tions. For enmple, the CIA has admitted it tried. on a ty." . Richard Welch was a CIA agent are pilloried savagely, number of occasions, to kill Fidel Castro. Secret agenb When you work for the CIA, as Richard Welch much as were those of us who, a few years ago, charged failedin that effort, but how many ordinaryCubans who did. you make enemies. And when you make that U.S. agencies were stirring up trouble in New Left supported Castro did the CIA manage to have mur enemies you may get killed - it is as simple as and militant racial organizations. Back th.en, they called dered? Cuban officials insist such killings took pllk,.'C, that. us "paranoid." and if they are correct, what justification can the CIA of• Not many people believedwhat we said about the FBI, WIN fer forthose actions? despite the hard evidence we assembled. Nor did many Even when committed under the banner of patriotism♦ believe us when we insisted the CIA was engaged in con these are foul deeds. It is those who blow the whistle on �me______tinuous efforts to assassinate foreign leaders and over the CIA who deserve our praise, not the agents who 4:0111• Paul Jacobs U a San Franci3co·ba$ed writer who throw certain governments. mit or commission murder in far away lands. ran for the U.S. Senate in 1968 a.r the Peace and Addre.,______Most distressing, however, is the fact that. even after The FBI is no less sensitive than the CIA about the Freedom Partycandidate. top FBI and CIA officials have admitted past misdeeds. operations of its ag,mt� pro110cateur in domestic politics. ______z1p____ _ most Americans have yet to understand that such ac I discovered this several years ago when I wrote andnar tivities are directly related to our government's policies, rated a segment of the Great American Dream Machine, WIN MAGAZINE • Box 547 • Rifton, NY 12471 foreign and domestic. a magazine-like TV program that ran on public: televi Instead, it is generally assumed that provocation. sion. In that report, three paid informen discussed on assassination and intervention are ugly but necessary camera how they had been instructed by FBI ■ants 31 341
CIAAROUNDTHt:WOHLD CIA,\ROUNDTIU: WORLD
TheMan FromARIO
Has the CIA built a new device fur Phillips also refuses to examine his public. conducting suneillance of its•critics? role as the CIA Chief of Station in We wonder what kind of reports , Although the Agency is bamd by law Brazil, where thousands of Brazilians flow from ARIO "'embers such as from conducting domestic intelli• were arrested and tortured with the David Phillips to CIA headquarters? gcnce operations, the rise and fall of acqoiicscence and guidance of the What con-venations did Phillips have , TheThailand Connection OPERATION CHAOS may ha)'< C(A. with then-Director William Colby been only one a,pcct of che CIA's before forming ARIO! What were The Association of Retirod Intel- domestic work. The a it nants in Burma In hope$ that they could be used in the without these documents andwitnesses would be Im• U.S. In Golden Triangle possible to prosecute. The charges against Hoeft de future to invade China or at least harrass the new com pended on the testimony of Puttaporn, so in September munist government. In the 1960s, when U.S.· policy 1974 charges against both of them were dropped.Shortly This was an obscene misrepresentation of the facts: makers feared that the Indochina war would spill over Far from trying afterwards. Puttaporn returned to Thailand. Hoeft is to suppress the Golden Triangle heroin into Thailand and Burma. the U.S. Increased its clan ... ·This trade, the CIA since 1949 has been in bed with its ring• destine support to the area, The Meo army was bulll now living on the West Coast. The two Antonoffs were · ne\'er apprehended and the three other defendants were leaders - the Thai police.the Kuomintang Jrd and 5th from nothing, the Thai police was given new weapons. 8 Divisions, the Shan State Army and the Meo hllltribe Arrangements were worked outwith the Shans. Kuomin� Publicat. all convictedand sentenced. • -...:.!1 ... -1..1!fl The case remained under wraps until June this year. "clandestine army". These facts were no secret to Put· tangs and other minority groupsto keep their areas free IS dY� 10 when the prosecutor's office in Chicago leaked the Story taporn. of communist guerrillas in return for material Sllpport to the Chicugo Daily New,. Several days later Senator The Golden Triangle, which straddles the borders of and non-interference in their atfairs.. Ah-planes and Charles Percy (D-111.) wrote to both the CIA and the Laos. Thailand and Burma, consists of thousands of helicopters of the CIA's Air America became a•commen Justice Department asking for an explanation. Also that square miles of mountains not firmly under the control sight and were at times used to transport opium. ffhls is oy MICROFORM month, CIA Director William Colby testified beforethe of the central governments of any of those countries. period well documented in Alfn:d McC 's book Tl,e House Subcommittee on Government Information and Since 1949, the area has been politically and militarily Politic, ofHeroin in Southea1lA.1UI'.) Individual Rights and released a memo dated March I, , unstable. with numerous centers of authority. Chinese . In addition,. the CIA organized small conimando 1954, from CIA General Counsel Lawrence Holl$ton to Nationalist troops who fled south when the communists teams from the Kuomintang _remnants and the minority the then deputy attorney general, William Rogers. The won the civil war in their country set up jurisdiction over peoples. Operating from tiny bases in ftfflote areas ol memowas written to confirm a conyenation between the one section of the Triangle.The Shans. a minority peo• Laos and Burma, these teams enteredsouthern China oh, two men in which they discussed a "'balancing of in• pie in revolt against the Burmese government. controlled foot or by air and spent months spylns on road traifflc, terest" between enforcement of the law and the protec• another. The Meo army controlled much of the central tapping telegraph lines and committlna minor acts 11f tion of intelligence sources and methods.The two men and western parts of Laos. Other Burmese minorities sabotage.Th'ese operations continued at least u1oil 1971 discussed a particular case in which evidence indicated f had their own turfs. and the Thai police moved in and when President Nixon announced h� plans to Yisit M: that an Agency employee was guilty of mishandling out. Excluding the small numbers of communist guer ing. funds, but which could not be prosecuted without reveal rillas who have operated in the Triangle, the common ing secret information, "Mr. Rogers said that under the denominator between all of these groups is devotion to Link to Opium Trade circumstances he saw no purpose in referring the matter making money and exercising power.And opium is the 300 North Zeeb Road. currency of the Golden Triangle. Most of the armed . Ano .;rbor, Michigan 48106 to the Justice Department•• ."' Rogers went on to state While the prosccuton were preparina •� cue. Put• that this arrangement on cases of this sort could be for· struggles that the various factions have waged against Call lull free: 8Q0.52J-0600 one another over the years have related to control of the tapornwas talkin1 to Dru1 Enforcement Administration malized with an exchange of letters. '"but he saw no (DEA) investigators about his ac:tivites for the CIA. One reason why present practices could n0t be continued opium trade. , , , PLEASE WRITE FOR of them, John Bax, later �rifled to Abzug"s 1ubmm4 without further documentation.•• After World War II the United States first became in• , COMPLETE INFORMATION mittee that Puttaporn had told him he had lormerly Apparent�y this arrangement did remain in effectuntil volved in the Gold�n Triangle in 1949, when it sent weapons and other supplies to the Kuomintang rem- beenan officerin the Kuomintang, army and ,had ;.■rd•' ·; this summer. when amid the furor raised in Capitol Hill ed opium mule canvans H they· took �he drug to pro-,. committees. the Justice Department unilaterally ter cessing points.Bax said It was his lm�lolithat ·Nt4 minated it. "Any ... informal refetral agreement that taporn felt theCIA was awarc,ofthese act�Yitles.' .'. may have been in effectin the past is abrogated." Assis in a Puttapom also told DEA he tboupt 11,aL■'· dew tant Attorney General Richard L. Thornburah said friend, Victor Tin-Sein, had bcca kHled while IMn1 la letter to the CIA's general counsel. John Warner. the United States by unnamed portla· rorhbdn ... , Strangely enough. much of the testimony before the · U.S. u�der �n··. i::du�atiO� pt'Ogram sponsored by the ment in and �nowlcd_aeof Puttapon's1111:1118l hl1 Mi, Agency for lriternajioll.,f'rievelopment (AID ) to study at subcommittee centered on semantic questions of Finally, Puttapom told r.deral lti-ll1aton that he Syracust; University. , Once inside the country. he was whether the CIA had ordered the Justice Department to had led commando raids into China and ou·•• least-·16 question� by l).S.,C'ustomsand CIA officials and even· drop charges. Justice Department officials said that the ditferent occasions had been debriefed by tie Cl� OIi tually named the other the defendants. Shortly there• CIA representatives had told them that prosecution those raids.(He also named his CIA contadu theU.S. after,: fie trie� to leave_ t� country and was arrested and would "embarrass" the agency and that they should consul in Chian1 Mai.) . ·. , ·. . , · 1 iriterred in Cook County Jail, whete he spentthe next ten drop charges. The Agency maintained that it had simply Puttaporn apparently planned to claim 11!1. court·that months. ' �- ' · told the prosecutors that it could not and would not yield he had smul81ed the drugs �nder the onl�rs of the,CIA.·JI" full the necessary documents (knowing well, of course, and to talk about his other CIA actlritleo la detaY.The that this would make prosecution impossible). but left Agency thus moved to prevent the trial lrom evert ■k!lig : . the decision to proceed with the chafges or to drop them place. � . ,. . .-, : _. , tirely up to the Justice Department. One final potential embarrassment remained _; she· 'Ille U.S. Attorne)''s office in Chicago was undecided The testimony and documents would have done more Involvement of Peace Corps voh1n'- Bnacc, Hoeft: whether •� pr�cute Puttilpom or use him as a witness. than'"embarrass" the Agency. Puttapom·was deeply ac Already charges have beenmad� that H,oeftwn worki119 Regardless of which role they assigned to him, however, quainted with the CIA's crimes in Southeast Asia and for the CIA. and in court the Aaency would have been be it woul,d necessary that CIA witnesses testify at the may have used this knowledge to negotiate his freedom. hard put to disprove that. Reliable persons.who arewdt trial and that intelli�ence reports he had provided be The CIA never denied that Puttapom worked for acquainted with Hoeft feel that he was not connected to turned over-to the �urt.The CIA foundthis unaccept• them. According to their explanation to Senator Percy. the Agency. but was simply a personal friend of Pllt• able. Offkials from the attorney's office met repeatedly Puttaporn was hired in July 1972 to report on narcotics taporn.Sources In thePeace Corps In �l!Jl,ln...,..,In• with <;IA,'�epresentatives to rCSolve_ the question, �ut trafficking in northern Thailand, part of the so-ca11ed eluding two former countrydiredol'I. that ii- are�� were told tha.t these documents and witnesses would ex• "Golden Triangle," where the majority of the world's the CIA has honored its 1961 •-• . .itlt Pc.ice posC, in die w0rds of the CIA's explanation to Senator licit opium is produced. He had no other assignment Corps director s.,....t Shmer ro lu,ep 11s·haiids off Charles Percy, "information about intelligence sources than to reporton drugs, the ·Agency said.Thus it was in• volunteen. ·and methods. including identities of employees. and voking the cause of the suppression of narcotics to ex• agents and ongoing operations," which would neces• cuse its behavior with the Chicago prosecutors. We must ·----· sitate "the .termination of those operations and the throw the little fish back in hopes of �atching a bigger destructi�n_,of the ui..efulness of those employees and one. the CIA was saying: prosecuting Puttapom would JohnBurgns, 11.itudmt lit tit• Unl.,,,,,..,tyof Mk#I,.,�. '.Aul Ar· agents." compromise the CIA 's larger. more important. effortsto bor, an MU intn11 witl, the lnrei.-ce�,-,lolj, ' Cd••' - The attorney's office eventually determined that stamp out narcotics traffickingthe world over. d11rin1theF•B1915 , 34 JS that they may have been routed on the battlefield'ami MPLA spokesmen have repeatedly stated that they in will no longer play a dominant role in Angolan politics. tend to establish a non-aligned and independent govern• Most of the FNLA's aid over the years has flowed ment. In October, the MPLA declared: "We can assure through Zaire, with the CIA furnishing the majority of you that we have fought for14 years for the complete in the support. The FNLA also received aid from Belgium, dependence of the Angolan peeple. not to be under the West Germany, France, Zairian and South African in umbrella of another power or another country." And in terests.The Chinese provided assistance to Zaire and the November, the Washingto11 Post reported that the FNLA until a few months ago, when they began with MPLA had turned down a Soviet offer for a major arms drawing their supportaod advisors. airlift to Luanda. Agostinho Neto is personally close to UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence Mario Soares, currently the American favorite in Por of Angola) was formed in 1966 under its current leader, tugual. and certainly an ardent anti-communist. Jonas Savimbi. Its base is among the Ovimbundu peo So there is little to substantiate the position that ple, who comprise 38% of the population. UNITA's Angola will become a Soviet satellite. Even assuming the strength is in the southern region of Angola. most rapacious Soviet designs, the belief that the in UNITA did not receive significant out5ide help during evitably victorious MPLA would �erve as a Sm-iet sat Its nine years of struggle for independence until earlier ellite is contradicted by the stance of•the MPLA and the this yC,.r when Savimbi went looking for help from any Soviet experience in Africa and elsewhere. Indeed, Soviet �urce. It is also suspected that the change in UNITA's assistance to the NLF in Vietnam did not turn .Vie'tnam activities may have been sparked by a takeover of into a Soviet satellite. UNITA's military force by certain militarists who had U.S. policy towards the three Angolan factions. and earlier defected from the third Angolan movement. This throughout all of Southern Africa, is based on a policy' ;[. has not been fully confinned due to the lack of clear that has already been defeated in Indochina - the Nix news from inside Angola. With the recent South African on/Kissinger Doctrine. Under this policy, the U.