More CIA Around the World NCLC: Brownshirts of the Seventies The Great Africa War: Blood test of U.S. Foreign Policy Winter, 1976 Vol. 2, Issue 4 $1.50

The Quarterly Journal of the Organizing Committee for a Fifth Estate

GARDENPLOT & SWAT US Police as New Action Army

• CounterSpy presents its Ent Letters to the Editor column. We have received some 500 letters in the past month. A cross-section of them appear below. We'd also like to express our thanks to all of you who wrote. couNTERSpy We appreciate the criticism as well as the support. We encourage you to get out your pen and paper and tell us what you think about CounterSpy, the CIA, your local SWAT team, or any other national security issue. The Quarterly Journal of the Organizing Committee for a Fifth Estate

I just wanted to drop you a note We work on a farm, On January 8, we sent you a contri- of support on your statement and homesteading. Any contribution has bution of 12,000. A note should have my expression of solidarity with you. been to difficult to come by. But accompanied the check, but we It is quite amazing to watch so- now we'll forsake next Spring's neglected to write it, so here it is now. called critics of the CIA show their replacement plow-points so that We are very glad to send along colors at a time like this. I would Fifth Estate can expose just what this check, as we have been glad to like to take the liberty of pointing ex-agent Welch has been doing to support you over the past few years. out that I don't think it is quite ac- Third World people for a living. It seems to both of us that you have Vol. 3, lama 4 Winter, 1976 2 Comment: curate to ascribe the outcry against Please stick it out, for all of us. been responsible and effective in The New Liberal Consensus / The State of the Empire / Abolish the CIA / you to "reactionary elements of the Stanardsville, VA your efforts to bring to public view Demilitarize the Police / FBI terrorism / Senate Bill One Press" or to "tightest cowards" the excesses of our country's secret alone. Certainly they are in the muckrake (Webster's Third New In- "intelligence" mechanisms as well forefront, but what seems to be even ternational Dictionary/: as the unpleasant filet that secrecy more important really is the facile 'to search out and charge with itself has become the accepted /1 Trends: way in which some liberal jour- and seek to expose publicly real or framework for our government's Agriagents at Work / David Fine Free National ID Cards / CIA on Campus / nalists and the liberal establishment apparent misconduct or vice or dealings with us. Women Mercenaries / KGB Agents Named !More Grand Jury News / Dennis in general is so willing to go along. corruption on the part of prominent Although we have never sought Banks Arrested Even the Laurence Stern article individuals (as public officials)" publicity for support we have given which you enclosed falls far short of "to investigate or go over to any organization, we would like what he might have said in a news assiduously with the purpose of to suggest that in the present GARDEN PLOT & SWAT: U.S. Police As New Action Army: analysis article. digging up scandal or in- situation it might be 16 a good idea for The first documented overview of domestic counter-insurgency capabilities in In general I think your statement criminating" you to make a public statement is excellent and makes all the im- "obs. rake for gathering dung in a about where your funds come from. the seventies, including Operations GRAM METRIC. LANTERN SPIKE. portant points of your (our) position heap" We would be willing to be listed CABLE SPLICER extremely well. Part of what Stern's I'm proud to know people in the among your supporters, and we article does is to try to take some of tradition of Lincoln Steffens. Upton would have no objection to having the blame off you by,talling you "an Sinclair and Ida Tarbell. the amount of our help listed as obscure left-wing group" and saying S.R. well. that you have scruffy offices. You Washington, DC Since people who live in an am- may be obscure and unimportant to biance of conspiracy seem to find it him but not to us and to me. With Warning to Harvey Kahn, Doug hard to imagine a simple, disin- love from us all. Porter, and TRAITORS Ef AL II! terested act, members of the CIA Editorial Board Dick Goldensohn You bastards better clear out of are presumably trying to figure out Seventla,gs Magazine our country! We, veterans will not if your support comes from a Julie Brooks tolerate degenerates who help mur- "foreign source," "subversive Tim Butz der our Americans who serve to elements," or whatnot. Eda Gordon protect the security of our country. It might be educational for them Harvey Kahn The preposterous charge that you You have the list of our security to find that your backers are Winslow Peck are responsible for the death of an agents. We have the list of you citizens who adhere to American Doug Porter --- American official shows how afraid traitors. We will make it our traditions of openness in govern- Margaret Van Houten the CIA is of the growing con- business to get rid of you. Dirty ment, honesty in international sciousness that plain citizens ran do bastards!!! You don't belong in our dealings, and an informed elec- Coordinators for this testae something about the rat-hole world country. You belong in Moscow with torate. We count ourselves and you Julie Brooks of government-sponsored secret the KGB. Traitors you'll die. among that number. Harvey Kahn societies. The person who can only Several of us veterans, Vietnam Carol Bernstein Ferry watch passively at the worst excesses and World War II have met and W. H. Ferry 26 CIA Around the World of his age is no citizen in any voted not to allow you spies for a Scarsdale, NY Who was Richard Welch? / CIA Agents named in Europe and Zaire / David traditional sense, for he has no part foreign country and traitors to our Phillip's ARIO / CIA Drug Trade / The Great Southern Africa War / in the most important decisions own to exist. Get out of the country The ferocity of the attacks and the including new mercenary recruitment tactics determining the policies and the or die!!! low-level ilk making them, proves moral character of government. Don't expect the C.I.A. and F.B.I. the strength and the righteousness CouritorSpy sends special thanks to: Hopefully the public will be able to protect you. You dogs!!! of your work. In solidarity with our Liz Anderson. Chip Berlet. Christine to understand the insidious stage. P.S. Better be physically prepared. sisters and brothers, we remain. Bond. Robert Borsage. Minton Brooks. 40 TIP: Terrorist Information Project managing of the news by in- We will make sure to waste you!! The Wounded Knee Legal Frank Browning, John Burgess. Carol National Caucus of Labor Committees: the Brownshirts of the Seventies / The telligence organizations. Call the F.B.I. to protect you. You Defense/Offense Committee Bernstein Ferry. W. H. Ferry. Morton Hal- Rise of Posse Comitatus You are showing the way. Keep it scum. You'll never have the nerve to Rapid City. Lakota Nation perin. Anne Hess. Dana Johnson. Kathy up. ask an American to protect a Johnson: Daniel Morris. Janet Raffel. Sel- John foreign spy. Dogs!!!! ma Rein. Ron Ridenhour, Beth Stone. Jim 60 Keep on Keepin' On Stanford, CA Anonymous Con', on inside back corer True. Georgia Van Houten. Bill Wallace. Dale Wiehoff and the Counterspies of the Fifth Estate Annual Report / New Organizations / Legal Actions / Literature Fifth Estate. List 2 3

