SEPTEMBER 1970

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR SEPTEMBER 1970

VOL. 39, NO.9

THE COVER-A pilot for the Kentucky State Police Air Patrol watches from the air as a ground unit catches up with a speeder. See article be· ginning on page 2.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director J. Edgar Hoover 1

Kentucky State Police Spread Their Wings, by Lt. Col. Paul M. Smith, Deputy Director, Ken• tucky State Police, Frankfort, Ky. 2

Gunpowder and Shot Pattern Tests 7

A Modern Telecommunications Center for Effec• tive Law Enforcement, by Sgt. Jack N. Lister, Police Department, Greenville, S.C. 12

Keep the Pressure on Car Thieves, by Col. Ralph D. Scott, Director, Arkansas State Police, Little Rock, Ark. 16

Crime Combat Team, by Kuniyasu T suchida, Publl.hed by the Director, Personnel and Training Division, FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Metropolitan Police Department, Tokyo, Japan 21 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Police Cadets on a College Campus 24 Wa.hlngton, D.C. 20535 A Successful Strategy in the War Against Crime, by William D. Leeke, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, Columbia, S.C. 25

Can You Identify These Bank Robbers? 32 MESSAGE

FROM THE DIRECTOR • • •

. • • To All Law Enforcement OHicia

i IN A VERY SHORT TIME our Nation's colleges sibility of maintaining order. Certainly, un- and universities will begin their fall terms. limited freedom of students to disrupt or destroy

I Thousands of our finest young people will resume and doubtful punishment for such activity give their pursuit of education that will enable them great impetus to its continuation. College admin- to better serve their communities and their istrators across the land must unite in placing country. These young men and women will soon order on their individual campuses as the top be among those entrusted with the responsibility priority item. Unruly students, of course, are not of leadership and the obligation of shaping the the only bane of college and university officials. Some faculty members act like rabid anarchists future direction of our Nation. It is imperative and spend most of their time encouraging en- that their preparation for this most significant thusiastic but naive young people to overthrow task be of the highest quality and that it be gained established procedure. To some professors, ~ in an uninterrupted atmosphere conducive to academic freedom appears to mean freedom to educational excellence. destroy our educational processes. The disarrays The responsibility for insuring that these goals of last spring must be replaced with firm, estab- are achieved rests squarely with college admin- lished policy designed to protect the entire student • istrators. They alone, by setting the guidelines body and not just a vocal minority whose uncon- of conduct, control the activities of their students. trolled activities threaten the entire structure of Let not the issue of student conduct be clouded by higher education. • philosophical mouthings of self­determination, As law enforcement officers, we must also cries of repression, or claims of attack against insure that our conduct in the enforcement of law intellectual freedom. College administrators must and order on college campuses is worthy of the ~ rise to face the issues honestly and then have the respect of the entire citizenry. The campus is not courage to firmly implement policies that will not a privileged sanctuary and law­breaking in any permit or condone any illegitimate interruption form should not be condoned. Enforcement of ~ of the educational process. This position must be the law on the campus must be vigorous, yet maintained regardless of the dire consequences never tainted with excessive force or the venting threatened by those who seek, either deliberately of emotions unworthy of a professional police • or through confused direction, to disrupt our officer. institutions of higher learning. Just as we call on college administrators to ~ The radicals who have plagued many of our unite and accept their responsibility of restoring colleges and universities know well that their order on their campuses, we, too, in the event of success in part is dependent upon weak adminis- their failure, must perform our duty in strict 10- trators­Ieaders who refuse to accept the respon- observance of the rule of law we swore to uphold.

SEPTEMBER 1, 1970 Kentucky State Police Spread Their Wings

I f motorists in Kentucky are looking at the sky a little more often these days, it is not because of any sudden interest in local weather conditions. Long accustomed to nature's capri• cious and frequently bizarre attitude toward the Bluegrass State, they are finding that something just a bit more unusual has captured their attention. By Its effect on their driving habits is apt LT. COL. PAUL M. SMITH to be far more immediate. Deputy Director, As a steadily growing parade of Kentucky State Police, sadder but wiser drag racing enthusi• Frankfort, Ky. asts, speeders, and bottle-toting high• way hot rodders already have discovered, radar and other speed analyzing instruments are only some

2 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ... I of the weapons used by the Kentucky velopment in traffic or criminal law marily to transport personnel, fly State Police to control a daily flood enforcement­some States have regu• emergency blood runs, and work an of traffic along the State's major high• larly used air patrols with a great deal occasional aerial surveillance, the pro• ways. Now, there is also an air patrol of success for 20 years or more---the gram lapsed into a long spell of quiet to worry about. idea of forming such an arm within limbo. The flying troopers do play an im• the Kentucky State Police did not take portant part in Kentucky's statewide root until 1952, about 4 years after Air Patrol Reactivated campaign to put a real crimp in the the State police was first organized. Then, in 1959, the air patrol was traffic offender problem, a fact evi• Finding its proper niche took a good reactivated with the purchase of a denced by the successes they have deal longer. It was not until 1966 that small, two-place helicopter for use in scored since the patrol's inception only the patrol was finally adopted as a aerial searches. This type of aircraft 4 years ago. Few county judges in the permanent member of the State police was unsuited to our particular needs State today have not heard fre• family. and, once more, the patrol was aban• quent testimony on traffic arrests in• During those early, intervening doned. That time, in less than 12 volving the air patrol, and the con• years, the progress of the patrol could months. viction rate currently averages nearly only be described, at best, as fitful. But, by early 1966, the climate for 100 percent. Seemingly, the program was destined !l rebirth of the air patrol was chang• Numbering only two aircraft, one to suffer from sporadic outbursts of ing. Behind that shift in attitude based in Western Kentucky at Madi• enthusiastic experimentation followed loomed the shadow of a new inter• sonville and the other in the north• by much longer periods of almost st~te highway system which was caus• central part of the State at Frankfort, complete oblivion. ing the first pangs of some very real the patrol routinely logs about 40 First discontinued in 1955 after a alarm. hours total flying time each week on 3-year stint during which a four-place, Death tolls on the highway were traffic surveillance assignments. About single-engine plane was used pri- suddenly beginning to mount at a 10 citations an hour-for each air• craft-are written while they are in A Kentucky State Police Air Patrol olllcer relays information to his uniformed counterpart on the air. the ground. Using 15-watt, two-way radios to converse with their uniformed coun• terparts on the ground while circling overhead at altitudes of a thousand feet or more, the trooper-pilots often report sighting several traffic viola• tors almost simultaneously. Effectiveness During a recent patrol above one of Kentucky's most heavily traveled in• terstate highways, seven offenders, some clocked at speeds reaching 100 miles an hour, were flagged down and arrested by a single ground unit in less than 20 minutes. Two were so drunk they were unable to get out of their cars unassisted. In each case, the arresting trooper, having already been alerted to their approach by an air patrol officer, was waiting for them, ticket book in hand, as they topped a hill near the point where his cruiser was parked. Although far from being a new de•

September 1970 3 faster pace than ever before. Worried duced, thus lessening the danger of authorities were dolefully predicting accident and serious injury both for a record year in fatalities on Ken- the troopers and innocent motorists tucky's highways. But the number of encountered along the highway. troopers available to patrol the fed- Enthusiasm for the hard practical- erally subsidized roadways was in ities of such a plan led the State police dangerously short supply and threat- to Kentucky's Department of Aero- ening to dwindle even more drastically nautics, which agreed to lend a hand as engineers announced plans for a in launching the new patrol. Tempo- still broader net of interstates and toll rarily, at least, they would supply roads. both the aircraft and men to pilot Casting about for a realistic solu- them. Observers­one for each tion, one which could be implemented plane­were to be provided by the with the least amount of delay, then State police. State Police Director Col. James E. Later that same year, the State po- Bassett III seized upon the idea of a lice acquired two aircraft for their new, improved air patrol. Certainly, Col. Charles B. Crutchfield, Director, Kentvcky exclusive use. Since that time, the it suggested several advantages which State Police. Aeronautics Department role in the could not be dismissed lightly. tions to a nearby ground unit as they program has been limited to paying occurred and keep the offender in costs of maintenance and operation. Reduced Manpower sight until a waiting officer flagged One plane, a four­place, single- One man in an airplane flying at him down. engine craft capable of cruising at a thousand feet or more could easily Obviously, such a system would speeds up to 145 miles an hour, was monitor long stretches of highway eliminate any chance that a violator, purchased outright. Another, an el- which, on the ground, required sev- once spotted, might successfully evade derly courier given to the State police eral troopers to cover. And, given a arrest. Added to that was an equally by Aeronautics, has since been re- two­way radio communications capa- strong likelihood that high­speed or placed by a second plane like the first. bility, he could report traffic viola­ long­distance pursuits would be re- Both have proven highly adaptable

Emergency transportation of blood Is a frequent part of the Kentucky State Police Air Patrol's mission. Shown at left, a trooper delivers blood to an aircraft for relay to a hospital several hundred miles away.