�. seeks pullback from UNITA territories. inany observers to avoid direct and open intervention in the affairs of believe the Luanda government, which has been vic other states through the use of regional client states and tori0us on the-battlefield, may offer UNITA some role in covert CIA operations. First a'"!nounced in President a new coalition government. Nixon's "State of the World"' address on Feb.18.1970, The third movement is the MPLA (Popular Movement the doctrine was initially known as "'Victnamization", for the Liberation of Angola), led by Agotinho Neto, and and was designed not to bring peace; but rather to is the strongest of the three. The MPLA was founded in "Change the color of the corpses," according to former the mid-19.SO's and began anned resistance to the Por Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker. tuguese in 1961. It draws its primary support from the Kimbundu people, who make up 23% of the population. Unlike the other movements, the MPLA is urban based' and contains elements of all tribes. except the Bakongo, and both white and black Africans. It enjoys more·sup port across tribal lines and among educated Angolans than the other two groups.Its forceshold mostof Angola including the capital city of Luanda, where it declared itself the legitimate government of the country, the Peo- ple's Republic of Angola. Over 22 countries recognize the People's Republic of. Angola and MPLA's .Claim to legitimacy. The MPLA TheAngolan lndepende!'ceMovement started to receive modest amounts of military assistance from the Soviet Union in the early, I %O's after first hav• On November1 I. t 975; Angola became a free country ing been refused U.S. support to fight Portuguese dom after 500 years of Portugese colonialism. But inde• ination. However, it was not 'until after the April 1974 pendence SO far has only meant a violent civil war for revolution in Portugal, and most recently since the Angola. as three competing African liberation mov� spring of 1975, that the Soviets began providing truly ments, each massively supported by outside powers, vie large quantities of assistance. Soviet aid Is said to range for power in the country. Indeed, foreign intervention from rifles, m�chine guns, and ammunition to a"!lored has turned the Angolan civil war into an explosive cold vehicles, mortars, anti-aircraft guns, and ground-to war confrontatiori. The actual conflict in Angola, how ground missiles. Additionally Cuba has sent approx ever, does not easily reduce itself to an ideological strug imately 3000 advison to fight with the MPLA since gle between communists and capitalists. All three mid-fall. The Cuban assistance is compatible with the movements say they favor some form of socialism, and Cuban principle of material assistance to any liberation each bas stressed the primacy of national reconstruction movement desiring help. Reports lacing the total · and indepe.ndence. number of Cuban adv.isors at up to 10,000 appear to be The FNLA (National Liberation. Front of Angola) is highly exaggerated propaganda efforts by the U.S. and led by Holden Roberto, and based almost solely among South Africa. What is not generally known is that many the Bakongo people, who make up about 13% of the Angolans with the MPLA are not full black but mes population. Roberto is closely allied with his brother-in tizo"s and mullatos who speak fluent Portuguese, law, President Mobuto Sese Seko of Zaire, and has spent Spanish as well as the African dialects. No doubt many most of his adult life outside Angola in Zaire. During the of these Angolans are being mistaken for Cubans in recent conflict the FNLA controlled most of the territory some instahces, along the Zairian border. Although FNLA did make a shaky alliance with UNITA in November, it now appears ,>• Tht.• ('(A in ';(lnfhern Africa manipulate Angolan society through the FNLA as it was ,. able to manipul<;1teZaire's politics through Mobutu. 37 U.S. i11voll'rn1c111 in \u111he1 n Aftic.:abL'gan long before In 1969, the Nixon Administr3tion decided to end the till' ,·1i1 n·111 ("\Hill kl. Fl'ell hdore Zaire, formerly the secret aid to the FNLA as part·of3.18r (_\mgo. cl,e Ni-.1m/Ki�singer Doctrine's regional puppet to improve American relations W}�� � '.-.lo1lc. hl't::,n,t 11,dcpe1ukil! in June, 1460, the CIA was southern Africa, includin� t · aering cml'rdy !() pronmlc a pro-W�<;tcrn regime that apartheid South Africa and' wou!d pw!e, ! !he in,c.\lnw11t<. nf the multinational co1·• The CIA did not totally drop pur,tiium in 1h,1t t·ournry. At tir�t the Agency's l'nverl ac- the payroll as an intelligence soul'Ce. But ., . la,�f,< 1i1)J1\ '.\i:n! n,n!ined lo 11ulitiL·,II urnnipulation or selected when it became clear to Kissinger t.hat ..\n&o14 woi;i.1<11.' p()l!(ic.li fiflll"e', am! 1111io1i k,1rlc1<;,but as the Congolese receive independence from the nev;,_joverrimCnt ·in: Pi>r'•. •: pl•lilic,11 �,-L'Jll' ti�-..-am:.:- 11\l\lL' {111<1 11w1c unravcli.!d from tugal, it was a relatively simple ma�ter for t,h� Cl"- tc( . � � tlic \j,\lllt:we,,u\ d1nt\h ul a nc"IY .aehit"Vl'ddcmoi .. · rntic reorganize Roberto and the FNLA. , · ' , ;:,iid auri-1:ol,1111:1! ,pirit. thc CIA <:.enli ts p:tramilitary ex South African Intervention /•' -.tj/t_, pci-1'> illld llll';,:c11aric:<> !(l \llflpn11 IIH: IICW govcrnmcnl()r - Jtiscpli Mob11111 II� 1%-4, CIA A-26 aircraft tlown hy The outside power with the largest direct·ht�p��e �e�t,;· Cuh:m pilo•, uwkr C11Hl1.iet tn the ( IA \\CI-Ccarrying in Angola and the lim.'hpin of the Nixon/Kissin•gei,/pocff out 1c�11la1 humhing mi'>'>iom, againsl rebel tcrrilorics. trine's strategy forSouthern Africa is white ��prem?Cis\t:; South Africa. South Africa, along with Zalfe. i5:.�e.y t�»{; Hcl_\·int,: i11 l.11"¼1.' p;trt (Ill thi.::comidcrahlc as!.istance fur ,. ni\hcd br tlw CIA :rnd ollwr U.S. gtwernment ngeucies, the Doctrine's continued war against nation,l Jlberatiqn, .,,: 1!ie l'L'rdral 1.. _·,1t,gok\c g•11crin11cn1 uurlcr Muhutu was movements throughout Southern Africa. Sollth ,_Afri<:f•� fin,dll: ,1.;,J, t i11q1;1<.e q., ·1uthnri1y lhtot1ghuut the cnun• entered Angola as early as August _and by.�ep�e�ber.·· 1n. had secured control of the Ruacana Falls hydf()electric, _ ·111 1%2. 1!w ('Ji\ lw,2a11 �ccr�·! fonding through the project insidC the Angolan border across }FOin 5911th: p(,1crr.irn·1n 01 /;.1in:' ((1 �l'H'ral pro-U.S. liberation African-occupied Namibia. The South A�ican$"' t�li�-''. �;1m·1·!w'nt-. ir,, l1•di1Ht !'r·ll.A, hc:1,k·t! by Mobutu's escalated considerably during the cl�ina �ont�, '.Of. . 19 l1roth,T•lil-l,11, f!cld,_i11 l�olin1t1. Dt1ring the Kennedy · a11d Joh11\1111 ,tdn11ni�lrntiom tht' CIA\ involvement in l: 1easrtwo separale mechanized ���-h �tri�a'n'·�tn�:. ZairC' grew ":c,ulily a� did lhc Agcnq 's iuvolvcmcnt in with a strength of betweer, 1000and 15<)9ffle�o�Q;t �i Augnla IJ11rrnt; 11wsc rear" LLS. policy was designed to inside Angola. Additionally. the Sout�·. African,':'l uip.� \ (llli.-ially· ',ll!'l"1r1 Por111g11c<,c colonialbm with son1e ped anc1 sllpportedyet another armored �olofflll''ofab.Clµ� �- 111i!ii:n, ,md p1ilitical �upp�1rt \,hilc recognizing that 1500Africans and 500 white mercen�tJes WOrking Wn�,, dirct"! ('(d,•pi:111"111 wa\ d�iur, in Africa. Jhe U.'S. puh UNITA and FNLA. The Washington °POst i�. .Novem�r.". !Ll'all\ callc,I !tir 1u11L•\ 1••kn1 "11ange lrnr c1wcr1ly ·1he CIA reported that not only were South African recl).lartrOOP�� , tighting hundreds of miles into Angohl, but, thaf th� co1ni111wd· t 1 ll:lLk the l'NLA\ nppmition to fhe Por tugue\1_· i11 th,· hope t-l1a1 FNI A neo\'olonialbrn would forces were supplied from permanent South African replace P•.n'l!l/'.Ll'�'.C ·L·uloniali\111, all<,1,wing the U.S. to military bases on the Namibia border with Angola, from, tlhery ,potter· p�•� piloted by Americans into the simple. If Congress, the press, or anyo'ne else discloses which ''regular airlifts of military equipment were made Anplan battle zones. These are the same Forward Air one or more of these operations, the Agency will still have deep into Angolaby C-1.JOtransportaircraft.'' Control (fAC) planes used in the South East Asian war. others to rely upon. The House Select Committee on I� U.S. and South African copperation in Southern U.S. Air Force C•l◄I transportjets. flying in behalfof telligence is expected soon to release a report on the full Africa is nothing new. In the early-1960's South African the CIA, regularly landed at the airport in Kinshasa, scopeof the CIA's war in Angola. But CounterSpy has intelligence worked closely with the CIA to recruit Zain. d�PIJn1 tons of military supplies including been 'able to piece together from a variety ot sources the niercenary forces for the Congolese civil war. In iecent rilla.m achinepns. Hght artillery, rocketlaunchers and following known or suspected CIA mercenary opera years the U.S. has begun to secretly build up South r amR1uni1ioa: thac5uppUes are in tum being flown into tions: Af ica's intelligence capabilities, especially in the area of A•a by small _CIA planes. (1) For over a year, Soldiers of Fortune magazine, \trategic monitoring of the s�alanes around the Cape TheCIA has· also been using its base in the Azores to published by Phoenix associates and the Omego Group, monitoring sight!> which can just as easily look north as actiYatc()fie aircraft carrier and three Navy destroyers. Ltd.• a motley collection of ex-Green Berets and other south in order lo monitor African liberation movements ne afn:raft carrier 11Ulepend,nc, has been placed on "soldiers of fortune," has been' openly recruiting and governments. Most of this monit0ring is done from run .•lfrt !(ith a crew of 4000.5000 military personn�I mercenaries for the "Rhodesian" _regime of Ian Smith, the huge Silvcrmine base on the south coast but other aild90 f--4 "-•ntomjets on board.The jets have beenin The first issue of Soldiers of Fortune magazine, along monitoring stations· are spread along South Africa's nor • state of readinessto Oy tactical air support strikes over with articles on "Underwater Knife-Fighting Te�h thern border and in South African-occuoiedN�mibia. Aaaola, arid__ t_o deliver tons of napalm, ..Sidewinder" niques" ah.d puff pieces for the CIA's derogatory cam• With Roberto safely inside the Administratjqn's camp, missiles •114 antl•penonnel fragmentation bombs. Eye paign against Philip Agee, carried "American Mercen by and controlled the policies of. the Nixon/Kissinger wkneu repons have placed the lnd,pelldence in the aries in Africa'" with gory photos of dead and maimed Doctrine, President Ford decided to start funding a sec• AIOia In early December and off the coast of Angola Africans. \Hid groop in Angola - UNITA. The 40 Committee, the during January. It was in tlte Azores, where there is a (2) Colonel '"Mad" Mike Hoare began last year to body chaired by Henry Kissinger which governs, CIA llra�p:ll.$ . naval base at the disposalof the CIA, that reform his old "S Commando" unit for an attack on covert interventions, approved S300,000 in secret sub• the-I� tookits present cargo of war material. Angola. Hoare is currently believed to be operating wjth sidies for UNITA. Previously UNITA had oper.ated as a A«offlpa�s the aircraft carrier and .three destroyers UNITA units in the south of Angola. Hoare and his unit legitimate liberation force active in the struggle against ls the·cruller Bwton. which was officially decommis firstgained notoriety when they led a ruthless assault on colonialism. Bui concurrent with lhe CIA's secret su� sioned ·in November. 