. Advisory Board • the secret bombing of Cambodia for the Organizing Committee fora Fifth Estate. • massive illegal physical and technological surveil- lance of law-abiding American citizens by the CIA and Philip Agee COMMENT NSA Former CIA case officer • ', • hundreds of burglaries and the organization of vio- Sylvia Crane lent reaction to social change by the FBI National Committee Against Repressive LegislatiOn "There is, clearly, something wrong with the system. . . " • conspiracies to assassinate foreign leaders David Dellinger • involvement of the Presidency and the CIA with or- Institute for New Communications - Senator Edmiind V. Muskie ganized crime and drug traffic Frank Donner January 21. 1976 • the overthrow of a freely elected, lawful regime in ACLU Political Surveillance Project Democratic Party reply to the Chile following 30 years of CIA and corporate coup Robert Katz - President's State of the Union Message d'etats and secret wars disrupting and destroying mil- Assassination Information Bureau lions of lives WlBiam Kunstler While Ed Muskie and Jerry Ford obviously had op- • the collective crime known as Watergate Attorney and former OSS officer posing world views in their respective speeches on the • rampant crime as the dominant fact of life in mod- Mark Lone State of the Union there was little to indicate their dif- ern American society Citizen's Commission of Inquiry ferences would move beyond simple election year rhet- • executives on the boards of multinational financial Sidney Ian oric to Offer the electorate a clear choice on program. institutions "executing" and encouraging crime to main- Author, labor organizer Jerry Ford, speaking for his faction of the Republican tain the corporate hold on America Dr. Ralph Lewis Party and more significantly for the position of the Presi- • a government no longer of the people, by the people Criminal Justice Research Director. Michigan dency, presented a "New Realism." realistically insen- and for the people but a government ruled by the priv- State University sitive to a public ravaged by years of simultaneous in- ileged class which most of the world now views as a din- Victor Marchetti flation and recession. • ' integrating corporate empire; Former CIA official Ford's formula, as arrogant as anything offered by his • a government unable to meet the needs of all citi- D. Garetblibriee predecessor in the White 'House: does nothing to end unemployment; spending less on social services, while zens as the crisis deepens and spreads to all aspects of Intfriefsfna Resource Center our lives. Col. L. Pletcher Prouty fret.) ' • increasing government control over those using the Former military liaison to the CIA, services; scuttling. full national health-insurance pro- These are pressing issues. The country is feting a Marcus Raskin " ' tection; using the food stamp program for massive sur- critical decision on these matter* and If Congress. if the Co-Director. Institute for Policy Studies veillance of the poor; using crime as a straw dog for in- Republic, chooses to Ignore the solutions demanded TonyRusse- ' ' creased attacks by ,the state on ghetto poor instead of by the public as it has in the recent round of Congres- Former RAND Corp. employee realistic programs to end the causes of street crime; sional investigations, then Congress is capitulating its KirkpittridtKale . ignoring corporate crime; using the flag words of "big role us well as its ability to serve the public. If the Re- Author government7 to tighten the ship of state and repress public makes tradeoffs with the Empire to maintain Stanley SheinIninin public employees; increasing defense spending, continu- some false sense of past glory then it is setting the stage American Civikiberties Union ,ing to pursue detente which nearly everyone sees is not for a collision, the magnitude of which the nation has not Rev. Phillip Wheaton working, and giving new tax loopholes to big business witnessed since the Civil War. Ecumenical Program for Idter-Americae, while demanding new tax revenues from the working We Americans no longer have mystical' attitudes about Communications'and Action poor, , our institutions. We know that they are only as good as William Turner , Isfuskie,. speaking for congressional Democrats, we force them to be. 'We know that our government mint who are accessories to these crimes. We encourage those Former Special' Agent • at least was'not blind to the true State of the Union, but be constantly monitored and that we must invent ways to individuals working In or with the CIA who do not con- Federal Bureau-of Investigation his speech also demonstrated arrogance. Muskie's ob- exercise daily control over the government. We are de- done the criminal history of this Agency to quit. Other • • • servations were not the kind of leadership the country manding the right to govern ourselves. similar jobs can be found in academia or in the State needs when faced with an assault by Jerry Ford. Rather, Department. For anyone to continue to work with the *Organizations listed for identification purposes only. they express shallow reaction of a politician who knows CIA is to continue to work in a criminal fashion. Re- he is no longer believed by the public. His worldview member these crimes: shoived common sense but since he spoke for a party assassination plots against Fidel Castro, Patrice ConntorSpy is published quarterly by the Organizing Com- 1. sharply torn between many interests it is doubtful that Lumumba, Rafael Truijilio, and other heads of state mittee for a Fifth Eitafe. AddiesX all correspondence to:' Pest common sense can be turned into concrete solutions to Office Box 647. Bn Franklin Station. Washington, D.C.. Abolish the CIA 2. massive illegal surveillance and harassment of 20044. Telephone I2021785-8330. , ..•, the Union's problems. Especially if those in the Demo- American citizens cratic Party echo Muskies-particular level of arrogance. and Covert Action 1 mass murder through the Phoenix assassination Subscriptions Co C.AnnterSpyi • S6.00/W: indieiditalt.' SIO/yr. Common sense and "new realism" was shown by program In Vietnam. a program which has been trans- libraries, non-governnient institutions, and individual' oVerseas. Muskie's expression of concern over the extent to which mitted to other trouble spots around the world S75/yr. for government agencies. Single copies are 51.M. Except Americons'have lost confidence in the political system. The Organizing Committee demands the CIA and 4. the establishment of murder and torture apparat- for CcaufferSpy Spring/Summer 1975, 'we have no available Arrogance shined ominously- when he inferred a similar covert action be abolished not only because we recognize uses among the military, intelligence and police depart- back issues. Were sorry for the inctinvenience, but we lacked loss of confidence in our ability to govern ourselves. that the CIA serves only the multinational corporate ments of many foreign nations the money to print counterSpy, this past fall. Back Ames of Certainly many of us believe that government doesn't empire, which is thoroughly anti-democratic and un- S. the organization of coup cretins in over 25 coun- CounterSpy are available on microfilm,. Writc.iferox,Dinversity care about us or our problems: Certainly many of us be- American, but also because the CIA is a criminal or- tries from Iran In 1954 to Chile in 1973 Microfilms. 300 North Zech Ann Arbeir.'Michigart. 48106. lieve governmentcan't-do anything about our problems. ganization and covert actions are criminal actions. Some 6. the organization of secret wars from Laos to Angola or call toll free 800-521-0600. Evidence 'of. the true State of the Union surrounds us well-Intentioned folks believe that only a portion of the 7. unconstitutional non-compliance with the laws like a plague:' CIA is criminal. They think that the vast majority of the that demand disclosure periodically of government ConnterSpy welcomes manuscripts oat any Aspect, of security. • •-politicians wh6 always seem to promise more than analysts, secretary and service personnel at the Langley budgets And expenditures Signed articles are a product f the authors only,, and do not o they can deliver • • • headquarters of the CIA. those CIA contacts on univer- 8. perjury before Congress necessarily reflect the views of all editors. sponiors. advisors. or sity campuses, in business or religious circles are only associates of the Fifth Estate. eopyrighi (019761 • wars of genocide against the people of the Third 9. the subversion of the democratic process throughout World hardworking honest American citizens. This is true. the Third World and even in Europe with massive illegal • the deceptive deliverance of our sons and brothers But the consensus of the Organizing Committee is that Binding of political parties and trade unions CounterSpy welcomes criticism you may haVe. 'Through Mader citizens can not admit to crime within their organiza- input many important changed in thd quarterly have And will into war in Indochina. and more recently as mercenary 10. involvement in Watergate -cannon-fodder for a mindless war in Angola tion and continue to support that organization. There 11. propaganda attacks on Americans opposed to the are those who directly commit crime and there are those CIA was the Bureau% letter to Dr. King suggesting that he force wihin the police. The fanatic growth of Special commit suicide. It should not be forgotten, however, that Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) stems from mili- nationally recognized figures weren't the only targets of tary sources involved in GARDEN PLOT planning and Because many of the FBI's programs targeted "un- these programs. And most importantly, it should not be demonstrates a courtship between the police and the popular" causes and personalities, political considera- forgotten that the FBI assembled political dossiers on military. Before long, we will not have police forces as we, tions have prompted these investigators to, in effect, hundreds of thousands of Americans. once knew them, rather we will have full fledged armies cover-up evidence of massive illegal activity. The House FBI Director Clarence Kelley has attempted to re- of occupation patroling the streets of our communities — Select Committee on Intelligence. for example, canceled assure congressional probers by constantly repeating the designed, equipped and motivated by the Pentagon. hearings on the notorious COINTELPRO operations myth that all such programs were discontinued in -1971. The GARDEN PLOT/SWAT mentality and the in- after it became clear that many of the witnesses would be While It is true that the bureaucratic designator creasing power of the military in the civil government associated with either the Black Panther or Socialist "COINTELPRO" was discontinued in 1971, FBI dis- must be fought. Just as the CIA decided that the tar- Workers parties. ruption programs and surveillence techniques have been gets of their operations must include the civilian popula- Of particular concern is that abundant evidence of FBI and are being continued. In 1971 and 1972 (as was re- tion of America, so too has the military focused their involvement in domestic assassinations and/or terrorist vealed in CounterSpy in March 1973). the Bureau spon- sights on us. If democratic and constitutional rights activity has been either buried or de-emphasized. At- sored a right-wing terrorist organization, based in San are to be preserved, we must demand that the military tempts to provoke rival organizations to assassinate Diego California and operating in II western states. Ear- be controlled by the people and not the people controlled Black Panthers in Chicago. Philadelphia. San Diego, ly in 1975. the New York Times disclosed that the by the military. , and Los Angeles have been revealed but not explored. Bureau had played a key role in organizing and funding How many people died as the result of these "hard- sham ultra-leftist organizations M New Orleans and hitting" connterintelligence programs? In San Diego, Florida. —The conduct of FBI agents towards activist the FBI went so far as to boast, according to a recently Native American organizations. especially on the Pine declassified memo, that its counterintelligence programs Ridge Reservation, clearly shows that disruption and ter- Stop Senate Bill One had created a significant degree of racial unrest. In other ror programs are an important part of contemporary areas of the country, the FBI sought to provoke open Bureau activity. The progress of Senate Bill One (S. I) is yet another warfare between organized crime and the Communist Lately, we've seen a lot of Clarence Kelley ranting and indication of the repressive society the government is Party. And documents in the possession of the Senate raving about the threats posed to Americans by ter- trying to create in America. Originally conceived to Select Committee investigating the intelligence com- rorists. He has even suggested that certain traditional streamline the federal criminal code and eliminate con- munity reveal that the Bureau paid for "wanted posters" _political freedoms enjoyed by citizens may have to be flicting statutes, Senate Bill One was written in such a naming a well-known activist as a police informant. Only sacrificed if terrorism is to be crushed. It seems obvious way that it virtually neutralizes the bill of Rights. It is through mere chance did this activist escape the mur- - to us that these declarations are merely serving to cover a nightmare for all who value a more humane and just derous intentions of the FBI. up the Bureau's function as a political secret police. society, and the nightmare can not be eliminated by The promotion of assassination and terror were not the Moreover. they come on the wave of repressive legisla- simply amending the proposed law. Senate Bill One only techniques employed by the Buureau in its quest to tion that, if passed. would indeed require American peo- must be stopped without compromise, for if it is not, the 12. experimenting with LSD and other drugs on un- curb domestic dissent. A clear attempt was made to have ple to sacrifice what few rights are left from our crum- poor and the powerless will lose what little protection suspecting citizens causing the deaths of several Attorney William Kunstler, who defended many organi- bling Bill of Rights. they now have under the law, and all of us will lose the zations, against government repression, framed on crim- The FBI should fight crime, particularly organized spirit, if not the substance, of our democratic rights. This is only a small listing of the CIA's crimes. The inal charges -that would discredit him personally and crime, rather than reinforce right-wing paranoia that American law is alleged to be based on logic and fair- CIA was created in an outlaw spirit. It has rampaged politically. Antioch College in Ohio was the target of FBI sees a terrorist behind every dissenter. ness, yet Senate Bill One is neither logical nor just. Sen- and ravished the entire world to create profitable invest- programs designed to discredit it academically merely ate Bill One would codify a double standard law that ment climates for the multinational corporations which. because the college administration allowed campus quite literally could create a situation where a govern- once achieved, facilitate the transfer of factories to other facilities to be used for anti-war activities. The worst ex- ment official guilty of misconduct would go free, while lands for less costs and trade unions manipulated by ample of these insidious programs to.discredit activists a citizen peacefully protesting the misconduct would the CIA. thus yanking jobs away from American work- De-militarize the Police go to jail for such activity. ers. To support the CIA and covert action is to support Senate Bill One would, among other things, broaden this thirty year world history of mass murder, torture the government's authority to wiretap, virtually elimin- During the last two decades, the U.S. Army has quietly and high crimes against humanity, ate criminal insanity pleas, limit the freedom of the expanded its domestic power and influence. The separa- To suggest the CIA continue operating on public trust press. make G.I. organizing a crime, and reinstitute the tion of police and military functions in our society — one and under Congressional supervision is to bury one's death penalty. (See CounterSpy. Vol. 2, No. 3 for more of the causes for the 1776 rebellion — has been rendered head in the sand. If Congress does not address itself to details on the specifics of Senate Bill One.) the real problems, it is the public's responsibility to raise "inoperative" through a sophisticated form of mili- The Senate Judiciary Committee is due to start its tarism which approximates the fielding of a counter-in- these issues in every possible forum. review of Senate Bill One in February or March with In an address to the Massachusetts legislature in 1764, surgency force against American citizens. the possibility of floor action as early as May. The liberal Today there exists a special branch of the Pentagon. Representative James Otis stated: leadership of the Judiciary Committee (Kennedy, Hart, "It is the duty of every good citizen to point out what the Division of Military. Support (DOMS). whose pri- Tunny, Abourezk, Mathias. Burdick. and Bayh) along mary responsibility is to coordinate military response to he thinks is erroneous in the commonwealth." with their staff people have been discussing the possi- "civil disorders." real or imagined. DOMS is the central bilities of amending more than twenty-five controver- coordinating agency for OPLAN GARDEN PLOT, the sial sections of the bill in hopes of satisfying the growing military contingency plan for using full military force widespread opposition to Senate Bill One. The proposed against civil dissent. as well as acting as a central mili- amendments are mostly cosmetic and do not tackle the Fight Crime, Not Dissent tary wpply depth for the domestic police. Via GARDEN basic inadequacies of the WI A major fault of the cur- PLOT, thousands of police and national guard troops rent dialogue is that there is .. titled agreement among have come to consider themselves soldiers in battle with A horror show, equaled only by contemporary revela- Judiciary staffers as to what th. oroblems are with the the American public. bill. A member of Sen. Kenn. • v's staff, and fqrmer tions about the Central Intelligence Agency, has been As GARDEN PLOT was practiced again and again quietly unfolding in Washington as investigators are Justice Department prosecutor, supports S.I. vigorous- across the land, it became obvious that the use of regular ly and believes that, with a few amendments and modi- probing the secret nooks and crannies of the Federal military troops had practical political limitations in a fications, S. I. would be a good bill. Bureau of Investigation. While this inquiry has, thus far, democracy. So, from GARDEN PLOT exercises and ex- The modification strategy will not only facilitate the produced a few scattered revelations, especially regard- periences with counterinsurgency in Vietnam, our na- review of the bit, I," out ab 4, diffuse the issues, mak- ing FBI treatment of Martin Luther King. the congres- tional security managers developed a "Green Beret" sional investigators and their counterparts in the news media have seemingly failed to grasp the significance of their findings. ENTRAPMENT, Permits conviction of defendants for corn. miffing crimes which they were induced to commit by improper Challenge the New pressures from police agents. Puts burden on defendant to prove that he was "not predisposed" and was subject to "unlawful Liberal Consensus entrapment." If the national security bureaucracies are to be made CONTEMPT, Penalty for refusal to cooperate with Congres. accountable to Congress, then it is obvious that Congress sional committees. e.g. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. is increased from one year in prison and a thousand-dollar must be made accountable to the public. Thus it is ob- fine to three years and/or one hundred thousand dollars. vious that the public, and its political movements, will have to continue to pressure Congress. 'f his battle, over SECRECY, Reverses democratic decision-making under the the security bureaucracies, is bound to escalate over the Constitution by substituting government secrecy for the free- next few years. The termination of the Congressional doms guaranteed by the First Amendment. investigations will not so conveniently sweep these abuses under the mg. SEDITION, Redrafts 1940 Smith Act. by prohibiting the incite- As the imperium continues to decay from outside ment of "other persons to engage in imminent lawless conduct pressure, it will continue to use the security agencies to that would facilitate the forcible overthrow" of the govern- ment. This attempts to circumvent a series of Supreme Court repress its opposition. New abuses of power will develop. decisions that made the Smith Act inoperative. Congress will not be able to run away frona these devel- ing them u udebatable and therefore, essentially elimin- ment's power over individuals. This eaten- opments. The movement knows that a new consensus is ating the opposition. An example of how this strategy sion can take the form of wiretapping and MARIJUANA, Possession of the slightest amount for personal developing within the ruling political circles of this Em- would be implemented would be the deletion of the other secret surveillance, of giving broad use entails thirty days imprisonment and/or ten-thousand-dol- pire. A new toughness, expressed in Congressional weak- death penally from the bill and its introduction as a discretion to officials in decisions about lar fine: second offense increases to six months and/or ten- ness, manifests itself in the military's call for further separate piece of legislation. The net result would be punishment. of authorizing exceptionally thousand.dollar fine. increases in defense spending; in Ford's "New Realism": the elimination of a significant portion of the opposi- severe sentences, or of restricting access to in Muskie's new means to control the state; and in at- ILLEGAL EVIDENCE, Incorporates provisions designed to tion and further, as a separate bill, the death penalty critical information about government tempts to muscle the free press. make voluntary confessions admissible even if obtained by would be easier to pass since there would not be the operations, The other school of thought, secret police interrogation in the absence of counsel and warn- Katie Graham, strike-breaking owner of the Wash- momentum of opposition that is presently mushroom- represented by the Brown Commission, is ing prescribed in the Miranda Case, and provisions designed ington Post, highlights the new toughness for all of on ing towards Senate Bill One. In order to stem opposi- skeptical about the gains in law enforce- to assure admissibility of eyewitness 'testimony regardless of to see. She has been traveling around the country ad- lion and make the bill palatable to moderates and lib- ment that can be expected from such meas- prior police irregularities in suggesting identification. dressing journalism school students that the news erals, the following amendments are being proposed: ures, and more concerned about impairing media's exposures of crime and corruption in our gov- • Modification of the Official Secrets Act in order to the quality of civic life by needless restraints HANDGUNS, Eschews the Brown Commission's recommenda- ernment have gone too far. eliminate press opposition to it of liberty. tion to establish effective national control of handguns and in. • Deletion of the death penalty and its presentation stead, the bill makes the use of dangerous weapons in com- This new realism, which we'll call the new liberal mitting a crime a separate offense entailing penalties in ad- as a separate bill consensus, will no longer deny that the system is basic- dition to ff.se provided for the underlying crime. • Severing all defenses including insanity, entrapment, CURRENT S.1. STRATEGY ally imperialist. Instead it will admit this, but defy as and Nuremberg (Watergate) NUREMBERG DEFENSE, Would inhibit prosecution of to change the situation. In the past, a healthy dialogue • Replace the espionage statute with present law In the Congressional language in which it was presented, the existed between radicals and liberals over the nature of purpose of Senate Bill One Ls: wrongdoing by "public servants" if illegal conduct is result of • Close the national security loophole in the wire- "mistaken" belief that it was "required or authorized" or based the system and the state. Radicals always pointed out the tapping law to codify. revise, and reform Mk 18 of the U.S. Code; on "written interpretation issued by the head of a government contradictions of imperial policy and liberals usually • Eliminate dangerous special offender category to make appropriate amendment to the Federal Rubes of denied the imperium. The liberals usually maintained No senator has voiced opposition to Senate Bill One, Criminal Proceedure; to make conforming amendments the illusion of a still dominant Republic and insisted the INSANITY, Admits insanity a defense only if the insanity slur has any senator had the courage to introduce the to criminal provisions of other titles of the U.S. Code contradictions were "abherations" or abuses of the caused a lack of "the state of mind required as an element of House alternative to S.I. — HR 10850. This alternative and for other purposes. the offense charged." Mental disease or defect does not other- system rather than the very nature of the system. In the' bill does essentially the same thing as S.I., but from a wise constitute a defense. future this dialogue may vanish. progressive political point of view: Some of the more repressive aspects of this proposed lees- While liberals representing the Republic still insist tenon are: • No wiretapping. SENTENCING, Provides for high maximum penalties, a parole the dangers of the FBI and CIA are abnormal, a new • No forced immunity. component in addition to the prison maximum, and fewer tendency within the imperium is gaining strength. This WIRETAPPING: Reaffirms the 1968 law, including the am- • No death penalty. limitations on consecutive sentences. biguous Presidential authority to wiretap domestic actinium tendency is not only shown in the massive geographic • Lower sentences where a "danger to structure" power shift within the Republic and the Empire from the of the government is involved. SABOTAGE, Provides the death penalty or life imprisonment • Decriminalization of marijuana Expands areas where wiretapping is permitted us part of the in- northeast to the southwest with a rough 'n' tough "cow- in some cases, up to twenty or thirty years in prison and/or up • Tighter espionage law vestigatory processes. Directs telephone companies boy spirit" replacing urbane reason, but by the aggres- and land- to one-hundred-thousand dollar fine in others, for activity that • No infringements on release of information or pub- lords to cooperate "forthwith and unobtrusively" with govern- sive new threats to our liberty and freedom. The ten- ment wiretappers, and provides for compensation for such coop- "damages, tampers with .... almost any property or facility lication by press "used in or particularly stilted for national defense" or service dency is no longer for the ruling corporate class to give eration. It has long been recognized by legal scholars that the that is or might be used in the national defense, with intent to. Americans special treatment but rather to treat as as present U.S. Code is an obsolete collection of laws — in- "interfere with or obstruct the ability of the U.S. or an associate they would the people of any country they have pene- DEATH PENALTY, Attempts to circumvent the 1975 Furman herently racist. unjust and in need of reform. The legis- nation to prepare for or engage in war or defense activities." trated and plundered. This hard nose approach may v. Georgia Supreme Court Decision which held that capital lative body needs to proceed cautiously and not merely punishment was cruel and unusual punishment because it had demand even more ruthless abuse 01 power, just as the DEMONSTRATIONS: Virtually every kind of civil rights, accept a lesser evil. Senate Bill One comes out of the been "so wantonly and freakishly imposed." old acts of abuse are ostensibly being terminated by Con- vindictive climate of the Nixon era and presents its re- peace, and other protest action would be threatened with severe gress. commendations in vengeful defiance of human freedoms penalties under a series of vaguely drafted infringements on the right of assembly, including restrictions no the right to demon. and of the recommendations of the Brown Commission. state adjacent to wherever authorities may declare to be the The public wants to know what Congress will do to Professor Louis B. Schwartz of University of Penn- stop future covert actions by the CIA or other agencies. "LEADING" A RIOT, Redrafts 1968 Law. Provides for up to "temporary residence" where the president may be staying. sylvania Law School has defined the currently proposed three years in jail and/or up to one-hundred-thousand-dollar The public is aware that the CIA is undemocratic to its legislation as follows: fine for "movement of • person across a state line" in the course NATIVE AMERICANS; Would abolish the special jurisdic- heels and is quite capable of doing anything here at of execution or consummation of a "riot". A "riot" as defined tional status of Indian reservations so that federal laws could be home that it has done overseas. In fact in the past few S.I. expresses the view that the crime prob- could involve as few as "ten" participants whose conduct creates applied. Would enlarge scope of state jurisdiction over Indian years the CIA has treated the American people and Con- lem can be solved by extending govern- a grave danger of imminently causing" damage to property. country and further, would include a provision for state laws to gress as they would foreign enemies. Congress does not apply where a vacuum existed in federal law. recognize the CIA as an enemy. an income ceiling of only $5,050. who would he at least partially depen- located on campus, was responsible The beginnings of the registration President Ford's changes cut out 46 dent on hiad imports from the U.S. tin the development of the electronic plan for America's poor were includ- per cent of the households now receiv- TRENDS .. Nuclear blackmail is not in- battlefield, deployment of chemical ed in President Ford's new food ing food stamps. His bill also ex- conceivable. and biological weaponry. and other stamp proposal which was introduced cludes strikers and all college The common image of the U.S. technological warfare methods prac- recently by Sen. Herman E. Tal- students unless their families are Department of Agriculture agent, ticed in Indochina. madge. (D-Ga.). eligible as well. stressed in white linen lab coats David Fine has pleaded innocent to The Federal Advisory Committee The Dole-McGovern bill sets a ceil- analysing corn tussles is long past. all charges. He faces life. 33 years im- on False Identification. set up by ing of 59,000 and changes the - food prisonment. plus a 540.000 fine on former attorney general William B. stamp program from a feeding pro- federal charges alone. Fine intends to Saxbe. expects to report this spring gram to an income support plan. The FBI Strikes fight the charges all the way and per- on the extent of the false ID problem. needy wouldn't buy stamps from the sons close to the case maintain that The committee is expected to stop government; instead, the government Weather the government has little if any short of recommending a national would offer the stamps free in a identification system because of the torcement agencies around the coun- evidence to link Fine to the act.. government subsidy form. controversy that has always surround- Agriagents At try. Graziano said the help from Underground Bail was reduced to 550.000 The food stamp program is tricky police has "paid considerable 1530.000 cash) and Fine was released ed that concept. Instead, the commit- all around. The applicant must prove tee is expected to recommend that Work dividends. Nowhere is this coop- Agents of the Federal Bureau of Int. after only eleven and a half days in his/her ability to maintain his/her state and local agencies tighten up erative spirit more appreciated than vestigation captured the youngest custody of lames and Susan Rowan. household (rent, gas, electricity, record keeping procedures making It at A01. We ... work with, and are person ever to be on the FBI's Ten Rowan is Madison Mayor Paul Sog- phone) yet not make enough to com- more difficult for someone to obtain a greatly assisted by, police and sher- Most Wanted List on January 7, in lin's assistant and Susan is Senator fortably afford food. birth certificate of a person who has rifs departments. Above the local San Rafael. California. David Sylvan George McGovern 's daughter. The actual fraud in the program is died and thus create a new identity. level we work with many slate en• Fine. now 23, is one of four Madison The trial is set for May 17. Support not so high as President Ford would forcement agencies," Graziano men charged with the 1970 bombing for David is strong and growing in like us to believe. Overpayment of wrote. of the Army Mathematics Research Madison, but for David to walk out of benefits exceed 26 per cent of claims, Graziano. with 23 years experience Center on the University of Wisconsin the courtroom free, thousands of but most of these are attributed to in government security and law en- campus. dollars are needed for proper legal Navy Spied clerical and mathematical mistakes forcement. landed his job in the A01 -The official FBI line, of an and political defense. Donations or made by clerks who certify par- after his accomplishments in the anonymous phone tip from someone inquiries should be sent to the David On Civilians ticipants, according to the defenders Department of Transportation. Dur- who recognized me is simply a lie," Fine Freedom Committee, Box 93, of the program. According to Sen. ing the skyjacking era of 1970-71. writes David Fine in a recent issue of Madison. Wisconsin 53701 George McGovern, "Only eight in Recently declassified documents Graziano directed the air security Madison's underground newspaper. The Department of Agriculture (A- every 10,000 recipients are obtaining show that Naval intelligence agents guard division "sky marshals." Take Over. The federal agents lice of Investigation 1A131), the third food stamps fraudulently, according infiltrated anti-war organizations and wherein 1,500 men were trained and brought Fine, who was using the Card-Carrying largest federal investigative agency in to an Agriculture Department other activist groups during 1971 and deployed throughout the world to name William Loves. to FBI head. the country, has matured into an in- survey." 1972. This activity was in apparent "meet the threat of terrorism." He has quarters in San Francisco. There. Citizens ternational force capable of making A01 targets another category of contradiction to Pentagon promises been actively reorganizing -the A01 agents sat hint down on a plush couch food a weapon abroad while control!. food stamp "abusers." Agriagents. that such surveillance would be dis- since its dramatic shift in January in a room with a panoramic view of National identification cards, an- ing its distribution here at home. called "floaters." regularly spy on continued after disclosures of massive 1975 when it was declared an au- the bay. served him orange juice and other government tool notorious for With some 650 paid employees. an stores for violations of food stamp military spying on the civilian popula- tonomous division inside the USDA. asked him to talk informally about its potential abuse as a weapon of unknown number of unpaid inform- regulations. If such items as dog tion in 1970. The documents were re- Sandwiched between meat inspec- 'MS life in the past five years. David repression, will soon be just another ers. 20 field offices, and a director in- food, toilet paper or soap are among tions and potato measures is the refused and was returned to Madison American reality. The first step leased in response to a Freedom of tent on sharing the spotlight with the the items purchased, the USDA will Information request by the Intelli- primary target of the A01: food Wisconsin four days later on SI towards categorizing all Americans more notorious agencies such as the order the store to stop accepting food gence Documentation Center, and stamp "abusers". A01 joined full million bail. has begun. In the next few years FBI and the CIA, A01 keeps tabs on stamps. A number of food coops have force with a national campaign Five and a half years ago on August millions of poor and non-white were concerned primarily with activ- thousands of Americans suspected of been victim to these six-month bans launched in the Fall of 1975. Both 24, 1970 an early morning blast Americans will be required to carry a ities in the San Diego, California wrongdoing or who complain about on food stamp qualification. liberal and conservative legislators destroyed the Army Mathematics plastic tamper-proof ID card mag- area. one of the hundreds of USDA pro- Why does the U.S. Department of have jumped on the bandwagon; Research Center (AMRC). AMRC, a netically informed of its carrier's per- Organizations targeted by the Navy grams. Agriculture need such an extensive three bills to cut government costs are • facility for the U.S. Army then sonal history. appearance, and finger included anti-war groups active in The architect and first permanent investigating force? One can find that now before Congress. prints. protesting the Navy's role in the Indo- director of A01. John Graziano. answer by reading what the CIA sees The Buckley-Michel bill pares The tide will roll slowly beginning china war, progressive veterans. the wrote about his law enforcement as the trend for food around the down the food stamp program by 50 with five million legal aliens who United Farm Workers and the Guar- achievements in the July issue of world. The shortage of food, pre- per cent. It eliminates college stu- either live in the U.S. or cross the dian. a nationally distributed radical Police Chief magazine. "The bulk of dicted for the nest decade, "could dents and workers on strike. It sets border daily to work here. It is es- tabloid. our work." he said, "finds us in- give the U.S. a measure of power it timated, this group will be issued 113 Among the activities that Naval in• vestigating violations of law in every had never had before — possibly an cards within the bicentennial year telligence agents reported were: teeming American ghetto, in com- economic and political dominance from the Immigration and Natur- • Attempts by the Vietnam Veter- munities of all sizes, and in selected greater than that of the immediate alization Service. ans Against the War to have condi- foreign locales from Bangladesh to post World War Two years." The next sector of society required tions at Balboa Naval Hospital im- 'the CIA report. Potential implica- to carry the wallet-sized personal data proved. The information collected by Graz- tions of Trends in World Population. bank will be six million heads of • Student protests against Marine iapo's investigative network is main- Good /induction, and Climate, con- households receiving food stamps, ac- Corps recruiters at the University of tained in the USDA data banks tinues: "Washington could acquire cording to the U.S. Department of California. which include the FBI crime list, as virtual life and death power over the Agriculture. If this system fails, all • A party. open to active-duty mil- well as individuals who have never ac- fate of multitudes of the needy. 18.8 million Americans receiving itary personnel, at which a Charlie tually been accused of any crime but Without indulging in blackmail in food stamps may receive the identity Chaplin movie was shown. "may be responsible for wrongdo- any sense, the U.S. would gain ex- card. • Plans by activists to demonstrate ing." traordinary political and economic This process is likely to be expand- against the Republican National Con- In 1973 the USDA began a cant. influence — not only over the poor ed after a time to include other poor vention. then slated to be held in San paign of cooperation with law en- countries. but over the major powers persons receiving public assistance. Diego. • An announcement by the San Di- ego Convention Coalition, activist The formerly covert offices revealed umbrella organization, to demon- on the poster housed a wide range of strate against then-Secretary of De- activities including photo interpreta- fense Melvin Laird. tion, telecommunications, and sev- • Efforts by the Concerned Offi- eral Agency proprietaries. cers Movement to publicize Naval' In a press release distributed to regulations regarding haircuts. news agencies, the Ad-Hoc Commit- • Efforts by the United Farm tee stated that the rationale behind Workers to service personnel aware revealing CIA offices in Washington of the lettuce and grape boycotts. was that "... the current series of in- • Articles reporting anti-war ac- EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES vestigations into the illegal and im- tivity in the San Diego Door (an al- moral activities of the CIA have ternative newspaper), the Daily Az- The Central Intelligence Agency is now acceptinb applica- failed to fully examine the extent to tec (the student newspaper at San tions for the foNowhig position& C.andidatee with foreign which the CIA has penetrated govern- ments. corporations. and labor Diego State University). and the language cepabilltles and good academic backgrounds; who Guardian. One report attached great unions, both in the United States and Interact well with other people: have good goal odentedone significance to the fact that the abroad." and suede good judgment will be given top oasieldwatiom Guardian had been cited by the The release concluded by saying: House Committee on Un-American IMMO* OF ONNIMI. •1■11■4111■111 MM. "When the Congress wants to exor- MIAOW IMO Sim *wood POMMY 011111111011111, Activities. IM.1100.111.0 01.00.1 AVINCUIRe cise a political enemy it can pull NOWA 0.1•101..11 =PIM car In response to the disclosure about Man WON 4111“20.68.••••••■110 evidence out of a pumpkin, but when Naval Intelligence activities, a Penta- it comes up against the goblins of the gon spokesperson noted that the J08 DENEFIDIc CIA it cowers under covers and leaves DOD directives issued in 1970 and • lea•.Yaarw witiouswita• • alimony twat wear, pusainaho the skeletons in the closet." 1971 merely placed limitations upon • re. *Om MI Istwook, NW mid, • Maud IIMIallmwdellinufta The Pumpkin Poster appeared at military agencies surveilling civilians. • TOP maw Davos over 400 locations in the Washington. The activities of Naval intelligence D.C. area. In taking credit, the Ad as revealed in the declassified docu- Applications an now being accepted at the Miming Mations Hoc Committee said more than 60 ments, according to the spokesper- in the D.C. metropolitan emu people were involved in producing to disrupt Chavez's union organizing. served as head of the local Young son, were legitimate because "active Vilsomolo ■••■•••••••■• •••■•• INN. Jr. MO • /1•••••• 0•■•■••• .110•••••••• Ink, MO and distributing the poster. Republicans chapter, and Disease mow.. MMus Sim Ducote and his two friends, Henry duty personnel may have been in- IMO won. Om ads* • MOO ••••■••■••••..11111.111••■■••• Scherling and Andrew.Gulermovich, said that he and Scherling have been volved." 1.•■••••• 1/1.•■•••••■11.1./.. or • NM& MO II 11....111% 1•1.1.11111.11 •••••••••1* adll...... 11a. • ....1•11•111.1.114/M11.1111*•••01. committed burglaries in two UFW of- members of the John Birch Society. Activists in the San. Diego area Aellnemo No• • ..1.11m111.11.• • • INNIS 10.00.146.1be fices in Delano, where Cesar Chavez Rep. Don Edwards (D-Calif.) plans •••••■• ...... Minn Is milyo Om I. ON II* are reported to be considering the 11••••••■•■•• TM.. Gout • IMP Maw %lbw 11.11,111m0 MAIL claims "extremely valuable" docu- to have his House Judiciary subcom- possibility of legal actions against 101.1.11.11111.• 0.1. • al...••••■•••.1111m.• lomo IRO. MIL mittee on constitutional rights in- ON I IN rara...... msaa.id 11.••••■.11.• ments were stolen; the San Francisco the Navy spying, in light of its prob- illowl • 111. S.M. IMO Wiwi,. offices of the now defunct Ramparts vestigate whether the FBI failed to MO &I IL NW ITelmal*“•••• Ow* able disruptive effect on their activ- • 18.4.1.1111••••••••MO magazine; antiwar group offices in act in the case and whether the agen- ities. Or. at•4•16•4•11 CIA POINI•toki• 9.011. main, wutwatswil •• Inoue ' San Jose. Berkeley, and PaloAlto; the cy received any stolen documents. • Omorlmo Ilememo 111•• Par 1* l..1.0••••. • M.00 oftr.....11111.1•00.01.8111 office of the Student Nonviolent Co- Ducote also said he gave informa- marolo In* name tion to a conservative California state • rat ••••••••••• /no 1...1.011... , • 1.11.6 0.•■•••■••• 6■■•■•■ NI a. II= ordinating Committee; the Carmel CIA Off Campus! 1014 IN. MO MY tbd home of radical organizer Saul Alin- senator. with the understanding that An awl oppoosmy &Rowe, sky; and the office of San Jose at- he would forward it to the office of Central Intelligence Agency recruit- torney John Thorne. whose clients in- then-Governor Ronald Reagan. ment has been met with demonstra- cluded Angela Davis and George tions on several campuses this school Jackson. year. According to Ducote, the informa- Women to San Diego for a meeting with the • Last November 19. 500 people at tion went to Western Research (now students concerning the CIA, and CIA Goblins Michigan University in East Lansing Research West), a private employee- Mercenaries shouted "No more murders, no more refused to end CIA recruiting on the investigating firm, as well as to the A California firm which hires mer- lies, CIA off Campus now." campus. After the meeting, over 100 two growers who hired him, D'Arrigo cenaries to fight in Africa. Asia and • A Teach-in attended by 8000 people chanting "Go away CIA" and A surprise poster appeared in Right-Wing and Jack Pandola of Delano. Western South America says that nearly half students at the University of "Go away Saxon". demonstrated Washington. D.C. a few days prior to Research is reported to have passed of its recruits are woolen. Michigan in Ann Arbor in early with the anger and conviction of flolloween, 1975. A group calling Research? the information to the FBI and other The firm. El Kontos Enterprises of November sparked a demonstration anti-war protests. UCSD Chancellor itself "The Ad-I-loc Committee for An ex-Sheriffs deputy testified in state and federal law enforcement Anaheim. states that women are es- • against National Security Agency William McElroy said the protest the Pumpkin Poster" surreptitiously, San Jose. Calif.. last month that he agencies. pecially good in intelligence work and (NSA) recruiting the following week. "... has a little bit of a 1969-70 produced and distributed the poster conducted 17 burglaries in 1967 The FBI denied all knowledge of as pilots or demolition experts. • Several hundred people at the flavor." pinpointing a score of Washington aimed at disrupting Cesar Chavez, Ducote's activities, although Jerry James Scott. director of the firm. University of California Berkeley These protests were the first at- area covert offices maintained by the the United Farm Workers and its Cohen. a UFW lawyer says he in- says that women's contracts can last campus attended a number of tempts to thwart CIA recruiting on Central Intelligence Agency. supporters. Jerome Ducote, charged formed the FBI two years ago about from a week or two to several years demonstrations in late November college campuses since the late 60s Designed in the guise of an employ- with 15 counts of grand theft and 7 Ducote, who was then using the alias and that their pay ranges from $350 against both CIA and NSA re- when it was discontinued. In an Oc- ment advertisement, the poster listed counts of receiving stolen property. "Fred Schwartz". Ducote's associate. to $500 per week or more. , cruiting. tober 26. 1975 New York Times arti- some of the job assignments which described these events at this pre- Gulerovich, seems to think he was Scott says that women are readily In San Diego, an anti-CIA coali- cle, the extent of CIA activities was CIA agents have been reported to • liminary hearing. The three.year working for the FBI. "My personal accepted if qualified and that equali- tion was formed in protest of minori- described: "... CIA recruiting is have fulfilled as of late: Assassin statute of limitations has run out on motive," Gulermovich testified, "was ty in the mercenary 'business has ty recruitment as well as any and all done from ten regional offices across (GS-18 — Mass Murderer, GS-I3 - Ducote's burglaries. The present that it was for a governmental agency never been a prohlmh. Scott says: CIA activities on the University of the country which are said to be in Chiefs of State); Burglar; Wiretap. charges involve Ducote's failure to and it was something they needed and "Uncle Sans has had women with California's campus. Dr. David Sax- contact with four hundred cam- per; Labor Leader (AFL-CIO exp. repay 517,000 borrowed last summer it was worthwhile." these skills on its payroll IM many on, president of the University. went puses". helpful); and others. from 14 friends to pay farm workers Ducote and his two friends have all many years." Who's Who in the the power to look behind what the refusing to testify before a Rapid grand jury considers or why it City grand jury investigating the 13 KGB? acts as it does." killing of two FBI agents on the At the same conference, Martin Pine Ridge Reservation on June 26, G. Holleran said: "Through what 1975. Le Deaux stated that the International in Miami, Florida 6006, is almost identical to H.R. For more information contact: A French weekly news magazine The Coalition to End Grand Jury other means can you put hoodlums U.S. Government has no legal jur- also went to court on the issue of 2986. except that 11.R. 2986 bans identified two Soviet diplomats as Abuse and gangsters into prison without isdiction over her as a sovereign multi-representation. all forced immunity as well as members of the Kremlin's intel- 105 Second Street NE convicting them of a crime? Think citizen of the Oglata Nation, nor There are four grand jury re- abolishing immunity. H.R. 6207, ligence services. The left-wing Washington, D.C. 20002 of that." was it a grand jury of her peers, form bills of varying strengths is more limited in scope than any bloom! Observateur said Ivan Kislyak pending in the House of Repre- of the other proposed bills, how- was head of the KGB secret service in Some examples of ongoing grand since no Native Americans sat on The Grand Jury Project juries that illustrate this govern- the grand jury. Le Deaux could sentatives. H.R. 1277, introduced ever, the sponsors have also en- Rm 1415 Paris and Nikolai Yevdokimov head- by Rep. J. Eilberg, provides grand mental strategy of focusing on par- remain in jail until July 1976 for dorsed the Conyers bill. 853 Broadway ed the GRU (military) intelligence jury witnesses with a number of ticular organizations or issues are: standing on her treaty rights. Grand juries are a powerful tool New York, New York 10003 there. Meanwhile, the conservative key safeguards now denied them: • Veronica Vigil, a Denver Chi- of government investigators and magazine Le Point said there were ten the right to counsel in the chamber. will be utilized as long as they are times as many Soviet agents as U.S. • Two grand juries are target- cano activist, has been jailed since ing Wounded Knee attorneys. September 10, for her refusal to access to transcripts of their testi- accessible. In theory, the first agents in Paris. CounterSpy will keep mony and full explanation of why function of a grand jury is to pro- Government you informed if the disclosing of KGB One in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, cooperate with a renewed federal has subpoenaed Ray Archeletta grand jury investigation of El Movi- subpoenas have been issued. An- tect people from unjustified prose- names becomes as popular as the other bill, H.R. 2986, introduced cution. The goal of those struggling Continues disclosure of CIA names. and Bruce Ellison. Archeletta and miento Chicano. The case is a con- Ellison have moved to quash their tinuation of a probe arising from by Rep. John Conyers, builds on to eliminate abuses of power is to Indian Hunt subpoenas because of the possible two 1974 car bomb explosions that the protections provided by the eliminate the ability of prosecutors violations to the attorney killed six Chicanos. Eilberg bill and further, seeks to to manipulate the grand jury as The Grand Jury I am a Chippewa man, born on an client privilege in that the govern- • In Lexington, Kentucky a limit prosecutorial domination of an arena for conducting political the grand jury process by man- investigations. Legislative reform Indian reservation. Arm of the FBI ment has refused to state the pur- grand jury is attempting to investi- The arrest of myself by government pose of the grand jury investiga- gate the women's movement and dating grand juror votes before a is one method to .return the grand agents is again a pattern that was tion. This investigation has. been the gay movement. Jill Raymond. subpoena can be issued or immun- jury system to the citizens it was ity offered. It also allows grand originally established to serve. But established throughout the decades of The government is utilizing postponed several times. who has refused to cooperate with jurors to obtain independent coun- there is much more work to do to Indian-White relations. It was a time grand juries ax an intelligence- • The federal grand jury in the Saxe-Powers grand jury, has sel to press investigations into fed- build public awareness of the when my wife. Kamook, is also in gat hering operation against the Des Moines, Iowa, investigating been in jail in Kentucky for ten eral offenses committed by gov- threats to civil liberties that grand prison giving birth to my fifteenth movement for social change. Grand the Native American liberation of months. ernment officials. The bill would juries represent. We must combat child. Iron Door, and at a time in juries are as active as they were in Wounded Knee; and seeking to prohibit contempt confinement the paranoia the government is history when the United States is on the 70's, though they are less vis- indict Frank Black Horse for fail- • In Tampa, Florida. after sabo- based on prosecutorial questions attempting to spread by waving a the eve of its 200th anniversary. ible and more focused in their ure to appear for trial, has sub- tage became part of the labor ac- that violate a witness's Consti- subpoena in the face of the move- 200 years of arresting Indians who aim to undermine the solidarity poenaed Martha Copleman, a law- tivity of a shrimp packing plant. tutional rights. The third bill, H.R. ment. have cried out for justice and an end of political activists. yer who has worked on the case. October League/Fightback people to atrocities being committed on Several new patterns are emerg- She has filed motions to quash the working in the Amalgamated Meat- every reservation in this country. ing in the government's attempt subpoena for three reasons: first. cutters Union were subpoenaed Every lawman should live on the to attack political movements the subpoena jeopardizes lawyer/ before a grand jury in order to find reservation and perhaps they would through the use and abuse of grand client privilege; the subpoena vio- the leaders of the organizingeffort. begin a campaign against those who juries. Targets are: labor unions, lates Frank Black Horse's fifth • In other labor battles, the impose the misery that prevails daily Third World groups and the wo- amendment right against self- government has rejected multi- in Indian homes. men's movement. The denial of incrimination; and finally, the representation at grand juries in The First People. such as myself attorney/client privilege and the issuing of a subpoena violates the order to undermine solidarity. are born running — running for a rejection of multi-representation sixth amendment right of a defen- When the Pressmen's Union of the better life, an even chance; and that is at the grand jury are the govern- dant to have counsel. Washington Post demanded their the real crime in this country — In- ment's weapons aimed at dividing • Joanne Le Deans, a Cherokee/ right to use the union lawyer at a dian people in virtual exile in our and destroying the left — by prevent- Navaho and paralegal worker Washington; D.C. grand jury, the homeland. ing a consolidated defense. for the Ogala Legal Def6se/Of- Court of Appeals ruled that each Should I die in prison, white The December I, 1975 issue of fense Committee has been incar- pressman subpoenaed must have America should be ashamed of at Newsweek revealed some ex- cerated since September after his own lawyer. The Laborers least. not moving to correct that cerpts from a transcript of a 1974 policy. If white America should think seminar of state and local prose- of beginning another 200 years. it cutors. The Houston meeting, should begin by setting us free - labeled "An Advanced Organized RECON, those people who have given the most Crime Seminar", was paid for by — instead of embarking on a plan to the Law Enforcement Assistance jail us. I was born an Indian and even Administration (LEAA) and was a tlINSWitatife' with the threat of spending nap entire forum for participants to exchange Keeping an Eye lift in jail in chains.. I will not submit ideas on law enforcement tech- On the Pentagon my ways and beliefs to be somebody niques. Seeing grand juries as else. natural prosecutorial tools. Judge RECON Is a monthly newsletter containing informa- I an proud of being an Indian. I Charles E. Moylan of Baltimore tion about the U.S. military machine, columns on will die with that pride. stated: strategy and tactics, and articles on military develop. — NOW-A -KUMIG "The prosecutor can violate or ments in other parts of the world. American Indian Movement (AIM) burn the bill of rights seven days leader Dennis Banks issued this state- out of seven and bring the fruits of SUBSCRIBE: $3/year for movement cadre & GIs. ment from a San Francisco jail fol- constitutional activity to a grand $10/year for institutions and sustainers. lowing his arrest on Jan. 24, 1976. jury. No court in the country has RECON. P.O. Box 14602, Philadelphia, PA, 19134 after six months as apolitical fugitive from South Dakota. Banks. whose bond is set at IllY:z.000, is fighting extradition back, to South Dakota. where he faces sentencing on charges in connection with the Custer police The editors of CounterSpy invite you to subscribe. riot on Feb. 6 1973. Banks asserts that returning to South Dakota would be signing his death warrant, given the rampant racism against Indians and the particular prejudice toward AIM and its leaders for supporting the fight of the Sioux people for their treaty rights. The Sioux people on Pine Ridge Reservation could be facing a new era, with the recent detest of Tribal President Dick Wilson. On Jan. 27. former Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Superintendent Albert Trimble beat out Wilson. whose three-year dictatorship brought an unprece- dented reign of bloodshed and terror to the Oglala people. Even on the eve of election day — in the spirit of his terrorist regime — Wilson sent to the district of Wamblee with the cam- paign slogan: "One member in every Indian family will be killed if Dick Wilson is not the winner in Wam- blee." Wilson specifically threatened Charlie Abourezl, the son of U.S. Senator James Abourezk who has lived in Wamblee supporting the treaty fight of the Oglala people. was focused on the killing of an Leonard Crow Dog. the spiritual Amidst federal mediators from the Indian man, Joe Stunt,, and two FBI leader of the American Indian Move- U.S. Labor Department to safeguard agents on the Jumping Bull com- ment, has also been jailed by the U.S. the election. the Oglala people voted pound in White Clay District. The government on two separate assault out Wilson by a margin of 1611 to death of Joe Stunt, has not yet been charges of dubious grounds. With the 1076. (Five hundred votes were chal- investigated but four Indian men same swift precision and disregard of, lenged). Trimble. an Oglala and have been charged with murdering rights that the government invaded veteran BIA bureaucrat, was ousted the two agents. Bob Robideaux. a Crow Dog's Paradise last summer. as BIA Superintendent of Pine Ridge Cheyenne River Sioux; James Eagle. Crow Dog himself was railroaded • last March, after being fingered by an Oglala Sioux from Pine Ridge; through the South Dakota courts. BIA Commissioner Morris Thomp- and Darrell Butler. from the Rouge In 1881. Crow Dog, a medicine man son as the cause of the new surge of River tribes have all pled not guilty at and chief of the Rosebud Sioux,--- violence on the reservation. Trimble arraignments in Rapid City on Jan. killed Spotted Tail for attempting to had openly stood up to Wilson while 19. Leonard Pelletier remains free sell out his people's rights to the U.S. "The CIA's nemesis" . e . Newsweek in office, pointing particularly to his underground. Robideaux and Butler government. The U.S. prosecuted wholesale giveaway of tribal land held are each being held on S% million and convicted Crow Dog and sen- "in trust" for fullblood °glides. bond. and 19-year-old James Eagle is tenced him to hang. The Supreme 64 Trimble's victory could usher in a being held without any bond at all. Court at the last minute overturned . . new wave of liberalism which would Eagle is the grandson of Gladys Bis- the conviction on the grounds that the shocking . . a paranoic a . . cynical" free the Oglala people to reestablish sonette, one of the strong traditional government did not have legal juris- their democratic rights in the Indian leaders of the Oglala people, and the diction to intervene in the tribe's William E. Colby, former CIA Director way and thus open up the way for the nephew of Pedro Bissonette, head of exercise of its sovereignty. Subse- struggle against the United States' the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organ- quently. the U.S. Congress both ab- colonial policy and historic denial of ization, who was assassinated by the rogated the right of the Senate to Please send me the quarterly Journal of the Fifth 0 Enclosed is $15 (Sustainer subscription) sovereignty under the treaty. BIA police in October 1973. enter into treaties with Indian nations Estate. Trimble is up against the legacy of In a statement from his Pierre, S.D. and, by legislative fiat, assumed 0 Enclosed is $6 (One Year) Wilson. as a dictator and as a puppet jail cell, Darrell Butler said: jurisdiction for certain crimes com- 0 Enclosed is $1.50 (Sample Copy) of the U.S. government, and its I remember June 26th. 1975 all mitted in Indian country. colonial policy of stealing Indian Indian people should. for another Almost a hundred years later, the land, and minerals and water and Indian, a brother. was killed by the grandson, Leonard Crow Dog, is be- Name fishing rights. Whether Trimble will United States government. Why did hind the white man's iron door. From recover the Stolen Sioux land is ques- he die? The United States Govern- behind that door came these words: Street tionable. but he offers bandaids that ment is a foreign government in this What law have I broken? Is it City are sorely needed to heal wounds land. It has no right to govern Indian wrong for me to love my own? Is it State. Zip made by the Wilson regime. peoples' lives. Indian people should wicked for me because my skin is Wilson sumptitiously gave away govern their own lives as their ances- red? Because I am Lakota. because I one-eighth of the Pine Ridge Reser- tors did for thousands of years before was born where my father lived. be- Checks should be payable to the Organizing Committee for a Flab Estate. l'.0 1,45. aen Franklin Station. Washington, D.C. 20004 vation to the U.S. government last foreigners even set foot on the West- cause I would die for my people and June 26. when most of the reservation ern hemisphere.. . my country? ileiniVinitinananglainatataltlifitAgialignattgiettatEitgla 17