4 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Rarely can both planes of the Kentucky State Police Air Patrol be seen on the ground. Usually one or both are in the air.

to State police operations and are still there is now an aggregate total of covering that distance in 5 seconds is in use today. some 8,500 fiying hours. guilty of traveling 90 miles an hour. Settling the question of how to clock Courtroom experience has shown Experienced Pilots vehicle speeds from the air was an• that the system seems to leave little swered by adopting a simple technique room for argument. Variations of a Finding troopers to pilot the air· already used in several other States. tenth of a second or less, established craft proved to be almost no problem Not only is it highly effective, but it is by test timing runs, are consistent. • at all. Sgt. Bobby Holloway and one which can be learned in only a Translated into simple language, Trooper Ray Sisk, already experi· matter of minutes and which elimi• such a variation means that the dif• I enced pilots, jumped at the oppor· nates the need for a second man-or ference in speed calculated at a tenth . tunity to pioneer the new patrol. In observer-in the aircraft. of a second, plus or minus, for any addition to being licensed private pi· Highway crews were mobilized to vehicle crossing a 660-foot zone in 5 lots, both men had also satisfied Fed• paint white lines on the emergency seconds would vary only from 91.84 eral Aviation Administration (FAA) pull·off strips along every major high• miles an hour at 4.9 seconds to 88.24 requirements for commercial pilot way. Positioned perpendicular to the miles an hour at 5.1 seconds-a plus ratings. And, Holloway's experience roadway, and broad enough to be seen or minus difference of only l.80 miles '" also included helicopters. easily from the air, each is separated an hour. Not enough to make any real Both Holloway at Frankfort, as by a carefully measured "furlong." difference at all. chief pilot for the patrol, and Sisk at For nonracing fans, that is 660 feet or Questions on the probability of er• ~ Madisonville still fiy regularly today. one-eighth of a mile. ror in identifying vehicles from the Three other troopers have been added Armed with a critically calibrated air are effectively countered by a pro• to the patrol as reserve pilots. Each timing table and stopwatch, each cedure which both the air patrol of• ~ easily meets the requirement that trooper-pilot can quickly calculate the ficer and units on the ground follow every patrol member be a privately speed of a moving vehicle over a 660• religiously. Each pilot carries a cita• licensed pilot with a minimum of 300 foot stretch with a high degree of ac• tion log. At the moment a violation is • hours in the air. Among all five men curacy. For example, a vehicle spotted and reported to a ground unit,

' September 1970 5 the pilot records time, date, location, seeing an aircraft overhead, are eas· "No matter how many violations a and speed of the vehicle. ing up on the accelerator. pilot may be spotting," says Colonel Basically, that is what the patrol is Crutchfield, "after 2 hours, he breaks it off and moves to another highway Visual Contact Unbroken aiming for, says Colonel Crutchfield. "Writing citations for traffic viola· in some other part of the State." Detailed descriptive data, necessar· tions is just one means to an end. We But, while curtailing traffic viola- ily limited by altitude, is usually reo are far more interested in creating a tions is a major concern for the patrol, ~ame stricted to color and, sometimes, make reputation which will serve as an ef· it is not their only activity. The of the vehicle. Any unusual charac· fective deterrent for the potential air.to.ground radio contact used to teristics, such as towing a trailer, offender." apprehend speeders works equally camper, or boat, are also noted. In addition to just spotting traffic well in many different areas of crim· But, most importantly, visual con· violations as they occur, the building inal investigation. tact is not broken until the car has of that reputation leans heavily on two Valuable Assist been flagged down and an arrest made. other ploys. Both receive almost con· Routine does not quite end, even there. stant emphasis. Publicity is one. Often The value of an airborne assist in Upon stopping the vehicle, the ground the subject of feature articles by local tracking down fugitives was illus· unit contacts his air patrol officer once news media, the patrol makes it a trated graphically some time ago more to confirm that he does have the practice to court both the press and when Trooper Sisk flew in support of right vehicle. local officials. Judges, reporters, and a ground search for a military de· Today, although still a curiosity for attorneys often are given the oppor- serter. Troopers and local police of· much of the public, the air patrol is tunity to fly with the patrol and see ficers on the ground were unable to fully accepted as a prominent feature just how effective it really is. locate the man because sympathetic of Kentucky's traffic enforcement pro· A second and equally important spotters warned him each time anyone gram. Operating as a section assigned tactic stems from the realization that neared his hiding place and made it to the office of the State Police Direc· the patrol's two aircraft must seem an easy matter for him to slip away tor, now Col. Charles B. Crutchfield, to be in several places at once. That undetected. it figures regularly in both routine calls for a deliberately erratic sched· From the air, however, Sisk was traffic safety press releases and special ule. No more than 1 or 2 hours are able to see the route taken by the holiday warnings to the motoring pub· ever spent over any single stretch of man to his last hideout. Radio contact lic. And, a growing number of drivers, highway on anyone day. with ground units quickly led to his arrest. Kentucky State Police Lt. James Mayes (left), Troop A Command.r, and Sgt. Willard Kelley are shown during a last­minute discussion before going aloft on an aerial search mission. Although Sisk's experience was not unusual, surprisingly enough the pa· trol is frequently credited with help- ing to capture a man whom they never were able to spot from the air. Such occurrences are particularly true in densely wooded or mountainous areas where good concealment from the air is plentiful. As often happens, just the presence of a low.flying aircraft is enough to make a fugitive stay put until ground units spot him. More recently, the patrol played an important part in the recovery of sev· eral thousand dollars worth of stolen goods. Sergeant Holloway was called in to search a heavily wooded rural sector where a large cache of stolen loot was believed to have been hidden. Part of the goods, five tractors se· (Continued on page 30)

FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Introduction

GUNPOWDER I t is not uncommon for law enforce• ment officers to encounter firearms or the use of firearms in criminal investigations. In fact, in 1968 over 65 percent of the criminal homicides in our country resulted from the use AND of a firearm.1 Among other things, investigators often need to know the distance a fire• arm was held from the victim at the time it was discharged. Likewise, they SHOT PATTERN may want to determine whether a per• son recently fired a weapon. This type of information can make it pos• sible for investigators to distinguish between murder and suicide. In some TESTS cases, it can also refute a suspect's allegation that the shooting was in self-defense. Further, this information might help to prove the innocence of some who have no connection with the crime in question. In this article the current procedures conducted on evidence received by the FBI Labora• tory in connection with gunpowder residue, primer residue, and shot patterns will be reviewed.

Evidence for Examination and Proper Handling

Before discussing the aforemen• tioned procedures, the necessary evidence for submission and its proper handling should be set forth. It is of prime importance that all of the clothing through which bullets or shot pellets have passed be sub• mitted to the Laboratory. If a bullet hole is near the edge of a garment, the adjacent piece of clothing should also be submitted. It is imperative in making tests for gunpowder patterns and shot patterns that the same type of ammunition as that used in the shooting be used in the tests. Ammunition manufactured

Chemicals and malerials necessary for conducting a gunpowder residue lest. 1 FBI Uniform Crime Reports-1968, p . 7.

September 1970 7 by different companies can produce different patterns at a set distance due to gunpowder variances such as the use of "ball" or "flake" gunpowder, as well as manufacturing differences, such as variations in shotshell wadding. Therefore, the fatal bullet and, if available, the cartridge case or shotshell casing should be submitted to the Laboratory. The suspect weapon must also be made available to the FBI Laboratory for an accurate comparative test since the length of the gun barrel has an effect on the size of the pattern. For example, a 2­inch barrel will deposit residue over a larger area than will a weapon having a 6­inch barrel using the same type ammunition at the same distance. Further, less complete burning in a 2­inch barrel results in more unburned gunpowder on the garment. If the suspect weapon is not available, a test can still be made of Typical contact shot exhibiting characteristic smoke ring and tearing of cloth. the same type of weapon if an accur• avoided, if possible, as some courts cautiously removed and carefully ate description of this weapon is fur• will exclude testimony unless the handled to prevent any loose gun• nished and if one is available in the actual weapon is used under condi• powder residue from being dislodged. Laboratory's reference collection of tions similar to those at the time of Each garment submitted should be firearms. It is pointed out that the use the shooting. separately wrapped to prevent possible of a duplicate weapon should be The victim's clothing should be contamination.

Examiner pressing cloth dampened with acetic acid which has been placed over the area of the suspected bullet hole.

8 Clothing containing any wet blood should be thoroughly air dried before it is wrapped. This will prevent any 0 • • • • putrefaction, mildew or sticking • • .4 together, which can leave the clothing • • • • 0 unsuitable for testing. • .... • A letter of transmittal should be • .. •..... • • • prepared containing all the informa• • • \ • • • • tion as to the existing circumstances .,..• .... • and conditions known to the investi• f' • • .' (,. • .. • * J t • • gators so that the examiner can, as • • .. • .. ' 0 '., • .. closely as possible, duplicate these - • • . • I • • conditions. • • • •.. ,.. • • • • • o • , Gunpowder Residue .,.. '" • o' • The size and density of a pattern of • • • • gunpowder residue found on a gar• •• • • ment are the principal factors used in ascertaining the distance between •• t • ." • the muzzle of the weapon and the •o • victim at the time of th~ firing. • • • • I As the distance between the muz• • > • zle and the victim increases, the size .0 o of the pattern increases and the den• • sity of the pattern decreases. Also, a • point is reached at which no residue will be deposited. The pattern of resi• due found on the victim's clothing, which is comparable to the pattern produced by the suspect weapon using ammunition similar to that used by the suspect, indicates the approxi• mate muzzle-to-garment distance. The presence of unburned gunpowder and particles of lubrication from the bar• Test pattern from 7 yards. Note paHern approximately 7 inches in diameter. rel or the bullet around the hole in Conversely, no residue in a small of the pattern of the residue which is the garment can also aid in this area around the entrance hole is usu• chemically developed, although the determina tion. ally found when the muzzle of the size of the pattern remains approxi• If no gunpowder residue is found weapon is held in tight contact or mately the same. around a bullet hole, it would be logi• near contact with the garment. How• Therefore, it is necessary, as pre• cal to assume that the muzzle-to• ever, singeing and tearing usually viously mentioned, to have all of the garment distance was 'beyond the accompany such shots. A melting of garments promptly submitted to the maximum distance (for a particular the ends of some synthetic fibers is FBI Laboratory so that a complete weapon) that such residue woUld nor• sometimes noted. Unburned gun• test and proper evaluation can be mally be deposited. However, profuse powder and gunpowder residue are made of the results. bleeding, rough handling in removing often carried with the expanding the victim's clothing, or the interven• gases through the outer garment to Microscopic Examination tion of an object between the muzzle inner garments or even directly into Garments are first examined micro• of the weapon and the victim may the wound itsel f. scopically for visible indication as to affect the amount and density of the It has also been found that the the distance from which the shot was residue found on a garment. passage of time can affect the density fired.