1973, Many observers believe the Stanleyville during the CIA 's earlier operations in the sidies. UNITA's military arm came under the control of /Jo,to11belns is used 11- a CIA "black ship" for covert ac• Congo. Hoare was also active in the late 1960's re certain militarists including defectors from the Luanda tlons. cruiting mercenaries for the invasion of Cambodia from government. Many African obserYers w�re dismayed . By �ber. the CIA also had'a world-wide recruit· a hotel in Bangkok. that UNITA would accept CIA funding and doubt that mcnt aacl training program underway for mercenaries. (3) In Colorado. where Soldiers of Fortune is pub Jonas Savimbi is in complete control of UNITA, and 111cuiltence . of large-scale CIA mercenaryintervention fo•hed, rumors abound of mercenary training at secret some experts suspect CIA manipulation ofUNITA's · inAn,ol . repracnteda major escalation of the war from CIA camps. The CIA also trained Tibetan rebels in Col- internal political dynamic. the CIA support for groups in Angola to direct outside orado during the J 960's. By December 12, 1975, the CIA had already spent S50 latemtltlan. (4) Mercenaries are being sent to Zaire, via the million on the Angolan war, and had already sent fivear- The CIA lmplemehted perhaps a dozen or more sep Netherlands, under cover of Unilever and Allied Chem arale covert recruitment, training and transportation ical penonnel. They are being passed offas pipeline ex• JX'Olratn• lo channel mercenaries into the war. The perts and technicians. Reportedlv, these mercenaries · ttaeon, behind h•vina so many different operations is have no passpon,. T ,. ·J9 (5) Muchor therecruitment is being done by the aA•• government between the FNLA, UNITA and the t.u•nd• Blblloaraph1 Boob clomatic offlca in over 20 cities across the nation. In 1<>vernment. The foJlowins is a partial list of document!o and books Ah�hire, [):i, id, ,,n Two West German newspapers. Die pie in left groups throughout this tlwy dissL'min,:1tc. In his J:111uary 2, Terrorist Tu l, a progressive paper, and Un111e country and in Europe. The queslion 1 97h colun·111 cntitkd "/\mcric:1. the u;,, a '"Marxist" paper, have lingers whether the Ce nlral In Lmd Iha! i\<,:-.a'>�iu,ttL'd Logic," Nic Information reported that William E. Colby ad telligence Agency has penetrated ola!. ,011 lloll111:m insurgency, urban guerri11a w�rfare, and SJlCf:ial Fore Carson.Colorado. These units are trainedthrough "tac disposal another similar command and control "war 1 � operations. ' This self-educatl�:,n, coupled w1�h Gates tical field exercises, or the simulation of civ� distur room" to be used when the Army iscalled to action. military background. gave him the theoretical tools bances and military response on the squad, platoon, 1 OPLAN GARDEN PLOT outlines a command and needed to formulate the SWAT project. Such tools,how• and company levels." control procedure that is used by the National Guard ever, were not limited to Chief Gates. The "managers" of OPLAN GARDEN PLOT receive and the regular military forces. It has been tested in On July 23, 1967, IJ days of rioting broke out in the . a higher level of training,Which Includes command post practice and in real situations in varying degrees Black community of Detroit. When local and state pohce exercises (CPXes) simulating civil disturbances and through the 1960s and 1970s. OPLAN GAROEN PLOT were unable to handle the situation. President Johnson military response in a war room setting. Unlike the tac represents a state of mind anda military capabttity �hat sent Cyru� Vance, a former Deputy Sec�ta� of Def�nse, tical field exercises, CPXes do not involve the deploy is antithical to the practice of democracy, the potential 10.200 to analyze the situation. Over M1ch1gan National ment of troops; thay are "paper wars'' that last from for military inteivention in the process of government. Guardsmen were called to duty, and finally federalized_ two to seven days. Following are documents from OPLAN GARDEN by the President. In addition, 2,700 federal troops were In 1968, the military documented a plan for a five PLOT that outline the command and control pro brought into the city to help restore order.• ..year series of CPXs to train Pentagon based officials cedures as well as the logistical support for use of the Following the Detroit riots, Johnson ordered the Army Originally entitled QUIET TOWN, the National Security Army during civil disturbances. In an era where abuse to initiate a training program for field-grade officers Council ordered tha militaryto change the name of the of trust and pawer have become almost a prerequisite in (majors and above) the Army and National Guard. exerclsa plan so it would not "reflect" the role of the for government service, OPLAN GARDEN PLOT could The purpose of the program was to acquaint military o� game exercise. QUIET TOWN was then changed to become a terminal disease for the American people. ficers _ . with a standardized approach tQ handling c1vd GRAM METRIC, and the first exercise was held March disturbances.·As is evident from the rank required for 21-28,1969. GARDEN PLOT CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS ment of Vietnam veterans with combat experience. The attendance, the course was designed as a management Fearing public exposure of the command post exer• men were trained at the U.S. Marine Corps Recon level theoretical course, 8.nd not as a tactical field exer clsn, the Army took more precautions. Pressdirectives Single or multiple civil disturbances develop wittun the 50 aissance Commando (RECONDO) School at Camp cise to teach the troops how to throw a gas gren,de or for QUIET TOWN/GRAM MITRIC show that the Army States, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. US territories o, possessions. The commitment of Federal Pendleton, California. The RECONDO instruct�rs use a riot baton, The Military Police School at Fort demanded secrecy; direct lnQuiries about the operation military forcesis directed by the President. Whencommitment taught the LAPD a history of guerrilla warfare, scouu�g Gordon, Georgia, opened the Senior Officers Civil Dis were to be met with terae, three-sentence replies that and patrolling, camouflage and concearmen�. combat m turbance Orientation Course, known within the Army as of Federal forces is directed, JCS transfers required military revealed nothing. r880urces of unified and specified commands to their respec urban and built-up areas. use of chem1cal agents. Guarding GRAM METRIC from public scrutiny led to tive Military Departments in CONUS or to unified commands automatic weapons fire, first aid and ambush tech planning and after-action reports warning " .•. THAT for such operations outside of CONUS ..•. Concurrently with niques. The trainees w re formed into five man teams. � . THIS SUMMARY BE DISTRIBUTED ONLY TO or folk>wing Presidential direction to commit Federal military with two teams composmg a squad. Each team ts com AUTHORIZED PERSONS ANO AGENCIES, AND forces to civH disturbance operations, designated Nalional posedof a(n): WHEN NO LONGER NEEOED, BE OISPOSED OF SO Guard units may be called into active Federal service•. .. M-16, (1)Team Leacler,•armed_with an and charged AS TO PRECLUDE ITS DISCLOSURE TO THE Probableorder of employmentof forcl!Savailable: with the command and control of the team; PUBLIC ... "/origins/emphasis). (1) local and State police. (2) Sniper, armed wi h a bolt a ti n, high powered 12) Army and Air NationalGuard under State control. � � � GRAM METRIC 11, the second such operation, was hunting rifle, respons11?le for smpmg and counter 1,i1 Federal milttary forces to includ8 called Army and Air held March 18-20, 1970, just weeks beforeRichard Nix NationalGuard. sniping activities; on sent U.S. troops into Cambodia, A Dec. (J) 29, 1969 The •ltuation existing at the time of the disturbances rnav ObN"er, armed with an M-16, to assist the Sniper planning document entitled '_'Exercise Memorandum require that the above-listed order of employment of forces be in locatingtargets and protecting him from attack; Number One" outlined tha scope and politics of GRAM altered.... (4) M-16, Seeat,armed with an who conducts advance METRIC. CalledNational Guard units are normaltyemployed in States reconnaissance work; OPLAN GARDEN PLOT is the U.S. Army"s current of origin,although employment of these units in othe1 State:,;1:,; (5) Rear Guard, 12 armed with a gauge pump shotgun, civil disturbance planning and operations directive, and authorized. liable for protecting the entire team from a rear or sur In CONUS, ground elements of Federal fT1illtary forces, in covers al aspectsof military invotvement by the Army, cluding •tnits, prise attack. called Army and Air National Guard are de* Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. In early 1967, the LAPD announced that Special ployed, emp6oyed, and redeployed as directed by CSA. When . Several hundred pages In length, OPLAN GAROEN dl{ected,operational control of aH ground forces provided by Weaponsand Tactics teams had been formed w1t�• n the PLOT derived from previous post World War II the Navy, _ . _ is two Army, end Marine Cor� to. include those forces Tactical Operations Group of the Metropolitan Division. operational plana, OPLAN 563 and OPLAN STEEP re'8asedby the JCS for civildisturbance operations in CON US Between 1967 and the middle of 1975, the LAPD SW t:,.T HILL. It became effective on Feb. 1, 1968, and was first ispassed to CORFORSCOM for movement to and from objec 200 was activated over times, including a confrontation implemented during the disturbancesthat followed the tiveareas. Ground forcesprovided by the Air Force are under with the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA).• April assassination.ofDr. Martin Luther King. the direction of CSA for movement 10 and from objective completion the The SLA shoot-out was a widely publicized but typical OPLAN GARDEN PLOT provides the military and areas, Upon of redeployment,forces revert to as directedby SWAT action. Learning from street informants that civHianauthorities with a standardizednational plan for MilitaryDepartments CSA. ••. members of the SLA were housed in a small si�gle-story Whena possiblerequirement for Federaltroops is indicated, handling either isolated or simultaneous civil distur CSA direct PenaonalLiaison OfftCer, (PLOCSAI house in a predominately Black area of the city, SWAT may the CSA bances, and provides lns'9hts Into thelnterdepanmen andthe of to and the FBl's Special Apprehension Teams led a small Department theAlmy Liaison Team (DALTl pro• tal Action Plan for Clvi Disturbances, the Department ceedto a potentialobjective area and, in coordination with army of 500police in the attack. The police blocked off the several streets in the area and made no attempt to evacuate localresidents beforeusing a small bull horn to ..t.. m.,,n.-1 th.. C.J A o:nrrPnri,.r Wh ..n th,.N"w�t nn rPnh• ?Q 41 46 SEADOC.19 The first classes were held in February, the provisionsof Executive Orders. DOMS is charged with over 20 .other Anny tasks 1968. It is the only sue� school operatedby the Army. 4 Designates a senior civilian representative to be related to, civil disturbances, including the preparation Senior CivHian Representative of the Attorney General k>catedin eachcity whereFederal force, are committed. f nny Ci il D sturbance Information mon In January 1969,President Richard Nixon orde"rcd the ? � � . � Reports, • (SCRAG), to make appropriate ,ecommendattons concemlng . 6 Obtain informal approval of the President for the 1tonng the cml disturbance training of Anny units task ...• Secretary of Defenseto develop, along with the Attorney prepositioning of more than a battalion alzed unit (approxi commitment of Federal militaryforces ed with domestic 'civil disturbance responsibilities, Civil disturbance operations are conducted In threephase1: General, an Interdepartmental Action Plan for Civil mately 500menl in anticipation of convnltment to ctvl distur isting local officials in civil disturbance planning, Deployment (Phase U, &nployment (Phase II), and Red�loy Disturbances and approved the idea of opening bance operations. (After informal approval, actual preposi � _ hatson with "outside agencies" concerned with civil ment lPhase Ill). CONUS operations will be conducted •• SEADOC to selected civil law enforcement personnel.• tioningwill beon order of the Secreta,y of Defense.I isturbanc s, and "improving and evaluating the opera follows: In the period of February 12, 1969 through June JO, {2) US Coast Guard. Provides coastal and inland water � � tional readiness of the Army National Guard to deal (1 I Phase I - Deployment. 1972, a total of 3,352 civilians and 4,824 military officers patrolling forces and logistic support for civil disturbance warning order or ClOCON message88 far operatk>nsas directed. with civil disturbances.••• (al CSA issuesa attended SEADOC.1 The projections for Fiscal Years in advance as is practicable, initiating airlift and ground force 131 State Adjutants General. Prepare civil disturbance It has been under the aegis of conducting training that 1973 and 1974 called for a total. of 1,540 students per preparedness measures applying to all Seivices. CSA directs plans for the emplovment of National Guard units under State a series of Command Post Exercises (CPX's) were in year, 50%of whom would be civilians.n the designated task force commander to conducta reconnais control. In CONUS, plans are coordinated with Commanders itiated to teach local, state, and federal agencies how to The task Col. Zane Kortum, a past commander of SEADOC, I sance of the objective artta to assess the situation. of CONUS Armies; outside of CONUS, with commanders of work with ea.ch other in a civil disturbance situation. force commander submits recommendations concemlngthe stated in an interview on August 22, •975, that the unified commandsconcerned. The Commander of the District Operations were held on two separate levels with dif commitment of Federal milit;aryforcea directlyto CSA within civilians attending SEADOC included campus security of Columbia National Guard coordinates plana with the Com ferent participants. Regionalized operations involving two hours following arrival in the objective area. chiefs, corporate security officials, U.S. Marshals, mander, US Army Military Districtof Washington. National Guard, state, county, and localpolice �swell as Reconnaissanceby task force commanderand staffis made in mayors, city managers, and police managers from all 141 Reserve Units. The Reserve forces of the Armed Ser and com t�e Army and federal law enforcement agenices were civilian clothing using commercial transponatlon levels of civil government. viceswin not be considered as forces available for GARDEN NationalGuard Bureau,notifies PLOT operations. held as early as 1968. These operations had a variety of munications equipment. Chief, The current head of the Dissent and Disorder Manage the State Adiutant General of the arrivalof the task force com e. Assumptions: code names, and were organized according to Army ment Group of the U.S. Army Militai'y Police School, mander and the PLOCSA. The task force convnander coor (1) Simultaneouscivil disturbances requiringcommitment regions within the Continental United States(CONUS). Peter Davis, w'rote in June that the basis for dinates his reconnaissanceactivities with the