-

Comitatus Act made it illegal for anyone to

Posse

Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson,

Godkin Lectures. Harvard University. 1955

"I cannot say that our country could have

The framers of the Constitution took great care to in- The legislative branch was given the power of the bud-

The executive branch was given the command of the

During the early years of Congress, several laws were The Posse Comitatus Act was modified by the passage

The

That law. Chapter 28, I Statutes 264, was overturned (1) a state is unable to control violence and a request Is

During the years of westward expansion, the U.S.

This concept was open to abuse, especially during the

cannot become totalitarian without a central- ized national police.

no central police force without being totali-

tarian, but I can say with conviction that it

separating the police and military functions. SWAT rep- ticipatory government.

that the British military had exercised over the colonists. part of an overall reversal of the concept of open, par- sure that the military would not have the same power resents a reversal of the order, but it must be judged as trolled the growth and power of the military.

the executive branch. In fact, there were heated discussions on the question of even creating a standing army. Finally, control of the the military's budget, however, was the element that con- get and to declare wars and ratify treaties. Control over Chief of the Army and the Navy, as well as the state military was divided between the legislative branch and

militias should they be called to federal service.

military. The President was made, the Commander in

to rely on the civilian-soldiers of the state militias should passed that effected the ability of the military to in-

tervene in civil affairs. The original and strictest of these

trouble develop. use "any part of the Army" to enforce the civil laws eral military force in civil disorders, Making it necessary of five separate laws: 10 USC 331, 332, 333. 334, and the unless it was specifically authorized by an Act of Con- House Joint Resolution 1292. These laws allowed the gress of the Constitution. laws was passed in 1792, and prohibited any use of fed- islature; several weeks later by the Militia Bill, Chapter 33, 1 invasions and quelling insurrections. The legislative

Statutes 271, which limited the use of troops to repelling military to be used when:

made for federal assistance by 'a state governor' or leg, that as long as the troops were under the control of a

history shows that the term insurrection was not con- sidered synonmous with riot or disorder. to form posses from military troops. The rationale was U.S. Marshal, they were serving as civilians and not as a period, the Marshals enforced Reconstruction policy by Marshals used their power to raise assistance as a means Posse Comitatus Act

military force.'

was so great that Congress finally acted to stop the prac- using the military as their personal armies. The abuse tice by passing the Posse Comitatus Act, Title 18, USC Reconstruction era after the Civil War. During that 1385.

•

Vietnam War. The heli-

the

'Pop' Police Army

—

The early dawn raid was one often repeated by

The search completed, the prisoners were taken back

The prisoners this time were not "Viet Cong" or Viet-

Their captors were not members of the U.S. Army, al-

Throughout the country, simillar raids have taken

Today, SWAT is a popular topic: magazine articles.

In order to understand SWAT, it is necessary to trace

SWAT is antithetical to a democratic system of crim-

American Forces during

copters landed in a clearing and disgorged their cargo of SWAT scared young men clad in jungle fatigues, flak vests, and them at gun point. Reinforcements arrived by land, and once herded together the inhabitants of My Lai, the air- the augmented force began a line sweep of the surround- ing terrain; the troops quite literally trudged over hill vehicles for the trip back to their base. borne troops quickly rounded up the natives and held M-16 rifles. Just as the men of Task Force Baker had to headquarters for interrogation.The young men and over dale in search of the enemy.

completed and there had been no confrontation with an

breathed a collective sigh of relief: the operation was armed hostile force. They boarded their helicopters and

namese rice farmers, neither were they Khmer Rouge Dakota.

members of the Oglala Sioux Nation, residing at Crow soldiers or Cambodian peasants. The prisoners were

Dog's Paradise on the Rosebud Reservation in South though they had all the trappings of a military force on a

Federal Bureau of Investigation's Special Apprehension with the murder of two FBI agents. Over 100 agents took part in the raids, conducting it with military efficiency. Paradise was one of a number that they had conducted Special Weapons and Tactics teams (SWAT). There is military operation. The captors were members of the on the reservation in search of native Americans charged Teams, and their Sept. 5, 1975 raid on Crow Dog's military tactics, and most important of all — military istence. There has been little written, however, of the place in search of political activists and "common" others by local police counterparts, usually called strategy. the overt manifestation of a domestic counter-insurgency the FBI's Special Apprehension Teams (SATs), and where the police are more prepared to uphold an eco- criminals. Some of those raids have been conducted by news features, a television serial, and even "SWAT ac- tion toys" indicate the public knowledge of SWATS ex-

bance suppression in the United States. SWAT is simply government. the growth of both the police and the movements for no centralized index of the number of these teams that role that SWAT plays in an overall plan for civil distur- philosophy that is little discussed outside the circles of

operate in American cities, but estimates place the social change in the United States. As those movements

nomic system of capitalism than the democratic con- acted by militarizing the police, giving us a situation became more powerful and militant, the government re- been created without any serious legislative or public cepts outlined in the Constitution, especially the concept number at over 1,000. a virtual standing army that has of separation of military and civil authority. rived from that of Great Britian, has always been one of oversight.

inal justice. The American law enforcement system, de-

U.S. Police

as New Action Army

16

GARDEN PLOT & SWAT: IS

(2) rebellion or insurrection obstruct the enforcement Great Britian in 1066. William divided the country into was not until 1905 that modern state police forces were , of federal laws through normal means; 55 military regions; the Shire-Reeves were displaced by formed. . (3) violence or conspiracy hinders execution of the law Knights called Conservators of the Peace, or Peace Pennsylvania was in the midst of great labor strife in Tricks of and the state cannot or will not protect the constitutional Wardens. the coal regions of the state in 1905. The labor riots rights of the citizenry; In 1215, King John signed the Magna Charta at Run- crossed jurisdictional lines for both constables and (4) the Secret Service requires their assistance in per- nymeade, and military control of law enforcement was sheriffs, and company-employed strike-breakers did not forming their statutory protective duties. eliminated. The basics of the pledge system were re- have the power of the State behind them, The response the Trade Thus, the restrictions on the use of the military are established by bringing back into existence the Shire- was to create a state police force; its first job was to American police have become militarized not only very clear: all other forms of force must be used before Reeves and making able-bodied "freemen" once again break the strikes in the coal mines." through the transfer of weapons and technology, but the military can be used to suppress an insurrection. responsible for the order of their communities.. Other states soon followed suit, and today a uniformed also through the transfer of military philosophy. The Prof. David Engdahl, writing in the Iowa Law Review, The City of London established the first civilian police state police force exists in every state of the Union except transfer is made through two major routes, the Civil states that " . This traditional abhorence of military force in 1253. a night watch composed of residents of the for Hawaii. Disturbance Orientation Course (SEADOC) at Ft. Mc- measures for dealing with domestic civil and political city who performed their duties on a rotational basis. Clellan, Alabama, and the Civil Disturbance Manage- problems, which is an element of the concept of civilian The night watch was an unpaid civic obligation, and Federal Pollee ment Course (CDMC) at Camp San Luis Obisbo. Cal- 'due process', has roots that run more than seven cen- therefore unpopular. Soon, it became custom to pay for The federal government also created police forces as ifornia. turies deep into Anglo.American history; and it was pro- another to perform the duties of night watch, and it The two courses are not identical although they are minent in the minds of statesmen who gave birth to our became a haven for crooks, the elderly, and the crippled the country grew. The first Judiciary Act passed in 1789 created the U.S. Marshals and empowered President similar. Instructors from both schools keep in touch with Republic."' who hired themselves out as replacements. their counterparts through twice-a-year visits, but for- • Indeed, the English did lake great pains to insure that King Edward I revised the night watch system in 1285 George Washington to appoint 13 U.S. Marshals. The Revenue Cutter Service was also created in 1789 so that mer SEADOC commander. Col. Zane Kortum. feels that there was a law enforcement structure that was separate when he signed the Statutes of Winchester.• This law SEADOC has "more liberal" views and approaches. from the military, and it was this model of law entisrce- codified the concept of obligating all people to answer the navy would not have to be involved in enforcing laws related to maritime practices. In 1829, the U.S. Post Of- Thousands of civilian law enforcement officials have meet that the colonists brought to the Americas. It is a the "Hue and Cry", re-established the Hundreds, and attended the two schools. but the public is seldom in-, far cry from what we see today with the existence of provided for a paid force of night-time gate watchers for fice was allowed to create a force of investigators to crack down on mail theft and fraud. In 1865, the Secret formed about military training of their local police. paramilitary units such as SWAT. • the cities. Following are excerpts from SEADOC and CDMC The next change came in 1361 when King Edward III Service was created to combat-counterfeiting and protect The first recognized system of law enforcement in training manuals. They clearly indicate the route to established the office of Justice of the Peace and placed the President. The Internal Revenue Service was auth- Great Britian was known as the Mutual Pledge System:. militarizing the police. • Under the Pledge System, every able-bodied "freeman" the Shire-Reeves under them.' Until that time, one of offied to hire 25 detectives in 1868, and in 1886 the over age 12 was obliged to join a Tithe, a group of ten the obligations of the Shire-Reeve was the formation of Border Patrol was formed within the Department of the Men. Ten Tithes were handed together into a Hundred, Grand Juries and Petite Juries, and Edward's reforms Interior. TERRORISM AND INSURGENCY and several Hundreds into a Shire. removed the Shire-Reeve from direct involvement in Senator Charles Percy (R.-1113 stated on October 14, Each Tithe elected a head, or Chief 'lithesome as the judicial system. Another major reform established 1975, that excluding military and foreign intelligence LESSON HANDOUT: Terrorism and Insurgency. their leader. When summoned by a "hue and cry", each by Edward was to re-establish the Peace Wardens, mak- agencies such as the Defense Intelligence Agency, Cen- SCOPE: A lecture and discussion relating historic indi- member of the Tithe was obliged to come to the mutual ing them responsible for the order of the cities, These tral Intelligency Agency, and National Security Agency, cators or earlier U.S. civil disorders to the experiences of assistance of his fellow citizen. In certain cases, when a Peace Wardens were known later as Constables. the U.S. government annually expends 52.6 billion for control force agencies in the 1960s. This data is used to member of a Tithe was guilty of a crime, the other 'nem- the activities of 33 federal police, investigative, and in- examine today's position of the agencies with the ob- hers of the Tithe could be held liable for it. Colonial Law and Order telligence agencies. Percy was citing from a report jective of property detennining a direction for the future The Crown appointed a head to each group of Hund- Such was the basic pattern that the colonists brought prepared by the Government Accounting Office which and how to prepare for it. The actual step. toward caus- reds, vesting him with the title of Reeve, or Shire-Reeve, to the Americas: constables to patrol the cities, sheriffs also stated that 169.625 federal employees were involved ing a revolution are discussed. Discussion of the con- the linear antecedent of today's Sheriff. in law enforcement activities." temporary violent aspects that may be encountered dur- for the rural areas, subservience to the courts and civil ing civil disorder control operations, such as sniping, The Mutual Pledge System was abolished when Wil- authorities, independence from the military, and the In addition to the federal agencies, the Task Force on Police of the President's Commission on Law Enforce- looting, bombing, and extremist tactics; discussion of liam, Duke of Normandy, staged a successfulinvasion of power to raise assistance from the general populace. the immediate action to be taken by all personnel en- Night watches were also formed by the colonists as ment and the Administration of Justice reported in 1967 countering these threats; discussion of the special their cities grew. Bostoh established one in 1636, New that there were approximately 40,000 municipal, county, operations that may be initiated by specially trained and York in 1658, and Philadelphia in 1700' It was not until and state police and investigative agencies." The equipped teams to counter these threats. the 19th Century, however, that the Sheriffs or Con- Washington. D.C. based Police Foundation, a source for stables were formed into any consolidated force. major liberal criminal justice police studies, was unable Many have said to us, "You know civil disorder has In 1833. the City of Philadelphia passed an ordinance to estimate how many agencies may have been formed in calmed in the country. Why are we still fooling around the -eight years since the Task Force report. The Task with a clot disorder course? Why are you here, tier- that created a police force of 23 men during the day and ally?" Our answer to that is, "Not because of what's a night shift of 120. Boston followed in 1836 by creating Force on Police also found that there was a growth of police forces in the post- World War II era, and that one going do today, but certainly as an educated review of a force of six men. separate from their night watch. what happened to us yesterday with an eye toward The New York State legislature in 1844 authorized the of the major advancements caused by that growth was living through today and being prepared for tomorrow." creation of city police forces, and New York City created the institution of training academies and centers for law And that's what this is all about. That's what you're its force in 1845. After that, city police forces began to enforcement." Until the post war period, the bulk of all about. That's why you're here for this particular form in most major cities: Chicago in 1851, New Orleans police training was performed by trial and error on the C0111110. and Chicimtti in 1852, Baltimore and Newark in 1857, streets. It is ironic that the drive to educate police and We must agree, before we can discuss this as it re- and Providence 1864. By 1870. virtually every large city standardize their conduct opened many of the roads lates to the United States of America, on one or two had its own police force.. towards militarizing them and creating paramilitary things before we go further. First and foremost, we units within their ranks. must agree that this democracy which we have as a The states also created their own forces, although the form of govemment is the best single form of govern- general concept of a state police did not become ment we know of now or ever has been for an in this widespread until the 20 Century. Militarization — Response to Unrest day and age. Does anybody disagree with that? Is there In 1835 when Texas considered itself an independent a better form of government that we can remember in nation, it created an army and a state police force known The militarization of police can best be understood by history or that we know of for us in this country today? as the Texas Rangers." The Rangers were assigned to briefly examining the historical events of the post World No disagreement on that. I think that's an important dis- track down outlaws and rustlers, and help protect people War II era. The growth of SWAT and domestic tinction for us to make. from raids by both Indians and Mexicans. The Rangers. counter-insurgency activities came about as a result of This is the United State. of America. This is a democ- however, were distinct and separate from the Texas Ar- increased unrest in society, unrest that never reached the racy, whether it in fact is a democracy or not is really my. peak of insurrection but serious enough to make leaders Irrelevant It is our chosen form of government, and It is of the police community view the potential of civil war. more closely a lone of government in which all of the Massachusetts created a state police force to combat people participate. gambling, prostitution. and other vices in 1865," but it In the years proceeding the war, Black Americans had made some advances in gaining their civil rights. In 20

Is 1941, for example, Black labor leader A. Philip Ran- As an example, what would you say was the single dolph threatened President Roosevelt with a mass march 21 leading contributing factor to the disorders in this coun- of unemployed Blacks if discrimination in the growing try in the 1960s? The war? Is war new to our country? defense industry was not broken down and jobs opened Movements of the '60s Is it a new issue? Was the Viet Nam War a popular war? street, and then let some of the organizers get into the No. Why wasn't it a popular war? It wasn't properly to them. The march never occurred because Roosevelt Black students were organizing during this period, and created a Federal Employment Practices Commission to back row and punch, push, and shove, accuse, allege, sold. Media probably contributed as much if not more when Dr. King called Black student leaders to a con- spread rumor, onward and upward. It doesn't take long establish guidelines for fair employment practices within toward Its unpopularity. ference in April, 1960, they launched the Student Non. to make a riot. It doesn't take long at all when govern- Was the racial problem an issue, particularly was the the industrial firms with government contracts.'• violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). SNCC played a ment doesn't know that it's happening. The answer' by racial issue a problem as it pertained to the Black Amer- Black war veterans, returning from serving in seg- key role in the lunch counter sit-ins in the remainder of government is to hook up, mount up, race out into the icans? Was that new? No. We had that paper that was regated Army units, still faced the reality of employment streets, kick ass, and take names. If you don't know issued by President Lincoln in 1865 called the Emancipa- 1960, but its leaders broke with Dr. King in 1961 be- discrimination when they returned to civilian life. Across cause they considered him too cautious. that it's happening to you, there will be people out there tion Proclamation. It could not be enforced. It said, the country the social and economic conditions of Black who will take advantage of the legitimate grievances of In 1961, CORE installed James Forman as its National "The Black man is free." But it did not provide for him Americans was anything but equal to that of Middle people and use these issues to bring about disorder. economically. It did not provide for him educationally. ' Director and launched its famous "Freedom Rides" in Class America. The National Association for the Ad- Since 1794, our nation has experienced more than We should be well aware that them were three hun- an attempt 'to integrate public facilities in the South. vancement of Colored People (NAACP), formed in 1910, 450,000 civil disorders, not merely neighborhood mis- dred and three treaties made with the American Indians Hundreds of Black and White students and clerics rode understandings, but expressed dissent over social, and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in by the American Government How many, of those together through the South, sometimes meeting with cultural, or political issues. In the late 1950s and very 1943, became the primary organizations for the post war treaties have ever been lived up to — not by the Indian violence, including the bombing of their bus. The early 1960s, the Federal Govemment ordered deseg- and he's violated his share — by the American Govern- civil rights work. The NAACP concentrated on voter Freedom Rides were successful, however, in forcing the regation efforts to be stepped up in the South. How- ment? How many of those treaties have been lived up registration and school integration while CORE worked Interstate Commerce Commission to rule that interstate ever, these efforts were not pressed by either Southern to? Three; of three hundred and three. on eliminating discrimination in public accommoda- transportation accommodations could no longer re seg- blacks or whites, but rather, by young, Northam, med- How about the Mexican-American, the Spanish tions. regated. dle-class individuab with a desire to serve humanity surnamed American? Is he intentionally repressed in this or the specific cause. They were met by considerable The first major post-war victory came in 1954. . The The formation of SNCC in 1960 was followed by an- country? Are the opportunities available to him, en- NAACP had sued the Board of Education in Topeka, Southem resistance, to include inappropriate police couraged other breakthrough in the student movement. In Port and aided in by everyone of us, the same as Kansas, over their practice of segregating schools. The responses and a lack of timely government support. they are for Caucasians? Huron, Michigan, young White students launched the court battle went to the Supreme Court. which ruled in Following the earlier desegregation movement was the Democracy and the crisis of freedom is what this is Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. SDS "Free Speech Movement" originating as the first of the at about and we have unfortunately been apathetic and its Fall, 1954 term that the practice of segregated schools began to work in northern ghettoes in an attempt to major student-oriented grievances at the University of violated the constitutional concept of equal protection compLscent There are laws as an example that are organize tenant unions and other community based California at Berkeley. Suppression of that movement still on the books in this country which you and I can under the law; public schools across the country were groups. and a redefinition by the establishment of "constitution- aystematically ignore. We are supposed to be objec- placed in the position of having to open their doors to It was all this, and much more, that filtered across the al freedoms," left students with no feeling of social or tive and neutral, and we've got our own version of the Black students. desk of 3. Edgar Hoover, the Director of the FBI. As the political accomplishment. Additionally, students pin- hypocratic oath which says that if a crime is com- pointed issues (unresolved to their satiefaction) which In 1955, a Black woman named Rosa Parks refused to civil rights and student movements gained in size and mitted in our presence, it doesn't make any difference if sit in the rear of a Montgomery, Alabama municipal have caused them to lose faith In the peaceful, demo- the world ends for everybody else, we've got to put power, they also picked up the attention of the police and bus. Her arrest sparked a bus boycott by the Black com- cratic system. down that crime. It's a felony in some places and a mis- the FBI. Based on confidential intelligence reports, munity, a boycott that lasted two years before it forced During early 1970 a major rift occurred in both the demeanor in others, if we don't jump in there and pre- Hoover, in 1962; took the first steps towards militarizing BPP and SDS/Weathermen. The splintering organiza- vent that crime. Now, if in the process of doing that we the city to change the laws on public transportation and the domestic police forces. There had been a number of tions openly announcing that, in our present society, start World War III, that's somebody else's problern. accommodations. The two-year boycott was the center of small riots as a result of racial unrest: 19 of them in the change could not be brought about by peaceful means That's what we've said hundreds of times, and all of national attention and thrust the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther period of 1957-1962 required the use of National Guard and violence was required. Almost immediately follow- that is pure hogwash. We don't make one single ob- King into the front of the civil rights movement. troops. ing these happenings came Kent State University and jective decision when we're in the process of enforcing Jackson State College'. During these uprisings, deaths the law. \ Hiring On The Army of a highly controversial nature and under most sus- Security and freedom don't go together. Security picious circumstances resulted. Still yet another Presi- just by the mere mention of it envisions that some- Calculating that the civil rights movement and the stu- dential Commission was formed to study these dis- thing Is contained and unexposed to the undesirable orders. In the eye. of radical youth and minority groups, dent movement might be the source of future confronta- environment. Why do we arrest drunks? Because of the wishy-washy receipt of the findings of this Commis- tions with the government, Hoover negotiated a quiet the damage they can do to others, yes, but frankly be- sion by the very administration which convened it, cause of the damage that they can do to themselves. deal with the Department of the Army:' The FBI gave drove the mass of radical groups and individuals under- We've all been in that particular boat, but in order to , the Army's Military Intelligence service access to FBI ground, announcing as they went — more violence. do that you've got to restrict his freedom. You're cer- files without charge for clerical or computer time. The This is where we are today. tainly restricting his mobility. So the terms don't go Army, in exchange, agreed to teach 200 FBI agents per In the interest of self-protection and preserving the together, but it's still a true statement Only a free man year in the strategy and tactics of riot control, without image of national stability, recent events In this country can enjoy any security, and only a secure man can en- • charge. Had either agency been forced to transfer funds would seem to dictate the necessity for an increased joy freedom. Each of which has got to be a give and as a result of the deal, congressional oversight might state of awareness and alertness on the pen of key take and neither of which can he have all the time, be- have discovered it. Without a financial exchange, the • officials of business and government In countering cause the two tonna don't go together. any potential kidnaping or assassination threats on deal remained very quiet, and provided the Military In- In order to terrorize there must be a little be of or- themsehres and monism of thee families. Target de- ganization. There must be those guys who are work- - telligence Service with the basics that were later to lead sirability and accessibility studies should be conducted ing within federal government organizations, within to an estimated 100,000 files on American citizens. for all persons of high social, political, or financial stand- religious organizations — religious organizations have Between 1963 and 1972, with the exception of 1965, ing. Specifically, it Is desired that both the target and been a seed for these people, and within a place where 200 FBI agents per year received Army riot control train- the protecting agency know: the nature of the threat; they can hide and subsist in a civilian community until ing at a special Army seminar conducted at Fort Belvoir, and the probable direction of the threat. Armed with they're needed. These are people who don't believe Virginia.'• The seminar was a two-day affair that spent such study results and the cooperation of the target in just the war theory of Communism or a revolution one day discussing the philosophy and applications of and his family, proper security measures may be taken but who philosophically, theoretically believe in an al- riot control techniques; the second day was devoted to and continuing intelligence gathering activities can be temative form of government — some different form of observing a simulated civil disturbance and discussing undertaken effectively. government. A quote from the Weathermen: "Revolutionary vio- Were the issues in Watts legitimate? Were they the techniques used to contain it. The school was not lence is the only way. Now we are adapting the classic legitimate in Newark? Were they legitimate in Balti- designed to teach the FBI Special Agents how to use a guerrilla strategy of the Viet Cong and the urban guer- more? Were they legitimate in all of the other towns? riot baton or toss a tear gas grenade; the course was rilla strategy of the Tupamaras ISouth America) to our Was it organized rioting and revolution at the start? designed to transfer the military philosophy of civil own situation here in America...." No way. In every case it was a traffic bust A precipi- disturbance suppression to the civil law enforcement Weathermen are known to have bomb factories. tating incident that was high in its emotional content to arena. Each department or agency responsible for respond- take people with a legitimate gripe, get them into the ing to a bomb call should have clearly established pro- cessing procedures defined. The plan should include separate operating instruc- continued on page 43 that

2.3

opera-

Special

preven-

unit and

the

and

law enforce-

,

and

TERRORISM

&

the implementation of

coordinate

seemr.n

blamed for the violent at-

be

employment of State Military

INTELLIGENCE SECTION

supervise

the

Et

portion of mobilization, domestic

monitors and coordinates

STATE MILITARY FORCES

MISSIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Produces and disseminates intelligence and coun-

Monitors, evaluates and provides advice and

intelligence Plans, directs and supervises the intelligence, Exercises staff responsibility over the command Monitors appropriate intelligence and counterin-

Monitors, collects, evaluates, disseminates and

Monitors and reports dissident activity within the performs, supervises and coordinates the security Supervise,

through proper target surveys, exchanges of sus-

Piens, coordinates and requests counterintelli-

Coordinates and

SECURITY

FUNCTIONS.