September 1970 9 399~3 0-70--2 Such things as tearing, singeing or melting of the fabric, dark deposits surrounding the hole (smoke and lubrication), unburned or partially burned gunpowder in the fabric and metal particles are factors which are used in the determination of muzzle• to-garment distances. The absence of visual indications does not preclude the possibility that gunpowder residue is present. The color or fabric of the garment can prevent its visual detection. Further, gunpowder residue can be embedded J.~~Fr in the fabric and can be so micro• scopic in character as not to be de• ,'I.,:Y 0 tected visually. J{JIIN f)GtF• Chemical Test for Gunpowder Residue '..6-/" n ·! if Smokeless gunpowder consists of nitrocellulose obtained from cotton or wood fibers which have been treated Complete paraffin lift. Paraffin is applied to the thumb, foreflnger, and connecting web area. with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid. Smokeless gun• gelatin side of the treated photo• garment are transferred to the de• powder is, therefore, rich in what is graphic paper. The nitrites from the sensitized and treated photographic chemically referred to as "nitrates." burned or partially burned gun• paper by pressing the garment with When smokeless gunpowder burns or powder particles present on the a hot iron using a pressing cloth partially burns, as when a cartridge is fired, the residues will contain what is chemically referred to as "nitrites." The "Sulfanilic acid-alpha naph• thylamine-acetic acid" method is used for detecting "nitrites" in the burned gunpowder residue, and it is not used for the detection of "nitrates" in unburned gunpowder. The chemical reactions which take place in the test for nitrites are based on the conversion of the nitrites to a dye. Photographic paper which has been desensitized by photographic hypo (removing the silver halides from the paper leaving only a gelatin• coated paper) is treated with a 0.5 percent solution of sulfanilic acid in distilled water and dried. The dried paper is then treated with a 0.5 per• cent solution of alpha naphthylamine I -4 in methyl alcohol and dried again. The entrance hole in the garment is placed directly over and next to the Officer wearing gloves removes paraffin lift from the suspect's hand.

10 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin " dampened in a 25­percent solution of mately 3 or 4 feet from the muzzle of phenyIbenzidine, are not specific for acetic acid in distiIIed water_ The sul• the weapon. The shot begins to spread, the detection of gunpowder residue fanilic acid is diazotized by nitrous covering a larger area, as the distance since they will also react positively acid, formed by the breakdown of the between the muzzle and target in• with other oxidizing agents. It is to be nitrite by the acetic acid. This diazo creases. The degree of spread is ap• noted that oxidizing agents that will compound couples with alpha naph• proximately proportional to the react positively to the aforementioned thylamine to form an orange-red azo range, but not exactly so, due to the reagents are also present in such com• dye. This reaction will not occur many variables involved. These in• mon substances as soil, fertilizer, unless nitrites are present and the re• clude variations from sheIl to sheIl tobacco, cosmetics, and many others, action must occur in the presence of in loading, gunpowder, gunpowder as weII as gunpowder residue. There• an acid. loads, wadding, loading pressures, fore, the FBI Laboratory does not use The burned or partiaIIy burned shot sizes, and the varying deforma• this test as a method for determining gunpowder particles present orig• tion of shot as it travels through the whether or not a person has recently inaIIy on the garment wiIl have been barrel. fired a weapon. transferred to the paper in the form Weapons themselves present vari• A powder residue test without the of orange-red dye specks. The pattern ables which affect accurate reproduc• ambiguities of the diphenylamine test, of the dye specks on the paper wiII be tion of shot patterns, such as barrel yet amenable to a modern crime the same as the pattern of burned or length, muzzle constriction (choke), laboratory, involves the use of neutron partiaIIy burned gunpowder particles and the condition of the gun barrel. activation analysis. The elements, on the garment before it was tested. The results of tests conducted in the antimony and barium, which are The size and density of the pattern FBI Laboratory are based on a num• found in most primer mixtures for are the bases for determining the dis• ber of shots which are fired from the ammunition, have been found in the tance between muzzle and victim at suspected shotgun utilizing the same majority of times to contaminate the the time of discharge. type of ammunition as that used in the hand of a shooter after the firing of crime. The average spread of each a weapon. GeneraIly, cartridges are Approximation of Muzzle-to-Gar• pattern is recorded after firing at ignited when a firing pin falls on a ment Distance varying distances from the target. The primer and in turn ignites the smoke• distance at which a shot pattern com• less powder charge in the cartridge. After the garment or garments have parable to that on the victim's gar• The escaping gases can deposit anti• been microscopicaIIy examined and ment is obtained is reported as the mony and barium from the primer on chemicaIIy processed, test shots are approximate distance from which the the shooting hand in amounts nor• fired at various distances from fatal or questioned shot was fired. maIIy so smaIl that their presence muzzle-to-test cloth, ranging from As an investigative aid, the muzzle• cannot be detected by ordinary tech• contact to that distance at which no to-victim distance can be estimated. niques. Employing neutron activation residue wiII reach the cloth. The cloth GeneraIly speaking, an inch of spread analysis, one can positively identify at each distance is chemicaIIy proc• in the pattern is equal to 1 yard. Thus, these elements and measure their essed and the pattern obtained is com• a 5-inch pattern would be produced amounts. pared for size and density with the at approximately 5 yards. The investigator removes the resi• pattern obtained from the victim's due from the hands of the suspected clothing. The distance at which the shooter by the ordinary paraffin lift Examinations of Paraffin Lifts test pattern most closely resembles procedure. It is important to obtain by Neutron Activation Analysis the pattern obtained from the victim's lifts from each hand of the suspect garment in size and density is the The problem of determining and from the same areas of each hand. approximate distance from which the whether or not a suspect has fired a Laboratory experiments involving shot was fired. weapon often arises during the inves• handguns have demonstrated that the index finger, thumb and connecting Shot Pattern Tests tigation of a murder or apparent suicide. The diphenylamine test on web area of the shooting hand are TheoreticaIly, the shot discharged paraffin lifts from the hands has been most likely to be contaminated with from the average cylinder bore sport• found to be extremely unreliable for the gunshot residue. The paraffin ing shotgun will cluster together and determining whether a person actuaIly should be applied to the back of this not separate to any appreciable extent has fired a weapon. The reagents used area and not the fingerprint or until the cluster has traveled approxi- in this test, diphenylamine or di• underside. (Continued on page 30)

September 1970 11 A Modern Telecommunications Center for Effective Law Enforcement

By C ommunications are the lifeline of neering, and public works SGT. JACK N. LISTER effective law enforcement. As cities departments. 3. Effective use of limited man- Police Department, grow in size and population, police Greenville, S.C. responsibilities also increase. Larger power. quarters become necessary and more 4. Data processing for making officers are needed to serve the public. evaluations of manpower de- Outmoded and inadequate com- ployment and intelligence re- munications facilities will negate other garding hazardous traffic loca- improvements and advancements if tions and criminal activity. delays and overloads become exces- In July 1969, an application was sive. With this thought in mind, 2 made to the Governor's Highway years ago the Greenville Police De- Safety Coordinator for a grant under partment established a project team the Federal Highway Safety Act of to analyze and plan a modern police 1966 to finance one­half of the esti- telecommunications center. Assistance mated $150,000 cost of the depart- was provided by engineers from a ment's communications system. This prominent firm specializing in radio application was approved by the Gov- communications and from the local ernor's Highway Safety Commission telephone company. and subsequently by the National The team's objective was to design Highway Safety Bureau. The mayor a system which would provide the and city council provided a special following: appropriation to finance the city's 1. Adequate communications un- share of the cost. der emergency as well as nor· In November 1969, the new mal conditions. telecommunications system for the 2. Coordination of police opera· Greenville Police Department began tions with those of other law operation. The equipment in this enforcement agencies as well communications center was specifi- as with the fire, traffic engi- cally manufactured according to the

FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin project team's final design for the The dispatcher has complete control much stronger signal to insure its department and is not a stock-manu• of four new police channels plus access reception by all other units on that factured product_ to fire, public works, and State police channel. The old police radio communica• channels. At each of three positions tions system had one-frequency, one• the dispatcher can transmit on any Immediate Assignment channel capability which was inade• selected channel or simultaneously on quate even under normal operating all channels. All channels are re• When a call for police assistance is conditions. It was subject to inter• corded on magnetic tape. received at the console, the operator ference from many sources, such as To further enhance the efficiency records the pertinent information on generators and other machinery of the system, we installed new solid a pre-numbered computer card and located inside industrial plants. The state mobile radios in all police vehi• immediately inserts it into a special car-to-car transmissions were unreli• cles. These mobile units use all four clock that stamps the date and time able with numerous "dead pockets" channels and can expand to 12 chan• of day. The card is then passed to the within the city's area, where neither nels or 24 frequencies. Channel• dispatcher who assigns an appropri• base nor car-to-car transmissions switching is controlled by a rotary ate vehicle to answer the call. The card could be made. switch on the radio control head. Any is again stamped with the time that Our new center allows the police voice messages transmitted from one the call was assigned for investigation. dispatcher to simply and effectively of these mobile units are sent through After the call has been assigned, the coordinate police activities. Each call one of four strategically located re• card is placed in a status slot on the for police service received at the con• peater stations. These stations auto• console which gives the dispatcher a sole is recorded on magnetic tape. matically repeat the message with a visual display on the status map.

After receiving a call for police assistance, an officer, left, records it on magnetic tape. The dispatchers, center and right, check the status map to assign appropriate vehicles to answer calls as well as control the four police channels.