PLOCSA if one is Major of Federal forces may occur in any of the 50States, District of The military has divided the CONUS into sh: Army SEAOOC instruction was contained in Army Field appointed andavailable. Columbia,Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,US possessionsand areas. The VI Army region (Califomia, Oregon, Wash that all per 19-15.31 Actually, that Field Manual is but one territories. The President issues a Proclamation dWecting Manual ington. Nevada, and Arizona) is the only region where in unlawful obstructions to justice cease and of several used in SEADOC training, but it does have a (2) Army and Air National Guard units may be called into sons engaged the codenames and plans for these operations have been desist. disperse, and retire peaceabt;'. The President then section dedicated to discussing the use of active Federalservice as required when the decisionis ,nadeto substantial discovered. Beginning in 1968.the VI Anny coordinated issuesan Executive Order directing the employmentof Fedefal "specialresponse teams" that arc parallel to the LAPD's commit Federalforces. a series of exercises known as CABLE SPLICER.71 military forces. SWAT. Other manuals cover use and show of force, 131 Requirements for the commitment of Federal forces ground forcescommitted to civl willnot resuhin the declarationof a NationalEmergency. I CSA commands 8'1 military legal aspects of civil disorder supression, history of civil operations.He issuesa Letter of Instruction to the Pentagon War Gama disturbance disorders, and the initiation of Martial Law/Martial 2. IUI MISSION. task force commander, and at the appropriate timeiuues the When directedby the President. theSecretary of the Army as executionmessage .... Rule. The second; level of operations took place within !he to open SEADOC was one or D ExecutiveAgent. emplo Federal forces, through ap� The Department of the Navy provides required ground The recommendation· � � Pentagon, with the participation of local officials Gen. pnate mititary convnanders, m the 50 states, the Diltrict forces; makes airtift resources ava ilable to the Aif Force u several made by an Army task force appointed by of Columbia, the Commonweahh of Puerto Rico,and US posses simulated by military officers. These exercises were requested by the Secretary of the AirForce; submits airliftand Harold K. Johnson. Another recommendation that wu sions and territories or any political subdivision thereof. to known as GRAM METRIC I and GRAM METRIC II• transportation requirements to CDRFORSCOM for approved created a Directorate of Civil Disturbance surface assistcivH authoritiesin the restoration of law and order. • • • Both CABLE SPLICER and GR�M METRIC operated designated ground forces: paSS81 operational control of as a central clearinghouse for Planning and Operations g. United States Army ForcesCommand (FORSCOMI: m the same fashion: game players (military officers to CDRFORSCOM for movement to and from or ground forces civil disturbance activities. It was headed by a Major UI Organizes, tra!ns, and maintains in readiness Army local police operational control to the task force managers) were given a series of coordinated the objective area and Gener41 and supported by a staff of 180 offken to forces for civil disturbance operation■ as shown area. in Annex A situations to which they had to respond. commanderin the objective a 24 hour per day watch in an "Emergency (Task Organization, Forces and ReactionTimesl. Air Fofce airlih for move operate TheseCPXs did not requi'7 the movement of troops or The Department of the providel . (21 Nominates task force the OperationsCenter . , a domestic war room. commandersfor CONUS opera any other activity that might ment of designated forces to objective a,ea; providea tionssubject to approvalby CSA. attract the attention of the forces;support& deployed forcea by logisticair press. They involved large numbers of required ground -Trlperfor MWtaey Kale (31 Nominates units to be assigned to task forces for people, however, aerial reconnaissance, and apeclal operations aa DOMS such as 500 police, movements, CONUS civil f:fisturbance operations. Coordinates withapp,o National Guard, Army, and federal and provides the specific unit■ or mem requireo; designates The Directorate of Civil Disturbance Planning and priate u_nlfied commands to determine designation of any officials during the CPX CABLE SPLICER II in Guard to be called to active Federal bers of the Air National Operations changed its name in 1970 to the Directorate USMC forces to be apart of the civildisturbance task force. Feb�uary, 1969.• Each Or the participants, from county ... service, as required July l975it was changed again to 141 Deploys &{Id Redeploys civil disturbanc8 sher�tT through Army general, participated in. The tuk force convnander N for MilitarySupport:i1,1 ground forces respond- Phase II - Employment (DOMS).14Throughout for CON US Operationsas directed by CSA. • • • aumes operational control of military ground force■ In the the Division of MilitarySupport command and con of Objective area, accompllshes the task force mission, and its history, OOMS has served as the p.Department the NavyfDNI: civil ( 11 Consistent , recommendsthe effective times enddates for redepk>ymentof trol element needed for military intervention into wrth defense priorities, designatesand pro DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY videsmilitary resources military ground forces. Logisticssupport for all groundforcn disturbances. It has served as a cleari'nghouse for in of the United States Navy (USN) and CIVIL DISTURBANCE PLAN (U) ii provided by CDRFORSCOM and requests for mili,tary United States Marine Corps (USMC) required by the·DOD in objective areas In CONUS telligence on civil disorders ... The employment of Department of Defense military of all Servk:es.CORMDW provides disturbance tive Agent for employment in civil disturbance opera- using available resources assistance in both natural disaster and civil ::� resources in controlling civil disturbances will normalty be logistic support for TF MOW wheninitially committed. DOMS main situations. Field grade officers assigned to 121 Co isteot with authorized by a Presidential Directive or an Executive Order Phase Ill - Redeployment. FoUowing consultation with the ':'5 defense priorities, makes airtih re tain a 24-hour a day watch team that monitors such ac aources available to the Secretary directing the·Secretary of Defense to help restore law and DoD Executive Agent, CSA announces the time and date of oflhe Air Fo,ceas required. tivity and works to fulfill requests from local agencies. q. Departmentof thePJr Force (OAF): order In a specificStata or locality. Exceptionsto thiscondition termination of commitment of Federal forces and directt the of the Vietnam War, DOMS has been ( 11 ConstStent with will be limitedto: task fore£:commander to pc1ssoperational control of desig Since the end defense priorities, provides military 25 field grade officen resources of the United States I11 Sudden and unexpected civil disturbance■ or othar ground forces to CDRFORSCOM for redeployment. reduced in size to approximately Air Force (USAF) required by nated the Do0 Executive_ emergenciesendangering life or Federal property or disrupting transferred to Military Departments a, directed by and secretarialsupport.• ,Agent to carry out the provisions of the forces end PresidentialExecutive Order the normal processes of government·which require that Im CSA. or other appropriate authority 1 to ir,i�lude desJgnc,tion of specific units or members of the A.ir mediate military action be taken to protect life or Federal property or to prevent disruptionof Federal activities. d. Fedefaland State Force.. NationalGuard to be called intoactive Federal service. 12) Loan of military resources (other than pel'SOnnel em (11 Department of Justice IDOJI. 121 Exercises, for the OoO Executive Agent, coordinating ployed In a direct law enforcement role)in response to requests (al The Attorney General is the chief civilian official in authority over and direction of Do0 provided military and received by local and military commandersfrom civl authori cha1ge of coordinating all Federal Govomment activities commerckll obligated airlift resourcesuaed to fulfill civildistur to civil disturbances. banceairlift requirements. ties, for use in connection with civil disturbances (Annex K, relating Loanof Do0 Milltery Resources). (bl The Attorney General: 13) Provides airlift for deployment and redeplovment of 131 Protection of Federal property and functions !Annex N, 1 Provides all early warnNlgand all threat Information civi disturbance forces and key personne,, supply and re Protection of Federal Property and Functions). to support cNil disturbanceplanning. supply, 88fial reconnaissance, special operations, air weather 2 Receives and coordNlateapreliminary requestsfrom support, and aeromedicaf evacuatKJn for military forces a■ Ctassifted by: Directorate of Military Support States for commitment of Federal armedfOJcea In caaasof civil required.' disturbance. 3 Provides advk::eand supporta■ requiredto carryout 48 49 GARDEN PLOT INTELLIGENCE DIRECTIVES Handling of Civl Disturbance Threat and Early Warning bought, while threatening, harassing and intimidating GARDEN PWT ORDEROF REACTION tnformation. the opposing ''traditional" people who practiced the • l.(U)TASK ORGANIZATION. References: older ways of Oglala life. a. National SecurityCouncil Directive on Internal Security, 111 Receipt at National Level - Appropriatemembers of the Agency Comma11d Post In ordei to preserve their rights, and to end Wilson's 4May 1949. Army Secretariatand the Army Staff are authorized to receive Departmentof Defen:te b. Interdepartmental Action ptan for Clvl Oiaturbancn, civil disturbance threat and early warning infonnatlon from dictatorial control of the tribal government, the tradi Department of thf.'; Army The Pentagon. I April1969. civiian agencies and to forward h for further disposidon in tional people formed the Oglala Sioux Civil .Rights Washington. DC c. Department of Defense Directive 6200.27, subject: accordancewith this subparagraph•.•• Organization (OSCRO). Department of the Navy The Pentagon, (41 Dissemination - Analyzed reports l)repared abovemay Acquisitionof InformationConcerning POf9Qnt and Organiza Among their charges against Wilson were claims that . Washington.DC tion& not Affiliated with the Department of Defense, 1 MBfch be furnished to appropriate fieki commanders upon specific he discrimiriated against fullbloods by providing jobs Department of the Air The Pentagon, 1871. prior authorizadonby the Secretary or the Und!Br Secretary of I. and services on1y to relatives and mixed-blood friends, Force Washington. DC d. AR 381-115, Counterintelllgence Investigative Agen theArmy. AuthQrizatkm will be granted only when it reason who in turn supported his rule as his own personal "goon ably appears. that there ia a need for planning to anticipate a Defense Supply Agency Cameron Station, ciea, 2 July 1969. squad". OSCRO also challenged Wilson for leasing e. AR 381-10,Mlitary Intelligence, Channels of Communi civil disturbWlce beyond the capabMfties of local and state Alexandria, VA cation with the FBI, 29July 1967•..• authoritielto control. . .. tribal land to white ranchers in return for a kick-back, JointChiefs. of S1ajf g. SECNAVINST 3820.2A, Departmentof the Navy lnvos Army military lnteNtglnceelement, pouessing investigative and for collaborating with the BIA against the interests DefenseIntelligence The Pentagon, dgetive and Related Information Collection Activities, · 1 and related counterinteligence .resources will be prepared to of the Oglal� Sioux people. Agency Washington, DC November 1971. collecton orderfrom DA, civil disturbanceInformation during■ OSCRO began a drive to impeach Wilson and remove DefenseCommunications &h St. and S.Courthouse period In which thereis a distinct thieat of.or actual, clvU dis h. AFR 124-13, Acquisition of Information Concerning him from office. Wilson. responded with more violence Agency Rd., Arlington, VA Personaand Organizations not Affiliated with theDepe�nt turbancerequiring the uaaof Federal,nUitary forces. agai st t ose who dared voice opposition.The gravity of � � . Unified Comma11ds of Defen&e, 23June 1971 .... Planning - C'rvil disturbencaplans and supporting mat•iats the s1tuat1on increased when a traditional woman, Sarah Y PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION state, and k>cal governments in the objective area. He wiU coordinate the federal civilian efforts to assilt in the adminis THE WHITE HOUSE tration of justice, in the detention of prisonet"s, in arranging for LAW ANO ORDER IN THE STATE Of ____ _ emergencyrelie( measures, and_ in other civil matters. You will advise the Oiief of Staff, US Army, of significantactions taken by you aa a result of consultations with the Senior Civilian BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Representative. D. Youwill cooperate with !but not take orders from! muni· A PROCLAMATION cipal and state law enforcement officials. WHEREAS the GoYernor of the State of ______THE WHITE HOUSE has informed methat conditions of domestic violence and ditl· EXECUTIVE ORDER order exist in and about the City of-----,----,------in that state, endangering iife and property and obstructing ex• PROVIDING FOR THE RESTORATION Of LAW AND ORDER ecution of the laws, and that the law enforcement resource& avaDable to the City and State, including the National Guard, IN THE STATE Of ______are unableto suppresssuch acts of violence and to restore law and order; and WHEREAS I have today issued Proclamation Nil.