MISSION. The Security and Intelligence Section

g.

a. b. f.

i. c.

h. d. j.

e.

I. Monitors the personnel security clearance program.

k. m. Monitors, evaluates and

While no one man can

I.

monitors, collects and evaluates information concern- Military Forces:

The following defines the responsibilities of the State

ing personnel, activities, occurrences and conditions Forces or may affect the security or operational capabil-

ity of the California National Guard and other govern- security and Intelligence phases of the functional areas for which they am responsible. mental installations and activities located within the which may require II.

Slate. The Security and Intelligence Section is respon- sible for advising and assisting other etaff office. in the fornia National Guard. located in the area of interest. terintelligence required by the Commanding General, counterintelligence and security activities of the Cali- the State Headquarters staff and subordinate head- of military information program. quarters. counterespionage, countersabotage and countersub- the command and other installations and activities California National Guard. recommendations on physical security systems at all telligence activities by maintaining liaison with other agencies located within the State. reports information of intelligence interest, as well as California National Guard Facilities. sabotage, espionage and subversion perpetrated within LESSON: CIT. VIOLENCE version programs. gence, security and technical surveys and inspection.

emergency and special plans, exercises

LESSON TITLE: Citizen Violence and Tenorism

Counterintelligence Program. tions. individual intelligence training and readiness of the SCOPE: A lecture/discu.ion of the planned, criminal

California National Guard. COURSE: Officer Survival and Internal Security Course. titudes of an entire segment of a the

A diacussion of assaults upon law enforcement officers which result in serious injury or death of the officer. In-

well as the policies and tactics being used to combat extremist acts which am most difficult for the peace struction will include the causes for such violence as officer to counter. Emphasis will be placed on tion these assaults.

pect information and the uniformity of operational policy and procedures of government ment agencies.

specific

a

LEIU has found it necessary to

existing organisational structure

an

of Intelligence operations. •

years,

State of California.

areas

INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS

Services,

The military approaches a task as a "mission." Fur- Orientation of Intelligence to the Mission — We

The concept of "tailoring" or the "task force" has

Coordinating the obtaining of intelligence informa-

The Task Force — The task force has been de-

Mutual Ald — The civil disorder that has occurred

In the event of an emergency, the unit is inv.diately

Lew Enforcement Intelligence Unit ILEIU) — In

In more recent The LEIU is not a formal governmental organization.

The LEIU is continuing its professional intelligence

and thereby subsequently find that the system is in- flexible.

previous: examined a type organization. Often we are tary has the capability of "tailoring" its forces. This

zillions that threaten the safety and well-being of our most effective technique has recently been adopted nation. forced to utilize ther, in order to best accomplish the mission, the mili- scribed as the "tailored force" directed to a specific mission.

by the fire services and law enforcement . led to many Innovations in countering civil disorders. with geographical and jurisdictional boundaries, the

control forces in a large civil disorder could well not be task force has proven to be an excellent means of c possible if not for the task force concept. The task force is generally tailored and directed to task, problem area, or mission. Further, when faced impro.ments in the conduct of intelligence operations The joint intelligence operations Involving the many tion. Cooperation in the dissemination and exchange of batting the problem. The task force has brought about intelligence information. Assisting in avoiding dupli- cation in ail in:

disorder. A aide benefit from mutual aid is that in many in California communities in recent years has brought of the mutual aid systems an Intelligence unit has been Mutual Aid Intelligence Unit is that it can meet at reg- ularly scheduled times to plan and coordinate its intel- ligence collection efforts of a strategic nature. Further, about the concept of mutual aid. Mutual aid has pro- formed. The primary benefit from the formation of the vided the community with the necessary control forces that would otherwise be unavailable to control civil available under the mutual aid concept to staff the the unit this the void, otherwise existing, in the dis- intelligence functions of the Emergency Coordination' Intelligence Group In the mutual aid concept is found semination and exchange of intelligence data. Center or the Commend Post. The application of the in the Emergency Operations Plan, Office of Emer- 1983 the Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit was formed

gency

primarily through the efforts of Captain James Hamil- ton of the Los Angeles Police Department. At the time of the formation of the unit there was no effective intelligence organization M existence to fill the needs

data on a nationwide scale. The LEIU was formed at the time primarily to combat the increasing strength of organized crime in the United States.

of collection and dissemination of criminal intelligence Membership in the LEIU is on a selected basis web its membership drawn from law enforcement intelligence representatives from major metropolitan areas through- out the United States and Canada.

include in its scope the nationwide criminal activities of the revolutionary.

intelligence endeavors of a nationwide nature.

functions and serves as an excellent means to bring to- gether those individuals that have a responsibility in

-

Edgar Hoover as the Revolutionary

J.

States Senate, have Included many at-

United

dangers of either organized crime or the ravolu-

v.

h

o

For the intelligence system to conduct its operations

The comments noted, above, in the most part, come

The only conclusion that can be drawn from the To continue whenever possible to Identify and prose-

Our intelligence system is Involved In a battle against

To convince those citizens and public officials that

Extremist Organizations — the conduct and man-

y t

We are looking at a political spectrum with extrem-

LESSON TITLE:

•

CONTROL FORCE INTELLIGENCE

COURSE: California Civil Disorder Management Course LESSON TITLE: COntrol Force Intelligence as the SCOPE: Discussion of police IMelfigence activities to tads on the intelligence gathering efforts of the mai- ated with revolutionary or radical caw.. Their obser- The only means of Identifying such a threat ls through tary and various levels of governmental intelligence vations indicate that they feel the threat to their indi- above is that the responsibility of the intelligence system court findings. Application of principles end procedures systems. Discussion of information end intelligence exchange to at least one caes study of a California disorder. must remain the same. The individual or organization include the principles of collection, evaluation, and dis- from concerned citizens who in no manner are associ- by in such a fashion es to avoid justifiable criticism. cies within the parameter. of recent federal and state the intelligence system. Possibly several recommenda- police Information activities; and integration of civilian If we ware to make a frank appraisal of our manage- cute those individuals involved in criminal activities. vidual freedoms k greater than the threat presented tions arise from the criticisms and attack.: police and military Information and intelligence efforts.

that threatens to destroy our society must bs Identified. procedures and maintenance of central source agen- those elements at our society that would destroy us. semination; problems associated with the conduct of need for intelligence, and few would admit their lack ment of the intelligence system, we would find e num- ber of fatal shortcoming. on the part of the manage- ment. In the past, few administrators recognized the functions and that en actual threat exists. The intelli- ility. gence system could well prove to be the means to pro- of knowledge of what Intelligence Is all about. To repeat tect the freedoms of those who claim their constitu- the theme — intelligence Is a management resPoneib tional rights have been infringed upon. the efforts of the intelfigencs system are necessary

RADICAL/REVOLUTIONARY GUERRILLA

agement of the intelligence system ls a difficult and

cate.as of our system and the threat facing as — Riot let us examine the threat. represent the threat of which we speak. Representing complex task. So that we may appreciate the intri- revolutionists, radical., and others sharing staying de- ists extending from the clenical right to the more recent

this threat we have in our midst trained and dedicated violent extreme left. These extremes of the spectrum Guerrilla. The avowed purpose of this radical minority celled "civil disobedience." This segment of our society was described by

grees of a belief in violence, or what some have naively is to destroy our 5.10/political structure. Of immedi-

system, is the identification of individuals and omen!.

ate concern, and as a proper task for the intelligence

in-

the

"fed-

feel

been

between:

and

•

CID.

and

internally in the United States,

initiated in a lawsuit in 1971

war

at

not

the intention of this class to show how the

attack was

are all singing off the some sheet of music at

OF INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM

been exposed by the dedicated efforts of an

been

We are

we

In summary, many of you .me hem aware of nor-

Protective services: to provide traffic control, area

had Investigative services: to seek out causes, origins of Technical services: to actually deal with the device.

If

In recent years the intelligence functions of law

The Revolutionist — The conduct of the law en-

FACTORS LIMITING EFFECTIVENESS The attacks on the intelligence system have involved

One melee The Concerned Citizen — The concern of possible

Recent comments and statements to the press, to It has

dons of the special threats pervading our society today. Few of you realized the full impact of "where we are." sion, As a minimum, this should include a minimum of: atmosphere for violence came about and how the isolation, ar. clearance, and bomb scene security. Military equivalent is MP. manifestation of these threats so closely resemble the Lions for each functional area of the overall bomb mis- tion. This is the only team which under normal conditions, but we are having severe enough problems that at-

early phases of an insurgency leading toward revolu-

will in any way move or tamper with the device. Military material, location of exploded devices, and perpetrators. Military equivalent is EOD tempting to ignore today's threats can only lead to equivalent is ECG. natural disaster.

underground, our sweet, melodious harmony will con- tinue to override their off-key, unacceptable behavior.

22

forcement intelligence system for most of Its existence Attacks on the Intelligence System: has been accomplished in a covert manner. Few in- dividuals, other than the recipients of the intelligence activities; i.e., indicted criminals, etc., were aware of such activities on the part of law enforcement. itiated by individuals for self-serving purposes. Many of these individuals, members of organizations with revo- enforcement have been widely publicized. The public- ity has accompanied attacks on the system from many sources. No doubt many of the attacks have intelligence system. The resultant atmck on the in- telligence system in this case became a defensive meas- ure as their revolutionary efforts might otherwise con- lutionary or subversive intent, found their purpose in life violations of constitutional rights guaranteed under the United States Constitution presents disturbing and

tinue to be exposed. many times justifiable issues. viduals and organizations that threaten the security individuals who before would have evidenced no con- (11 the government attempting to identify the indi- of the country; and 121 those individuals who cern over what they now feel is a threat to their indi- various levels of the city, state and federal government vidual privacy. Many have joined this battle "spying, infiltrating and collecting dossiers on (their) common terminology used in this concept ls "police include presentations by public officials to such bodies state." political, social and other activities." Mentioned in the against the Federal Bureau of Investigation suit was the collection of bank end telephone records are waging a war against their individual freedoms. The eral, state and local authorities" with allegations of

and the use of informants from college campuses.

' the same time the radicals are pleying their organs mL 2"

i l 011 eglu Vs IS -1111; tt 41 king-J guati glillimtlitiWii !i=11413111filiint; 3Waii014111! N; pip "b4Oct 1;15selli;Ph]...itPfspr-tgilinq ,-E124-5 gi."1.14?- g1 02 Itis ni atlitlOggitH2- iir 11.' is? ::.,-.61111.5 .15)11 2.-10.41.11 i.jil, -.63 N-4,21-.i:Ailiqi.. :-.0,5°s2R. Fl.t .?.tizs,eova:111...i. !d1.2.11e,E1 •§1li-al6141241]-41trielz"ls.rra§;1411 .i.2.-.i 1..E.tf-.07 illill41:111ai:;sli ;14 4:81111;iftste gsq;491E1111qP '101 '1,41; Tli!11111:11110,i!fti VIIIPVINIOP:iitnilliii 11440 1.:915101! li111'6 2 4 / 911h EAM, 1§1$1g$1;t-1W:ebli4q. !I161f' 0U41211:: pi-!II.6011;lalill 1-311"'-:1 11.141t1.1!1,1=94:14i 1411-!alliiiii-lin10411114tit]-1111 5r1111.14" alti riWilii 41142i ilg.it44;11411 1giiii41.414 JItt11010141411;beil Ntt 141 laiVlintilliWti 411Ve!lopaTI Vliss3PiltP,sphiv IIIMPlilliii1114:0V141111iiii:Aliviiiiiigliiiihinikililign.ritgl .26 27 The CIA In Italy Revealed in a new daily, based in Rome. La Republica, in an article mitten by former Ramparts editor Steve Weissman. Hugh Montgomery, Chief of Station William Aeon CIAAROUND THE WORLD Mario Clued Robert Devereux Michael E. Kostiw Charles Gale Michael C. Sednaoui Christopher Costanzo The La Republica article also iden- tified a CIA cover mechanism in the U.S. Embassy known as the U.S. Ar- my Southern European Projects Unit, where 14 other agents are hidden away. La Republica went on to say that 40 CIA agents were working at CIA: Entanglers Entangled the U.S. Embassy, with untold others working undercover in consulates or with military and business offices in In recent months the foreign press bona-fide State Department officials The CIA in Finland Italy. has exposed increasing numbers of in U.S. embassies. At the embassy Finish television also celebrated the CIA officers operating tinder so- in Chile in 1961. for example. I I of publication of Agee's book by releas- The CIA In Spain called diplomatic cover in U.S. em- the 13 individuals assigned to the po- ing the names of CIA personnel sta- bassies. Exposures have occurred in litical section were Agency officials. tioned in Helsinki. Named over the Disclosed in Cambia 16, a Madrid- Spain, France, Italy. Greece. Sweden. In recent years, the number of CIA airwaves were: the Netherlands, Great Britain. Den- officials operating under diplomatic based mass circulation weekly, and William C. Simenson the Washington Post flan. 16. 19761 mark, and Zaire. Even more are ex- cover abroad has been drastically Richard E. Knowles pected in coming months, as this lac- reduced, mainly because of the grow- ' a strike-breaking daily newspaper Jerome J. Stenger . serving Washington D.C. in the tic proves effective at undermining ing importance of the National Se- Alden H. Irons the sinister activities of the Central curity Agency, whose technological United States. (Editor's note: We Robert K. Simpson find it ironic that the Post, which Intelligence Agency. According to abilities are considered more re- Richard L. Duncan authoritative sources in the intelli- liable by policy makers. soundly denounced Counterspy for Andrew J. Mickens reprinting names of CIA agents, was gence community, the release of While the total number of Agency Gerald Mosher names has caused serious morale the first mass-circulation Ameri- employees abroad has been reduced, Thomas P. Oneil problems among Agency personnel can daily to engage in the practice.) so has its intelligence mission; most Stephen A. Palmer around the world. The CIA is report- Americans now operating for the Richard L Taylor Robert Gahagen,Chief ed to be desperately casting about for CIA abroad are engaged in monitor- of Station. - William A.K. Jones new cover mechanisms to protect ing or manipulating the internal pol- Francis S. Sherry III its employees from disclosure. itics of the host country. Nevertheless, Alan G. Morrill. Jr. In the interim, various stop-gap the CIA is still using diplomatic Jon R. Thomas measures have been taken. The cover for a surprisingly large number Entanglers Entangled Dean L. Almy State Department has discontinued of its overseas American operatives. Charles L. Smith publication of the Biographic Regis- In view of the general pattern of Kenneth E. Stucker ter, a reference book used by many disclosure of CIA activities in recent Wayne M. Rogers researchers to identify CIA employ- months. many observers of the intel- ees operating under diplomatic cov- ligence community believe that cor- The CIA In Zaire The CIA In Sweden er. And U.S. embassies abroad have porations may be the vehicle for fu- The CIA In Denmark taken additional steps to prevent out- ture overseas cover. According to a press release dated The Swedish press en masse dis- side dissemination of internal phone- The Danish newspaper. Informa- January 3. 1976, and distributed to closed the names of CIA agents to books, which apparently have served tion, a daily with a readership of well • the wire services. Philip Agee, acting coincide with the publication of as the source of some of the foreign over 100.000, published this list of in solidarity with African people's Philip AgeeS CIA Diary in Sweden. disclosures. CIA agents in Copenhagen in July. struggles for self-determination, re- Among the media participating was 1975: An intelligence community source The CIA in Canada leased the names of CIA personnel the Stockholm paper NY Day, from told the New York Times that crea- John C. Baxter in Kinshasa. Zaire to representatives which the following names were tion of new covers was a "mind-bogg- Disclosed in Last Post, a monthly Joseph E. Fortier III of the MPLA. It is widely known that gathered. newsmagazine late in 1979. ling" problem. and that the Agency Bruce N. Gray CIA operations in Angola have been Paul Garbler, Chief of Station at present has "no idea how to do it." In Ottawa: Edward J. Gotehef directed by the CIA station in Zaire. George D. Swerdlin No steps in this direction. according Cleveland Cramm, Chief of Station Peter M. Hain Fur more details• see the article "The James D. Honey to the Times, will be taken until a John S. Healey Richard Mikita Great Southern Africa War" in this James R. Stove new Director of Central Intelligence Joseph A. Marion Jr. Grant W. Olsen issue. Bruce D. Hutchins has been given an opportunity to re- Richard H. Reynolds Edward Rankin Stuart E. Methven, Chief of Station David 12. Altman view the problem. Thomas M. Fitzpatrick John E. Reinertson Samuel D. Martin Philip G. Lane During the early 1960's. CIA offi- Charles E. Wood Phillip D. Vollmann Peter T. Hanson Gary D. Scatz cials operating under diplomatic In Quebec: G. H. Welsh Jeffrey Panitt Charles S. Greco cover nearly equalled the number of Everett K. Melby David Fennoy Robert Benedetti Theodor Rumine R W 29

(whom' they named) to provoke violence, blow up bridges 28 and if necessary kill — all to bring disrepute to the left. I attempted to get statements from the agents themselves and from the bureau, but all efforts failed. Then, a couple of days before the telecast COMBINE date, J. Edgar Hoover joined the agents in threat- CIAAROUND Tilt WORLD ening libel suits. Hoover even said he was prepar- ing to turn the case over to the Justice Department (which, of course, is exactly what the CIA is now at- tempting to do with those who published Welch's name). TH EORY

with Who is Richard Welch? ACTION Commentary by Paullneobs Get in touch with some of the best On Ian. 17, 1969, the FBI helped murder Black Pan- tasks carried out by patriotic citizens acting on orders thinkers dealing with the contradictions ther member John Huggins in a dining hall at UCLA. from superiors. Endowed with the federal government's of creating a new, humane society here One hour before the program was to be aired, top Oh, an FBI agent did not actually pull the trigger— dignity and institutionalized in an agency like the CIA, and now. People like Eric Bentley, Allen management of the Public Broadcasting Service that was done by a member of US, a black nationalist murder and assassination (known In the trade an "ter- Ginsberg, Grace Paley, Barbara Deming, canceled the FBI segment. It was broadcast later group. But, morally, the FBI must share responsibility in mination with prejudice") have become, in the name of Daniel Berrigan, David McReynolds and by Channel 13 in New York as part of a different his death, for the bureau now admits that it fomented patriotism, ethically acceptable. many others. Make a place where they kind of program concentrating on the cancellation dissension and fierce fights between US and the Black As a result, each time the names of CIA agents are can have a real dialogue. itself rather than on the propriety of FBI actions. Panthers. made public (it happened again last week), the media Add to that on-the-spot reports from - This change of focus is. of course, what is hap- I was particularly angered by this latest revelation of and government officials have fulminated. Over and over the places where people arc actually pening today in the Welch matter Attention is be- wrongdoing by a federal agency, because John Huggins we have been told that Welch was a gentle man, moti- working for change. Places like co-ops, ing shifted to the wrong concern. The current furor was my friend. A gentle. thoughtful young man, he was vated by the highest of ideals, fluent in many languages. picket lines, political parties. prisons. is over the naming of names, not over the propriety on his way to achieving a position of leadership in the a man on his way up in the CIA hierarchy. a man, who. Season with thoughtful book, film of illicit political activity by federal agencies. Black Panthers. If he had lived. Huggins would have almost blind in one eye, never fired a weapon himself. and record reviews. Toss in original illus- Many people have been hurt by the actions of the helped make the organization into an unusually effective This flood of posthumous praise only diverts the public trations and a few poems. CIA and FBI. .directly or indirectly. Some have yoke. With his murder, the Panthers lost, the black from the crucial questions, which have to do not with the been killed, and not always for very good reasons Make it a mgazine that comes out community lost—the whole country lost. man's personal attributes but with his political activities. — my friend John Huggins among them. every week so that its readers are up to Paradoxically, the words that I have used to describe How does the CIA station chief in Greece — or any For Huggins, I feel deep grief. So, too, for the minute on what they need to know Huggins have the same eulogistic ring as those widely other station chief anywhere In the world. for that matter Richard Welch, the human being. But for Richard And give the magazine a growing audience used to characterize Richard Welch, the CIA station — spend his days? And nights? And weekends? Did Welch, the CIA agent. I cannot mourn. After all. (the biggest of any publication of its chief in Athens who was murdered on his doorstep in Richard Welch simply sit in his office and translate no one has to work for the CIA or FBI. It's a matter kind) so that not only the chosen few mid-December shortly after his name was made public Greek newspaper stories into English? Is it not possible have the opportunity to combine that this gentle CIA official, who may never have fired a of free choice; if agents don't like their work, they by radical periodicals here and abroad. Now portrayed theory and action. gun himself, issued orders that required other agents. can quit, as some have done. as a victim of a cabal that would betray our national- Call it WIN magazine. security apparatus, Welch has been virtually canonized perhaps family men themselves, to fire guns and kill To me. It seems inevitable that the CIA's political murders should be followed by reprisals against its Fortunately some folks have already as a national hero. Greeks or Cypriots or South Americans? And if he did done all of that. A year's subscription this. why should anyone be surprised that he might be agents. Perhaps murders and countermurders Not so John Huggins, victim of truly sinister govern- costs only M. ment activity, who goes unhonored. And what of the killed on his own doorstep? should not take place in a civilized world. but it FBI? Its complicity in his murder rates just an asterisk These are cruel questions, but they need to be an- should come as no real surprise — nor cause grief WIN • Box 547 • Rifton * NY 12471 in its laundry list of dirty tricks. swered — along with other, equally significant, ques- — when a CIA agent gets killed in the line of "du- Meanwhile, the people who published the fact that tions. For example. the CIA has admitted it tried, on a . Richard Welch was a CIA agent are pilloried savagely. number of occasions, to kill Fidel Castro. Secret agents When you work for the CIA. as Richard Welch much as were those of as who, a few years ago, charged failed in that effort, but how many ordinary Cubans who did, you make enemies. And when you make that U.S. agencies were stirring up trouble in New Left supported Castro did the CIA manage to have mur- enemies you may get killed — it is as simple as and militant racial organizations. Back then, they called dered? Cuban officials insist such killings took place. that. us "paranoid." and if they are correct, what justification can the CIA of- WIN Not many people believed what we said about the FBI, fer for those actions? despite the hard evidence we assembled. Nor did many Even when committed under the banner of patriotism, believe us when we insisted the CIA was engaged in con- these are foul deeds. It is those who blow the whistle out Name tinuous efforts to assassinate foreign leaders and over- the CIA who deserve our praise, not the agents who can. Paul Jacobs is a San Francisco-baied writer who throw certain governments. mit or commission murder in far away lands. ran for the U.S. Senate in 1968 as the Peace and Addres. Most distressing, however, is the fact that, even after The FBI is no less sensitive than the CIA about the Freedom Party candidate. top FBI and CIA officials have admitted past misdeeds, operations of its agents provocateur in domestic polities. ZIP most Americans have yet to understand that such ac- I discovered this several years ago when I wrote and nar- Reprinted from the Los Angeles Times tivities are directly related to our government's policies, rated a segment of the Great American Dream Machine. WIN MAGAZINE • Box 547 • Rifton, NY 12471 foreign and domestic. a magazine-like TV program that ran on public televi- Instead, it is generally assumed that provocation, sion. In that report, three paid informers discussed on assassination and intervention are ugly but necessary camera how they had been instructed by FBI agents 31

and

outhern

Gluck, pur-

on those two activities may yet

•

the seven persons, later indicted, Jay

legal aspects of the case over the summer.

subsequent termination) of a 20-year-old

,

with Bruce Hoeft. a Peace Corps volunteer

into the

Additional information

According to federal prosecutors. a conspiracy to ship.

Congressional Investigation

China by CIA-organized commando teams.

tion

Rep. Bella Abzug (D-New York), opened an investiga-

agreement between the CIA and the Justice Department ernment Information and Individual Rights. chaired by be released, however. The House Subcommittee on Gov-

giving the Agency discretion on the prosecution of errant taporn, The high point of the hearings was the publica- and the Antonoffs travelled to Thailand. In December when four of employees. Marlene Antonoff, John Weber and Allan from Chicago to Southeast Asia. Later in 1972, Gluck chased 50 cans of Kodak movie film and shipped them

opium into. the United States began in October 1972 three other Americans packaged it in the film canisters working at the Hilltribe Research Center in northern for shipnigrit back to the U.S. An initial shipment of 40 they met with the help of the CIA's Puttaporn, Hoeft and the Thailand.. prosecutors said. After purchasing opium

lbs. got through without being detected, but a second tsipont's name and address Were found on a magazine

dore Norcutt. prosecutors said. He Was arrested. Put- used to wrap the opium. In APril, 1973, he caineto the

--intelligence-gathering raids conducted - in

•

' and plans to subpoena all CIA documents related to Put-

, tion (and

•

.•

' shipment of 59 lbs. was spotted and received' by Theo-

an

.

put,

,

the CIA of- •

CIA coopera.

subjects rhout

II)

commercial subsidiaries; .

a personal; friend of

that testimony would com-

sensitive:

was

Thailand.

assertion

the CIA has long denied any links

extremely

from

have thrown light on two

worked in Thailand with the Peace Corps,

operates profit making

Congress; it is the only branch of government

AROUNDTHEWORLD

The past year's exposure of the activities of the Central

This past summer, government investigators un-,

The CIA was drawn into the fray because one of the

To justify its decision to block prosecution,

CIA

Intelligence Agency have shown the American, people

that above all the Agency has special privileges. It can

which draw us into war overseas without an official declaration from

outside of the normal quotas.

its budget books are immune to review by government throw out charges against two of seven persons allegedly

overseers; it can even bring immigrants into the country , obstructionism forced federal prosecutors in Chicago to the United States whether Agency employees involved in criminal activities makers at Langley — the freedom (in writing) to decide covered one more special privilege enjoyed by policy, freed defendants was a 29-year-old Burmese man named

should be prosecuted. The facts came to light after CIA involved in smuggling close to 100 lbs. of raw opium into Puttaporn Khrainkhtuan, Employed by the. Agency for American citizen. Hoeft

trial would covert activities in Thailand and neighboring countries taporn and since at least 1972. The second was Bruce Hoeft. an

promise on-going operations in Southeast Asia and the freed only the vague

agency with which identities of agents. Available evidence indicates that a which the CIA is

are actively involved in the production, refinement and

Lion with paramilitary groups, in Southeast Asia which ' distribution of opium and heroin, and (2) sabotage and

-

SO,

,

some of

"

•

and statistia re-

press."