September 1970 13 The status map is divided into rapidly and as the volume of police alphabetical districts, such as Adam, activities increased proportionately, Bravo, Charlie, etc. When the com· we realized that along with new radio plaint card is placed in the status communications we would also need a slot, the light in the district to which new telephone system. Any new sys· the vehicle was dispatched changes tem would have to handle a greatly from green to red. At a glance the increased number of calls as well as dispatcher is able to determine the provide adequate flexibility and number of men and vehicles he has on speed, particularly if we should ex• call and how many he has available perience a major disaster or disorder. for assignment. Local telephone engineers designed When the vehicle assigned arrives a system specifically tailored for the on the scene, the officer notifies the department's needs and demanding dispatcher who clocks the arrival workload. Under this system routine time. Upon completion of his investi· calls are handled efficiently, and in an gation, the field officer makes notes Chief of Police Ernest N. Norris. emergency the system can instantly be pertinent to his investigation on a expanded for speedy handling of a field investigation report while the crimes by types in each of the districts greatly increased volume of incoming facts are still fresh in his mind. The within the city. as well as interior communications. original of this triplicate report is To bring about a well·planned pro• The entire system is now dial oper• later matched with the original call gram of selective enforcement, we ated with 12 lines for incoming calls. card. The second copy will be re• place this information into the data Special features permit calls to be tained by the officer for his records. bank, which gives us instant retrieval placed on hold or transferred to other and, in some cases, a modus operandi phones and three-way conferencing to Total Response Time to use as a lead in criminal investiga• be established instantly by pressing a tions. The new telecommunications If the nature of the case is such button. If an officer is already talking system, utilized in conj unction with that additional in·depth investigation when he receives another incoming the computer, provides a most sophis• is required, the detective division or call, the equipment signals him with ticated approach to law enforcement. juvenile and narcotics section will re• a tone to let him know he has a call Until the new system was installed, ceive the third copy. The information waiting. As soon as he completes his the Greenville Police Department was on this field report will bring them conversation and breaks the connec• served by a manually operated switch• up to date on what actions have al• tion, his waiting call rings him with· board with eight incoming lines and ready been taken in the initial investi• out assistance from the PBX operator. 38 extensions throughout the depart• gation. From the information Another important feature permits ment. In order to make an outgoing contained on these documents, we can the console operator, should he receive determine the total response time to call, a caller had to signal the PBX a call indicating a major community the call. operator for an outside line. He then problem or disaster, to throw a switch dialed his call. For interior calls, In addition to the time element, we and immediately activate the emer• also know the type of complaint the operator manually made the gency communications center. This (which is coded under the FBI Uni• connections. emergency center provides four addi• form Crime classification code ) , the tional positions for answering incom• name of the complainant, his or her ing calls. These calls are answered address, and the area of the city in ~~Progress is the Law quickly and automatically recorded. which the alleged violation occurred. This information can then be radioed The field investigation report and the of Life." to police vehicles, ambulances, fire• fighting and other emergency service disposition code give us full details -Browning on each call investigated by every of• vehicles. ficer in the field. This information can The new telecommunications system be used to evaluate the individual of· of our police department presents an ficer's performance, as well as that of For many years this system had outstanding improvement in the effec• the whole department, and provides been adequate for the needs of the tiveness of law enforcement in the city information relative to the number of department, but, as Greenville grew of Greenville. ijI

14 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Tributes to FBI Academy

Mr. John T. Howland, Pr.sident, FBI National Academy Associates, is shown presenting FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover a silver bowl on behalf of the New England Chapter. The honor was in commemoration of the 35th Anniversary of the FBI National Academy. Shown in Mr. Hoover's Ofllce, left to right, are: FBI Inspector James V. Cotter, Mr. Howland, Mr. Hoover, and FBI Inspectors Thomas J. Jenkins and Dwight J. Dalbey.

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover was recently presented with a plaque in recognition of the 35th Anniversary of the FBI National Academy by Mr. Ferris E. Lucas, Executive Director, National Sheriffs' Association. Mr. Lucas was accompanied to the Director's Ofllce by his sister, Mrs. Nina Mae Darling, and his nephew, Rick Darling. Shown below, left to right, ar.: FBI Inpector James V. Cotter, Rick, Mr. Lucas, Mr. Hoover, Mrs. Darling, and FBI Inspectors Thomas J. Jenkins and Dwight J. Dalbey. Arkansas Shows How to-

Keep the Pressure on Car Thieves

By Auto theft has been called the crime The economic loss from auto theft COL. RALPH D. scon of the century. Officials of the . Na• is staggering and points up the seri• Director, tional Auto Theft Bureau predict that ousness of this crime. About 15 per• Arkansas State Police, more than a million cars will be stolen cent of the cars stolen in the United Little Rock, Ark. annually early in this decade. Statis• States are never recovered. These are tical projections certainly confirm mostly the more expensive late-model this prediction. Auto thefts increased cars stolen by professional thieves. 139 percent from 1960 to 1968. If Eighty-five percent of the cars are this alarming trend continues, it is stolen primarily for transportation by not improbable that more than a young people and amateur thieves. million and a half automobiles will be According to a recent survey, each stolen in 1980. recovered stolen car has been Auto theft is one of the most seri• damaged approximately $600 from ous crimes against property. Often the crashes and ill treatment. This loss, first step in a career of crime, it is as well as the involvement of youth an enticer of young people. In 1968, in crime, is all the more tragic 16 percent of the persons arrested because auto thefts are largely for auto theft were under 15 years of preventable. age. The rap sheets of many hardened One aspect of auto theft of par• criminals show arrests for auto theft ticular interest to State police agen• at an early age. Automobiles are also cies is the relationship which it nas the target of more sophisticated to highway safety. Specialized studies thieves who strip them, or sell them suggest that persons driving stolen to dishonest persons who do not ob• cars are 200 times as likely to be in• ject to fraudulent titles. volved in an automobile crash. A

16 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin fleeing felon in a stolen car, or a tired and sleepy teenager in an unfamiliar car, constitutes a real menace on the road. An analysis of 16 fatalities on Arkansas highways during the 102• hour Christmas holidays in 1969 re• vealed that one victim was driving a truck taken without the consent of the owner and another victim was killed by an ex-convict driving a stolen car. At 4:30 a.m., on March 22, 1970, near Little Rock, four young men in a car with out-of-State license crashed into the side of one of our patrol cars and fled. The driver then crashed into highway signs, and the young men, three 14 and one 15, were arrested. They were escapees from an industrial school in Texas, where they Billboards in or near malor cities and on major highways throughout the State called attention to the campaign. had stolen and wrecked a pickup truck. They had abandoned a second fall of 1968 he scheduled a number of The committee decided that a spe• stolen car at Carthage, Tex., where meetings involving insurance associ• cific aspect of the auto theft problem they had stolen the car which they ations, civic and professional groups, would be highlighted each month and wrecked near Little Rock. When asked police authorities, the FBI, the Na• prepared a slogan to correspond with where they were going, one of the tional Auto Theft Bureau, the Insur• the point of emphasis for use in adver• teenagers replied, "Wherever we can ance Information Institute, and tising and news releases. Members of get to." This, unfortunately, is typi• representatives of the news media. A the news media suggested the use of cal of many car theft cases. steering committee was selected to an emblem which would enable the An Urban Crime spearhead the campaign. public to identify with the campaign.

Auto theft is an urban crime and During December the problem of thefts from automobiles was emphasized. does not constitute as serious a mat• ter in a rural State like Arkansas as KAR KEY s£l: i ~ it does in some other areas. Even so, ·v it is a problem in this State, and in Lock em up.. late 1968 the Arkansas State Police undertook to determine if enough in• Prevent Thefts terest could be generated to sustain ~ r a statewide yearlong auto theft-pre• vention campaign. The prime incen• I tive for considering such a project was the realization that law enforce• ment must enlist public support · in the area of prevention. Many auto thefts are preventable through reason• able precaution, and this seemed a logical way to encourage the public to join with law enforcement in deal• ing with crime through prevention. Maj. W. C. Struebing was assigned exclusively to the project, and in the

September 1970 17 In November the steering commit• be changed and the chances of suc• explained how the FBI National Crime tee met for the second time. At this cess enhanced. The importance of re• Information Center (NCIC) func• meeting a public relations firm sub• moving ignition keys, locking doors, tions. Easel posters carrying the slo• mitted for approval a cartoon-type and parking in lighted areas were gan, "Report Auto Thefts Promptly," character called "Kar Key." The idea some of the commonsense preventive were distributed to all banks in the received the approval of the commit• techniques to be highlighted. Cities State. The poster also outlined proce• tee and was used throughout the cam• participating in the campaign were dures used by law enforcement agen• paign on all advertising material. encouraged to enact key ordinances cies in checking on suspicious cars Final plans were made for the kick• for the primary purpose of focusing and persons. off of the campaign. attention on the theft problem. During March the Arkansas Bus In an effort to secure financial as• Since a part of the solution to the and Truck Association focused atten• sistance, an appeal was made to auto-theft problem is the removal of tion on the importance of reporting major insurance companies. The con• ignition keys from unattended cars, suspicious cars. This group was tributions received supported the emphasis during January was focused chosen for this particular problem be• initial campaign plans. In April 1969, on this matter. The Arkansas State cause of their close relationship to a $6,500 grant was received from the Police sponsored January and used highway safety. Large vinyl posters, Governor's Commission on Crime and the slogan, "An unlocked car invites bearing the "Kar Key Sez" emblem Law Enforcement to finance a por• a thief." All newspapers in the State and the slogan, "An Unlocked Car tion of the program. Some of the had been provided with mats of the Invites a Thief," were placed on all monthly sponsors also funded their "Kar Key Sez" slogan and the city buses and major truckline equip• own activities during their specific "Kar Key Sez" emblem. ment operating in the State. month. In April emphasis was placed on the A press conference was held Janu• importance of reporting dangerous ary 2 in Governor Winthrop Rocke• and damaged vehicles by the sponsor, feller's office, at which time 1969 was the Independent Insurance Agents proclaimed Auto Theft Prevention Association of Arkansas. One Satur• Year in Arkansas. Governor Rocke• day in April was proclaimed Auto feller urged all citizens to join actively Theft Prevention Day in 15 major in helping curb auto thefts as a means cities. Press conferences were held in of reducing crime and juvenile all the cities on the Friday before. On delinquency. Saturday members of the Insurance Since auto theft is largely an urban Women's Association in the State problem, the participants decided that checked the streets for cars left un• the campaign should be aimed pri• attended with keys in the ignition. marily at cities having a population Auto theft-prevention material was in excess of 5,000. Prior to the be• left on the windshield of those cars ginning of the campaign, mayors in found to have the keys in the ignition. these cities were contacted and urged Mai. w. C. Struebing. The Arkansas Municipal Police to cooperate. It was suggested that Association was the sponsor for May local auto theft-prevention campaign The National Auto Theft Bureau and placed emphasis on reporting committees be established to coordi• provided several copies of the film en• abandoned cars. City police officers nate activities on the 10calleveI. Orga• titled "Too Late for Regret." The distributed business·size cards con• nizational meetings attended by city film was used in high school assem• taining the auto theft-prevention slo• and county officials were held in all bly programs across the State by gan and a picture of the "Kar Key State police district headquarters in safety education officers of the Arkan• Sez" emblem to persons observed the State. sas State Police. It was also shown in leaving their vehicles unlocked on city appearances before church, civic, and streets and shopping center parking The Controlling Factor professional groups. lots. Development of public awareness In February the FBI filmed a 10• June was sponsored by the Arkan• was recognized as the controlling fac• minute television program to be used sas Automobile Dealers Association. tor in an effective campaign. If this statewide to encourage the prompt re• Each association member displayed a could be accomplished, attitudes could porting of auto thefts. The film also large sign depicting the "Kar Key