__ _ pUtSUant in part to the provisions of Chapter .15 of Title 10 of WHEREAS the Governor has requestedma to use such of the the UnitedStates Code;and Armed Forces of the United States a may be necessary for tho.e purposes; and WHEREAS the condition& of domestic violence and disorder described therein continue, and the persons engaging in such WHEREAS such domestic violence and disorder are also ob acts of violencehave notdispersed; structing the execution of the laws of the United States, and endangering the security of Federal property and functions, In NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vestedin me as end about the City of President of the UnitedStates and Commanderin Chief of the A.rmad Forces by the Constitution and laws of the United NOW, THEREFORE, I Presidentof the States, including Chapter 15 of Title 10 of the United States UnitedStates of America, by virtue9' the authority vestedin Code,it Is hereby orderedas folk>ws: me be the 'Constitution and -.WS of the United States, in· eluding Chapter 15 of Title 10 of the United States Code, do SECTION 1. Unttsand members of the Armed Forces of the command8'I per&Onsengaged in such llicta of vioienceto cease United Statea will be used to suppress the viotence described and desist therefrom and to disperle and retire peaceably inthe proclamation and to restore law and order In and about lonhwith. theCityof ______IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this SECTION 2. Th� Secretary of Defense is authorized to use ___ day of _____ In the year of our Lord suchof theArmed forces as may benecessary tocarry out the U.S. Manh■II' bankeron the aaa■rn perimeterWounded of Knee rilneteen hundred and _____ and of the Indepen- proviaiona of SECTION 1. To thatand, he is authorized to call dence of the United States of America the one hundred and into the active military service of the United States units or ..May Day" anti-war demonstrations. S00 had also MllltaryPut In Gear ninety-___ members of theNational Guard, as authorizedby law, to serve seen action in evicting members of the American Indian of I (Signature the President in an active duty status for an indefinite period and unt� re Movement from Alcatraz Island and the .Twin Cities · At DOMS. the word of the "occupation" of Woui1ded THE WHITE HOUSE laved subiect.to recaH at the discretion of the Secretary of Naval Air Station. Marshall Colburn told a federalcourt Kneegeared up the nighl staff.GARDEN PLOT contin Oefen,e, in Li�coln Nebraska, that members of SOG . were gency plans were reviewed arid local resources checked Subi:Letter of Instruction !GardenPlot} IUJ trained at the SEADOC course and the California Slate In carrying out the provisions of this order, the Secretary of for possibleuse by either federal or local forces.n 1.11 Thisletter of instructlohIs effectiveon receipt for pfannlng Defense observe such enforcement as Training Institute. as well as several otheifederal train preparatory 1a shall law poticies the On March I, Attorney General Richard Kliendiensi and action. It effective for executionon order of Altomey General may determine. ing institutions.M the Chiefof Staff, US Almy. When SOG arrived, they turned the BIA building on requested that the Department of the Arm,Y send a 2. I I Command andControl Pine Ridge into an armed fort;sand bagswere pl�ccd on representative to Wounded Knee to help coordinate and A.------. you are designated the roof to form gun emplacements; 24-hour a day evaluate the situ8tion. Aft"er conferences between Gen. Commander of Task f:orce _____ Your minionia to SECTtON 3. Until such time as the Armed forces shall have Alexander Haig, who was to have the final approval on patrols of the reservation were begun; and SOGbegan to (11 Help protect federal property, functions. and facittiaa bean withdrawn pursuant to SECTION 4 of this order, the all Army activities at Wound_ed Knee. and Gen. Hay, the _ to COO(dinate train BIA policein the use of carbinesand shotguns. It In, ______Attorney General is further authorized (11 the commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps. Col. Volney-, 12) Help reatore and maintainlaw and orderIn _ _ _ activitiesof all Federal agenciesassisting in the suppression of was after two weeks of the S.CXi operations on Pine ------""" violence and in the administration of justice in and about the Ridge that OSCRO held a series of meetings and voted Warner was designated the PLOCSA for Wounded area is defined for purposes of this lot as the area within the City of c- ---- and 12) to coordinate the acti to ask AIM to come to Pine Ridge and assist them in Knee." c--- boundaries ofl ------Unita tor vitiea of all auch agencies with those of State and locaj unseating Wilson. At J:30a.m. On March J, 1973, Col. Warner arrived at wll bf designated. Be prepared to agenciessimilar! ang&ged. Ellsworth AFB. and was met Marshal Colburn TF____ --,- '!' On Feb. 27 over JOOpeople showed up for a meeting at by and uaume operational control of and employ additional active Calico, a smal1 reservation hamlet. In order to ac FBI Special Agent in Charge Joseph Trimbach. The law Marioe SECTION 4. The Secretary of Defense is authorized to deter Army, Navy, Air Force, Corps, Coast Guard, National commodate the crowd. it was announced that the enforcement officers wanted an immediate commitment Guards Units of the State of--,----,---,,-- ---,- mine when federal military forces shall be withdrawn from the ,------meeting would moved to a larger community hall from Warner that 2000 members of the 82nd Airborne .,d oth• reserve component units of aH services called or disturbance area Wld when federalized National Guard units be across the �rvation at Porcupine. would be committed to Wounded Knee. Warner was orderedto activeduty under presidential authority. and personnel shall be released from active federal service. prepared forthe request, and aftera three-hour briefing B. In carrying out your dutNtl,you will bedirectly responsible Such determination shall be made in tha light of the Attorney As the caravan drove �hrough Wounded Knee en route General's recommendations as to theability of State ,-nd local to orcupine, the Indians saw FBI agents, S00and BIA by Colburn and Trimbach, the three men took a heli to the Chief of Staff, US Army,who actingla for theExecutive � _ _ Agent (Secretary of the Army}. You will esteblsh your com authorities to raaume fullreaponsibh!tY for· the maintenance of pohce hnmg the roads and blocking the way. The copter ride to Wounded Knee. After surveying the ter mand postat law andorder inthe affectedarea. caravan turned off at Wounded Knee and headed for the rain and the position of the roadblocks. Warner re sponded to the request. and report subsequent locatlona. SECTION 5. The Secretary of Defense and the Attorney Trading Post and the Catholic Church. Seeingthe armed You areauthorized direct communicationwith Asmv, Navy, Air General are authorized to delegate to subordinate officials of presence of so many government agents, some Indians ' Rather than bring in military troops that would create Force, M•ine Corps. and Coast Guard Installation Com their rnpective Departments any of the authority conferred secured weapons from lhe Trading Post in order to de an unfavorable public impression. Warner asked the mandersIn the vicinity of your operation. uponthem by thisorder. fend themselves. The police responded by arresting Marshals and FBI to increase their contingents and c. The Attorney General will appoint a Senior Civl'8n Rep whoever tried to leave the hamlet. utilize supportprovided by the military to conduct a cor rasant■tive regarding military operations and declsiora when would be 71 days before the roadblocks came down don operation against the Indians. Rather than take faasibla, The Senior Civilian Representative, In consultation (Signature of the President) It with you,will eatabish and maintain liaiaon with tt}e mayof/ for good. The Justice Department had laid siege to Wounded Knee by force immediately. Warnerwankd to commiss6onar, governors and the civil authorities of federal. THE WHITE HOUSE Wounded Knee. attempt a negotiated settlement.47 r The attack plan that Warner devised called for him to The roadblocks then went back up to stay. But the ride with Marshal Colburn in a command and control military"s attack plan for March 12 was cancelled in 51 helicopter over Wounded Knee. One half-hour before favor of a siege to starve out the occupants. After five un dawn, the APCs would be moved in towards the h�mlet successful weeks of siege. on April 27, preparations were f with troops (FBI and SOG) behind them on foot. At made again with a modified plan devised after Warner dawn, the Indians would be warned that they were to ma�e a trip to the Pentagon. The attack date was set. If surrender or the area would be gassed. Fifty-five gallon negotiations failed to reach a settlement by May 9, an at LANTERN SPIKE barrels of CS riot gas were to be dropped from the tack would take place on the morning of May JO.» Army helicopter while the A PCs tired gas on the ground. The officers from Fort Carson were brought in to assist with ba&iL Agents The Pentagon went much further in their domestic was established on an around the dock troops would then move in and "neutralize'" resistance the attack. The stage was set, and the countdown was spying efforts than was originally indicated by the V110uldbe sent to thesite of the disturbance under many and effect arrests. 11C1 below 96 hours when a settlement was reached. A virtual sent to the center. disclosures of 1970-71 of military domestic surveillana,, guises, and reports'N8re constantty The plan was originally devised on March 9 to be im repeatof the 1890massacre of over JOOOglalas was nar ._...th sta18 and local police and In association \Mth GARDEN PLOT. the U.S. Army Liaison was intensified plemented on March 12.'1 During this periodroadblocks rowly averted. infiltrate movement launched massive intelligence operations 'Mlich 'N8nt the FBI. Agents 'NOUld often had been alternately going up and down in tune with the Throughout it all, the 82nd Airborne and the 4th In under a variety of names suchas ROSE BUSH, PUNCH groupsto try and influenceevents. carrot and stick approach of the government negotia fantry were placed on and off alert."' Even though the one after aaion report of LANTERN BLOCK, STEEP HILL ·and evenrually under the name For instance, tors. In order to create the conditions for the assault of troop5o were never brought in, a domestic form of Viet the march thatstuck: LANTERN SPIKE. SPIKE stateswith pride that agentscovering the 12th •. the government provok� several incidents on namization occurred. From all appearances, the Army Pentagon In October,1967, were "well received While GARDEN PLOT and its offspring allowed for on the March 11. First four armed postal inspectors were sent was never at Wounded Knee. although they actually con full use of federal forces in so-called "civil disturbance by the demonstrators and in many instances were u ., into Wounded· �nee, allegedly to investigate the condi . trolled much of the operations. ._...thin dissident groups. situations", and, thus was a plan for operations by the signed du1ies of importance tions at the post offi� located inside the Trading Post. Massive amounts of mililary equipment went through be a grou� leader of thebu& military, LANTERN SPIKE called for the use of c;oun One agentwas assigned to Seen as a pretext for securing intelligence on the the pipelines to Wounded Knee, including back-pack travelling. The report smu� adds. terintelligence agents and other resoi.Jrc:es tQ engage in on Wlich he was strength and deployment of the Indian people, the postal radios, mine detectors, 17 APCS, 200 flakvests, 177 M- of danger to 1he -continuous active co/lflction and timely disseminatjon however, that "there is a poseibility inspectors were stopped_ at the Indian roadblock, ar 16 and sniperritles, 9,100"star" ·parachute flares, an·d as they have difficulty ... of intelligence information to monitor . .. civil agents in this type of operation, rested, disarmed and detained for several hours. At 123,CXX>rounds of ball and tracer ammunition. All of of the 'hippy' in a short disturbances of seriou,s or potentially serious conse in developing the look and smell about the same time FBI agents pulled alongside a· van this. of course, was in addition to the supplies brought in operation USAINTC agentswere quences." ·time; however, in this of Indian peoplereturning from a nearby community. A from Justice Department resources.55 LANTERN SPIKE operations were conducted by the successfullyaccepted." witness described the incident: " ...a sedan pulled Wounded Knee was a practical application of the In The peak period of LANTERN SPIKE operations Army's USAINTC (U.S. Army Intelligence Command, en-. alongside and all of a sudden he hit the siren. I Wl(lS going terdepartmental Action Plan, GARDEN PLOT, and the abted the Pentagon tQ coUect thousands of reports all pronounced u_se-saint-seel organize d in 1965. _ to pull over but he put an M-16 out the window and lessons of GRAM METRIC and CABLE SPLICER op of 'Mltch were centrally deposited in the U.S. Army In USAINTC was created after Project SECURITY fired.''U erations. The entire law enforcementcom�unity looked telligence Records SHIELD in 1964·recommendedthe aeation ofa new (USAIRR) originally located at Fort to Wounded Knee as a test of the theory and tactics that Holabird in Baltimore and now separate intelligence command within the United at Fort H8uchuca in had, been promoted at SEA DOC and the California Arizona, and locally at MIiitary PLOT - KENT STATE States and its territories. Under USAINTC, each region intelligence "1)up file GARDEN S ialized Training Institute (CSTI). CSTI sent an centers. After �e disclosures of massive military spying Activities•nd Eventa Precipitating the Clvll Disturbance pec of the United States was carved up into military in observer to Wounded Knee to make recommendations telligence groups. each responsible for inteUigence In 1970 by Chna Pyle, a former military intelligence of On 4 May 1970 violence again broke out on theKent State three days of antiwar demon on how the Institute could best prepare for any future coverage of a multi--scate area. In 1975 USAINTC was ficer, US�INTC documents reveal