Congratulations

s orders to his former Latin

'

The Fifth Estate would like to see a

We wonder what kind of reports

full investigation of the Association of

Retired Intelligence Officers, if only

before forming ARIO? What were American chief? These and other

David Phillips to CIA headquarters? to find out how "retired What conversations did Phillips have , them may be, Then their attacks on all those critical of the CIA can be

public. flow from ARIO members such as Colby with then-Director William Colby questions should be asked by the con- gressional investigators before con cluding their reports. '

judged for what they really are.

Gnirk,* statements

leased to the

"Three thousand, six hundred and

.

•

and benefits are other

'

Biddle and others have

"

s organized attack on Phillip

'

to save the Central Intelligence

has ignored other membership

"

The Association of Retired Intel-

Some ARIL/ members are actually

Eric H. Biddle, Jr.. a former CIA

ARIO

ligence Officers seems to have one

purpose and that is to defend the CIA

from the growing movement against

iti

ingful re-employment programs for

crew to the real problems of mean- former intelligence officers:lob group because it has made propagan- Issues on which ARIO members are dizing against critics its primary task. interests. Many ex-officers are upset over the insensitivity of the Phillips officer, recently helped draw up a and report on civil rights discrimination

discrimination Phillips and his cohorts who also

demanding discussion. • press. Biddle had charged ARIO with Phillips also refuses to examine his in the Intelligence community. but Brazil, where thousands of Brazilians the 'report was tabled by David that ARID is an operation by the "old

which Biddle now as "the most im- Agency from an outraged American deliberately suppressing the report and ignoring job discrimination were arrested and tortured with the role as the CIA Chief of Station in critics of the CIA rakes the possibility mediate importance to current and future employees of the intelligence tried to keep the report out of the acquiescence and guidance of the boys resigned flora ARIO.

CIA. Agee. the Fifth Estate and all other

community.

'resigning from the new retirement

s

'

own

CIA

'

Coen-

1111 In:

critics?

-

"

the

Station Chief in

'

was responsible for the

are "moral primates.

in his hands and making emo-

s government In Chile. Mr.

'

AROUNDTMEWORLD

Has the CIA built a new device for

Appearing on nationwide television The Association is headed by David

The public should ask Mr. Phillips,

From ARIO Estate, the ACLU. and even the U.S. Western Hemisphere Division and a

Richard Welch. Phillips sought to

its members are.

Phillips, former head of the CIA's to describe his role in the kidnapping. The Man news and talk shows—Phillips has Lima. Peru, in January. 1975. Phillips covert operations expert. Phillips has Although the Agency is barred by law new Association of Retired Intel- sassination of Athens Station Chief ligence Officers, formed by ex-CIA 30 been the spearhead of attacks against officials, raises doubts as to how "ex" individuals and organizations.critical place the blame on the doorsteps of listed him as CIA Schneider was killed just prior to the

conducting surveillance of its been only one aspect of charges that the editors of been viewed slapping si copy of Cows- and assassination plot aimed at from conducting domestic intelli- OPERATION CHAOS may have domestic work. The activities of tire Congress. During the recent CIA- tionally charged accusations that teresting charge given Phillips gence operations, the rise and fall of role in the CIA. coup that overthrew President Al- of the CIA, including the Fifth Chilean General Rene Schneider. death of Richard Welch because h lende

sparked controversy around the as- CounterSpy.

terSpy terSpy

CounterSpy

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33 33

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agreeinent with Peace Peace with agreeinent

federal investigators federal

Puttaporres smuggling sing.' • • sing.' smuggling Puttaporres

in Southeast Asia.) Asia.) Southeast in

an intern with the Intelligence Doestreenhulott CAM, CAM, Doestreenhulott Intelligence the with intern an

two two

One final potential embarrassment remained embarrassment potential final One

Puttaporn apparently planned to claim claim to planned apparently Puttaporn

Finally, Puttaporn told told Puttaporn Finally,

Puttaporn . also told DEA he he DEA told also . Puttaporn

While the prosecutors were preparing preparing were prosecutors the While

In addition, the CIA organized small commando commando small organized CIA the addition, In

bor, bor,

volunteers. volunteers. daring the Fall 1975 1975 Fall the daring

the CIA has honored its 1961. 1961. its honored has CIA the

Corps director Sargent Shriver to keep Reiland' Reiland' keep to Shriver Sargent director Corps

John Bargees. a student at the University of Michigan.'Ants Ar- Michigan.'Ants of University the at student a Bargees. John Already charges have been made that Hoeft was working working was Hoeft that made been have charges Already

the Agency, but was simply a personal Mend of Put- of Mend personal a simply was but Agency, the

acquainted with Hoeft feel that he was not connected to to connected not was he that feel Hoeft with acquainted taporn. Sources in the Peace Corps in Washington in Corps Peace the in Sources taporn.

cluding two former country directors, are convinced convinced are directors, country former two cluding

involvement of Peace Corps volunteer Bruce, Hoeft: Hoeft: Bruce, volunteer Corps Peace of involvement hard put to disprove that. Reliable personi who are well' well' are who personi Reliable that. disprove to put hard

for the CIA. and in court the Agency. Would have have Would Agency. the court in and CIA. the for Agency thus moved to prevent the trial trial the prevent to moved thus Agency

place. place.

and to talk about his other CIA activities activities CIA other his about talk to and

those raids. (He also named his CIA contact as contact CIA his named also (He raids. those

he had smuggled the drugs under the orders of the•CIA0-, the•CIA0-, of orders the under drugs the smuggled had he

the United States by unnamed parties- for IdS IdS for parties- unnamed by States United the consul in Chiang Mail Mail Chiang in consul

friend, Victor Tin-Sein, had been killed while livingin livingin while killed been had Tin-Sein, Victor friend,

different occasions had been debriefed by the CIA on on CIA the by debriefed been had occasions different

cessing points. Ras said it was his impression that PM.' PM.' that impression his was it said Ras points. cessing

had led commando raids into China and on'at least :16 . . :16 least on'at and China into raids commando led had

taporn felt the CIA was aware of that activities. • • activities. that of aware was CIA the felt taporn

ment in and knowledge of of knowledge and in ment

Link to Opium Trade Trade Opium to Link been an officer in the Kuomintang army and had guard had and army Kuomintang the in officer an been

ed opium mule caravans as they as caravans mule opium ed mittee that Puttapom had told him he had had he him told had Puttapom that mittee

(DEA) investigators about his activites for the CIA. One• One• CIA. the for activites his about investigators (DEA) taporn was talking to Drug Enforcement Administration • • Administration Enforcement Drug to talking was taporn of them. John Ban, later testified to Abzufs subcom Abzufs to testified later Ban, John them. of

tapping telegraph lines and committing committing and lines telegraph tapping

sabotage. These operations continued at least until 1971 1971 until least at continued operations These sabotage.

foot or by air and spent months spying on road traffic. traffic. road on spying months spent and air by or foot

ing. ing. when President Nixon announced his plans to visit NC- visit to plans his announced Nixon President when

teams from the Kuomintang remnants and the minority minority the and remnants Kuomintang the from teams

Laos and Burma, these teams entered southern China on on China southern entered teams these Burma, and Laos

Arrangements were worked out with the Shans. Kuomin- Shans. the with out worked were Arrangements

helicopters of the CIA's Air America became a coMman coMman a became America Air CIA's the of helicopters

from nothing, the Thai police was given new weapons. weapons. new given was police Thai the nothing, from sight and were at times used to transport opium. (This (This opium. transport to used times at were and sight

period is well documented in Alfred McCoy's book book McCoy's Alfred in documented well is period

peoples. Operating from tiny bases in remote area of of area remote in bases tiny from Operating peoples.

tangs and other minority groups to keep their areas free free areas their keep to groups minority other and tangs

and non-interference in their affairs, Airplanes Airplanes affairs, their in non-interference and

makers feared that the Indochina war would spill over over spill would war Indochina the that feared makers of communist guerrillas in return for material support support material for return in guerrillas communist of

future to invade China or at least hatrass the new com- new the hatrass least at or China invade to future

Politics of of Politics

destine support to the area. The Men army was built built was army Men The area. the to support destine into Thailand and Burma. the U.S. increased its clan- its increased U.S. the Burma. and Thailand into

munist government. In the 1960s, when U.S. policy- U.S. when 1960s, the In government. munist

nants in Burma In hopes that they could be used used be could they that hopes In Burma in nants

Triangle Triangle

After World War II the United States first became in- became first States United the II War World After

The Golden Triangle. which straddles the borders of of borders the straddles which Triangle. Golden The

This was an obscene misrepresentation of the facts: facts: the of misrepresentation obscene an was This

weapons and other supplies to the Kuomintang rem- rem- Kuomintang the to supplies other and weapons

opium trade. trade. opium volved in the Golden Triangle in 1949. when it sent sent it when 1949. in Triangle Golden the in volved

one another over the years have related to control of the the of control to related have years the over another one

struggles that the various factions have waged against against waged have factions various the that struggles

currency of the Golden Triangle. Most of the armed armed the of Most Triangle. Golden the of currency making money and exercising power. And opium is the the is opium And power. exercising and money making

denominator between all of these groups is devotion to to devotion is groups these of all between denominator

rillas who have operated in the Triangle. the common common the Triangle. the in operated have who rillas

and western parts of Laos. Other Burmese minorities minorities Burmese Other Laos. of parts western and

another. The Meo army controlled much of the central central the of much controlled army Meo The another.

out. Excluding the small numbers of communist guer- communist of numbers small the Excluding out.

had their own turfs, and the Thai police moved in and and in moved police Thai the and turfs, own their had

ple in revolt against the Burmese government. controlled controlled government. Burmese the against revolt in ple

Nationalist troops who fled south when the communists communists the when south fled who troops Nationalist

won the civil war in their country set up jurisdiction over over jurisdiction up set country their in war civil the won

one section of the Triangle. The Slims, a minority peo- minority a Slims, The Triangle. the of section one

Since 1949, the area has been politically and militarily militarily and politically been has area the 1949, Since

unstable. with numerous centers of authority. Chinese Chinese authority. of centers numerous with unstable.

U.S. In Golden Golden In U.S.

of the central governments of any of those countries. countries. those of any of governments central the of

square miles of mountains not firmly under the control control the under firmly not mountains of miles square

Laos. Thailand and Burma. consists of thousands of of thousands of consists Burma. and Thailand Laos.

"clandestine army". These facts were no secret to Put- to secret no were facts These army". "clandestine taporn. taporn.

trade. the CIA since 1949 has been in bed with its ring- its with bed in been has 1949 since CIA the trade.

Divisions, the Shan State Army and the Meo hIlltribe hIlltribe Meo the and Army State Shan the Divisions,

Far from hying to suppress the Golden Triangle heroin heroin Triangle Golden the suppress to hying from Far

leaders — the Thai police. the Kuomintang 3rd and Sth Sth and 3rd Kuomintang the police. Thai the — leaders

I. I.

de-

Several days later Senator Senator later days Several

on the testimony of Puttaporn, so in September September in so Puttaporn, of testimony the on

Chicago Daily News. News. Daily Chicago

The CIA never denied that Puttaporn worked for for worked Puttaporn that denied never CIA The

The testimony and documents would have done more more done have would documents and testimony The

Strangely enough. much of the testimony before the the before testimony the of much enough. Strangely

Apparently this arrangement did remain in effect until until effect in remain did arrangement this Apparently

The case remained under wraps until June this year. year. this June until wraps under remained case The

stamp out narcotics trafficking the world over. over. world the trafficking narcotics out stamp

throw the little fish back in hopes of catching a bigger bigger a catching of hopes in back fish little the throw

one, the CIA was saying: prosecuting Puttapom would would Puttapom prosecuting saying: was CIA the one,

voking the cause of the suppression of narcotics to ex. ex. to narcotics of suppression the of cause the voking

cuse its behavior with the Chicago prosecutors. We most most We prosecutors. Chicago the with behavior its cuse

than to report on drugs, the Agency said. Thus it was in- was it Thus said. Agency the drugs, on report to than

them. According to their explanation to Senator Percy. Percy. Senator to explanation their to According them.

"Golden Triangle." where the majority of the world's il- world's the of majority the where Triangle." "Golden

compromise the CIA's larger, more important. efforts to to efforts important. more larger, CIA's the compromise

Puttaporn was hired in July 1972 to report on narcotics narcotics on report to 1972 July in hired was Puttaporn

trafficking in northern Thailand. part of the so-called so-called the of part Thailand. northern in trafficking

licit opium is produced. He had no other assignment assignment other no had He produced. is opium licit

the decision to proceed with the charges or to drop them them drop to or charges the with proceed to decision the

thaii"embarrass" the Agency. Puttaporn 'was deeply ac- deeply 'was Puttaporn Agency. the thaii"embarrass" quainted with the CIA's crimes in Southeast Asia and and Asia Southeast in crimes CIA's the with quainted

tirely up to the Justice Department. Department. Justice the to up tirely

may have used this knowledge to negotiate his freedom. freedom. his negotiate to knowledge this used have may

the necessary documents (knowing full well, of course, course, of well, full (knowing documents necessary the

told the prosecutors that it could not and would not yield yield not would and not could it that prosecutors the told

that this would make prosecution impossible). but left left but impossible). prosecution make would this that

would "embarrass" the agency and that they should should they that and agency the "embarrass" would CIA representatives had told them that prosecution prosecution that them told had representatives CIA

drop charges. The Agency maintained that it had simply simply had it that maintained Agency The charges. drop

whether the CIA had ordered the Justice Department to to Department Justice the ordered had CIA the whether

drop charges. Justice Department officials said that the the that said officials Department Justice charges. drop

subcommittee centered on semantic questions of of questions semantic on centered subcommittee

letter to the CIA's general counsel, John Warner. Warner. John counsel, general CIA's the to letter

this summer, when amid the furor raised in Capitol Hill Hill Capitol in raised furor the amid when summer, this

tant Attorney General Richard L. Thornburgh said in a a in said Thornburgh L. Richard General Attorney tant

may have been in effect in the past is abrogated." Assis- abrogated." is past the in effect in been have may

committees. the Justice Department unilaterally ter- unilaterally Department Justice the committees.

without further documentation." documentation." further without

minated it. "Any ... informal refetral agreement that that agreement refetral informal ... "Any it. minated

malized with an exchange of letters. "but he saw no no saw he "but letters. of exchange an with malized funds. but which could not be prosecuted without reveal- without prosecuted be not could which but funds.

that this arrangement on cases of this sort could be for- be could sort this of cases on arrangement this that

to the Justice Department ..." Rogers went on to state state to on went Rogers ..." Department Justice the to

reason why present practices could not be continued continued be not could practices present why reason ing secret information. "Mr. Rogers said that under the the under that said Rogers "Mr. information. secret ing

terest" between enforcement of the law and the protec- the and law the of enforcement between terest" circumstances he saw no purpose in referring the matter matter the referring in purpose no saw he circumstances

that an Agency employee was guilty of mishandling mishandling of guilty was employee Agency an that

1954, from CIA General Counsel Lawrence Houston to to Houston Lawrence Counsel General CIA from 1954,

discussed a particular case in which evidence indicated indicated evidence which in case particular a discussed

two men in which they discussed a "balancing of in- of "balancing a discussed they which in men two

memo was written to confirm a conversation between the the between conversation a confirm to written was memo

the then deputy attorney general. William Rogers. The The Rogers. William general. attorney deputy then the

House Subcommittee on Government Information and and Information Government on Subcommittee House

Justice Department asking for an explanation. Also that that Also explanation. an for asking Department Justice Individual Rights and released a memo dated March March dated memo a released and Rights Individual

Charles Percy (D-I11.) wrote to both the CIA and the the and CIA the both to wrote (D-I11.) Percy Charles month, CIA Director William Colby testified before the the before testified Colby William Director CIA month,

to the the to

when the prosecutor's office in Chicago leaked the story story the leaked Chicago in office prosecutor's the when

all convicted and sentenced. sentenced. and convicted all

1974 charges against both of them were dropped. Shortly Shortly dropped. were them of both against charges 1974

never apprehended and the three other defendants were were defendants other three the and apprehended never

afterwards. Puttaporn returned to Thailand. Hoeft is is Hoeft Thailand. to returned Puttaporn afterwards.

pended pended

without these documents and witnesses it would be im- be would it witnesses and documents these without

now living on the West Coast. The two Antonoffs were were Antonoffs two The Coast. West the on living now

possible to prosecute. The charges against Hoeft Hoeft against charges The prosecute. to possible

lion of intelligence sources and methods. The two men men two The methods. and sources intelligence of lion

t t

from... from...

300 North Zeeb Road, Road, Zeeb North 300

Thiv Thiv

Arbor, Michigan 48106 48106 Michigan Arbor,

licatiqn licatiqn

PLEASE WRITE FOR FOR WRITE PLEASE

elopment (AID) to study at at study to (AID) elopment

. Call roll km: 800-5214600 800-5214600 km: roll Call .

■ ■

•

. Ann Ann .

COMPLETE INFORMATION INFORMATION COMPLETE

Xerox University Microfilms Microfilms University Xerox

is Available m m Available is

ant back issues issues back ant

The attorney's office eventually determined that that determined eventually office attorney's The

MICROFORM MICROFORM

The U.S. Attorney's office in Chicago was undecided undecided was Chicago in office Attorney's U.S. The

destruction of the usefulness of those employees and and employees those of usefulness the of destruction

Prosecution Blocked Blocked Prosecution agents and ongoing operations." which would neces- would which operations." ongoing and agents

agents." agents."

Charles Percy, "information about Intelligence sources sources Intelligence about "information Percy, Charles

sitate "the termination of those operations and the the and operations those of termination "the sitate

pose, in the words of the CIA's explanation to Senator Senator to explanation CIA's the of words the in pose,

were told that these documents and witnesses would ex- would witnesses and documents these that told were

and methods, including identities of employees and and employees of identities including methods, and

with CIA 'representatives to resolve the question. but but question. the resolve to 'representatives CIA with

turned over to the court. The CIA found this unaccept- this found CIA The court. the to over turned

trial and that intelligence reports he had provided be be provided had he reports intelligence that and trial

able. Officials from the attorney's office met repeatedly repeatedly met office attorney's the from Officials able.

whether to prosecute Puttaporn or use him as a witness. witness. a as him use or Puttaporn prosecute to whether

it would be necessary that CIA witnesses testify at the the at testify witnesses CIA that necessary be would it

Regardless of which role they assigned to him, however. however. him, to assigned they role which of Regardless

32 32

tually named the other five defendants. Shortly there. there. Shortly defendants. five other the named tually

months. months.

interred in Cook County Jail, where he spent the nest ten ten nest the spent he where Jail, County Cook in interred

Syracuse University., Once inside the country. he was was he country. the inside Once University., Syracuse

after. he tried to leave the country and was arrested and and arrested was and country the leave to tried he after.

questioned by U.S.,Custorns and CIA officials and even- and officials CIA and U.S.,Custorns by questioned

Agency for Internatiobal Dev Internatiobal for Agency

U.S. under an education, program sponsored by the the by sponsored program education, an under U.S. /— /— assure

35

can

Vietnamization",

reported that the

-

repeatedly staled that they in-

have

fought for 14 years for the complete in- Washington Post

have

MPLA spokesmen

So there is little to substantiate the position that U.S. policy towards the three Angolan factions. and

umbrella of another power or another country." And in November. the tend to establish a non-aligned and independent govern • MPLA had turned down a Soviet offer for a major arms

ment. In October, the MPLA declared: "We

you that we airlift to Luanda. Agostinho Neto is personally close to Mario Soares, currently the American favorite in Per- dependence of the Angolan people. not to be under the

Angola will become a Soviet satellite. Even assuming the

most rapacious Soviet designs, the belief that the in- tugual. and certainly an ardent anti-communist.

assistance to the NLF in Vietnam did not turn Vietnam Soviet experience in Africa and elsewhere. Indeed. Soviet into a Soviet satellite. evitably victorious MPLA would serve as a Soviet sat- ellite is contradicted by the stance of the MPLA and the

on/Kissinger Doctrine. Under this policy, the U.S seeks to avoid direct and open intervention in the affairs of

throughout all of Southern Africa, is based on a policy that has already been defeated in Indochina — the Nix- Nixon's "State of the World" address on Feb. 18. 1970,

"Change the color of the corpses," according to former and was designed not to bring peace, but rather to other states through the use of regional client states and covert CIA operations. First announced in President Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker.

the doctrine was initially known as

Most of the FNLA's aid over the years has flowed

UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence

UNITA did not receive significant outside help during

The third movement is the MPLA (Popular Movement

Over 22 countries recognize the People's Republic of

West Germany, France, Zairian and South African in-

FNLA until a few months ago, when they began with- through Zaire, with the CIA furnishing the majority of the support. The FNLA also received aid from Belgium,

that they may have been routed on the battlefield and will no longer play a dominant role in Angolan politics. terests. The Chinese provided assistance to Zaire and the

drawing their support and advisors.

ple. who comprise 38% of the population. UNITA's

its nine years of struggle for independence until earlier Jonas Savimbi. Its base is among the Ovimbundu peo- this year when Savimbi went looking for help from any of Angola) was formed in 1966 under its current leader,

UNITA's military force by certain militarists who had strength is in the southern region of Angola.

news from inside Angola. With the recent South African pullback from UNITA territories, many observers activities may have been sparked by a takeover of believe the Luanda government, which has been vic-

has not been fully confirmed due to the lack of clear

earlier defected from the third Angolan movement. This for the Liberation of Angola). led by Agotinho Neto, and

is the strongest of the three. The MPLA was founded in source. It is also suspected that the change in UNITA's torious on thebatilefleld, may offer UNITA some role in

a new coalition government. Kimbundu people, who make up 23% of the population.

the mid-1950's and began armed resistance to the Por- tuguese in 1961. It draws its primary support from the

Unlike the other movements, the MPLA is urban based'

and contains elements of all tribes, except the Bakongo, and both white and black Africans. It enjoys more sup-

port across tribal lines and among educated Angolans than the other two groups. Its forces hold most of Angola

including the capital city of Luanda. where it declared itself the legitimate government of the country. the Peo- ple's Republic of Angola. Angola and MPLA's Claim to legitimacy. The MPLA

from the Soviet Union in the early 1960's after first hay-

ination. However, it was not until after the April 1974

started to receive modest amounts of military assistance

ing been refused U.S. support to fight Portuguese dom-

revolution in Portugal, and most recently since the

large quantities of assistance. Soviet aid Is said to range

imately 3000 advisors to fight with the MPLA since spring of 1975. that the Soviets began providing truly from rifles, machine guns, and ammunition to armored vehicles, mortars, anti-aircraft guns, and ground-to-

ground missiles. Additionally. Cuba has sent approx-

mid-fall. The Cuban assistance is compatible with the

number of Cuban advisors at up to 10,000 appear to be highly exaggerated propaganda efforts by the U.S. and

South Africa. What is not generally known is that many movement desiring help. Reports lacing the total Cuban principle of material assistance to any liberation

Angolans with the MPLA are not full black but mes-

Spanish as well as the African dialects. No doubt many

tizo's and mullatos who speak fluent Portuguese,

of these Angolans are being mistaken for Cubans in some instances.

AR

AFRICA

SOUTHERN

THE GREAT

34

On November I I, 1975, Angola became a free country

The FNLA (National Liberation Front of Angola) is

after 500 years of Portugese colonialism. But inde-

pendence so fat has only meant a violent civil war for Angola. as three competing African liberation move-

ments, each massively supported by outside powers, vie war confrontation. The actual conflict in Angola, how- The Angolan Independence Movement

for power In the country. Indeed, foreign intervention

has turned the Angolan civil war into an explosive cold

ever, does not easily reduce itself to an ideological strug- gle between communists and capitalists. All three movements say they favor some form of socialism, and each has stressed the primacy of national reconstruction

led by Holden Roberto, and based almost solely among the Bakongo people, who make up about 13% of the

population. Roberto is closely allied with his brother-in-

most of his adult life outside Angola in Zaire. During the recent conflict the FNLA controlled most of the territory along the Zairian border. Although FNLA did make a

law, President Mobuto Sese Seko of Zaire, and has spent and independence.

shaky Alliance with UNITA in November, it now appears rtn

The CIA in Southern Africa manipulate Angolan society through the FNLA as it was able to manipulate Zaire's politics through Mobutu. 37 11,5. involveinent in Scullion n Africa began long before In 1969, the Nixon Administration decided to end the the current conflict. Even before Zaire, formerly the secret aid to the FNLA as part Of a largeffilfiqf Congo, the Nivon/Kissinger Doctrine's regional puppet to improve American relations with the while state. bet:tour halt:pendent in hum, 1960, the CIA was southern Africa, including the07eititgueieildn acting covertly to promote a pro•WFstern regime that apartheid South Africa and the:RhOdealisnr,- would prelert the imestments of the multinational The CIA did not totally drop Roberto buCkefgJiim that country. At first the Agency 's covert ac- the payroll as an intelligence sotn•ee.o.t fie *,i31,40.,. tion tatnlined to political manipulation of selected when it became clear to Kissinger that Angola WotiW political lignres and union leaflets, but as the Congolese receive independence from the new government in Poi, political scenic hectone more MIA mote unraveled front tugal, it was a relatively simple matter for the CIA to' the spontaneous thrusts of a newly achieved democratic- reorganize Roberto and the FNLA. ' ' • - and anti...Mahal spirit. the CIA sent its paramilitary ex- South African Intervention : • perts and Inc:crnnies to so puma the new government or Joseph Mobutu. Ii, 1904. ('IA 0-26 aircraft down by The outside power with the largest direct involveMenL., Cuban pilots muter contract to the CIA were carrying in Angola and the linchpin of the Nixon/Kiksinger.,Doc2: cut regitlat bombing missions against rebel territories. trine's strategy for Southern Africa is white sUprematist,t.

Relying in tempo part on the considerable assistance fur- South Africa. South Africa, along with Zalfe. is,key to:' nished by Ow CIA and other U.S. government agencies, the Doctrines continued war against national lii34ratitIO: the central Chttgolcse emcrnment under Mobutu was movements throughout Southern Africa. South .004' littatly load- V impose Its authority throughout the coun• entered Angola as early as August and by September had secured control of the Ruacana Falls hydroelectric..