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin attention to its topic through radio spots, speeches, and news releases. In September attention turned again to the involvement of youth in crime. The Arkansas State Police and the Arkansas Jaycees, the sponsoring agencies for the month, called atten• tion to juvenile crime and joyriding. The film, "Too Late for Regret," was again used in high school assemblies and other programs conducted by members of the Arkansas State Police Safety Education Division. A news re• lease explaining the involvement of youth in crime and pointing out their implication in auto theft was distributed. During the final 3 months of 1969, emphasis was placed on two basic auto-theft-related problems. In Octo• ber and the first half of November, attention was focused on the impor• tance of parking in lighted areas. The Arkansas Independent Insurance Agents Association and the Insurance Women's Association of the State were the sponsoring agencies for the Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller holds a proclamation naming 1969 Auto Theft Prevention Year month and a half period. Twenty at a press conference attended by representatives of various agencies and organizations thousand poster cards depicting a participating in the campaign. Col. Scott, at left, and Arkansas Attorney General Joe Puree" were among those present. street light with a car beneath it were

Sez" emblem and slogan in its show• The "Kar Key Sez" emblem and appropriate slogans were used on posters, placards, and other room windows. In news releases atten• types of advertising material. tion was focused on the desirability of reporting persons who arouse sus• picion because of their appearance or manner of driving. The automobile dealers also mailed out auto theft• prevention literature in their monthly billings. During July and August the Arkan• sas Sheriff's Association and the Arkansas Law Enforcement Training Academy placed emphasis on hitch• hikers and reporting dangerous drivers, respectively. A news release entitled "Beware of Hitchhikers" was mailed to the news media. Most of the sheriff's departments in the large urban areas participated in the cam• paign during July. The Arkansas Law Enforcement Training Academy drew

September 1970 19 printed. The poster cards contained of the vinyl posters depicting the same ment made 20,845 inquiries, resulting the "Kar Key Sez" emblem and the slogan. in the identification of 187 stolen cars. slogan, "Park in lighted areas and It is difficult to sustain a campaign The tangible benefits from this so• prevent auto theft." On Saturday, over a 12-month period, and it cer• phisticated adaptation of computer• October 25, 1969, 8,000 cards were tainly must be acknowledged that ized science to law enforcement are distributed at the University of Ar• there were times when interest lagged apparent. Less obvious are the im• kansas football game in Little Rock. considerably. The only possible solu• proved morale and performance of The cards were passed out as auto• tion is to break the monotony by officers who know that they can check mobiles entered parking areas adja• focusing attention on a different as• a suspicious vehicle almost instantly. cent to the stadium. Major insurance pect of the problem at periodic inter• The auto theft-prevention campaign agencies across the State enclosed the vals and finding creative and en• was a convenient vehicle to introduce cards in their monthly billings. thusiastic sponsors. We feel that we the NCIC to the citizens of Arkansas. were particularly fortunate to have The intangible benefits from a co• Statewide Campaign strong support and encouragement ordinated effort of this type cannot from a great many people, with spe• be calculated. The Arkansas State A massive billboard campaign was cial recognition to the FBI and the Police and the insurance industry conducted during November and De• Arkansas Association of Independent established a close working arrange• cember. Arrangements were made Insurance Agents. We also had strong ment which spilled over into coopera• with the Arkansas Outdoor Advertis• support from the Insurance Women of tive efforts in the area of safety. The ing Association for public service Arkansas. same result was accomplished with space on billboards throughout the the automobile industry, where we State. Funds from the campaign were Promising Results established a particularly close rela• used to buy 150 standard size bill• A comparison of the number of car tionship with the Arkansas Bus and board posters. The 150 posters were thefts tabulated in Arkansas for 1969 Truck Association. Such a coopera• placed in or near all major cities in with ·the figures for 1968 indicates tive effort also builds good will among the State. They also dotted all major that the campaign may have been suc• law enforcement agencies, which, in highways in the State. As the bill• cessful in reducing the overall total. 1969, reached a new peak of effec• boards were posted, the local news• 1968 1969 tiveness in Arkansas. papers were contacted and given a January 147 97 The economic benefits to motorists release and a photograph. February 151 108 who safeguarded valuable Christmas During December the Arkansas March 177 84 packages will never be known. Fevor• State Police launched a campaign April 131 122 able comments were made by depart• aimed at the serious problem of thefts May 154 121 ment store managers throughout the from automobiles. Eighty thousand June 160 III State, and excellent cooperation and poster cards bearing the slogan, "Lock July 192 123 assistance were received from the Ar• 'em up, prevent thefts," and depicting August 166 122 kansas Retail Merchants Association the "Kar Key Sez" emblem were September 162 138 and the Arkansas Grocers' Associa• printed. All major department stores October 160 116 tion, which ran the "Kar Key" em• in the State were supplied with a quan• November 162 130 blem and slogans in their full-page tity of the cards for distribution by December 134 129 advertisements. store employees at gift-wrapping counters. A photograph of the poster TOTAL 1,896 1,401 To Gain Public Support card was mailed with a news release to This comparison shows a 25-percent One of the suspected intangible all of the State's newspapers and tele• reduction in car theft in Arkansas as benefits from a crime-prevention cam• vision stations. Along with the cards, opposed to a 12-percent increase paign is the carryover effect and the 1,000 10 x 22-inch easel-type posters nationally. extension of the idea into other areas. were placed in many retail outlets in The FBI National Crime Informa• Auto thefts in Arkansas decreased a the State's major cities. Over 100 tion Center played an important role further 6.8 percent in the first 2 vinyl posters bearing the same slogan in bringing about this reduction. The months of 1970, which suggests that were used in the Little Rock area in Arkansas State Police interfaced with we may be able to sustain interest major retail outlets. City buses in the NCIC in January 1969, and dur• through periodic "refresher" pro• Little Rock displayed larger versions ing the year Arkansas law enforce• (Continued on page 31)

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Crime Combat Team

I n July 1962 the FBI Law Enforce• been strangled when the emotionless ment Bulletin published an article killer made seven telephone calls to describing the development of the the anguished parents demanding "Flying Squad" by the Tokyo Metro• Y500,OOO ($1,389) in ransom. The politan Police Department to boost ransom was paid, and police missed our effectiveness in investigation of apprehending the killer at the scene major crimes. At that time Tokyo, of the payoff by only a split second. with a population of 10 million, was For days thereafter, news media ham• the largest city in the world, and the mered mercilessly at this police fail• Tokyo Metropolitan Police Depart• ure. Having missed what should have ment consisted of 28,866 men. been an easy pickup, police took an• Today, Tokyo is still the world's other 2 years, during which they largest city, with over 11,450,000 per• eliminated over 12,000 suspects and sons. To keep pace with our growing expended literally millions of man• responsibilities, the Tokyo Metropoli• hours before they apprehended the tan Police Department has now ex• kidnaper. By panded to 40,647 men. In this connection, technical advice and assistance from the FBI played KUNIYASU TSUCHIDA As population has increased, so an important part in eventual solution Director, have the number and complexity of of this major case. Personnel and Training Division, crimes, placing increased pressure on The great cost in time, manpower, Metropolitan Police Department, the police to devise more effective Tokyo, Japan and prestige of this extended investi• methods of comba ling violations of gation emphasized the need for a the law. more specialized, fast-moving, fully In the spring of 1963, all Japan was equipped police arm. As a result, the shocked by the vicio us kidnap-murder Tokyo Metropolitan Police Depart• of a 5-year-old boy- _ As investigation ment Crime Combat Team was later revealed, the child had already formed.

21 tives, including two policewomen. parents did contact the police, how• All are experienced personnel with ever, and within minutes the combat proven records. Policewomen on the team was on the scene. Through co• team have been particularly effective operative press relations, Tokyo news in interviewing parents of kidnap media agreed to withhold any men• victims and victims of rape and han• tion of the case, hoping that the victim dling other serious crimes involving might be recovered alive. females. Immediate, preliminary investiga• To handle major crimes and public tion indicated likelihood that the kid• disorders requiring more manpower naper lived in the general area of the and equipment and additional special• victim's family. A house-by-house, ists, we created the Crime Combat inch-by-inch check of the area was Team in March 1969. This group is undertaken, and just after midnight a made up of about 110 persons with detective spotted a young man on the the Special Investigations Squad as street whose actions seemed somehow Supt. Mitsuo Muto, chief of the Crime a core and is supported by selected unnatural. The detective stopped him Combat Team. personnel from the Identification Sec• and under close questioning a num• Special Investigations Squad tion, the Flying Squad, the Police ber of inconsistencies were detected in Crime Laboratory, and even profes• his account of the day's activities. The above­cited kidnaping as well sors (as technical advisers) from After intensive interrogation, the 19• as other similar cases emphasized to leading Tokyo universities. This well• year-old youth suddenly confessed us that just as science has progressed organized and trained team goes into the crime. He said he had planned the in recent years, as transportation fa• action in any case that demands im• kidnaping some time earlier and, ac• cilities and industries have developed, mediate, intensive investigation. The cording to his plan, had taken the vic• and as human communities have ex• record of the team has been outstand• tim directly to a nearby public rest· panded and grown more complex, so ing, as shown by the following room, where he had secreted a large the problems encountered by law en• tabulation: suitcase. He killed the boy, placed the forcement agencies everywhere con• tinue to change and render orthodox Year Kidnaping Extortion and Bombings and Major Total investigative techniques used success• cases blackmail cases explosions disasters fully yesterday inadequate today. To cope better with these problems, we 1968 33 16 15 16 80 established, in April 1964, a special (33 cleared) (16 cleared) (15 cleared) (8 cleared) (72 cleared) investigations squad to take charge 1969 17 II 11 16 55 of investigating major crimes such as (17 cleared) (II cleared) (11 cleared) (13 cleared) (52 cleared) kidnaping, blackmail, and bombings. We had learned the lesson that, in crimes where human life is at stake, An example of the work of the body in the suitcase, and checked it at a police agency cannot afford to fail. Crime Combat Team is seen in a re• the luggage room of the nearest rail• The eyes of the nation are focused on cent kidnaping case. Early on the road station. His story was confirmed every move of the police when such evening of September 10, 1969, a by recovery of the victim's body from crimes occur. It is impossible to place 6-year-old schoolboy was kidnaped in the checkroom. Effectiveness of the too much emphasis on the necessity downtown Tokyo while he was return• Crime Combat Team was again of thorough and precise investigation ing from school. The parents received proved with a major case solved in a at the very outset of such cases. a phone call at about 11 :25 that night matter of hours. The Special Investigations Squad, from the kidnaper, who said, "I which in turn led to development of have your kid. Prepare Y5,OOO,OOO Equipment the Crime Combat Team, exists at ($13,890). I will wait 1 day only. If present as a compact unit headed by you contact the police ...." From The Crime Combat Team is Supt. Mitsuo Muto, with seven inspec• the tone of his voice in the unfinished equipped with every item that modern tors and assistant inspectors, eight sentence, there was no doubt of the police science can offer, ranging from detective sergeants, and seven detec• meaning of the unspoken words. The transportation (helicopters, armored