much wumbling University campus, folk>wing strations. At 0412000 hours, a major confrontation between similiar operations. That observer was Major Victor abolished and replaced by the new U.S. Army In , ab:>ut haV1ng to spend all their time refuting - unsuc Kent State University studenta and law enforcement agencHMI Jackson. an instructor in the Civil telligence Agency(USAINTAI. cessfully - the _Pyle aHegations. Although USAINTC reinforced by Ohio National Guardsmen, occurred. After a '\- Disturbance Management Course USAINTC, and now USAINTA, acted In a support and other military, intelligence offices v,ere ordered by depk>yed Guardsman, a short sniper allegedJy fired on the offered by CST!.,.. fole for Departmentof Army (DAI an'/Vf,'here there was Congress to destroy the files, recent disclosures in exchange of gunfife t� place. �ur demonstratora, two of a chance of anything disruptive occuning,,LANTERN dicate they were computerized and are still maintain� them co-eds, were killedand tenwounded. SPIKE could be implemented before GARDEN PLOT by the Pentagon. The confrontation started when law enforcement officials and continue well after federal forces had been with and National Guardsmen moved in to dispersa hundreds of drawn and GARDEN PLOT called off. 8111:den,t demonstratOf'B:. Two Guardsmen were hospitalized. A state of emergency wu deciared, and the univershy closed PagesC-2 and C-3 of USAINTC OPLAN 100-68 (the The plan immediately swung into action. The entire for the remaind&fof the week; LANTE�N SPIKE plan for19681 gives a good Indication Special Operations Group was calledto Wounded Knee. As a resultof the Kent, Ohio Incident,student protestrallte&, of the l"flentality of army intelligence officers. and the FBI brought in additional men. Even the riot strikes and occasional violent confrontations occurred on Although tho maj'ority of Bnti-war protestors appear squad from the Border Patrol was brought in to make a college campuses throughout the nation during the period reluctant for moral practical or legal reasons, to engage consolidated federal force of over 340. Col. Warner im 5 May• 10 May 1970. There were a total of 285 colleges and degree& of antiwar activities. in public demonstrations of a nature whichviolate exist mediately began his work as a military advisor. In the universities which had varying 8 May 1970, the general trend in the nationwide antiwar ing laws, there is a significant minority of professional first days of his stay, he helped the Justice Department On agitators and young students who advocats either vio· protest indicated a shttt to demonstration activity away from establishan emergency operations'center, complete with the campuses to the surrounding metropolitan areas. Large lent action or so-called disobedience of a nature that a tactical intelligence component: procurred over 100 York City, Boaton,Philadelphia, Colum violence is almostsure toen:w6 . .. raniesoccur red in New M-16 rifles and a.mmunition, 17 Armored Penonnel bus, Austin and· Seattle. Sfflaller demonstrations were re Although it cannot be substantiated that 'the antiwar Carriers (APCs), and other logistical items needed by an ported in numerous other cities. These rallies were, on the and anti-draft movements are acting in response to Army conducting a siege. from "C" ratiQns to field whole, nonviolent. foreign direction, it must be pointed out thatby theirac jackets. Most important of all, Col. Warner devised an In view of the expansion of the war into Cambodia and to tivitiiJs they are supporting the stated objectives of attack plan to take Wounded Knee by force. Protest the killing of the four Kent University students, The in Vietnam form fqreign elements which are detrimental to the USA. Col. Warner used his position as PLOCSA to man New Mobilization Committee to End theWar mesaantiwar demonstration in Washington, Manyleaders of the and-war and anti-draftmovements ipulate the Justice Department when he desired or U1at$d plans for a have traveled to foreign countries,indtiding Cuba, East Q.c;::. on 9 Mey 1970. The New Mobe estimated that 20to 30 thought it necessary. He had the final·recommendation fact Europe and North Vietnam to meet with Communist thousand demonstrators would participate. Basedon the on equipment the Justice Dcparttnent requested through Eastem Sea leaders. Therefore, the pf)S8ibility exist3 that these in that large numbers of students, primarily from OOMS, and used that leverage when he wanted. On oc• board colleges and universities were expected to attend and be dividuals may either heavily inffuencsd or outright casions, he would limit the number of rounds allowed at also due to .anumber of collegeshaVVlg terminated thissemes dominatedby theirforflign contacts. the roadblocks, or would make recommendations to the ter'• courses of study, It was felt that there would be a sub In the 1966-1970 period LANTERN SPIKE/ROSE SCRAG that negotiations could be forced along by stantialstudent presence In Washington, D.C. on 9 May 1970. BUSH/PUNCH BLOCK wasdedared approximately 20 tightening the perimeter." In the words of his own"after New Mobe plans called for rallies, streetsit-ins and other acts times,many more times than GARDEN PLOT ever was, action report, Col. Warner and several other field grade of nonviolent civil disobedience. They identified H Street, Avenue, all of which are according to available documents.Military intelligence officers with him acted more as "a Military Assistance Lafayette Square. and Pennsylvania units would go into LANTERN SPIKE operations Advisory Group" than observers. Warner also admitted without GARDEN PLOT ever being dedared in some that he had an equal voice in decision making at Wound cases. ed Knee, which on its .face wi;,uld appear to violate the Under LANTERN SPIKE, an operationscenter (EOC) spirit if not the intent of the Posse Comitatus Act.• r-----� ..,..;,;... Trainingfor theSiege concept or mutual aid pacts between city and coti nty in many d5rectly~------WIfront of the White House, as the desired-- focal-- point, activated areas. governments.• These pacts are somewhat similiar to of thedemonstration. The Department of Justice rejectedthe The Civil Disturbance Management Course (CDMC) A derrionstration sponsored by the Viemam Moratorium mutual defense treaties signed by allied countries. 1bc Committeti (VMC); tho Nt1w Mobilization Committee to End New Mabe'■ request and instead offered the Washington opened in 1971, and over 4,000 local police, National ° multi-municipal agreements even go into the areii of the Wdr in Vietnam (New Mohel; arzd thl) Sludent MQbiliza• Monument grounds. After considerable negotiations the New Guard, and federal law enforcement officen from vir Mobecompromiaed with authornies to hold the demonstration training. lion Committee tu End 1he War in Vietnam lSMCL was tually every state west of the Mississippi River have at Intht Ellipse, South of theWhite House. For example, the Los Angeles Sheriffs Department is planned to bo hetd in Wa$hington, O.C. on 9 May 1970. It was tended the coul'Se." expected thal a crowd of over 40,000persons would gather Plannlng•nd Prep•rations currently receiving LEAA money to train 10,000Califor COMC, unlike SEAOOC.teaches on both the strategic in Wmohinut0n, O.C. to peacefutly demonsuate on the Ellipse. nia policemen in a variation of SWAT. known as DART, Upon receipt of DA message 0820012 May 70, USAINTC and tacticil levels. A supplementary course to CDMC, At 1200hums. 8 May 1970. OPERATION THUNDERCLOUD or Disturbance and Riot Training. South Dakota. dur dispatchedautovon meuage082245Z May 70 directing all Ml titled Officer Survival and Internal Security (OSIS), was put into effect by the 116th Ml Group. At 1830 hours, the ing the current Fiscal Year. is receiving LEAA funds to Groupa to execute LANTERN SPIKE condition effective upon teaches the nuts and bolts of SWAT at their San Luis 116th and 109th Ml Groups received the ordur to put LANTERN increase itS 90-mail Tactical Team within the State .._tof meuage. DA measege0820012 May 70 was retrana Obispotraining grounds. SPIKE into etfect. and at 2300hours, a GARDEN PLOT OPER mhtedto all Ml Groupi. USAINTC autovon message 0822462 Police.•• ATION was dirncti:d The management level course, however, is patterned May 70 informed groupa to be prepared to institute GARDEN Perhaps the most dramatic indication of how LEAA At 2130holils, 8 May 1970, approximately 400persons were after the SEAOOC course although it is taught by Na PLOT on lhort notk:e and cautioned all groups that collec helps to militarize domestic police can be !!.ccn in the cur reportud to have gathered in front of the White House where tional Guard officers rather than the regular Army of• tionwould be thN?Ughnormal liaison only rent plans for Puerto Rico. An estimated SI, 789,500 of they were di::iplaying lighted canrtles. At this same time, ap ficers who teach SEADOC. Former SEADOC com USAINTC autovon message 0901302 May 70 was dis LEAA money will go into a plan designed to "develop proximately 2,000persons were gathe1ed at tho Washington patched to aH Ml Groul)II, Message advi£>ed HQ USAINTC mander Zane Kortum stated in his interview that he sent mechanisms to effectively predict. prevent and control Monument. No incidents arose from either of those demon and 118th Ml.Group would assume GARDEN PLOT posture SEADOC instructors to CDMC twice a year to compare strations. riots and civil disorders" on the island. The plan i'> Lt at 082300 Q May 70 fnd all other groups would continue on notes on course content, student reaction, and related At 0105 hour�. 9 May 1970, HeadqLJarters, Central Services LANTERN SPIKE. Again, all Ml Groups were advised that four-yeari.ction plan that began in Fiscal Year 1974 and Adrmnistration located on "F" St,eet between 18th and 19th by will run through 1977.•1 coNec:tlon normalllaiaon contact only was authorized. SWAT. training started in NOvember 1973. and Strnots, N.W., Washington, D.C. received an anonymous �;��r;; The island of Puerto Rico is being divided into five bomb threat. The building was searched and no bomb was DEPLOYMENT over 1400law Cnforcement officers and corporate sec;uri police regi�ns, and each region will have an Emergency found. At 0305hours, 9 May 1970, an 1mcnymous telephone At the time of recmptof CIDCON 1 notification on 8 May ty guards have completed the course. At least 15 more Operations Center to allow communication and coor call was made to the Pentagon and it was repmted that a one 1970, the EOC'1 of thil Headquarters and seven subardinate classes of SO men,.the equivalent of ISOSWAT teams,• dination between police, National Guard and Civil pound block of TNT was located in Seclions B, C and D of elements (Ml Groupa) were already manned and operational 1 will attend the OSIS course during the 1975-76 academic Defense in the event of a civil disturbance. These center!. the Pentagon. Those areas ofthe Pentaao;i .vere searched and u a r81Utt of the week-long student disorders. During the year. OSIS instructors do not refer to their teams as will have compatable communications equipmcnr and no bomb was fn,md. At 0705 hours, 9 Mc1, 1970, demonstra period of GARDEN PLOT, a total of 61 personnel were utilized SW AT because of the growing negative public image. tors attemp1ed w block the path of U.S. 1-'mk Service trucks to manthe HQ USAINTC EOC fo1 a total of 1,330man hours. will serve as the command facilityfor training exercises Instead, they refer to them as Special Emergency Reac carrying personnel who wore traveling to the Washington ActualConduct �f Operation• involving the police and National Guard. An island-wide Monument grounds to raisathe U.S. Flags that normally sur tion Teams (SERT). Tactical Operations Force has been established already, On 8 Mav 1970, students started to arrive in Wuhlngton, Aside from the common philosophy that binds round this area. U.S. Park Police dispersed the crowds with and it will be supplemented by a Mobile Strike Force of out incident. O.C. forthe 9 May protat demonstration. At 1600 houra, 9 SEAOOC and CDMC. a common funding �ource exists M,y, scattered protelt �vitles, the majority of which W818 90 men to be trained and ready by the end of Fiscal Year By 0845 hours, 9 May 1970, a crowd of SBveral thousand betweenthe two schools. The State of Georgia is given a ■mal and peaceful, began. Those minor incidents of violence 1975. In 1973 500 riot control specialists were trained demonstrators had gathered at the Washington Monument that didoccur at variou1locations did not pose any majordH grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance Adminis• and another 500in 1974." By 1977, Puerto Rico will be grounds and the Ellipse. This crowd continued to grow and flcutty. Local police dilperMd the small groupe of militants tration (LEAA) each year to cover the costs of tuition an armed camp patrolled by paramilitary police op reached its peak of approximately 75,000 persons at 1200 withthe aid of teargas. By 1030hours, 10 May, the entire area and eKpenses· for civilians attending SEAOOC. The erating with all the efficiency that modern communica• hours. Therally was peaceful and no incidents reported. of Wllhlngton, D.C. wn quiet with few demonstrators re CDMC was started by a $425,000grant from LEAA, and tions and command techniques can offer. At 1355 hours, subsequent to the antiwar rally, an unde termined number of demonstrators broke into O.C. Transit maining in the city. � the period of GARDEN PLf?T a the entire Institute is given money from LEAA funds Such expenditures for riot control are not new to total of 436Spot Reports were received from the subordinate awarded to the California Criminal Justice Planning buses which were being used to blockade the White House elamanta and a total of 420 were transmitted to DA agenc'88 LEAA. In 1970, LEAA spent over $3 million fur ac area along 17th St,eet �tween "E" and "H" Streets. This Agency." tivities labelled "riot control and prevention," including andconcomedcornmande,o. small