In 1901. the CIA began secret holding through the project inside the Angolan border across 'from South government of Zan, to several pro-1,1i. liberation African-occupied Namibia. The South Afrieani` movements inelnding I.NLA. headed by Mobutu's escalated considerably during the cliising months 'of brother-in-1m, Holden Noboru., During the Kennedy 1975. and 1Chilson administrations the CIA 's involvement in Al least- two separate mechanized South African units,. Zaire grew steadily as did the Agency 's involvement in with a strength of between 1000 and 1500 mein.;opsiatek; Angola During these scars U.S. policy was designed to inside Angola. Additionally, the South Africans equip! sulmort Pothugnese colonialisni with smite ped and supported yet another armored &IntMini nbtpat, milittir, and political stupor( while recognizing that 1500 Africans and 500 white mercenaries working Witt),.; direct colonialism was dying in Africa. The U.'S. pub- UNITA and FNLA. The Washington Post in posem*s kendt. ,:allot for non-mmlent change but covertly the CIA reported that not only were South African regular troolaavi: continued' to hack the 1:NI,Ahn opposition to the Por- lighting hundreds of miles into Angola. but, that' thetse,i. tuguese in the hope that F791 A neocolonialism would forces were supplied front permanent South African military bases on the Namibia border with Angola. from , replace Portaguese aNwing the 11.S. to tinny spotter planes piloted by Americans into the simple. If Congress. the press, or anyone else discloses which "regular airlifts of military equipment were made • Angolan battle zones. These are the same Forward Air one or more of these operations, the Agency will still have r C /teach deep into Angola by C-130 transport aircraft." Control (FAC) planes used in the South East Asian war. FRANCF ff_ • others to rely upon. The House Select Committee on In- j SWITZ. U.S. and Satuth African cooperation in Southern U.S. Air Force C.14I transport jets, flying in behalf of telligence is expected soon to release a report on the full Africa is nothing new. In the early 1960's South African the CIA, regularly landed at the airport in Kinshasa, scope of the CIA's war in Angola. But CounterSpy has Pr) -at/GAL{ intelligence worked closely with the CIA to recruit 114t111111111•P Zaire. disgorging tons of military supplies including been able to piece together from a variety of sources the TURKEY mercenary forces for the Congolese civil war. In recent rifles, machine guns, light artillery, rocket launchers and following known or suspected CIA mercenary opera- years the U.S. has begun to secretly build up South ammunition: these supplies are in turn being flown into tions: Africa 's intelligence capabilities, especially in the area of MOROCICO Mediterranean Sea" Angola by small CIA planes. (I) For over a year, Soldiers of Fortune magazine, strategic monitoring of the scalanes around the Cape— The CIA has also been using its base in the Azores to published by Phoenix associates and the Omego Group. monitoring sights which can just as easily look north as activate qtr: aircraft carrier and three Navy destroyers. Ltd.. a motley collection of ex-Green Berets and other south in order to monitor African liberation movements The aircraft carrier Independence has been placed on "soldiers of fortune," has been' openly recruiting lacA EGYPT , At GE A and governments. Most of this monitoring is done from full alert with a crew of 4000.5000 military personnel mercenaries for the "Rhodesian" regime of Ian Smith. / the huge Silvermine base on the south coast but other and 90 F-4 Phantom jets on board. The jets have been in The first issue of Soldiers of Fortune magazine, along N mon inning stations are spread along South Africa's nor- a state of readiness to fly tactical air support strikes over with articles on "Underwater Knife-Fighting Tech- MAURITANIA thern border and in South African-occupied Namibia. . Angola, and to deliver tons of napalm, "Sidewinder" IGER niques" and puff pieces for the CIA's derogatory cam- `MALI With Roberto safely inside the Administration's camp, Missile; and anti-personnel fragmentation bombs. Eye- paign against Philip Agee. carried "American Mercen- and controlled by the policies of, the Nixon/Kissinger CHAD witness reports have placed the Independence in the aries in Africa" with gory photos of dead and maimed SUDAN Doctrine, President Ford decided to start funding a sec. Azores in early December and off the coast of Angola Africans. ' und group in Angola — UNITA. The 40 Committee. the MIA 1. daring January. It was in the Azores, where there is a 12/ Colonel "Mad" Mike Hoare began last year to CENTRAL body chaired by Henry Kissinger which governs, CIA ) IVORY strategic 1.1.9. naval base at the disposal of the CIA, that reform his old "5 Commando" unit for an attack on FRICAN REP. covert interventions, approved S300,000 in secret sub- Goof!: I GHANA the imlopendence took its present cargo of war material. Angola. Hoare is currently believed to be operating with sidies for UNITA. Previously UNITA had operated as a Accompanying the aircraft carrier and three destroyers UNITA units in the south of Angola. Hoare and his unit legitimate liberation force active in the struggle against is the 'cruiser Boston, which was officially decommis- first gained notoriety when they led a ruthless assault on Gnu of Cialfive colonialism. But concurrent with the CIA 's secret sub- sioned in November. 1973. Many observers believe the Stanleyville during the CIA's earlier operations in the sidies. UNITA 's military arm came under the control of • If 111 ary ZAIRE Boston In being used as • CIA "black ship" for covert ac- Congo. Hoare was also active in the late 1960's re- Ivriollrix certain militarists including defectors from the Luanda tions. cruiting mercenaries for the invasion of Cambodia from government. Many African observers were dismayed , By December. the CIA also had world-wide recruit- a hotel in Bangkok. That UNITA would accept CIA funding and doubt that ment and training program underway for mercenaries. (3) In Colorado. where Soldiers of Fortune is pub- I tift ant. • Jonas Savimbi is in complete control of UNITA, and Doeall The existence of large-scale CIA mercenary intervention lished, rumors abound of mercenary training at secret some experts suspect CIA manipulation of UNITA's ANGOLA ZAMBIA in Angolirepresented a major escalation of the war from CIA camps. The CIA also trained Tibetan rebels in Col- Pallas internal political dynamic. the CIA support for groups in Angola to direct outside orado during the 1960's. By December 12. 1975. the CIA had already spent $50 intervention. (4) Mercenaries are being sent to Zaire, via the million on the Angolan war, and had already sent five ar- The CIA implemented perhaps a dozen or more sep- Netherlands, under cover of Unilever and Allied Chem- arate covert recruitment, training and transportation ical personnel. They are being passed off as pipeline ex- 'programs to channel mercenaries into the war. The perts and technicians. Reportedly, these mercenaries '• • therm behind having so many different operations is have no passport, •39

(5l Much of the recruitment is being done by the CIA's government between the FNLA, UNITA and the Luanda Bibliography Books domestic offices in over 20 cities across the nation. In eovernment. The following is a partial list of documents and books Alishire, Da: id, and Samuels. Michael. eds.. Portuge,e New York. Pelloger. 1970. New York City. for example, prospective mercenary re- Many Americans, wary of being stampeded into a new on Angola: Africa —A ihndhvok. cruits are told to call 212-755.0027 or write to 26 Federal , Vietnam war, are looking carefully at the Administra- American tiniv.:rsily, Area Handbook Angola. .. U.S. Government Printing Office, Plaza, the CIA office there. After four to five days they tion's justification for interventionin Angola. It is ob- Congradonal Heat:Inv Washington, 12.•- 1967. receive either a phone call or a letter giving them a code vious that rather that as a response to the Soviets, CIA **Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Lead- the An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Revulutioa in .4ngola. Indianapolis. number and an address to report to in Philadelphia. The intervention in Angola began four months before ers." Harnett, Donald L., Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelli- Bohhv Merritt, i 672. pay ranges from $500 per month to $2400 per week. start of significant Soviet arms shipments. A recent New gence Activities. U.S. Senate. November 20. 1975. depending upon specialities and skills. Many of these York Time, investigation showed that as early as Jan- Davidson, basil Africa in pistons. New York, Mac- uary, 1975. the 40 Committee, comprised at the time of (Write to the Select Committee. U.S. Senate. Washing. millan. 1968. domestically recruited mercenaries are being sent over ton, D.C. 20510) only fora month and then rotated. Evidently the CIA has Henry Kissinger. Chairman; Gen. George Brown, Chair- Davidson. Basil. In the Eve of the Storm: Angola's man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; William Clements, "The Complex of United States-Portugese Relations: People. London. Longman, 1972. (also Penguin. 1975.1 • no problem finding recruits. Recruiting has occurred Before and After the Coup," Hearings before the Sub- Deputy Secretary of Defense; Joseph Sisco, Under Sec- Duffy. James, Portugal in Africa.- among ex-Army personnel• unemployed vets and recent- of the Committee on Foreign Cambridge. Harvard committee on Africa. University Press, 1962. ly laW-olTpolicernen and corrections officials. retary of State for Political Affairs; and William E. Col- Affairs. March 14. Oct. 8, 9. 22. 1974. (Write to the 16) In Baltimore. a group calling itself AMOUSA has by, Director of the CIA, ordered secret CIA Intervention Subcommittee on Africa. U.S. House of Representa- Maroon:. tolni, The Angolan Revolution. 'Vol. C Carn- in Angola — despite the near-unanimous opposition of tives. Washington, D.e. 20515/ bridge. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. been active recruiting black and Cuban troops for 1969. Southern Africa mercenary armies. Some of these people Africa experts in the State Departinent. Only in April **Nomination of Nathaniel Davis to be Assistant Secre- • Vansina, low.' are being directly enlisted in the South African and did the Soviet Union respond with its first substantial tary of State for African Affairs." Hearings before the kingdoms of the Savanna, Madison. Unhersit■ of Wisconsin Press. 1968. "Rhodesian" armies, shipment ofwar material to the Angolan MPLA. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Senate, February Knowledgable observers are convinced that Angola 19. 1975. (Write to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Wheeler. Do :gins, and Pelissier. Rene. Angoli, New (7) For over a year, advertisements have appeared in U.S. Senate. Washington. D.C. 205101. York. Praeger. 1971. gun and hunting magazines for mercenaries for the under the MPLA government will follow a course similar Southern Africa war. to that of the former Portuguese colonies of Guinea- (8) The CIA has also recruited among the mercenary Bissau and Mozambique. Both governments came to hordes overseas, with Portuguese. French. Spanish and power with significant Soviet military support, yet both even some ex-Nazis among those recruited by the CIA's have successfuly refused to allow Soviet bases in their paramilitary force. The Jan. 11, 1976. London Sunday countries. Telegraph reported that dozens of British mercenaries were in Angola. Victory for the MPLA and the Angolan People (9) The CIA has admitted to funneling over $25 million into FNLA-UNITA since it stepped up its 14-year-old An MPLA victory on the battlefield or in allying with aid project last January. Some estimates by State De- elements of UNITA would cause great changes in Africa. partment officials add to this another $10 million Certainly the liberation movements in Zimbabwe, cur- bringing the total to $35 million. The New York 71rner rently occupied by the settler "Rhodesian" regime. and recently reported that this may be only a third of the true in other areas of Southern Africa will be energized to total of CIA covert funding of the war. further resist racist oppression by the white regimes. (1017ablan commandos and paratroopers became But perhaps the most significant aspect of a victory, part of the farces opposing the progressive government besides freedom and independence for the Angolan peo- In Luanda. Estimates of their number operating inside ple, would be the prevention of South Africa's plans to Angola range from 6000 to 11,200. become the dominant power controlling the mining, re- Intereentions of CIA mercenaries and those re- fining and production of nuclear materials — plans cruited directly by the white regimes of the region which If they succeeded could give the apartheid Pre- amount to the most massive CIA paramilitary opera- torian government economic hegemony over the West tions shoe their secret war in Laos. But the situation was during the next decade. With victories by liberation even further escalated with the direct intervention of movements In strategic areas of nuclear mining. South South African troops into the war in Angola. Africa will have to share nuclear production with other What Can You Do To Stop The CIA War In Angola? 1111 About 200 black Vietnam war combat veterans In African nations. the Washington. D.C. area. including messengers, hos- Even more, a victory of the MPLA would be the defeat pital technicians. police officers and several unemployed of the Nixon/Kissinger Doctrine on African soli. I. Invite your friends and associates to' hear a speaker Committee for a Fifth Estate. : men who are bitter about their failure to find work have The Nixon/Kissinger Doctrine is a perfidious attempt on U.S. intervention in Southern Africa. Speakers and 3. Call, telegram or write your representative lei Con- been recruited into a unit ready to leave for Angola in to continue with the assumption that America most literature are available from: gress, demanding support for amendments to prohibit mid-February by Larry Mitchell, an ex-Green Beret. The police a self-defined order in regions of the Third World. PEP1C, 1611. Connecticut Ave. NW. Washington, U.S. intervention in Angola. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is providing the Even though it exchanges American dead for foreign D.C. 20036, 202-483-0382 and 4. Demand that son r representatives' oppose all CIA costs of transportation. dead, the dangers to Americans are the same. Such a Project on Southern Africa, c/o Courtland Co., Center operations in the Third World and dirge the abolishnient South Africa's Intervention also reversed the attitudes strategy, if it fails, could lead to further escalation direct- for National Security Studies, 122 Maryland Ave. NE, of the CIA and covert actions. Further.' urge,that of many African nations about the Angola situation. Per ly involving America as the pre-Nixon/Kissinger Doc- Washington, D.C. 20002, 202-544-5380 'special prosecutor be appointed to begin:criminal 'pro- instance. Uganda's President Idi Amin. who before had mine strategies for U.S. foreign policy often did. Washington Office on Africk 110 Maryland Ave. NE. ceedings against CIA officials for past and. present Il- severly criticized Soviet intervention in Angola, warned Americans can substantially aid in the defeat of the Washington; D.C. 20002 legal CIA activities. Coalmine* on Africa. 305 East 46th St.. the FNLA and UNITA that the African states "may have Nixon/Kissinker Doctrine by demanding a more demo- American Without organized public opposition,- the Nixon! to review their positions on the Angolan situation and cratic foreign policy decided by the majority of the New York, N.Y. 10016 Kissinger Doctrine in Sou !hero Africa pill go„iinchal- Southern Africa Magazine. 5th Floor. 244 West 27th their attkutde to your two parties in particular" because public rather than In corporate board rooms and the , longed. Letters, telegrams :red persoftal visits arc era- St.. New York. N.Y. 10001 of the reports of South African assistance in the fighting. secret chambers of the CIA. Americans must decide cial to the outcome 1,f congressional action titOngota. whether to follow the CIA into an alliance with white- African Bibliographic Center. 9th Floor, 1346 Con- Both Nigeria and Tanzania, important African states, 5. Hit the bricks! Public demonstrations, against the ruled South Africa to defend imaginary U.S. security in- necticut Ave. NW. Washington, D.C. 20036 now recognize the government in Luanda. having American involvement in Indochina vlid have an effect Amiga their position of neutrality after learning of terests, or to teach the lessons of the Great South East 2. Form support committees for African liberation on the outcome of the war. and it can have an:effect on South African intervention. A meeting of the Organiza- Asian war to the Administration by rejecting is foreign support movements. A shipment of shoes, aspirin, qui- American policy tow:al:Lis South. n Alnico as well. Don't policy. nine, etc. would be a great act of solidarity with the peo- tion of African Unity in December became unravelled as allow the CIA to recruit in your community Or campus the split developed between those who totally support the It took ten years of citizen pressure to help end the war ple of Africa. Representatives of the various liberation for their deadly Ca.,. and don't allow the government Luanda government and those who called for various in Vietnam, but we can stop this war now before it m- support groups can be contacted through the Organizing propaganda on Angola hi stain( 1111:1115WelVd. , make-shift peace plans, including calling for a coalition ashies into the Great Southern Africa War. •

the

you

41

right-

January 2,

right. Their •

Logic." Nic-

-

America.

to the NCLC -

advisers, if he has

prescribe ways to INCLC members)

the liquidity crisis.

'111'. P.O. Box 647,

11,

■

iniellecutosity that the

an end

entitled

writes:

Assassinated

11a11

.

write

Ce0l1111711e

hurdler disruptions. and a

to us about what the NCLC is

CIIIICIISOIWN

collAthrt

.

Franklin Sfnti,sn Wachinotou

111IllfVi

Ws nu i17

As readers of Marxist literature.

For example: the NCLC's

•

The

The group's vehenuml hatred of

Space does not permit us to go into

The pamphlet Will give details on

If you want to receive as copy of the

but they do attack current ewvrs with 1976 they disseminate. In his

rejecuul as an offense against the irra- Land Iluf old New Left of the 1960's mothd have

tional. vealed in their Cell/10111k analysis, as von Hoffman their prose style has suffered terribly.

olas von Hoffman described the wing use prom fascist nature is re-

cil

those on the far right. Nelson Rockeleller is also shared by .. not be too displeasing to Ronald

nomic concerns of the•lilt Reagan's . . end up sharing many of the eco- and the banking 'structures should '- tivities I hey're involved in, their

to write depth about' the NCLC, however, we , the near future in emtperation with. l paign tf discredit the left and disrupt are going to prepare a pamphlet in NCLC must be stopped in its cam- movements for social change. We need your cooperation. We want the people who lead them. Descrip-

doing in your area. are in each area, and an analysis of backgrounds, how malty members NCLC/LISLP members, what ac- other concerned groups who feel that

tions of the vice Of the locals will be included. More information on their tactics will be resealed. And, most prevent important. we wilt

means to pm

presence at meetings, denionstra.

Bons, and workplaces.

Ran pamphlet,

ri.

SOLIDARITET

"

Daily World

■

irrOinnal thiuldloo

NEUE SOLIDARITAT

article, he said: "I not

World

■

•

■

Recently. Greg Rose. a former

Rose also verified the existence of

If this bizarre. yet long overdue leak

It is difficult to cover here all the in-

4.1,1•

LE

NCLC's inner circle, the National Ex-

lingers whether the Central In- telligence Agency has penetrated

ple in left groups throughout this National Executive Committee. until that the NCLC has passed intelli- monitor what's going on and man- ipulate certain tactical operations. ecutive Committee. enabling it to gence reports to U.S. military offi- country and in Europe. The question who receive NCLC intelligence re- leader of the NCLC. whO sat on the January 1975, (old the

the NCLC terrorist school in upstate

cers on a regular basis. Wise gave a list of eight U.S. military personnel ports.

and several foreign military people

New York. In the January 24, 1976 tion strategies. among other terrorist only attended I taught there." He de- where foreigners and Americans re- scribed the school as a farmhouse on a dirt road between Argyle and

Salem. near Glen Falls. New York. ceived classes in military history. Daily close order drill. weapons systems. handguns. explosives and demoli- tactics.

saga could be called one of the larg- ing operations to be uncovered. est U.S. illegal intelligenee-gaiher-

can be substantiated, the NCLC

tradictions in the NCLC. Their true

stature is revealed in the tactics they

consistencies, gaps, lies and con-

.,cu' end in the

1

"LIDARIET

1

AAAHAEITYH

"0 SOLIDARITE

.

i

S

re-

Die

Unsue

was

New Solidari-

YEN! 111

a "Marxist" paper, have

a progressive paper, and

SOLIDARITY

Two West German newspapers,

With all of the group's aceusatons

Several theories have been put forth

There has been speculation that the.

Zeno. reported that William E. Colby ad- mitted during briefings wills a con- the Central Intelligence Agency has Tut, gressional committee last spring. that

given $90,000 yearly to

fellers. they still do their banking at

feller family enterprise. About a year

for $60,000 and the second for

the Chase Manhattan Bank, a Rocke-

and apparent hate for the Rocke-

ago. two erroneous deposits were entered into the NCLC account; one $62,000. This is highly suspicious. since any deposit over $50,000 most Not all (Pe details are known, but at tionsother than to affirm that the made. the bank requested the return some point after the deposits were turned. The other $60,000 the NCLC

of the money; and $62,000 have the approval of three officials. for Chase Manhattan was very eva-

sive, and refused to answer any ques- kept. The bank is suing for the lawyer has a disconnected telephone. case was unresolved. The NCLC's money. The lawyer handling the case

as to where the NCLC receives Its right-wing industrialists. Another.

funding. One theory describes the and perhaps the most expansive pos- sibility, which would cover the ex-

the CIA. FBI. Iraq, and right-wing and the group's activities in Europe. penses of telex machines. disruptions

NCLC operates as an Intelligence work involves selling newspapers, the is that the NCLC receives money from NCLC as receiving monies from remainder of their efforts is in the a combination of sources, including money. and/or FBI. Though much of their

gathering operation for the CIA area of information gathering. For example, NCLC members have been seen recording license plate numbers

Solidari-

shows that

copies sold,

and numerous

harassed by the

are only 1500

NCLC without any

r

been

or I b.000

including several pro-

fo

New Solidarity

Campaigner

and organizers now." This

question most often asked by

since there

the

Anotho' Operation COUNTER- The closing paragraph announces

In addition to these operations. The

Careful analysis of their financial

hme families arc alive today

the NCLC role in the international

Seattle. Milwaukee, New York City, Detroit, Newark and Denver. ize twice weekly newspaper New have been many reports of such vio- lence recently from Philadelphia, minent !Mid experts, psychologists. working class fight to destroy the "Maoist police operation." It also Party has enough free loaders those who have

up key organizers, in some cases, NCLC 'goons may be sent out to beat and nuclear fusion experts. to pay for telex systems, print their PUNCH tactic is physical violence. sending them to the hospital. There NCLC has been attempting to organ- the NCLC has a weekly income of through nu act of their own. We need well-fed members run for office and work fulltime

workplace. makes a plea for money: "The Labor NCLC is: where do they get the money reports in from the newspaper sales fisted at which seems m be another exaggera-

money leaflets, and to have well-dressed, and $41100 a week, rhetoric speaks to those who are in- ty.

different to or bothered by labor SOFAX). and expenses of $28,000, thus, accumulating a weekly deficit of $21,500. Annually, their expenses are million. Their principal revenue is other means of support? organizers who are persistent al the S1.4 million, with a deficit of $1.1 tion.

,

and

may

NCLC

as one

(To date, they

brief workers on

-

had hewer kiss purr

Yell

government/ funded

but his only real 'brother' is

size and power

/11,11',

the best thing that Rocky has go-

,

One of the primary tasks of

If Rockefeller's Maoist Police dogs

Other paragraphs in these defam-

their widely suspected role as right-

to win members in order to achieve

greater work of others); and perhaps to fulfill

wing (or sitically gain notoriety through the

coot rolled agents. have done nothing more than para-

leaflets with names. pictures and • COUNTERPUNCH is. agents”. This is done by distributing factory orgatilzets. A paragraph

member said. to the process of being rued or given tory), gate 7, 2nd shift — he will

nudge up to any oppressed worker in the plant and lay a soul handshake on descriptive paragraphs on the leading weight. and picture). "Identify this the FBI/LEAH. Workers associating with hint should be warned he is in

ing leaflets describe these workers as appear like this: (Name. height, are still running loose a few weeks glasses — he infiltrated (name of fac- disciplinary layoff. This zombie is a leading agent in (name of eity.)"

hint Leallets like this have been tbund in Baltimore, Milwaukee, Seattle, and rat: moustache, black hair, tinted ing for himself in his mad push for Detroit. with the Soviets, just look as what drug-users, sadists, homosexuals :old brainwashers -- R0. PLP and OL - ists. strike breakers, terrorists and It may read something like this: from simply "scum". On the back side of an one of these derogatory leaflets will be called "agent" allegedly represents. a listing of the Maoist groups the so- you're allowing these subhuntans to facist rule and provoked nuclear war

/aunty gboa-hue. These gangs of rap-

.

Information

Project

Terrorist

ruthless-

an already

guru -orator-

soci:d

„rourc

update of MOP-UP

attempt to faction:din

self-styled

is an

the FBI's program to eliminate

ultimately destroy

As described by one NCLC mem-

NCLC activity had violent begin-

Amsterdam. an

NCLC has Ian need three operations

Operation COUNTERPUNCH is

Once again, the National Caucus of

fashion over the last three years. To 1973, their hysterical approach to left Mare., NCLC watchers, it is evident that Party (MK and others active in Labor Party candidate for president. groups nings and has continued in this dicidm Workers Party — the nemeses of Lyn , and NCLC wills the use of counter gangs. trade union organizing. an attempt to destroy the U.S. Colu- tactics have produced a growing con- leader of NCLC and traditional U.S. ber. operation COUNTERPUNCH is against left political groups since tionary Communist Party (RCP), Oc- further study of NCLC as a disruptive (NCLC's first anti-left operation), is tober League (Oa Progressive Labor The Lqft wants in gel the Labor Par- mnist Party and the Socialist the Left, and has more recently begun designed to counter-attack:

ly.

an offensive against scientists. These cern among activists and demand aimed at eliminating the Revolu- Labor Committees is a subject of TIP. NCLC has continued attacks against

Brownshirts of the '70s NCLC: right-wing force.