22 FBI Law Enfortement Bulletin graph, weapons detectors, cameras, teargas equipment, and bulletproof vests and shields.

Training

There is no substitute for thorough training in police work. Our Crime Combat Team and Special Investiga• tions Squad are particularly aware of the truth of this statement. With re• spect to kidnaping investigations alone, we conduct three levels of train• ing annually. In addition, specialized seminars are periodically conducted on this and other pertinent topics, with professors from leading universities participating. Utilizing highly qualified person• nel, the best available equipment, and Crime Combat Team officers use special armored vehicle as cover. This vehicle, equipped with the most thorough training programs ports for firing gas guns or other weapons from the rear and sides, has multiple rearview mirrors since it is employed by backing slowly toward a dangerous subject. possible, our Crime Combat Team strives constantly to perfect its investi• cars, wreckers, boats) to communica• noctovision); and such investigative gative ability in keeping with the tion and recording equipment (trans• aids and protective devices as a voice• motto of the Special Investigations ceivers, video recorders, television, print examiner, Geiger counter, poly• Squad, "Advance!" ijl

Members of the Crime Combat Team wear special black overalls designed to reduce visibility in night operations.

September 1970 23 POLICE CADETS ON A Macomb County Community Col• vehicle patrol of the campus complex, lege, South Campus, Warren, Mich., and servicing fire extinguishers. is located in a middle-class suburban The college rules and regulations area bordering Detroit. In the past 10 COLLEGE are similar to local ordinances, Mr. years the community population has Stacy explains, and the cadets are more than doubled. During this same instructed to enforce these rules. They time the college enrollment has mush• refer violations to the dean of stu• roomed to 12,800 at the South CAMPUS dents who can issue warnings, place Campus. students on probation, suspend, dis• As a result of these increases, ac• miss, or permanently expel student cording to Mr. Mike Stacy, chief of violators. The student can appeal the the college's Department of Public dean's decision to a duly elected stu• Safety, social problems on campus dent judiciary board on campus whose have multiplied, and the college ad• decision is final. Nonstudents who vio• ministrators frequently had to call the late local ordinances and/ or State Warren Police to investigate vandal• statutes are prosecuted in district ism, larcenies, assaults, property dam• court. Mr. Stacy said the cadets have age, traffic accidents, drag racing, the program was expanded to include solved a kidnaping and rape case and fraternity pranks, and monumental 13 student officers supervised by the that a $600 larceny was successfully parking congestion. chief and one public safety officer. prosecuted. The college officials decided that, The cadets wear a police-type uni· The Macomb County Police Chiefs' because the campus problems need form and work 24 hours weekly. Their Association and the Michigan State constant attention, they should em• duties include: directing traffic, Police endorsed the cadet program, ploy their own personnel w~o could issuing ordinance violations and and agreements were made whereby devote full time to prevention as well internal violations on unregistered a cadet could work with the various as investigation. In May 1968 the col• vehicles, policing traffic accidents and county police agencies as an observer lege hired Mr. Stacy as chief security submitting reports, investigating lar• after completing 6 months on the officer to supervise contractual guards. cenies, administering first aid and campus force. Because this arrangement did not fully performing hospital runs, foot and The cadets are rendering a valuable meet the law enforcement needs of the service, and the campus community school, the chief, working with the has readily accepted their presence, campus business manager, initiated a Mr. Stacy noted. An important by• department of public safety. He hired product of the program, he adds, is eight students, ages 18 to 20 years, that the student officers are getting who were studying for an associate practical experience in dealing with degree in law enforcement for the the public while studying law enforce• position of public safety cadet. Later ment. @l

24 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Community Pre­Release Programs­

A Successful Strategy • the War Against Crime

Crime is one of the most serious Law Enforcement and Administra· domestic problems confronting the tion of 1 ustice, "The Challenge of American people today. It is a perva• Crime in a Free Society," 1967, p. 45). sive problem that costs the taxpayers Nineteen out of every 20 persons (95 more than $31 billion each year and percent) who are sent to prison return threatens the property as well as the to society, and 40 percent of those re• safety of everyone_ leased from confinement later return By Arrest, court, and prison records to prison (President Richard M. WILLIAM D. LEEKE* furnish insistent testimony to the fact Nixon, November 13, 1969). The U.S. Director, that recidivists (repeated offenders) 1 ustice Department has estimated that South Carolina Department of constitute the hard core of the crime four of every five felonies during the Corrections, problem (President's Commission on last decade were committed by a per- Columbia, S.C. Some work-release participants are employed on each of the normal work shifts in local indus• tries. At the end of a shift, inmates return to Mid-State Community Pre-Release Center, where they pay $3.50 a day for room, board, and transportation.

·Mr. Leeke, a career professional in South Carolina corrections for more than 15 yean, has been director of the South Carolina Department of Corrections since 1968. He has served as Superintendent of the Green• ville County Rehabilitation Center for Juvenile Offenders, Warden of the Central Correctional Insti• tution, and Deputy Director of the South Carolino Department of Corrections.

September 1970 son who had previously been con• victed of a crime, and U_S_ Attorney General John N_ Mitchell has stated that: "... if we can achieve a sub• stantial decrease in the rate of recidi• vism, we can achieve a substantial decrease in the crime rate" ("The Case for Penal Reform," Trial Maga• zine, Oct./Nov. 1969, pp. 14-15). As one considers these facts, it be• comes apparent that correctional in• stitutions and their staffs must playa crucial role in the national effort to reduce the crime rate and to re-estab• lish a respect for law and order in our society.

Effective Correction

The Nation can no longer afford the luxury of ineffective correctional systems which further isolate and al• Chief D. M. Warren of the Cayce, S.C., Police Department discusses law enforcement in South Carolina in a class at Mid-State Community Pre-Release Center. Each inmate attends class for ienate the offender from the society 20 hours during his stay in a center. to which he must return. Crime is largely a community-based phenom• responsibility to the public by return• be prepared to successfully cope with enon, and the ultimate adjustment of ing ex-offendets to the community as the many problems of re-entering a the offender must be within the com• law-abiding, productive, taxpaying free community while exposed only to munity, not within the artificial, un• citizens. Years of frustration and fail• carefully controlled, artificial environ• natural environment of Ii. correctional ure had proven that inmates could not ment completely isolated from the institution. It is logical, therefore, that Jack Pratt, South Carolina Probation, Parole, and Pardon Board, discusses parole procedures meaningful and effective correction with three work-release participants at the center. must provide an opportunity for the offender, under carefully controlled conditions, to demonstrate whether or not he can adjust to the community to which he plans to return upon release. The South Carolina Department of Corrections is the State correctional system for adult offenders. The cur• rent population of the department is more than 2,600 adult offenders. Only 100 of these are females. In addition, there are approximately 2,500 adult males incarcerated in the 43 autono• mous county prisons. Several years ago, the South Caro• lina Department of Corrections real• ized that a carefully planned, well• organized, and closely supervised pre-release program was necessary if the department expected to fulfill its