incident was brought under control without major, diffi Supportrequeatod by MG WiHiamson for LiaisonRepreaen LEAABoost to Riot Control S153.470 for SEAOOC tuition and expenses. SSS.000 culty. At 1520 hours, a group of demonstrators attempted taltve to thisbyltaffwaprovkted the 116th Ml Group. towards developing mutual aid pacts, and S500,000 for to break through thti bus blockade line at 18th and "H" Streets LEAA has playeda major role in militarizing domestic 4 Tha 118ttt Ml Group provided direct agent observation police forcesthrough.activities other than SEADOCand f4 state training prbgram� on riot control.' but was quickly dispersed by the MPO Civil Disturbance Unit. hours approximately 200 persons gathered a� the covsage in the Washington, O.C., situation in accordance CDMC. Beginning in 1970. LEAA began to promote the In 1971, LEAA established a Civil Disorders Program At 1510 withapproval contained in DA message 0921632 May 70. Division. and LEAA expenditures soared to $6,894,843 Labor Department where several of them hauled down the for riot control training and equipment. The total U.S. Flag. This crowd was then dispersed without further incident. At 1537hours a large crowd of demonstrators which REDEPLOYMENT peaked at SI0.4 million in 1972, which included special GARDEN PLOT and LANTERN SPIKE postures for HO had gathered at the Justice Oepartmenl was dispersed by the, grants to the State of Florida and the Miami and Miami MPD Civil Disturbance Unit. At 0120 hours, 10 May 1970, USAINTC and all Ml Groups was terminated at 1012000 May Beach Police Departments to assist in preparing for 70. Groupa were directed to terminate special reporting re a bomb exµloded outside the west wall of the District of Col• demonstrations planned for the Democratic and Re 1: quirement•and condnue 10 report only thooe incidents cleerty umbia National Guard IOCNG) Building located at Massa· I within reporting parameters established prior 10 receipt of publican National Conventions." chusetts and "G" Streets. Minor damage resutted. By 1200 ! -· reponlngcriteria.' Since 1972, LEAA has not placed a consolidated riot hours (EDTI. 10 May 1970, GARDEN PLOT and LANTERN control figure in its public annual report. A sample of SPIKE OPERATIONS had bee"n terminated and all USAINTC I I state planning grants. however, shows that some training elements had reverted to normal operations.• ' pn>grams and equipment purchase plans arc still being I •AfterAction Report, ICDO, DCSOPS CIRCA May 70, GAR· funded through LEAA. .,, DEN PLOT - KENT STATE 8-11 May 70 IC I, on fi&ein the Office of the�H■torian: USAINTC. MUltary/Pollce·on War Path "After Action Report, ICOO-PO, DCSOPS, 26 May 1970, Civd :it Law enforcement has come a long way from the days of Disturbance Operations IC), on file in the Office of the Com the town night watches and the frontier marshal�. and in lTIJHtl /-11slor1d11,USAJN re. the course of progress a very basic concept has been if CIVIL DISTURBANCE OPERATIONS, violated not destroyed. The fundamental idea of 116th Ml GROUP 8-10MAY 1870 separating the military and police functions of society, a separation vital to a free and open society, has been ln!!.t During OPERATIONS THUNDERCLOUD, LANTERN SPIKE in subtle funding of training programs and equipment In TNction toPreskient Nhcon's Cambodian policy and the and GARDEN Pl OT from 1200 hours, 8 May 1970 to 1200 death■of our students at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, purchases that have transferred not onl)· the technology hours, 10 May 19",U, the 116th Ml Group provided general in demonstration, during 1-8 May 1970 were held at colleges but also the philosophy of the military into the area of telligence support to USAINTC, MOW, Task Force MOW, law enforcement. Contrary to the military way of think Task Force WILLIAMSON and other federal and local �gen and unlvenldea throughoutthe United States protesting th� j':. w1rIn Southeut Aaia. Violence marked m,my of theH anti ing. riots are not wars, and the country has not !t.Ccn au cies. O war proteltland to restore order, National Guard troopswere insurrection in over 100 years, The police and lhc 1:1'I ii 'II :j ---••�·•=�- �.,,�>•:i'L' --,.�------ONUS Army Boundarie GRAM METRIC CABLE SPLICER The exercise will simulate simultaneous multiple civil distur· Investigative reporter Ron Ridenhour of New Times ban�es involving widespread rioting, arson. and looting in ap obtained copies of the regional war games held in the proximately 15 selected cities within the CONUS. The Revolu ?th U.S. Anny area. the states of California, Wash tionary Libertv Front !ALF), a radical organization advocating VIII ington. Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona. and practicing violence, acts a<; acatalyst in expanding the civil These war games, called disturbances. Those simulated disturbances will develop to the CABLE SPLICER, borrowed the GRAM degree that the Nati�nal Guard is either alerted br called to �ET�IC concept of management preparation and car� State or Federal duty in all 15 cities. and Feder.ii rnilhary nerJ It to the local level. CABLE SPLICER even 111• BSS!Stance will be requested k, up to 12 cities. The requostsfor valved officials of major corporations. Federal assistance will includo requests for loans of DOD Present at the CABLE SPLICER lit (1970) aftor..iction equipment in most of those 12 cities, and requE::,tsfor Fedmal �onfercnce were: representatives from 13 state Na military forces in up to six cities. In response to these requests, tional Guard commands; active duty milita1y otflcials there will be simulated deploymentof Federal military forces in from th 6th U.S. Army; officials from the Department uptosixcities ands11nu1ated employmentinup to three Cities. � of J st1ce, the FBI, the Secret Service; the P RP SE OF THE EXERCISE. To exercise key persormel, � Selective ';' � Se 1ce, U. . retat1onsh1ps and plans and procedures applicable in civil i:v � Army Intelligence Command, Naval In disturbance operations involving OOJ, DA. ON, OAF. USMC, telhgence, Air Force Intelligence, the Law Enforcernenl MTMTS, USASTAATCOM, USAMC, USAINTC ... Assistance A�ministration, the Bank of Amerir:a, USCONARC, CONUS Armies, MDW,• District of Columbia, Lockheed, Ooemg, Syl vania, Pacific Gas and Electric designated task forces and support installations under sH"nu Pacific Telephone and Telegraph, Standard Oil of lated deteriorating domestic conditions which culminate in California, Jet Propulsion Laboratories, SCM, Die• deployment of multiple Federal military task· forces. Specific taphooe, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co ... and objectives are to exercise key pen;onnel, plJns. and procedures · �everal University of California officials. in the fCHlowing areas:' The total attendanca at the conference, la) Deployment at employment of GARDEN PLOT forces (to held just 21 days after tho Ohio include Quick Reaction Forces) within CONUS . . loans to National Guard slaughtered four civil, National Guard, and Federal agencies bv excrcistflg sup Kent State students during anti-war protests, was 1700 port installation capabilities. and loans of prepositioned civil military, civil, and corporate Officials. preparing for that war since leuwa t11rned brown and Je llfr om tltoit tree�. we wo 'd :nilit:1ry. however, h.ivc been disturbance supplies ...designation and simulated deplov This exerpt, from the CABLE SPLICER documents jitJd out Jiber1ie�ju11 u, deadtu tllo.se ltuve1, ju1t a� brit· thccnd ('l"Worl Glossary FEDERAi, moo.rs COMMITTED TO PROTECT l'EDERAL PROPERTY ON THREE OCCASIONS Common military terms used in civil disturbance _ reporting. 22, Ibid 23. Letter,Dept. of Army to Mr. Winslow Peck CDMU - OYD Dlltarbance MlalOII Onks A bri3ade. bat• 2-4.Yannolinsky,opeit. p. 154 YEAR REASON PLACE talion. or companyauianed lo controlcivil dkturbances. CIDCON - Ctrll Dlaturbmtea Coadldea1 A command and 25. Center rorResean::h on Criminal Justice./ro. n. O#d 1ft V«..,,Glow. p. 48.Berkeley, 197S. control ratin1 S)'ltem for the deployment or COMUs. A CID• 26,Ibid, p. 49 CON S is normal training and 24.hourresponse time. CIDCON REASON 27. Stinalcy, James, G11nrillas;,, Blue: TN Ttw Sto,y of YEAR Pl.ACE I is the deploymentortroopsto a civil dis:turbancc area. SWAT. True. Vol. No. July,197S Enforce regulations of Culpepper National Cemetery EOC - &aerpaey o,...... _. Cea1u1 A command and con 1%7 Culpcppt!r, VA . 28. Na1ionalAdvisory Commhtce.op cit. p. 507 Prevent unauthorized entry of Pentagon by peace m&rchers trol staff room utilized during civil disturbances or natural 1%7 Wa,hingtou. DC 29. Dept.or Justke,opcit. p. Jl2 Wa!.hington,DC' Prevent disruption of operations disasters to provide intense temporary situation manaeemcnt IQ71 , and Force coordination. JO.Ibid Capt. Wade Bowie to Tim Bulz,July 21, 1975 FORCOM-U.S. A,myp...,_ Co- �t � HQ -Headquartensthe permanent staffstructure fur a mill• FllDERA�Tll.Cl_Cl!'� PREP.')SITIONED, NOT COMMIITED, IN ANTICIPATION OF DISTURBANCES IN NINE taryunit. JJ. Letter:Major Peter Davisto Tim Butz.Juno17� 1975 34. Interview with Col. Zane Kortum INSTAN.C:�S�c_f:WORLD WAR II. �DW - Mlhtar, Dlltrlctaf ...... w The geoaraphlc aRa or merropoJitan Washington. D.C. JS.Ibid Ml - MllllarJ latellpaee1Army units 111i1ned lo USAINTC. 36.Dept. of Army Memorandum 500-2,4 Sept.1974 J7. Ridenhour. Ron. with Lublow, Arthur. ti. W• YEAR P.LACL REASOJL MTMTS -U.S.,.,_,MUI .... Tnlllle M-l udTer- a,... HOIIN. New Times. Vol. S. No. I 1. p. 18. Men-.1975 1%.l Birmingham. AL Bombing and racial trouble 111laal S.nlce Wa!ihingtonSpring Projecl TF - Tuk Foft!ll1 A lemporary 1roupin1 of military unib J8.Letter: Capl. Clyde H. Tull to Tim Ruiz. AullUlf 7. 1•15.. 1%8 Washinglon. DC 39. Ridenhour.op cit, p. 20 DemocraticNational Convention assigned to a specif1e mission web as cMI disturbancecontrol. 1%8 Chicago. IL TIIAJ>OC- U.S.,.,_,T..i..Iqud 40. Headquarters. VI Army Game Plan Scettario: CABLE 1%Q Washin�ton. DC Antiwar demonstration!. SPLICER 11. Feb. 1969 Protesting trial of Bobby Scale USAINTC-U.S.,.,_,Ia�C.--c..n.ud 1970 New H.wen, CT 41. Dept, of the Army Game Plan Steurio: GRAM Antiwar demonstrations USAMC-U.S.,.,_, Maledal Co__. L970 Wa'ihington, DC USASTRATCOM - U.S. Anny C.-- METRIC,Man::h 1969 DemocraticNatiQnal Convention 42. VaiemFro• Wou11dedK 11n, 1972 Miami Beach. FL c..,...,.. St- '1972 Miami Bcal'h, FL Republican National (:'omcntion 43. Testimony, Wayne Colburn. U.S. v. Sturdevant.Ith U.S. Washington. DC Presidential Inauguration District Court.July 24. 1974. 1973 44, Ibid FOOTNOTES 4S. DOMSWatch Team Lop2l28/7J 46.Ibid 3l1/7J USE OF t'EDERAL FORCES SINCE WWII 1. Press release.Wounded KneeLeaal DerenseOffense Com- 47. Memorandum: Ge. Roland Glezer to Ge. Alex Hais mittee.Sept. 7. 197S • March4, 1973 Prt'sitlen/Provid,•d h•d,·ral Assi.11,mce under pro,·isions of section JJJ. Title IO. US Code,to restore law and order at 2. Enadahl, Prof. Davkt E.. n. New Ciwl Di1111rlMllff -48.Interview with Lew Gurwitz. derense atloney, U.S. y. the n:quc�tof l,,>il\'crnorson four occasions since World War II. Rqulalit»u:Tl,e 11,nat� Military l1tterw•tlon. unpublished. S1urdnant 3. En8(1ahl, Pror.David E .• Soldiers. Riot1. and ReWJ/t11iolt: 49. DOMS Wounded Knee After Action Report, A11aust 21. en. 1973 YEAR Pl.ACE REASON n,.,Law and HUtoryMilitary of T100,u ;,. CMIDhonl 57 Iowa LawReview. Rev. 1.CICJ71) SO.Memorandum: Col. Warner to Gen. Halj • .lM/73 1%7 Detroit.MI Racial Disorders 4. Task Fon.-eon Policeo(the Prcsldcnt'1Commiwon on Law 51, Ibid Baltim0rc. MD [);sordersfollowing the death of Dr. Martin L. King EnForcemenl and the Administration or Justice. Taa-k·Foru S2. Va,"c.wfron, Wounded Knee, p. 58, Akwesasne Notes. 1%8 Wa'ihington.DC Disordcfs followingthe death of Dr. Martin L. King Report:Police. p.J,GP0. 1%7 1974. ·1%8 Chicago. IL Disorders following the death of Dr. Martin L. King S. Germann. A.C., et al, lntrodwctiolt to Low E,iforcemut S.l. Situation Report,DOMS to Gen. Haig.May I,1975 1%8 and Criminal J11stice. p.54.Thomas Publishine Co .. Sprinalleld. 54. DOMS1oa, l'or 2/28, J/2, AND J/5173 Since World War II under 'sections llllnois.1967 55.00MSWounded KneeAfter Actkm Repon. Aua- 28.1973 nr Fedf'ral Troops to £11..f(Jrre Federal Laws on Five Occasio1,:r Presjd ls Cmu;1;,:,.ted 6. Ibid tlmony:Maj. Victor Jackson,U.S. v. Slurdffalll.luly to. � �:5 3.12 ancl 3J.l,Tille U.S. Code. 7. Ibid, p-55 26 g 8. Task Forceon Police. opcit. p.5 57. Ridenhour.opell. p. 23 YEAR PLACE REASON 9. Ibid 58.Ibid, p.24 10, lbid,p-6 59_ Ibid 1957 Little Rock. AR School integration Univen.ity integration I J. Germann,opcit. p. 76 60.1970 LEAA Anflual Repon.Depr. of Juaice,Wuhi• ..... 1%2-63 Oxford, MS 12. Ibid o_c, , University integration 1963 Tuscaloosa and 13. Press release,Sen. O,arles Perey, U.S. Senate, Oct. 14, 6I. Sourh Dakota Criminal Justice Planni■1 Aaeaey COIII• Hunt A lll.!\I 11.1!iuual dl,H·t 1,, l, l .. !l, ,;, i", ,.i '--· ,.1'., l 1r l 1 �,\'iia'i j;ll��\ ;·::�.\�j1 t,�'1\:ti/i'.'\\.'.�;l'.�'.� i:.;, ;;' \;f" '_! ::.:�. Black Pan"ther Civil Sult-After more than five ye.tr!, rcli iou,, '-Hlde111, l,1h1►r and ' 1,1Hul·11·\ ,11k1,1:1,t ] ,g I of legal disputes. a civil suil was linally introduced in tiom.. Pl:11111ing i\ 11011 t11hk1 11 .1:, t,11· ,1 11.,,, ,.1,t! Chicago on Jan. 20 against Edward V. Hanrahan, for l'onfcrcnn; In hL' hl'ld in \,\'.t,Ji�p�1,,11. ll ( 1:' ,P1,' mer Cook County slate's attorney, and other L'ounty and <,.pring. KeepMovin' federal officials involved in the murder of Fred Hampton Thi" dfol"I h hcing l"11,lr,lt11,tl1,I h di, :{.1t1,111,il and Mark Oark during a 1969 raid of Black Panth('r Cummi11..:c IHI HqHL\'d\\' I ,·,.;i\l:.ii.,11 1N1 ,\J{I) Party headquarters. 510 C S1i-ct:t NE. W,t�hin��!u11. IH :L;J()�. 