TIP

•

42 43 continued from page 21 LANTERN SPIKE Clearance for Local Spying The estimated 1,800 FBI Special Agents that received the Army training did not necessarily remain within the These civil disturbance contingency plans were used as The Posse is Coming . . • Is Coming • ranks of the FBI. J. Edgar Hoover subtly encouraged his the justification of the domestic spying activities of the ' agents to find employment within other law enforcement military intelligence services — activities that received a ranks after their retirement from the FBI, and the boost by the military's ability to use the FBI's files. Addi- After maintaining a low-protile rested after they tried to block UFW Posse Comita ins confrontations Association of Former Special Agents provided a for- tionally, a separate set of military intelligence activities over the last halidoien years. and organizers access to a field. The inci- with law enforcement have included: malized "old boy" network for such former FBI em- used "in support" of GARDEN PLOT were instituted generally avoiding faction-lights. dent was reported on the national ployees. Those who do go on to other agencies usually and known as LANTERN SPIKE operations." Posse Condiatos is emerging as an media, sparking an upsurge of in- • An IRS agent in Wisconsin was are hired on a managerial level and not as field-level LANTERN SPIKE allowed military intelligence agents organization to unite rightist para- terest in the groups' vigilante ac- confronted with five gun-toting operators. to conduct liaison with local police agencies in an effort military individuals around the tivities. members, photographed, and sub- Hoover's estimates of the chances of civil disturbances to identify local radical and racial organizations, their United States into a cohesive force. Most of the recorded incidents of jected to questioning, after he called were accurate. During the period of September, 1945 leadership. elements and strengths, and potential targets Since the demise of the Minuteman Posse activity. however. have been upon a farmer in an attempt to verify through December, 1962, the National Guard was called for organized sabotage or disruption. organization in tire late sixties. confrontations with law enforcement the price of a farm. out for 62 civil disturbances ranging from race and In the summer of 1965. Blacks in the Watts section of rightist paramilitary activities irate authorities. The attitude of the Posse • In Coeur D'Alene. Idaho. 30 men prison riots to labor strike violence; the period of Los Angeles rioted for nine days. It took the resources of mostly been conducted by local towards law enforcement officials. surrounded a policeman on his way to January. 1963 to December, 1968 saw the National the Los Angeles Police, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs, vigilante-type groups whose effec- especially federal ones, is an out- testify against a Posse. member Guard called out over 140 times for the same reasons.. the California State Police, and 13,393 Army and Air tiveness was usually very• limited. growth of the feeling on the part of charged with assault with a deadly Those figures. of course, do not reflect the numerous National Guardsmen to restore order to the city.. In the With the emergence of Posse Corn. many right-wingers that "pro- weapon. smaller civil disturbances handled by local and state aftermath of the Hot, each of the participating agencies police forces. hams fit claims 400,0110 members, Communist elements" of the Justice • IRS agents in Sacramento. made a critical sell. analysis of their activities. strengths, law enforcement sources say 10.000) Department were responsible for the California were confronted by the In early 1964, President Johnson ordered the Depart- and weaknesses. the far-right is rising again. demise of the Minuteman Organiza- Posse when they showed up to collect ment of the Army to expand its civil disturbance training A retired Marine Corps officer serving as Assistant Unlike the Minuteman organiza- tion. Police officials, on the other delinquent taxes. and to revise the Army's civil disturbance contingency Chief of Police, Darrell Gates, suggested that the Los tions, Posse Coonnatos is decentral- hand. are increasingly concerned plans." On August 26,1964, President Johnson ordered Angeles Police Department (LAPD) form a s al team ized in its structure. Local chapters. about the Posse. The Posse, according to its leader- rather than the national leadership, "They're nothing but a bunch of ship. isn't content with a membership are responsible for developing both vigilantes." said San Joaquin (Calif.) that ''sits at home and reads and strategy and tactics. Points or unity County District Attorney Joseph twiddles their thumbs and says how for the Posse are outlined in a blue- Baker, in an interview with the Los bad things are." book containing mostly generalized Angeles Tinws. "We have everything in the way of statements of rightist philosophy information the Birch Society has. --with a new twist: in addition to plus more. Once the public is aware identifying communists as their main of what's happening, why, hell, this is antagonists. Posse philosophy recog- going lo be a whole new ball game." nizes law enforcement officials (and An editorial published by Posse government in general) as antag- members in the National Chronicle onistic forces. The only authority elaborated on this point: "It will soon recognized by Posse members are be dangerous for any elected official county sheriffs, and even they can be to return home, there to face a court subject to reprisals for acting in ways of white Christian Americans who . not approved by Posse Comitatus' in- have chosen to die rather than accept terpretation of constitutional !my. a treasonous offer of national slavery The national chairman of Posse by those whom they have elected to Cornitaius, H.L. (Mike) Beach. began office with the full understanding setting up Posse "charters" in 1969, that they would defend the Constitu- and now claims affiliates in 48 states. tion and not throw it to the dogs as Posse membership has been reported they have done. to overlap with other rightist groups. "You officials were sent to including the U.S. Taxpayers Union Washington to represent white Chris- and the National Association to Keep tian Americans and NOT the riff-ruff and Bear Arms. Charters for the Jews. Negroes and other crosses an group are granted upon payment of you have. It will be far better if you 521 in dues and the signatures of leave America as did Benedict Ar- seven men. What each group does nold." after the charter is granted is pretty If law enforcement estimates about much its own affair — some groups the sensational growth of Posse Com- are openly racistianti-semitie. others itatus are to be believed, they have the Army to include National Guard officers in its civil to be used for"... protecting police officers engaged in are not, in keeping with the Posse's already equalled the size of the Min- disturbance training. as well as local police officers crowd control from sniper attacks, providing high concept of decentralization. uteman Organization at its zenith. selected by the FBI. This training, however, was a tac- ground and perimeter security for visiting dignitaries, The California AFL-C10 has called Send a tip to TIP. If you have and are showing no signs of slacking tical/technical training. and was not geared to the hostage rescue. apprehension of desperate barricaded upon law enforcement authorities to news about right wing terrorist off. TIP hopes to watch the ac- philosophical or strategic levels. suspects, providing control assault fire power in certain investigate Posse Condiatos following activities in your area, write tivities of the Posse closely in coming Thi Army did revise its civil disturbance planning with non-riot situations, reselling officers or citizens en- a confrontation between members of Terrorist In fo rma lion Project, months, and urges readers of the initiation of Operational Plan 563, or OPLAN dangered by gunfire, and neutralizing guerrilla or ter- the group and organizers for the P.O. Box 647, Ben Franklin Sta- ConnterSpy to pass along any in. STEEP HILL. STEEP HILL provided the framework for rorist operations directed against government personnel, United Farm Workers late last slim- tion, Washington D.C. 20044. formation that you may have regard. further revisions of the basic plans that evolved, in 1969. property. or the general populace."" inn this organization. to the current plan known as OPLAN 100, or GARDEN Chief Gates selected the men for the special unit from 45

LAPD SWAT members and seven FBI agents opened t GARDEN PLOT fire with automatic weapons, including three Schmeisser MP 40 9 millimeter machine guns. A total of 5,371 Training is key to the success of military contingency of Justice counterpart to OPLAN GARDEN PLOT. rounds were fired by the SWAT team, and 83 tear gas - and opeartional plans. In the case of OPLAN GARDEN The Division of Military Support IDOMSI, it Pen- grenades were launched into the area equivalent to a 25' - PLOT, training is done on two levels: the training of tagon agency composed of Army and Air Force of- x 30' room. All six members of the SLA inside the house troops for deployment in the field and the training of ficers, is the agency responsible for coordinating were killed by either gunfire or smoke inhalation. military leaders in the command and control apsects of OPLAN GARDEN PLOT activities. DOMS maintains a the plan. 24-hour-a-day watch team to monitor indicators Foundations of SWAT of The troops are trained In the regular Army and the potential civil disturbances and report on them to the National Guard. The.Army maintains two "Quick Reac- In preparing the recommendations that led to the for- Chief of Staff of the Army, the official charged by the mation of SWAT. Chief Gates is alleged to have read all tion Forces" to respond to civil disturbinces, consisting Secretary of Defense as the senior military official for the available Army manuals in insurgency and counter- ' of elements of the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, civil disturbances. DOMS operates their watch team insurgency, urban guerrilla warfare, and Special Forces North Carolina, and the 4th Infantry Division at Fort from the Army Operations Center, and has at its Carson, Colorado. These units are trained through "tac- operations.. This self-education, coupled with Gates' disposal another similar command and control "war tical field exercises, or the simulation of civil distur- military background. gave him the theoretical tools room" to be used when the Army is called to action. needed to formulate the SWAT project. Such tools, how- bances and military response on the squad, platoon, OPLAN GARDEN PLOT outlines a command and and company levels." ever, were not limited to Chief Gates. control procedure that is used by the National Guard On July 23, 1967. 13 days of rioting broke out in the The "managers" of OPLAN GARDEN PLOT receive and the regular military forces. It has been tested in a Black community of Detroit. When local and state police higher level of training, which includes command post practice and in real situations in varying degrees were unable to handle the situation. President Johnson exercises (CPXes) simulating civil disturbances and through the 1960s and 1970s. OPLAN GARDEN PLOT sent Cyrus Vance, a former Deputy Secretary of Defense. military response in a war room setting. Unlike the tac- represents a state of mind and a military capability that to analyze the situation. Over 10.200 Michigan National tical field exercises, CPXes do not involve the deploy- is entithical to the practice of democracy, the potential Guardsmen were called to duty. and finally federalized ment of troops; they are "paper wars" that last from for military intervention in the process of government. by the President. In addition, 2,700 federal troops were two to seven days. Following are documents from OPLAN GARDEN brought into the city to help restore order.' In 1968, the military documented a plan for a five- PLOT that outline the command and control pro- Following the Detroit riots, Johnson ordered the Army -year series of CPXs to train Pentagon based officials cedures as well as the logistical support for use of the to initiate a training program for field-grade officers Originally entitled QUIET TOWN, the National Security Army during civil disturbances. In an era where abuse (majors and above) in the Army and National Guard. Council ordered the military to change the name of the of trust and power have become almost a prerequisite The purpose of the program was to acquaint military of- exercise plan no it would not "reflect" the role of the for government service, OPLAN GARDEN PLOT could ficers with a standardized approach to handling civil game exercise. QUIET TOWN was then changed to become a terminal disease for the American people. disturbances. As is evident from the rank required for GRAM METRIC, and the first exercise was held March 21.28,1969. ment of Vietnam veterans with combat experience. The attendance. the course was designed as a management GARDEN PLOT CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS men were trained at the U.S. Marine Corps Recon- level theoretical course, and not as a tactical field exer- Fearing public exposure of the command post exer- Single or multiple civil disturbances develop within the 50 aissance Commando (RECONDO) School at Camp cise to teach the troops how to throw a gas grenade or cises, the Army took more precautions. Press directives for QUIET TOWN/GRAM METRIC show that the Army States, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Pendleton, California. The RECONDO instructors use a riot baton. The Military Police School at Fort US territories or possessions. The commitment of Federal demanded secrecy; direct Inquiries about the operation taught the LAPD a history of guerrilla warfare. scouting Gordon. Georgia, opened the Senior Officers Civil Dis- military forces is directed by the President. When commitment and patrolling, camouflage and concealment, combat in turbance Orientation Course. known within the Army as were to be met with terse, three-sentence replies that of Federal forces is directed, JCS transfers required military urban and built-up areas, use of chemical agents, revealed nothing. resources of unified and species commands to their respec- automatic weapons fire, first aid and ambush tech- Guarding GRAM METRIC from public scrutiny led to tive Military Departments in CONUS or to unified commands niques. The trainees were formed into five man teams. planning and after-action reports warning "... THAT for such operations outside of CONUS.... Concurrently with with two teams composing a squad. Each team is com- THIS SUMMARY BE DISTRIBUTED ONLY TO or following Presidential direction to commit Federal military tomes to civil disturbance operations, designated National posed of a(n): AUTHORIZED PERSONS AND AGENCIES, AND Guard units may be called into active Federal service.... (1) Teem Leader, armed with an M-16. and charged WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED, BE DISPOSED OF SO AS TO PRECLUDE ITS DISCLOSURE TO THE Probable order of employment of forces available: with the command and control of the team; Ill Local and State police. PUBLIC ..."(original emphasis). (2) Sniper, armed with a bolt action, high powered 121 Army and Air National Guard under State control. hunting rifle, responsible for sniping and counter- GRAM METRIC II, the second such operation, was 01 Federal military forces to include called Army and Air sniping activities; held March 18-20, 1970, just weeks before Richard Nix- National Guard. (3) Observer, armed with an M-16, to assist the Sniper on sent U.S. troops into Cambodia. A Dec. 29, 1969 The equation existing at the time of the disturbances may in locating targets and protecting him from attack; planning document entitled "Exercise Memorandum require that the above-listed order of employment of forces be altered.... 14) Scout, armed with an M-16, who conducts advance Number One" outlined the scope and politics of GRAM reconnaissance work; METRIC. Called National Guard units are normally employed in States OPLAN GARDEN PLOT is the U.S. Army's current of origin, although employment of these units in other States In (5) Rear Guard, armed with a 12 gauge pump shotgun, authorized. civil disturbance planning and operations directive, and liable for protecting the entire team from a rear or sur- In CONUS, ground elements of Federal military forces, in- covers ail aspects of military involvement by the Army, prise attack. eluding called Army and Air National Guard sits, are de- In early 1967. the LAPD announced that Special Navy,. Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. ployed, employed, and redeployed as directed by CSA. When Weapons and Tactics teams had been formed within the Several hundred pages In length, OPLAN GARDEN directed, operational control of all ground forces provided by Tactical Operations Group of the Metropolitan Division. PLOT is derived from two previous post World War II the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps to include those forces Between 1967 and the middle of 1975. the LAPD SWAT operational plans, OPLAN 583 and OPLAN STEEP released by the JCS for civil disturbance Operations in CONUS was activated over 200 times, including a confrontation HILL. It became effective on Feb. 1, 1968, and was first is passed to CDR FORSCOM for movement to and from objec- with the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)." implemented during the disturbances that followed the tive areas. Ground forces prodded by the Air Form are under the direction of CSA for movement to and from The SLA shoot-out was a widely publicized but typical April assassination.of Dr. Martin Luther King. objective ere... Upon completion of redeployment, forces revert to the OPLAN GARDEN PLOT provides the military and SWAT action. Learning from street informants that Military Departments as directed by CSA.... civilian authorities with a standardized national plan for members of the SLA were housed in a small single-story When a possible requirement for Federal troops is indicated, house in a predominately Black area of the city. SWAT handling either isolated or simultaneous civil distur- CSA may direct the Personal Liaison Officer, CSA 1PLOCSA1 and the FBI's Special Apprehension Teams led a small bances, and provides Insights Into the Interdepartmen- and the Department of the Army Liaison Team MALT/ to pro- army of 500 police in the attack. The police blocked off tal Action Plan for Civil Disturbances, the Department ceed to a potential objective area and:Z;Hclordinai with Me several streets in the area and made no attempt to evacuate local residents before using a small bull horn to rienrrnA rho St A ....render When there woe nn randy 79 46 ■ 47 SEADOC." The first classes were held in February, the provisions of Executive Orders. DOMS is charged with over 20 other Army tasks 1968. It is the only such school operated by the Army. 4 Designates a senior civilian representative to be Senior Civilian Representative of the Attorney General related to- civil disturbances, including the preparation located in each city where Federal forces are committed. (SCRAG), to make appropriate recommendations concerning In January. 1969, President Richard Nixon ordered the of Army Civil Disturbance Information Reports. mon• 5 Obtain informal approval of the President for the Secretary of Defense to develop. along with the Attorney itoring the civil disturbance training commitment of Federal military farces.... propositioning of more then a battalion shed unit (approxi- of Army units task- Civil disturbance operations are conducted in three phases: General. an Interdepartmental Action Plan for Civil mat* 500 men1 in anticipation of commitment to civil distur- ed with domestic civil disturbance responsibilities, Deployment (Phase II, Employment (Phase 111, and Redeploy- Disturbances and approved the idea of opening bance operations. (After informal approval, actual preposl- assisting local officials in civil disturbance planning, as ment )Phase Ill). CONUS operations will be conducted SEADOC to selected civil law enforcement personnel... dosing will be on order of the Secretary of Defense.) liaison with "outside agencies" concerned with civil follows: In the period of February 12, 1969 through June 30, (2) US Coast Guard. Provides coastal and inland water disturbances, and "improving and evaluating the opera- 111 Phase I — Deployment. 1972. a total of 3,352 civilians and 4.824 military officers patrolling forces and logistic support for civil disturbance tional readiness of the pal CSA issues a warning orderer CIDCON message as far Army National Guard to deal attended SEADOC." The projections for Fiscal Years operations as directed. with civil disturbances."" in advance as is practicable, initiating airlift and ground force (31 State Adjutants General. Prepare civil disturbance preparedness measures applying to all Services. CSA directs 1973 and 1974 called for a total of 1.540 students per It has been under the aegis of conducting training that year, 50% of whom would be civilians... plans for the employment of National Guard units under State a series of Command Post Exercises (CPX's) were in- the designated task force commander to conduct a reconnais- control. In CONUS, plans are coordinated with Commanders Col. Zane Kortum, a past commander of SEADOC. itiated to teach local, state, and federal agencies how to sance of the objective area to assess the situation. The task of CONUS Armies; outside of CONUS, with commanders of force commander submits recommendations concerning the stated in an interview on August 22, 1975, that the unified commands concerned. The Commander of the District work with each other in a civil disturbance situation. commitment of Federal military forces directly to CSA within civilians attending SEADOC included campus security of Columbia National Guard coordinates plans with the Corn- Operations were held on two separate levels with dif- two hours following arrival in the objective area. chiefs. corporate security officials. U.S. Marshals. mender, US Army Military District of Washington. ferent participants. Regionalized operations involving Reconnaissance by task force commander and staff is made in mayors, city managers, and police managers from all 141 Reserve Units. The Reserve force. of the Armed Ser- National Guard, state. county, and local police as well as civilian clothing using commercial transportation and com- levels of civil government. vices will not be considered as forces available for GARDEN the Army and federal law enforcement agenices were munications equipment. Chief, National Guard Bureau, notifies The current head of the Dissent and Disorder Manage- PLOT operations. held as early as 1968. These operations had a variety of the State Adjutant General of the arrival of the task force cam- e. Assumptions: mender and the PLOCSA. The task force commander coor- ment Group of the U.S. Army Military Police School. code names, and were organized according to Army Major Peter Davis. wrote in June that the basis for Ill Simultaneous civil disturbances requiring commitment regions within the Continental United States (CONUS). dinates his reconnaissance activities with the PLOCSA if one is of Federal forces may occur in any of the 50 States, District of SEADOC instruction was contained in Army Field The military has divided the CONUS into sin Army appointed and available. Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US possessions end The President issues e Proclamation directing that all per- Manual 19-15." Actually, that Field Manual is but one territories. areas. The VI Army region (California, Oregon. Wash- sons engaged in unlawful obstructions to justice cease and of several used in SEADOC training, but it does have a 121 Army and Air National Guard units may be called into ington. Nevada, and Arizona) is the only region where desist, disperse, and retire peaceably. The President then substantial section dedicated to discussing the use of active Federal service as required when the decision is made to the code names and plans for these operations have been issues an Executive Order directing the employment of Federal "special response teams" that are parallel to the LAPD's commit Federal forces, discovered. Beginning in 1968, the VI Army coordinated military forces. SWAT. Other manuals cover use and show of force, (31 Requirements for the commitment of Federal forces a series of exercises known as CABLE SPLICER... CSA commands all military ground forces committed to civil legal aspects of civil disorder supression, history of civil will not resuk in the declaration of a National Emergency. disturbance operations. He issues a letter of Instruction to the Pentagon War Games task force commander, and at the appropriate time buttes the disorders. and the initiation of Martial Law/Martial 2. (U) MISSION. execution message.... Rule. When directed by the President, the Secretary of the Army, as The Department of the Nary provides required ground The recommendation- to open SEADOC was one of DoD Executive Agent, employs Federal forces, through appro- The second level of operations took place within the forces; makes airlift resources available to the Air Force en several made by an Army task force appointed by Gen. priate military commanders, in the 50 states, the District of Pentagon, with the participation of local officials requested by the Secretary of the Air Force; submits airlift and Harold K. Johnson. Another recommendation that was Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and US posses- simulated by military officers. These exercises were surface transportation requirements to CDRFORSCOM for approved created a Directorate of Civil Disturbance sions and territories or any political subdivision thereof, to known as GRAM METRIC I and GRAM METRIC II' designated ground forces; passes operational control of Planning and Operations as a central clearinghouse for assist civil authorities in the restoration of law and order. • • • Both CABLE SPLICER and GRAM METRIC operated g. United States Army Forces Command I FORSCOM1: ground forces to CDRFORSCOM far movement to and from civil disturbance activities. It was headed by a Major in the some fashion: game players (military officers or the objective area and operational control to the task force 111 Organizes, trains, and maintains in readiness Army General and supported by a staff of 180 officers to local police managers) were given a series of coordinated - commander in the objective area. forces for civil disturbance operations as shown In Annex A situations to which they had to respond. operate a 24 hour per day watch in an "Emergency (Task Organization, Forces and Reaction Times/. The Department of the Air Force provides airlift for move- These CPXs did not require the movement of troops or ment of designated forces to the objective area; provides Operations Center", a domestic war room. 121 Nominates task force commanders for CONUS opera- required ground forces; supports deployed forces by logistic air tions subject to approval by CSA. any other activity that might attract the attention of the movements, aerial reconnahsance, and special operations aa DOMS — Trigger for Military Rule 131 Nominates units to he assigned to task forces for press. They involved large numbers of people, however, requires; designates and provide. the specific units or mem- CONUS civil disturbance operations. Coordinates with appro- such as 500 police, National Guard, Army, and federal The Directorate of Civil Disturbance Manning and bers of the Air National Guard to be called to active Federal priate unified commands to determine designation of any officials dining the CPX CABLE SPLICER II in Operations changed its name in 1970 to the Directorate service, as required.... USMC forces to be a part of the civil disturbance task force. February. 1969." Each of the participants, from county Phase II — Employment The task force commander as- for Military Support: in July 1975 it was changed again to 141 Deploys and Redeploys civil disturbance ground forces sheriff through Army general, participated in respond- sumes operational control of military ground forces in the the Division of Military Support (DOMS)." Throughout for CONUS Operations as directed by CSA. • • • ■ objective area, accomplishes the task force mission, and its history, DOMS has served as the command and con- p. Department of the Navy recommends the effective times and dates for redeployment of trol element needed for military intervention into civil 111 Consistent with defense priorities. designates and pro- DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY military ground forces. Logistics support for all ground forces disturbances. It has served as a clearinghouse for in- vides military resources of the United States Nary. (USN) and CIVIL DISTURBANCE PLAN (U) in objective areas in CONUS is provided by CDRFORSCOM telligence on civil disorders and requests for military United States Marine Corps (USMC) required by the DOD using available resources of all Services. CC/RW:1W provides assistance in both natural disaster and civil disturbance Executive Agent for employment in civil disturbance opera- .. The employment of Department of Defense military tions. logistic support for TF MDW when initially committed. situations. Field grade officers assigned to DOMS main- . resources in controlling civil disturbances will normally be Phase III — Redeployment. FolloWing consultation with the tain a 24-hour a day watch team that monitors such ac- 121 Consistent with defense priorities, makes airlift re- authorized by a Presidential Directive or an Executive Order DoD Executive Agent, CSA announces the time and date of sources available to the Secretary of the Air Force as required. directing the • Secretary of Defense to hero restore law and tivity and works to fulfill requests from local agencies. termination of commitment of Federal forces and directs the q. Department of the Air Force IDAFI: - order in a specific State or locality. Exceptions to Mi. condition task force commander to pass operational control of desig- Since the end of the Vietnam War, DOMS has been 111 Consistent with defense priorities, provides military will be limited to: nated ground forces to CDRFORSCOM for redeployment, reduced in size to approximately 25 field grade officers resources of the United States Air Force (USAF) required by 111 Sudden and unexpected civil disturbances or other forces and transferred to Military Departments es directed by and secretarial support." the DoD Executive Agent to carry out the provisions of the emergencies endangering life or Federal property or disrupting CSA. Presidential Executive Order or other appropriate authority, to the normal processes of government 'which require that im- 'include designation of specific units or members of the Air mediate military action be taken to protect life or Federal d. Federal and State Forces. National Guard to be called into active Federal service. property or to prevent disruption of Federal activities. (11 Department of Justice IDOJI. 121 Exercises, for the DoD Executive Agent, coordinating 121 Loan of military resources (other than personnel em- (al The Attorney General is the chief civilian official in authority over and direction of DoD provided military and ployed in a direct law enforcement rolal in response to requests charge of coordinating all Federal Government activities commercial obligated airlift resources used to fulfill civil dins- received by local and military commanders from civil authori- relating to civil disturbances. hence airlift requirements. ties, for use in connection with civil disturbances (Annex K, (b) The Attorney General: 131 Provides airlift for deployment and redeployment of Loan of DoD Military Resources). I Provides all early warning and at threat Information civil disturbance forces and key personnel, supply and re- 131 Protection of Federal property and functions (Annex N, to support civil disturbance planning. supply, aerial reconnaissance, special operations, air weather Protection of Federal Property and Functions). 2 Receives and coordinates prelminary requests from support, and, aeromedical evacuation for miltary forces as Classified by: Directorate of Military States for commitment of Federal armed forces in cases of civil required.' Support disturbance. 3 Provides advice and support see required to carry Aft 48 49

bought, while threatening, harassing and intimidating "GARDEN PLOT ORDER OF REACTION GARDEN PLOT INTELLIGENCE DIRECTIVES Handling of CM Disturbance Threat and Early Warning Information. the opposing "traditional" people who practiced the 1. (U) TASK ORGANIZATION. References: older ways of Oglala life. 111 Receipt at National Level — Appropriate members of the Agency Command Post a. National Security Counci Directive on Internal Security, In ordetr to preserve their rights, and to end Wilson's Department of Defense 4 May 1949. Army Secretariat and the Army Staff are authorized to receive dictatorial control of the tribal government. the tradi- Department of the Army The Pentagon. b. Interdepartmental Action Flan for CM Disturbance., civil disturbance threat and early warning information from civilian agencies and to forward h for further disposition in tional people formed the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Washington. DC 1 April 1969. Organization (OSCRO). c. Department of Defense Directive 520027, sublect: accordance with this subparagraph.... Department of the Navy The Pentagon. Acquisition of Information Concerning Persons and Organiza- 141 Dissemination — Analyzed reports Prepared above may Among their charges against Wilson were claims that Washington. DC tion. not Affiliated with the Department of Defense, 1 March be furnished to appropriate field commanders upon specific he discriminated against fullbloods by providing jobs Department of the Air The Pentagon, 1971. prior autherization by the Secretary or the Under Secretary of and services only to relatives and mixed-blood friends, Force Washington. DC d. AR 381-115, Counterintelligence investigative Agen- the Army. Authorization will be granted only when it roman- who in turn supported his rule as his own personal "goon Defense Supply Agency Cameron Station, ably appears that there is a need for planning to anticipate a cies, 2 July 1969. squad". OSCRO also challenged Wilson for leasing Alexandria. VA civil disturbance beyond the capabilities of local and state e. AR 381-10, Military Intelligence, Channels of Communi- tribal land to white ranchers in return for a kick-back, authorities to control.... Joint Chiefs of Staff cation with the FBI, 29 July 1967.... and for collaborating with the BIA against the interests Defense Intelligence The Pentagon. SECNAVINST 38202A, Deportment of the Navy Inves- Army military Intelligence elements possessing investigative g. of the Oglale Sioux people. Agency tigative and Related Information Collection Activities, .1 and related counterintelligence resources will be prepared to Washington. DC ■ OSCRO began a drive to impeach Wilson and remove November 1971. colbct on order horn DA. civil disturbance information during Defense Communications 8th St. and S. Courthouse h. AFR 124-13, Acquisition of Information Concerning period he which there is a distinct threat of, or actual, civil dis- him from office. Wilson. responded with more violence Agency Rd., Arlington, VA Persons and Organizations not Affiliated with the Departmem turbance requiring the use of Federal military forces. against those who dared voice opposition. The gravity of Unified Commands of Defense, 23 June 1971.... Planning — Cwt disturbance plane and supporting materials the situation increased when a traditional woman, Sarah Alaskan Command Elmendorf AFB. While the need for intelligence is recognized before, during, wit not include listings of organizations and indivkluals not Bad Heart Bull, led a demonstration at the Custer. S.D. Anchorage. AL affiliated with the Department of Defense. Exceptions to this end after the commitment of Federal forces, under no amen- courthouse to protest the lenient charge given to a white Atlantic Command US Naval Base. Norfolk.VA direct acquisition by oven means, and the cur- stances will Army personnel collect, report, process, or store policy are the man accused of killing her son Wesley. The demonstra- rent maintenance of: . - Pacific Command Camp HM Smith. HI civil disturbance information on civilian individuals or organiza- tion erupted into a confrontation between the Indians Readiness Command MacDill AFB. Tampa. FL tions whose activities cannot, M a reasonably direct manner, be 11) Listings of local, State. and Federal officials whose duties include responsibRities related to control of civil dis- and the South Dakota State Police Tactical Team, a Department of the Army related to a distinct threat of civil disturbance exceeding the paramilitary unit. resulting in $40.000 damage to the law enforcement capabilities of local and state authorities, turbances. FORSCOM Fort McPherson. GA Appropriate data on vital , public and commercial courthouse. Chamber of Commerce building and two except as authorized. ... (21 TRADOC Fort Monroe. VA Installations/Udine. or private business and factions which gas stations by fire. No information shall be acquired about a person or organiza- USAMC Gravelly Point. are attractive targets for parsons or groups engaged in civil Wilson used the incident and the talk of bringing the tion solely because of lawful advocacy of 1110118111178 in opposi- Washington, DC ' disorders. American Indian Movement (AIM) to the reservation to tion to Government policy, or because of activity in support of USASTRATCOM ' Fort Huachuca, AZ racial interests and clot rights. Storage of ova Disturbance Information. appeal for help from the BIA. The BIA contacted the MTMTS Washington, DC There shall be no physical or electronic surveillance of 111 Except as indicated in paragraphs 1d131 and ld141 Justice Department, which ordered a detachment of the above, civil disturbance Information relating to persons or MDW Fort Lesley J. McNair. , Federal, Mate, or local officials or of candidates for such U.S. Marshals Service Special Operations Group (SOG) offices. organizations within the 50 states, the'District of Columbia, the Washington. DC Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, end US tertitories end posses- to the reservation on Feb. 12, 1973.. There shall be no electronic surveillance of any individual or SOG was created in 1971 by Wayne Colbum, the Department of the Nary organization except as authorized by law. sion. wit not be stored mime On retention Is explicitly auth- Chief of Naval The Pentagon. orized under subparagraphs ... Director of the Marshals Service, and had been used to There shall be no covert or otherwise deceptive surveillance Operations (CNO) Washington. DC or penetration of civilian organizations unbars specifically 151 Upon termination of a Orli disturbance situation. the protect federal buildings and property during the 1971 nature end 'extent of at accumuleeted filee other than spot Commandant. Marine Navy Annex. Washington. authorized by the Under Secretor* of the Army and the Choir- Corps (CMC) DC man of Me Defense investigative Review Council. reports, FBI reports, Department of Justice documents, after- Department of the Air Force Unsolicited Sources. auger, reports, and DA originated reporter will be reported to Department of the Army, ATTN: OAMI-CIC, with recommen- Military Airlift Command Scott AFB. IL 111 So-called walk-in sources who volunteer to Army ale- dation for destruction or release to the Deportment of Justice. (MAC) numb information Tactical Air Command Langley AFB. VA (TAC) Administration In 1969, formalized. the 'working rela- ing to situations such as sit-ins and building seizures, Air Force Reserve Robins AFB. GA labor strikes and picket lines. mass rallies and demon- tionship between the Defense Department and the Jus- (AFRES) strations, arson, riot, bombings, coordinated terrorist tice Department doting civil disorders. Under the plan. US Coast Guard attacks, rock festivals, and a broad range of other situa- the Attorney General designates a Senior Representative Commandant, US Coast 1300 E. St.. tions. of the Attorney General (SCRAG) and the Defense De- Guard Washington, DC partment, through the Under Secretary of the Army, ap- Real individuals and political organizations were 2. FORCES. Definitions. . points a Personal Liaison Officer for the chief of Staff of euphemized as the agitators of these activities. In the (I) Civil Disturbance Mission Units (CDMU). Units CABLE SPLICER after action reports, one can identify the Army (PLOCSA). The job of the SCRAG and PLOCSA is to coordinate the activities of their respective trained and equipped for rapid deployment in civil dis- such people as William Kunstler. and Tom Hayden. and turbance operations. Corps or division headquarters componentsin the field and to report to their superiors organizations such as SDS. the Black Panther Party, the designated as task force headquarters have established on continuing developments. Progressive Labor Party. and the Weather Underground the task force headquarters organizations, tested task among others.. In GRAM METRIC, for example. the Wounded Knee '73: force headquarters organization and procedures by SDS was called the Revolutionary Liberty Front.. CPX, established civil disturbance standard operating According to Brig. Gen. J.L. Jelinek, the Director of Rehearsal for GARDEN PLOT procedures (SOP), and prepared information planning the Army National Guard Bureau. CABLE SPLICER/ packets and conducted liaison as directed. OPLAN GARDEN PLOT became the Army's pro- GRAM METRIC type CPXs have been held in every (2) Civil Disturbance Contingency Mission Units gram for implementing the Interdepartmental Action state within the last year. In fact, Col. Kortum stated in (CDCMU). Units which have received orientation and Plan. An analysis of the government's response to the his interview that the army actually recommends 'Na- limited operational training in civil disturbance oper- at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, demon- tional Guard participation in such exercises, and draws 1913 events ations and which have been issued or may readily be its authority to conduct them from Defense Department strates the tangible practice of GARDEN PLOT, and issued special equipment required for civil disturbance Regulations 325.12 (Employment of Military Resources how SWAT type units fit veto an overall plan for operations. Units designated as task force headquarters in the Event of Civil Disorders), Army Regulation 500- domestic counter-insurgency. have established the task force headquarters organiza- 50, and the Interdepartmental Action Plan for Civil In February 1973. the Pine Ridge Reservation was tions. Contingency mission units are prepared to initiate Disturbances. under the lawless rule of elected tribal president Dick intensive civil disturbance training and planning for The Interdepartmental Plan, authored by John Mit- Wilson. Wilson had been consolidating his power civil disturbance operations on short notice. 0 chell and Melvin Laird in the first weeks of the Nixon through bribery and pay-offs to those who could be ••■■11101P