26 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin community. Accordingly, a pre• the individual with an opportunity to Carolina through a combination of release center was opened in 1964; demonstrate his readiness for total methods-good behavior, 7-day work most male inmates spent their last 30 release and paid employment in the credits, and credits for the donation days of incarceration at this center. community using the skills and train• of blood (limited to 60 days--12 days Through organized pre-release ing he has learned or improved while for each of five pints-during a 12• classes, group discussions, individual incarcerated. The primary destinction month period) -an inmate can re• counseling, and limited interaction between the two programs is that the duce his sentence by approximately with selected members of the commu• work release participants may spend one· third. Time off the original sen• nity, concerted efforts were made to their last 6 to 12 months in paid em• tence, which is commonly referred prepare the men for their return to ployment in the community while the to by inmates as "good time," can be their respective communities. Accelerated Pre-Release Program withdrawn by the director of the While this 30·day pre· release pro• participants spend only their last 90 South Carolina Department of Correc• gram did enhance the chances for days working in the community. Both tions if there is just cause. Inmates successful re·entry into the commu• groups return to a correctional insti• enter the community pre-release pro• nity, it soon became apparent that this tution during nonworking hours. grams on the basis of their "good program was not sufficient. Men were A network of community-based cor• time" release date; consequently, if encountering personal, social, family, rectional facilities called community they are unable to adjust to the par• and vocational problems which could pre-release centers is being developed tial release provided through these neither be anticipated nor dealt with in the industrial and population cen• programs, all or a portion of their satisfactorily in a centralized, correc• ters {)f the State to accommodate the "good time" can be revoked. When tions-oriented program which lasted Work Release and Accelerated Pre• this occurs, the inmate is returned to only 30 days. More extensive inmate• Release Program participants. Each incarceration without the costly and community interaction for a longer community pre-release center will time-consuming necessity of arrest period of time was needed; however, have space for 50 to 60 inmates. The and judicial action. To date, 585 in• enabling legislation was necessary be• ultimate goal is to have a community mates have entered the community fore the pre-release program could be pre-release center within a realistic pre-release centers; of this number extended into the community. commuting distance of any geo• III (18.9 percent) have been dis• The South Carolina Legislature graphic location in the State. When missed and returned to other correc• responded to the request for enabling this has been accomplished, an inmate tional institutions for further adjust• legislation by adopting Section 55• can continue his pre-release employ• ment and incarceration. 321.1 of the South Carolina Code of ment after he has returned home upon This is obviously a sound proce• Laws. In part, this section authorized his release. Three community pre• dure by which society, to a degree, the South Carolina Board of Correc• release centers have been opened to can be protected from inmates who tions to extend the limits of confine• date and a fourth is under construc• are likely to return to criminal ment of inmates into the community tion. Since the State is geographically acti vi ties. and to permit selected inmates to par• small, only seven or eight community 2. Aid to Law En/orcement-Be• ticipate in paid employment or train• pre· release centers will be necessary. fore the days of community pre-re• ing programs in the community. lease centers in South Carolina, an Objectives of Programs inmate was released at the expiration Community-Based Corrections of his original sentence minus any ac• The primary objectives of com• cumulated "good time." He was pro• munity pre· release programs in South Since the enabling legislation was vided a one-way ticket home and one Carolina are as follows: passed in 1966, the South Carolina suit of "suitable clothing." A notifica• Department of Corrections has suc• 1. The Protection 0/ Society-The tion of release was mailed to the ap• cessfully initiated two programs law requires that an individual who propriate law enforcement official; which are designed to facilitate the has been incarcerated as the result of however, this official did not know return of inmates to society as law• a crime must be released at the end when the ex-inmate would arrive, abiding, productive citizens: (1) The of the specified sentence whether or where or if he would be working, or Work Release Program which was not he has demonstrated his readiness where he would reside. These circum• begun in 1966 and (2) the Accelerated for release. Most States provide meth• stances no longer exist for individuals Pre-Release Program which was be• ods whereby the inmate can reduce being released through community gun in 1%8. Both programs provide his sentence substantially. In South pre-release centers. The law enforce•

September 1970 27 ment officials know when he will ar- ship between the length of the transi- South Carolina taxpayers for operat- rive, where he will be staying prior tional period between the prison en- ing the South Carolina Department of to and after release, and where he will vironment and the free world and the Corrections is $1,641 per year; there- be working. rate of recidivism. The recidivism rate fore, the cost of incarcerating 60 per- Law enforcement officers visit the increased as the length of the transi- sons in the South Carolina Department community pre­release centers on tional period decreased. While only of Corrections is $98,460 per year. both a formal and an informal basis. one of the 137 men who participated They teach pre­release classes and in the work release program returned Savings to Taxpayers interact with pre­release participants to the South Carolina Department of in small groups or individually. Corrections, 466 of the 3,243 who par- Participants in the community pre- Through their interactions, the in- ticipated in the 30­day pre­release pro- release programs are gainfully em- mates learn to respect the law as well gram returned to the South Carolina ployed in the community, and they as law enforcement officers. Also, it Department of Corrections. earn the standard civilian wages. Con- should be mentioned that the South If the above conclusion regarding sequently, they are each required to Carolina Department of Corrections the relationship between the length of pay $3.50 a day to the South Carolina has employed a number of former law the transitional period and the recidiv- Department of Corrections for room, enforcement officers as members of ism rate is valid, it can only be con- board, and transportation. One man staffs at community pre­release cluded that the community pre­release would, therefore, pay $1,277.50 a year centers. programs are effective in reducing to the South Carolina Department of recidivism. 3. Crime Prevention-As it was Corrections for the privilege of par- pointed out earlier, recidivists com- 4. Financial Savings to Taxpay• ticipating in the community pre- prise the hard core of the criminal ers­The community pre­release cen- release program. This represents a net population in the United States. The ters have not been in operation long savings to the taxpayers of $1,277.50 South Carolina Department of Cor- enough to conclusively establish their (77.8 percent) for each participant in rections is making every effort to effectiveness as a means of preventing the program. In addition to saving the reduce recidivism for adult offenders recidivism; however, there is conclu- taxpayers almost 80 percent of their in South Carolina and, thus, to reduce sive evidence to establish the economic imprisonment, residents of the com- the crime rate for the State. Table I justification of community pre­release munity pre­release centers pay taxes- shows preliminary recidivism data for programs. Table II reflects the salaries local, State, and Federal­as well as the 30­day pre­release, accelerated pre- earned and taxes paid by participants contribute to the support of their release, and work release programs. in these programs. families.

Conclusion TABLE 1 Community pre­release programs SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS' RECIDIVISM DATA* and other forms of graduated release are still in the experimental stages of 30-day pre-release 90-day accelerated pre• 6-month to l-year work development. Numerous studies have program release program release program been conducted in other States to as- No. Returned No. Returned No. Returned Released to SCDC Released to SCDC Released to SCDC certain their effectiveness in reducing No. % No. % No. % recidivism, and the results of existing 3, 243 466 14.4 213 10 4. 7 137 1 O. 7 studies are not very encouraging ("Graduated Release," In/ormation 11­ 1­64 to 8­1­69 1­1­68 to 8­ 1­69 1­1­68 to 8­ 1­69 Review on Crime and Delinquency,

*The above ratea include only penons who were released from and returned to the South Carolina Department December 1969). The results of previ- of Correctionl. The number. if any. who returned to prison at the county level or in another State i. not known. ous studies are not conclusive; and, of course, the effectiveness of the pre- release programs in South Carolina Preliminary analysis of the effec- Historically, the total cost of the cannot be determined on the basis of tiveness of the community pre­release incarceration of offenders has been studies in another State. Preliminary programs is most encouraging. Data borne by the taxpayers. At the present statistics in South Carolina are most in Table I show an inverse relation­ time, the per capita inmate cost to the encouraging in that only 3.1 percent of

28 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin the 350 persons who had been released work release programs (shown in Carolina Department of Corrections. through the combined pre­release and Table I ) have returned to the South The department is engaged in a con- tinual evaluation of the pre­release programs, and the South Eastern Cor- TABLE II rectional and Criminological Research Center at Florida State University is CUMULATIVE EARNI GS, TAXES PAID, AND OTHER DISBURSEME TS also researching the effectiveness of FOR COMMUNITY PRE­RELEASE CENTERS OPERATED BY SCDC the program. Totals for Totals Since A major factor in the success of Month Inception the pre­release programs in South Total Men in Program­2­28­70: 86 Carolina has been the extensive com- Admitted: 29 585 munity involvement in the planning Dismissed: 5 III and operation of the pre­release cen- Released: 1.5 295 Paroled: 4 99 ters. The future success of the South Total Loss: 24 505 Carolina Department of Corrections Total Men in Program­3­31­70: 91 in its efforts to combat crime through Fiscal Report: the community pre­release programs Total Salaries Paid: $30,945. 08 $1, 157, 686.09 will be dependent upon the continued Average Weekly Salary: 90.00 cooperation and support of local law Amount Disbursed to Dependents: 4,670.35 191,088.57 enforcement officials, business and Amount Disbursed to Inmates: 9,400. 39 185,505.76 Amount on Hand: 20,987.04 industrial leaders, civic, social, and religious organizations, and private State and Federal Income: citizens. The South Carolina Depart- Department of Corrections: 9, 474.50 246, 852. 39 S.C. State Tax: 489. 7 8 13, 906. 30 ment of Corrections is optimistic that Federal Income Tax: 3,564. 98 105, 261. 83 this support will continue and that the Social Security: 1,280.88 37, 995. 12 community pre­release programs will Miscellaneous Deductions: 73.33 4, 791. 06 remain an effective front in the war against crime in South Carolina. l@

Work­release participants are transported to and from various work situations in the Columbia vicinity in unmarked South Carolina Department of Corrections' vehicles. SPREAD THEIR WINGS one's hopes that he might see once minimized. However, in a suspected again. suicide case, many days may pass (Continued from page 6) "It has to be a real emergency," says without the body being disturbed, in creted under a tarpaulin on one sus• Colonel Crutchfield. "But, when it is, which case time is not a factor. Addi• pect's farm, had been found. But two our pilots are ready to fly at any time tionally, it has been demonstrated other tractors and a bulldozer were of the day or night." that the position of the weapon in the still missing. A fly-over by Holloway On occasion, that means taking ad• shooter's hand (for instance, held by quickly spotted the missing machinery vantage of some unusual landing sites. both hands or held upside down) will in a nearby woods and eliminated a There have been times, recalls Ser• affect the deposition of gunshot lengthy and difficult ground search by geant Holloway, when an abandoned residue. the detectives. drag strip or unopened stretch of If antimony and barium are found Transportation of detectives and highway was considered ideal under as contaminants on the hand of a laboratory technicians to distant and the circumstances. subject, it will be pointed out that sometimes remote crime scenes also While the Kentucky State Police residue was present on this hand crops up with increasing frequency in Air Patrol does not supply a panacea which is typical of that residue which air patrol activities as does the move• for every problem confronting our contaminates a shooter's hand subse• ment of personnel and supplies into troopers, technicians, and detectives quent to the discharge of a firearm. otherwise inaccessible disaster areas in their day-to-day duties, its value Generally, the number of shots fired where flood, fire, or tornado has as a highly flexible member of the cannot be determined from such resi• ripped up or blocked roadways. traffic-criminal law enforcement team due, nor can the specific type of am• Probably the most humane service is not likely to be questioned again. munition be established by this data. performed by the patrol is the emer• Experimentation has long since given If antimony and barium are found gency relay of whole blood, rabies way to recognition of the very real as contaminants on a paraffin lift from serum, and donor eyes where any contributions which an air patrol can the hand of a subject, it cannot be delay in delivery could mean the loss make to progressive law enforce• absolutely stated that the subject has of a life or the destruction of some- ment. fired a weapon; it will be concluded that the residue present on the lift is typical and characteristic of that resi• due which contaminates a shooter's SHOT PATTERN TESTS packaging material should be placed around the plastic bags to minimize hand subsequent to the discharge of (Continued from page 11) breakage while being shipped to the a firearm. An individual who has han• The paraffin, food grade in quality, Laboratory. dled a weapon or cartridge case which should be melted in a clean dish and In all instances, if the spent car• was recently fired could logically con• 0 applied at 120 F. with a new nylon tridge and the weapon are available, taminate his hands with primer brush that has been rinsed clean in they should be submitted to the Labo• residue. distilled water. A separate batch of ratory in a manner which will prevent paraffin, brush and dish should be contamination of the cast during Testimony of the Examiner used for each hand. The person apply• shipment. ing the lift should wear plastic gloves The decision whether or not to The examiner who conducted the and not touch the paraffin except with obtain paraffin lifts from a suspect gunpowder pattern tests, shot pattern gloved hands. must be made by the investigator who tests, or neutron activation analysis The lift should be thick enough has the facts surrounding the case at can testify at court proceedings as to that it does not crumble when re• his disposal. For investigative infor• his results. However, he can testify moved, but excessively thick lifts mation, it has been shown that the only to the approximate distance that should be avoided. No reinforcing antimony and barium deposits can be a comparable gunpowder pattern as material such as gauze should be used. removed from the hand by washing, that found on the victim's clothing The hardened paraffin is removed rubbing and wiping. Obviously, if was obtained or the approximate dis• from the hands and placed in dean many hours or a few days elapse tance from which a comparable shot plastic bags which are sealed, labeled, between the time of the shooting and pattern had been produced. In the and initialed. A sample of the paraffin the preparation of the paraffin lifts, event no gunpowder residue was used in making the lifts should also the chance that the antimony and found as a result of his microscopic be submitted. Soft cotton or other barium deposits remain is certainly examination and chemical processing