2(1! FBI/Police Political Operations The families of Hampton and Clark and the seven sur S-4.1•7h5Sl. vivors pf h�avy g�n�ire in the pre-dawn raid arc seeking lealtlmate polltlcalaellwlly .,.. Tho pervulveneuof FBI and local police lntelllpnce operations against S47.7 million" in damages from JI delendanls in the now ext.la.. win& dultt to be expooedand oppooedIn many cl tie, acroathe conntry. Documentation feder8.I district court suit. The plainliffs arg� thal their llano, ...... have been maintained on millions of citizen■; polltlcal organizations have been lnfllt�I elvil 'right� were violated by a murder conspiracy and File■ � ' cover-up by law enforcementofficers after the raid. movemenll have been disrupted by provocateun; public official■ have beeD baruNd; clllzenabaff have beenthe victims of FBIor "reel 1qaad"Yloience. l'he Bl.iCkPanther Party and the Commitlcc for Jus houndedfrom their professions, and In a few ln1tancea tice for Huey P. Newton also ha!> delivered a petition to the Senate and House select committeo calling for a A detailed analysis of this report and ,ddi1ional in• "thorough and complete invesligation" of !.py agency Wlaconsln-After two years of commu MADISON, formation on FBI/police intelligence attivities in the transgressions against minority and civil rights groups." litigation to open police files on anti nity pressure and Milwaukee/Chicago area can be obtained from the .The petitiondemonstrates "concern among a large num Madison. the 47-volume, 9.000-page war activists in Bugle-American, Box 2318.Milw�ukee� W\sc. Sl212.. ber of Americans about abuses against the Black P1m '.'affinitytiles" were unveiled in early December. 1975. ther Party and other minority and civil rights organi . . Two thousand pages, said to be intelligence reports . zations. from outside agencies such as the FBI and the CIA, were Mlchlpn-Judge Thomas Brown.- a county cil'CII� profiles of Driver •· Helm1-In another ACLU lawsuit the deleted outright. Forty pages of personality judge. has ordered the Subvcnive Activitie� Upit of t� burg• plaintiffs are charging the CIA with illegally openipg selected radicals and information on undercover Michigan State Police to disband and destroy it, secre.t were also correspondenceto and from the Soviet Union. laries conducted during student vacations files on 50.000 people. The order gme alona with ■ the muscle missing. former Inspector Herman Thomas. ruling that the 1931 and 1950 "a tisubvenive.. .Jaws The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove System), � _ behind PIGS {Police Intelligence Gathering creation are unconstitutlonal., lbcJudae Halperin T, Colby-A suit being conducted by the . authorizing the 1 called the 40 pages "dynamite". said that the red squad had a ·•ohllling etfec:1 • on civil ACLU under the Freedom of Information Act has suc rummaging An analysis of the U.S. police Madison Mayor Paul Soglin spent a day liberties. While many people are ch�ng tho- -order 10 ceeded in forcing the release of CIA .Director William surpriie, found spotted through the files and. to !10 one·� _ eliminate the police -unit. moves are also under way to C':>lby's report· to President Ford on the agency's illegal By the Center for Research on Criminal .Juslic.1 referencesto his own antiwar actmty. prevent the cops from shredding the secret files. Two domestic operations, These activities through the years 1967 and 1 The "Affinity Files" were compiled between ACLU attorneys are appealing to the:court to turn over have included the infiltrationof protest groupi.. the sur• and ndercover police in �adison. veillance of U.S. citizens and the keeping of files on at The Iron Fis! a11d Iha Velvet Glovu drnwe> 1973 by it:lformants � . the files to the victims of police spying.. files c0nfirm infiltration of newspapers. rehgtous or- least 10,000American "dissidents." 1nlorrnal100 about 100 po!iu• 111 tl•e US and The from rughl watchmen to .i rnoUein am,•1 lt', �--.•·· �··••-.·•·-- .. - ...... 62 63 Victor MarchetU: Co-Author of the CIA t1nd the .Cult Repreulon Research Group 1cr CXL>cutivc assistant to the Deputy (RRG) has been �tab• i:::;����!;�: {;l� �ished in Chicago in conjunction with the IOC to engage m research f • uses of John Marks: Co-author of the CIA um/ the Cult of _ � � _ power by the Chicago police. FBI a d military mtelhgence Tntellif! 't1ee. Formcr staff assist.tot tO ihc Slate � forcesin the Chicago area. � Depart- RRG 1s located on ment Director of Iutcl�igencc. . _ the campus of Northeastern Illinois Univ .• and can be reached at 5500 St. Louis Avenue K. �rton Osborn: Consultan1 to lntcllif.!ence Docn Chicago, Illinois 60625,312-583•40SO, ' mcntatmn Center. Former military intelligence agent x8206. Keepin'Informed and consultant Ann Arbor Fifth Eatld:e evolved as a result of the Uni· to the CIA on the Phoenix Assassination versity of Michigan teach-in. Program. Author of numerous ttrticles on the intelli "The Birentcnnial Dilem� gence community. ma: Who's In Control?" A working group of university students The lntellqence Doeumenlatloa CenteT (IDC), an George O'Toole: Former and professon have formed a research team Fifth Estate Annual Report: 1975-Thc membership. CIA technical specialist. under action/research library located in Washington. D.C .• Author ufTl,e A.m1.ui11atio11 the umbrella of the Fifth Estate which conducts structure and organi,.ing capacity of the Organizing Tt1fw.f. an accredited is now available for use by concerned individuals seek Winslow Peck: Associate class on intelligence and is actively re• Committee for a Firth fatate hal, gone through vast .of the Intelligence Documen• sear ing documentation relating to abuses of power by the tation Center. Founding �hing military intelligence and repression in the civil changes during 1975. II has been a pcriod_in which our member of the Or�anizing service. work has grown, our ranks have expanded and we have intelligence community. A brochure issued by the IOC Committee for a Fifth Estate and co-editor of Co1111ter had to meet new challenges in ne"' creative and prin slates that the library contains books, news clippings. Spy • Author of numerous articles on CIA and labor. cipled ways. Our focm, over the year has included: microfilm. periodicals. government documents. and Former analystfor the National Security Agency. • Congressional commiltccs: The Organizing Commit other reference materials are available for use: these Douglas Porter: Director of the Intelligence Documen are organizedto reflectboth security agency tee has supplied witnesses, raw data and original re· materials tation Center. Co•cditor of Co,mterSpy. Author of New Organizations search to both the Church and Pike 1.'0mmiltees inves practices and organizations that have been targeted by numerous articles on righl-wing terrorism and domestic tigating the abuses of the Cl A and other federal govern these agencies. repression. A major effort of the IDC is the collection of govern ment intelligenct! :1gcncics. We have also assisted a num Col. L. Fletcher Prouty (Rel.): Former military liaison Project on Offlelal Dleeallly was ment documents through Freedom of Information re• recently launched to ber of other congressional committees investigating to CIA. Au1hor of The S(•c·rr't Tt'am and numerous ar• institutionalize mechanisms to atcount At present. well over JOOsuch requests arepend· forillegal actions abuses of state and local agencies and government quests. ticles on the intelligence community. at all levels of the national ing with various federal agencies. security burep.ucracy. Jnfor. i.ecrccy. Although the Organizing Committee is largely Marcus Raskin: Co-director of Institute for Policy mation is being prepared to help lower-level personnel The IDCalso has a student internship prognm, de• Studies. Among n disappointed in these efforts to terminate abuses of _ his booksare Bei11g ,md Doi g and The opposed to illegal orders or aware of illegal actions by signed to acquai�t college students with research meth• V,et·Nam Readl'r. power. we continue to believe that with public pressure Member of the Special Staff of the th ir superiors._This new project is also working with ods as they relate to the intelligence community. For National Security � Congress will eventually institute some meaningful Council in the Kennedy Administra• middle-level personnel to clarify the rights of govern• more information about the IDC, write Intelligence lion. legislation arouqd this question. Concerned citizens ment employees who receive illegal orders. The f>rt?ject Documentation Center. 2000 P Street NW Suite 403. Ron . i.hould immediately begin writing letters to Congress Rldenhoun Freelance journalist currently re• holds monthly discussions with senior otlicials Washington. D.C. 20036. searching to help expre1,sing their feelings about the abuses of power by military C'nntingcncy plans foi" martial rule in overcome illegality in government. For further U.S. Helped infor• the CIA, FBI and other intelligence agencies. to expo'>ethe My Lai massacre. mation write c/o Ralph Stavins. IPS, 1905 "Q" Street, • Media: The Organizing Committee has cooperated The Pablle Edaeatloa Project en the 1nte11.. .Anthony Rw.vo; C�-dcfcndant in Pentagon Papers NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. extensively with the working press in supplying original Communlty (Pl!PIC)is a year-long effort, sponsored by tnal. Former_ analyst for Rand Corporation. material and insights into the major exposes of 1975. Kirkpatrick Sale: Author of SDS and Power . the Youth Project.Inc. of Washington, D.C., designed Shift. We look to this assistance to the Fourth Estate, to the lo create informed public discussion on intelligence Authority on multinational corporations, Reaearcb Auoetate. lnlematlonal provides informa• staff writers and investi"galive reporters on the trail of issues. The project assists in settingup campus and com• Patrick Saunders: Former Federal Drug Enforcement tion on the international trade union movement, multi• intelligcnce abuses. as a key to bringing to public debate munity forums throughout the count1'y and acts as a Agency Intelligence Ollkcr. Author of numerous articles national corporations and their involvement with the the vital issues of the day. referral service for educational materials and resource on DEA. U.S. intelligence community." Write to them at P.O. Box Ralph 327. • Publishing: De1,pite continued financial problems we groups. All o;j,eak.ers participating in this' project will Stavln1: Fellow •. Institute for Policy Studit.-s., Hollywood,California 90028. have managed lo publish Cot111terSpy throughout be donati�g their time. energy, and fees to PEPIC to Co-author W,1.t/1i11f!I011 Pious w, A ,:gre.ssivt• War and 1975. Increasing slatf capacity and memberships pro ensure its survival. Speak.en include some of the fore• numerous other works. Campaign for a Democratic Foref&n Polley is a· na• vide an nptimh.tic outlook for the regular appearanceof most expertson the intelligence community: WIiiiam Turner: Former speeial agent for the FBI. tion-wide network of activists based in . . the Indochina CoimterSpy in 197?. Pamphleti. on specific agency leff1 Berman a Director. Internal Security Project of Author of several workson the FBI. Peace Campaign who are working to den:iocratize our abuses as well as a telephone message service with up Center forNational Security Studies. Co-cdit91" of Tlee foreign policy. They seek to use the lessons ol"Vietnam to dated information on the national security bureau• Abuse& of tlteIntelli gence Agencie.s. Public-interest law• ctlCct "human rights" legislation cutting n-unomic and cracies �:ill be imtitutcd this year. yer, formerly co-director of a project on the Adminis• During this critical year of revelations a i..·limatc con military aid to brutal and repressive governments; The Organizing Committee is wrapping up prepara• tration of Justice under Emergency Conditi�ns. ducive lo legislalivc chm�gc can and must he c:1-eated in across-the-board cuts in the military hud11ct; an end tion of our long-awaited Organizing Manual. Activists RobertBo...... -1 Director, Center forNational Secur• campu'> and community forums. For more information to U.S. intervention abroad: expo-.un· of thi..' dom�tic and researchers interested in organizing a campus or ity Studies. Fellow. Institute for Policy Studies. Public� contact the Public Education Project on the Intelligence and overseas role of major U.S. coqmration<;: and full community research grou!} within the Fifth Estate may interest lawyer an4 author of numerous articles on the Community, 1611 Connecticu1.Avenue NW. 4th Floor, employment. Write to CDFP at 15<»i 19th Sm:et NW, write now for the manual, which is scheduledfor pub CIA and national securityquestions. 202-4X3-0J82. (Messages may be left at 483-0380.) Washington. D.C. 20036. lication by early spring. 'nmothy Batzt Associate of Intelligence Document•• Organi.ting: The Fifth fal.atc In many ways, it is not time to get tough with the CIAor the FBI, its time to get tough with the people who allow it. Two hundred million of them. Innocence isnot necessarily a virtue ifit is associated with surrender. Programs focusingon the relationship of the multinational corporations to the intelligence agencies,political assassina tions. and the invasions of individual privacy via surveillance and computer technology have been presentedon campuses in LosAngeles, Berkeley, San Francisco, Ann Arbor, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Thisseries is being presentedin con junction with the Public Education Project on the Intelligence Community (PEPIC). PEPIC is sponsoredby the Youth Project, Inc. of Washing ton, D.C. and is an educational effortdesigned to encourage public participationin discussions regarding abuses of power and the needfor controlling the intelligence gathering agencies. Theproject assists in setting up campus and community forums. acts as a speakersbureau, and as a referralservice foreduca tional materials and resource groups. PUBLIC EDUCATION PROJECT ON THE INTELLIGENCECOMMUNITY For furtherinformation contact: PEPIC 1611 Connecticut Ave. NW, 4th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 202-483-0832 NAME.______SCHOOUORGANIZATION ______STREET------CITY/STATE ______ZIP TELEPHONE ______