30 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin of the victim's clothing, his testimony With their help public support was is limited to this finding and that it obtained. is not possible to determine the The public awareness aroused hy CHILD MOLESTER approximate muzzle.to·garment dis· the auto theft.prevention campaign has Tots all over the country will tance. The examiner will point out, prompted the Arkansas State Police soon be trudging their way to however, the maximum distance at to undertake a massive campaign of school­many for the first which residuf> will be deposited by safety education this year. We hope time­unaware of the dangers the particular weapon. to reach virtually every citizen of this that may be lurking on the way. State with some aspect of this pro· The child molester poses an gram. The time must surely come Examination 01 Body Tissues especially dangerous threat to the when the police will be viewed in unsuspecting child. The FBI Laboratory receives many their true and proper perspective. Ef· requests to examine body tissues for forts in prevention are at least a part To emphasize this threat and the determination of muzzle·to· of the answer. f@ to attract the attention of small victim distance. The examination of children to this danger, the FBI body tissue is strictly the job of the makes available free of charge medically trained coroner or patholo. supplies of the FBI child molester gist. The FBI Laboratory does not LAW ENFORCEMENT poster. Agencies or individuals conduct such examinations. @l CONFERENCES desiring to distribute them to "Bombings and Bomb Threats" will schools or children's groups may be the subject of the 1970 FBI·spon. request copies from the Director, sored law enforcement conferences to FBI, Washington, D.C. 20535. CAR THIEVES be held throughout the country in (Continued from page 20) September and October. Since almost grams. Two such programs are every police jurisdiction has been con· planned for this year. A yearlong fronted recently with a bombing or statewide burglary·prevention cam· threat of bombing, this topic is of TOY PISTOL MADE REAL paign is being planned for 1971. interest to all law enforcement A most significant aspect of the members. Following the apprehension of three 1969 program was the opportunity to The conferences will feature panel juveniles in a midwestern town, the show the policeman in a new light. discussions by FBI police instructors arresting officer discovered what Many people know the officer only as and Federal, State, and local law en· appeared to be a toy pistol on one of an agent of the State who arrests peo· forcement representatives knowledge. the boys. pIe and gives traffic citations. They able in the subject matter. The pro· Further inspection of the pistol may never have seen the policeman in grams will cover the planning and revealed that it had been altered to the role of public servant, wanting to action in handling bumb threats, fire a .22 caliber short cartridge. This spend more of his time on prevention searching and evacuating buildings was accomplished by inserting a cop· and rendering service rather than on and other premises, visual recogni· per tube through the barrel and into enforcement. A major objective of tion of the more prevalent types of the action of the weapon to a point this program was to stress prevention explosives and incendiary devices, just in front of the hammer face when and seek public support. methods of isolating an area where a In considering this campaign, the suspected explosive device has been the hammer was in a down position. participants recognized that the co· located, and scientific aids available The serations on the hammer face operation of the communications in bombing investigations. The dis· were sufficient to fire the cartridges media was an absolute essential. The cussions will emphasize that explosive which were hand loaded individually decision to undertake the project was devices should be handled only by into the copper tube. When the ham· influenced primarily by the encour· trained bomb disposal personnel. mer was cocked, several strong rubber agement from friends in radio and Full·time, duly constituted lawen· bands, wrapped around the frame of television, as well as newspapermen. forcement personnel, prosecutors, and the gun, added sufficient force to r They contributed ideas, talent, and members of the judiciary will be in· ignite the primer and fire the weapon. thousands of dollars worth of public vited to the conferences, which will service spots and advertising. be conducted in closed sessions.

September 1970 31 trunk. The tellers stated that the words "Super Bee" were inscribed in a small CAN YOU IDENTIFY circle on the stripe. The car has not been located. THESE BANK ROBBERS? The loss to the bank was in excess of $8,600. No bait money was taken by the robbers. Composite descriptions of the rob• bers follow:

No.1:

Age ______30 to 35 years. Race ______White. Sex ______Male. Height ___ _ 5 feet 10 inches to 5 feet 11 inches. Weight ___ _ 145 to 164 pounds. Hair ______Black. Build ____ _ Average. Complexion_ Ruddy. Eyes ______Dark. At the time of the holdup, this man was unshaven and wore a black suit• No.1. No.2. coat, dark trousers, dark-green shirt, no tie, and a narrow-brim black hat. The FBI is looking for the uniden• an electric release button, the holdup tified bank robbers shown in the man ordered the teller to stand still No.2: above photographs taken by a surveil• and he jumped the gate. lance camera on July 31, 1969, during Meantime, Robber No.2 had asked Age ______20 to 25 years. the robbery of the Northwood Bank• the second teller the location of the Race ______White. ing Center, 2900 Woodville Road, restroom. When the teller replied it Sex ______Male. Northwood, Ohio. was upstairs, the robber ordered the Height ___ _ 6 feet 5 inches. teller to jump both the teller and vault Weight ___ _ The Crime 175 to 180 pounds. gates and go into the vault, where Hair ______Light brown or blond. Robber No. 1 entered the bank the bandit sprayed him in the face with Build ____ _ Average. through the rear door from the park. a chemical from a pencil-shaped dis• Complexion_ Light. ing lot shortly before noon, ap• penser. The chemical left the teller At the time of the holdup, this man proached the teller's cage, and re• temporarily blinded. was clean shaven and wore a dark quested $10 in nickels. When the tel• Robber No.2 returned to the bank• green short coat, colored shirt, green ler turned from getting the nickels, ing area and was instructed by his slacks, watch with leather band, and Robber No.2 had entered the bank accomplice to take the first teller back and both men were holding guns on to the vault. He was also ordered to glasses with flip-up sunglasses. Anyone having any information or the tellers. No. 1 had drawn a .38 jump both gates, and once in the vault, knowledge believed to pertain to these caliber revolver, and No.2 was armed he too was sprayed and immobilized. with a semi-automatic pistol. At this point Robber No.1 emptied persons please notify the Director of Robber No.1 placed his revolver in one cash drawer and both bandits fled the Federal Bureau of Investigation, his jacket pocket and put on a pair the bank unobserved. However, both Washington, D.C. 20535, or the of gloves. He walked over to a teller tellers had observed the bandits' ar• Special Agent in Charge of the nearest and demanded that he open the gate to rival in a dark green 1969 Dodge FBI field office, the telephone number the tellers' area. When the teller told Super Bee, possibly with a black vinyl of which appears on the first page of the bllndit that he would have to push top and with a black stripe around the most local directories.

32 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin

U. s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970 0 . 399-643 OBTAINING KNOWN WRITING

HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION DEPENDS ON THE QUALITY OF THE KNOWN WRITING Handwriting examination begins with the investigator and results obtained depend on how well he does his job in obtaining handwriting from suspects (known writing) for comparison with qu estioned (disputed) writing.

Questioned and Known Specimens Must be COMPARABLE A's cannot be compared with G's ­ "John Jones" cannot be compared with "Samuel Hansen" ­ The ]'S must be compared with ]'S and the oh n's with ohn's.

Approximate the Questioned Writ in g Conditions If handwritten ­ Get handwri tten known. If upper­case hand printing ­ Get upper­case printing. If written in pencil ­ Get known writing in pencil. If ball­point pen ink ­ Get known with ball­point pen. If writing is on a check ­ Ge t known writing on checks. If writing is on ruled paper ­ Get known on ruled paper. DUPLICATE THE WORDIN G, THE WRITING INSTRUMENT AND THE SPACE ON H i E PAPER AVAILABLE FOR WRITING.

Known Specimens Must be ADEQU A TE In obtaining dictated know n writing, get a sufficient quan- tity for the document examiner to study the normal variations in that person's writing. Get several specimens for each questioned document. DO NOT LET SUSPECT COPY QUESTIONED WRIT ING ­ Dictate the wording to him.

In obtaining undictated kno n writing, get business papers, letters , checks, applicatio n s, etc. , containing the same names, words, letter corn b inations and letters as the questioned writing.

STUDY THE QUES IONED MATERIAL BE PREPARED BEFORE I TERVIEW WITH SUSPECT UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FEDERAL. BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535 OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID RETURN AFTER 5 DAYS FEDERAL.. BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

MR~ F ,ANK DE H'AR TINO F 198 WOODSIDE AVENUE NE WARKr NoJc 07104

QUESTIONABLE PATTERN

'II

Although the questionable paHem presented above has the appearance of a loop, a close examination reveals the delta formation Is located on the only looping ridge; consequently, no ridge count is obtainable. Therefore, this Impression Is dasslfled as a tented arch and Is ref.,enced to a loop.