SI W

PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION state, and oral governments in the objective area. He will coordinate the federal civilian efforts to assist in the adminis- THE WHITE HOUSE tration of justice, in the detention of prisoners, in arranging for LAW AND ORDER IN THE STATE OF emergency relief measures, and in other civil matters. You will advise the Chief of Staff, US Army, of significant actions taken by you as a result of consultations with the Senior Civilian Representative. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA D. YOU wire cooperate with (but not take orders from) muni- A PROCLAMATION cipal and state law enforcement officials. • • • WHEREAS the GoVernor of the State of THE WHITE HOUSE has informed me that conditions of domestic violence and die- EXECUTIVE ORDER order exist in and about the City of in that state, endangering life and property and obstructing ex- PROVIDING FOR THE RESTORATION OF LAW AND ORDER ecution of the laws, and that the law enforcement resource. available to the City and State, including the National Guard, IN THE STATE OF are unable to suppress such acts of violence and to restore law and order; and WHEREAS I have today issued Proclamation Ne pursuant in part to the provisions of Chapter 15 of Title 10 of WHEREAS the Governor has requested me to use such of the the United States Code; end Armed Forces of the United States as may be necessary for those purposes; and WHEREAS the conditions of domestic violence and disorder described therein continue, and the persons engaging in such WHEREAS such domestic violence and disorder are also ob- acts of violence have not dispersed; structing the execution of the laws of the United States, and endangering the security of Federal property and functions, hi NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in we as and about the City of President of the United States and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces by the Constitution and laws of the United NOW, THEREFORE I President of the States, including Chapter 15 of Title 10 of the United State. United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in Code, it is hereby ordered as follows: ere be the 'Constitution and laws of the United States, in- cluding Chapter 15 of Title 10 of the United States Code, do SECTION 1. Units and members of the Armed Forces of the command all persons engaged in such riots of violence to cease United States will be used to suppress the violence described and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably in the proclamation and to restore law and order in and about forthwith. the City of IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this SECTION 2. The Secretary of Defense is authorized to use day of In the year of our Lord such of the Armed Forces as may be necessary to carry out the U.S. Marshals' bunker on the eastern perimeter of Wounded Knee nineteen hundred and and of the Indepen- provisions of SECTION 1. To that and, he is authorized to cell dence of the United States of America the one hundred and into the active military service of the United States units or "May Day" anti-war demonstrations. SOG had also Military Put in Gear ninety- members of the National Guard, as authorized by law, to serve seen action in evicting members of the American Indian (Signature of the President) in an active duty status for an indefinite period and until re- Movement from Alcatraz Island and the Twin Cities • At DOMS, the word of the "occupation" of Wounded Naval Air Station. Marshall Colburn told a federal court THE WHITE HOUSE lieved subject to recall at the discretion of the Secretary of Knee geared up the night staff. GARDEN PLOT contin- Defense. in Lincoln, Nebraska. that members of SOG were gency plans were reviewed and local resources checked Subj: Letter of Instruction (Garden Plot) (U) trained at the SEADOC course and the California State In carrying out the provisions of this order, the Secretary of for possible use by either federal or local forces!' 1.11 This letter of instruction it effective on receipt for planning Training Institute. as well as several other federal train- Defense shall observe such law enforcement policies as the On March I, Attorney General Richard Kliendienst and preparatory action. It is effective for execution on order of Attorney General may determine. ing institutions.. the Chief of Staff, US Army. When SOG arrived, they turned the BIA building on requested that the Department of the Army send a 2.1 I Command and Control • • • Pine Ridge into an armed fort; sand bags were placed on representative to Wounded Knee to help coordinate and A. you are designated the roof to form gun emplacements; 24-hour a day evaluate the situation. After conferences between Gen. SECTION 3. Until such time as the Armed Forces shall have Commander of Task Force Your mission is to patrols of the reservation were begun; and SOG began to Alexander Haig, who was to have the final approval on 111 Help protect federal property, functions, and (entities been withdrawn pursuant to SECTION 4 of this order, the train B1A police in the use of carbines and shotguns. It all Army activities at Wounded Knee. and Gen. Hay, the In Attorney General is further authorized 111 to coordinate the commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps, Col. Volney activities of all Federal agencies assisting in the suppression of was after two weeks of the SOG operations on Pine 121 Help restore and maintain law and order In Warner was designated the PLOCSA for Wounded (the violence and ifl the administration of justice in and about the Ridge that OSCRO held a series of meetings and voted Knee.. , area is defined for purposes of this lot as the area within the City of and 121 to coordinate the acti- to ask AIM to come to Pine Ridge and assist them in At 3:30 a.m. on March 3, 1973, Col. Warner arrived at boundsries ofl Unite fof vities of all such agencies with those of State and local unseating Wilson. Ellsworth APB. and was met by Marshal Colburn and TF will be designated. Be prepared to agencies similarly engaged. On Feb. 27 over 300 people showed up for a meeting at enema operational control of and employ additional active Calico, a small reservation hamlet. In order to ac- FBI Special Agent in Charge Joseph Trimbach. The law Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National SECTION 4. The Secretary of Defense is authorized to deter- enforcement officers wanted an immediate commitment mine when Federal military forces shall be withdrawn from the commodate the crowd. it was announced that the Guards Units of the State of from Warner that 2000 members of the 82nd Airborne disturbance area and when federalized National Guard units meeting would be moved to a larger community hall and other reserve component units of all services called or would be committed to Wounded Knee. Warner and personnel shall be released from active Federal service. across the reservation at Porcupine. was ordered to active duty under presidential authority. prepared for the request, and after a three-hour briefing B. In carrying out your duties, you will be directly respomible Such determination shall be made in the light of the Attorney As the caravan drove through Wounded Knee en route by Colburn and Trimbach, the three men took a heli- to the Chief of Staff, US Army, who is acting for the Executive General's recommendations as to the ability of State end local to Porcupine, the Indians saw FBI agents, SOG and BIA copter ride to Wounded Knee. After surveying the ter- Agent (Secretary of the Army). You will establish your com- authorities to resume full responsibility for the maintenance of police lining the roads and blocking the way. The law and order ki the affected area. rain and the position of the roadblocks. Warner re- mand post at caravan turned off at Wounded Knee and headed for the sponded to the request. and report subsequent locations. SECTION 5. The Secretary of Defense and the Attorney Trading Post and the Catholic Church. Seeing the armed ' Rather than bring in military troops that would create You are authorized direct communication with Army, Navy, Air General are authorized to delegate to subordinate officials of presence of so many government agents. some Indians Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard Installation Com- their respective Departments any of the authority conferred secured weapons from the Trading Post in order to de- an unfavorable public impression. Warner asked the manders in the vicinity of your operation. upon them by this order. fend themselves. The police responded by arresting Marshals and FBI to increase their contingents and c. The Attorney General will appoint a Senior Civilian Rep- whoever tried to leave the hamlet. utilize support provided by the military to conduct a cor- resentative regarding military operations and decisions when It would be 71 days before the roadblocks came down don operation against the Indians. Rather than take feasible. The Senior Civilian Representative, In consultation (Signature of the President) for good. The 1 ustice Wounded Knee by force immediately, Warrior wanted to with you, Will establish and maintain liaison with the mayor/ Department had laid siege to attempt a negotiated settlement.. commissioner, governors and the civil authorities of federal. THE WHITE HOUSE - Wounded Knee. The attack plan that Warner devised called for him to The roadblocks then went back up to stay. But the ride with Marshal Colburn in a command and control military's attack plan fur March 12 was cancelled in 52 helicopter over Wounded Knee. One half-hour before favor of a siege to starve out the occupants. After five un- dawn, the APCs would be moved in towards the hamlet successful weeks of siege. on April 27. preparations were with troops (FBI and SOG) behind them on foot. At made again with a modified plan devised after Warner dawn, the Indians would be warned that they were to made a trip to the Pentagon. The attack date was set. If surrender or the area would be gassed. Fifty-five gallon negotiations failed to reach a settlement by May 9, an at- LANTERN SPIKE barrels of CS riot gas were to be dropped from the tack would take place on the morning of May 10." Army helicopter while the APCs fired gas on the ground. The officers from Fort Carson were brought in to assist with The Pentagon went much further in their domestic was established on an around the dock basis. Agents troops would then move in and "neutralize" resistance the attack. The stage was set, and the countdown was spying afford than was originally indicated by the would he sent to the site of the disturbance under many and effect arrests.. below 96 hours when a settlement was reached. A virtual disclosures of 1970-71 of military domestic surveillance. guises, and reports were constantly sent to the center. The plan was originally devised on March 9 to be im- repeat of the 1890 massacre of over 300 Oglalas was nar- In assodation with GARDEN PLOT, the U.S. Army Liaison was intensified with state and local police and plemented on March 12.. During this period roadblocks rowly averted. launched massive intelligence operations wthidi went the FBI. Agents would often infiltrate movement had been alternately going up and down in tune with the Throughout it all, the 82nd Airborne and the 4th In- under a variety of names such as ROSE BUSH, PUNCH groups to try and influence events. carrot and stick approach of the government negotia- fantry were placed on and off alert.. Even though the BLOCK, STEEP HILL 'and eventually under the name For instance, one after action report of LANTERN tors. In order to create the conditions for the assault of troops were never brought in. a domestic form of Viet- that stuck: LANTERN SPIKE. SPIKE states with pride that agents covering the march the 12th. the government provoked several incidents on namization occurred. Front all appearances, the Army While GARDEN PLOT and its offspring allowed for on the Pentagon in October, 1967, were "well received March 11. First four armed postal inspectors were sent full use of federal forces in so-called "civil disturbance by the demonstrators and in many instances were as- was never at Wounded Knee, although they actually con- into Wounded. Knee, allegedly to investigate the condi- trolled much of the operations. situations", and, thus was a plan for operations by the signed duties of importance within dissident groups." tions at the post office located inside the Trading Post. Massive amounts of military equipment went through military, LANTERN SPIKE called for the use of coun- One agent was assigned to be a group leader of the bus Seen as a pretext for securing intelligence on the the pipelines to Wounded Knee. including back-pack terintelligence agents and other resources to engage in on which he was travelling. The report smugly adds, strength and deployment of the Indian people, the postal radios, mine detectors, 17 APCS, 200 flakvests, 177 M- -continuous active collection and timely dissemination however, that "there is a possibility of danger to the inspectors were stopped at the Indian roadblock, ar- 16 and sniper rifles, 9,100 "star" parachute flares, and of intelligence information to monitor . .. civil agents in this type of operation, as they have difficulty rested, disarmed and detained for several hours. At 123,000 rounds of ball and tracer ammunition. All of disturbances of serious or potentially serious conse- in developing the look and smell of the 'hippy' in a short about the same time FBI agents pulled alongside a van this, of course. was in addition to the supplies brought in quences." 'time; however, in this operation USAINTC agents were of Indian people returning from a nearby community. A from Justice Department resources." LANTERN SPIKE operations were conducted by the successfully accepted." witness described the incident: " ... a sedan pulled Army's USAINTC (U.S. Army Intelligence Command, The peak period of LANTERN SPIKE operations en-. Wounded Knee was a practical application of the In- alongside and all of a sudden he hit the siren. I was going pronounced use-saint-seal organized in 1965. abled the Pentagon to collect thousands of reports all terdepartmental Action Plan, GARDEN PLOT, and the to pull over but he put an M-16 out the window and USAINTC was created after Project SECURITY of which were centrally deposited in the U.S. Army In- lessons of GRAM METRIC and CABLE SPLICER op- SHIELD in 1984 recommended the creation of a new telligence Records (USAIRR) originally located at Fort erations. The entire law enforcement community looked separate intelligence command within the United Holabird in Baltimore and now at Fort Hauchuca in to Wounded Knee as a test of the theory and tactics that States and its territories. Under USAINTC, each region Arizona, and locally at Military intelligence group file GARDEN PLOT — KENT STATE had, been promoted at SEADOC and the California of the United States was carved up into military In- centers. After the disclosures of massive military spying Activities end Events Precipitating the Civil Dlaturbence Specialized Training Institute (CSTI). CSTI sent an telligence groups, each responsible for intelligence In 1970 by Chris Pyle, a former military intelligence of- On 4 May 1970 violence again broke out on the Kent State observer to Wounded Knee to make recommendations coverage of a multi-state area. In 1975 USAINTC was ficer, USAINTC documents reveal much grumbling University campus, following three days of enliven demon- on how the Institute could best prepare for any future abolished and replaced by the new U.S. Army In- about having to spend all their time refuting — unsuc- atrations. At 0412000 hours, a major confrontation between similiar operations. That observer was Major Victor Kent State University student. and law enforcement agencies telligence Agency (USAINTA I. cessfully — the .Pyle allegations. Although USAINTC Jackson, an instructor in the Civil reinforced by Ohio National Guardsmen, occurred. Alter a USAINTC, and now (JSAINTA, acted In a support and other military intelligence offices were ordered by Disturbance Management Course sniper allegedly fired on the deployed Guardsmen, a short role for Department of Army IDA) anywhere there was Congress to destroy the files, recent disclosures in- exchange of gunfire took place. Four demonstrators, two of offered by CSTI.. a chance of anything disruptive occurring..LANTERN dicate they were computerized and are still maintained them co-ads, were killed and ten wounded. SPIKE could be implemented before GARDEN PLOT by the Pentagon. The confrontation started when law enforcement officials and continue well alter federal forces had been with- and National Guardsmen moved in to disperse hundreds of drawn and GARDEN PLOT called off. yeem■Mlls, student demonstrator.. Two Guardsmen were hospitalized. declared, and the university closed Pages C-2 and C-3 of USAINTC OPLAN 100-68 (the A state of emergency was The plan immediately swung into action. The entire for the remainder of the week: LANTERN SPIKE plan for 19681 gives a good Indication Special Operations Group was called to Wounded Knee. As a result of the Kent, Ohio incident, student protest rallies, of the mentality of army intelligence officers. and the FBI brought in additional men. Even the riot strikes and occasional- violent confrontations occurred on Although tho majority of anti-war protestors appear squad from the Border Patrol was brought in to make a college campuses throughout the nation during the period reluctant for moral, practical or legal reasons, to engage consolidated federal form of over 340. Col. Warner im- 5 May - 10 May 1970. There were a total of 285 colleges and in public demonstrations of a nature which violate exist- mediately began his work as a military advisor. In the universities which had varying degrees of antiwar activities. On 8 May 1970, the general trend in the nationwide antiwar ing laws, there is a significant minority of professional first days of his stay, he helped the Justice Department protest indicated a shift to demonstration activity away from agitators and young students who advocate either vio- establish an emergency operations 'center, complete with lent action or so-called disobedience of a nature that the campuses to the surrounding metropolitan areas. Large a tactical intelligence component; procurred over 100 relies occurred in New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Colum- violence is almost sure to ensue . . . M-16 rifles and ammunition. 17 Armored Personnel Although it cannot be substantiated that the antiwar bus, Austin and Seattle. Smaller demonstrations were re- Carriers (APCs), and other logistical items needed by an ported innumerous other cities. These rallies were, on the and anti-draft movements are acting in response to Army conducting a siege. from "C" rations to field whole, nonviolent. foreign direction, it must be pointed out that by their ac- jackets. Most important of all, Col. Warner devised en In view of the expansion of the war into Cambodia and to tivities they are supporting the stated objectives of attack plan to take Wounded Knee by force. Protest the killing of the four Kent University students, The foreign elements which are detrimental to the USA. Col. Warner used his position as PLOCSA to man- New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam form- Many leaders of the anti-wer and anti-draft movements ipulate the Justice Department when he desired or ulated plane for a masa antiwar demonstration in Washington, have traveled to foreign countries, including Cuba, East D.C. on 9 May 1970. The New Mobe estimated that 20 to 30 thought it necessary. He had the final recommendation thousand demonstrator, would participate. Based on the fact Europe and North Vietnam to meet with Communist on equipment the Justice Department requested through leaders Therefore, the possibility exists that these in- that large numbers of students, primarily from Eastem Sea- DOMS, and used that leverage when he wanted. On oc- dividuals may be either heavily influenced or outright board colleges and universities were expected to attend and casions, he would limit the number of rounds allowed at dominated by their foreign contacts. also due to e number of colleges having terminated this semes- the roadblocks, or would make recommendations to the ter's courses of study, It was felt that them would be a sub- In the 1966-1970 period LANTERN SPIKE/ROSE SCRAG that negotiations could be forced along by stantial student presence in Washington, D.C. on 9 May 1970. BUSH/PUNCH BLOCK was dedared approximately 20 tightening the perimeter.. In the words of his own'after New Mobe plans called for rallies, street sit-ins and other acts times, many more times than GARDEN PLOT ever was, action report, Col. Warner and several other field grade of nonviolent civil disobedience. They identified H Street, according to available documents. Military intelligence officers with him acted more as "a Military Assistance %Lafayette Square, and Pennsylvania Avenue, all of which are units would go into LANTERN SPIKE operations Advisory Group" than observers. Warner also admitted without GARDEN PLOT ever being declared in some that he had an equal voice in decision making at Wound- Cases. ed Knee, which on its face would appear to violate the Under LANTERN SPIKE, an operations center (EOC I spirit if not the intent of the Posse Comitatus Act.. and

a one

Com-

to End

Moratorium

1970, demonstra-

were searched

,

Sections B, C and D of

federal and local agen-

in Vietnam ISMCI, was

the Vietnam

gathered at the Washington

Pentads

searched and no bomb was

War

were

of the

and other

rc.

Pentagon and it was reported that

block the path of U.S. Park Service trucks

1•111111111111011MMENENIMIIIIMMININIMI=1,

the

8 May 1970, approximately 400 persons were

1j

USAIN

of TNT was located M

Report, ICDO-PO, DCSOPS, 26 May 1970, Civil

times,

OPERATIONS THUNDERCLOUD, LANTERN SPIKE

At 0305 boom, 9 May 1970, an anonymous telephone

Action

distort.,

CI

booth was (pad. At 0705 hours, 9 Ma ,•

A demonstration sponsored by

At 1200 hours, 8 May 1970, OPERATION THUNDERCLOUD

At 2130

At 0105 hours. 9 May 1970, Headquarters, Central Services

By 0845 hours, 9 May 1970, a crowd of several thousand

At 1355 hours, subsequent to the antiwar rally, an unde-

At 1510 hours approximately 200 persons gathered at the

During

the War in Vietnam (New Mobel; and the Student Mobiliza- tion Committee to End the

Committee IVMCI; tho New Mobilization Committee

expected that a crowd of over 40,000 persons would gather

planned to be held in Washington, D.C. 1,n 9 May 1970. It was

activated in many areas. in Washington, D.C. to peacefully demonstrate on the Ellipse. was put into effect by the 116th MI Group. At 1830 hours, the 116th and 1091h MI Groups received the order to put LANTERN SPIKE into effect. and at 2300 hours, a GARDEN PLOT OPER- Administration located on "F" Street between 18th and 19th

strations. ATION was directed. proximately 2,000 persons they were displaying lighted candles. At this same time, ap-

Sheets, NW., Washington, D.C. received an anonymous

Monument. No incidents arose from either of those demon-

found.

reported to have gathered in front of the White House where tors attempted call was made to

bomb threat. The building was carrying personnel who wore traveling to the Washington

the Pentagon. Those areas

110

pound block Monument grounds to raise the U.S. Flags that normally sur-

out incident.

round this area. U.S. Park Police dispersed the crowds with-

demonstrators had gathered at the Washington Monument grounds and the Ellipse. This crowd continued to grow and termined amber of demonstrators broke into D.C. Transit

to break through the bus blockade line at 18th and "H" Streets

small incident was brought under control without major diffi- culty. Al 1520 hours, a group of demonstrators attempted area along 17th Street between "E" and "H" Streets. This reached its peak of approximately 75,000 persons at 1200 buses which were being used to blockade the White House hours. The rally was peaceful and no incidents reported.

table National Guard IDCNG) Building located at Massa- but was quickly dispersed by the MPD Cal Disturbance Unit.

a bomb exploded outside the west wall of the District of Col-

incklent. At 1537 hours a large crowd of demonstrators which Labor Department where several of them hauled down the had gathered at the Justice Department was dispersed by the SPIKE OPERATIONS had ado terminated and all USAINTC U.S. Flag. This crowd was then dispersed without further MPD Civil Disturbance Unit. At 0120 hours, 10 May 1970,

chusetts and "G" Streets. Minor damage resuhed. By 1200 hours (EDT/. 10 May 1970, GARDEN PLOT and LANTERN

elements had reverted to normal operations..

mend -

116th MI GROUP Disturbance Operations ICI, on file in the Office of the 'After

telligence support to USAINTC, MDW, Task Force MDW,

Task Force WILLIAMSON

cies.

hours, 10 May 19,0, the 116th MI Group provided general in-

and GARDEN PLOT from 1200 hours, 8 May 1970 to 1200

'I

of think-

way

For example. the Los Angeles Sheriffs Department is

Perhaps the most dramatic indication of how LEAA

The island of Puerto Rico is being divided into five

Such expenditures for riot control are not new to

Since 1972, LEAA has not placed a consolidated riot

In 1971, LEAA established a Civil Disorders Program

Law enforcement has come a lung way from the days of

training.

concept of mutual aid pacts between city and county mutual defense treaties signed by allied countries. The governments." These pacts are somewhat similiar to

nia policemen in a variation of SWAT, known as DART, currently receiving LEAA money to train 10,000 Califor- ing the current Fiscal Year, is receiving LEAA funds to

or Disturbance and Riot Training. South Dakota. dur-

multi-municipal agreements even go into the area of rent plans for Puerto Rico. An estimated $1,789,50(1 of

LEAA money will go into a plan designed to "develop four-year action plan that began in Fiscal Year 1974 and

increase its 90-man Tactical Team within the State

will have computable communications equipment and

will run through 1977."

mechanisms to effectively predict. prevent and control riots and civil disorders" on the island. The plan is a

will serve as the command facility for training exercises helps to militarize domestic police can be seen in the cur-

Operations Center to allow communication and coor-

police regions, and each region will have an Emergency Military/Police on War Path

Defense in the event of a civil disturbance. These centers

tions and command techniques can offer. dination between police. National Guard and Civil

and another 500 in 1974." By 1977. Puerto Rico will be tivities labelled "riot control and prevention," including

Tactical Operations Force has been established already, 14 state training prbgrams on riot control."

0153.470 for SEADOC tuition and expenses. 055.000 for riot control training and equipment. The total peaked at $10.4 million in 1972, which included special and it will be supplemented by a Mobile Strike Force of 90 men to be trained and ready by the end of Fiscal Year

involving the police and National Guard. An island-wide publican National Conventions." an armed camp patrolled by paramilitary police op- grants to the State of Florida and the Miami and Miami Division, and LEAA expenditures soared to $6,894,843 LEAA. In 1970. LEAA spent over $3 million for ac- towards developing mutual aid pacts. and $500,000 for Beach Police Departments to assist in preparing for

control figure in its public annual report. A sample of funded through LEAA. state planning grants, however, shows that some training the town night watches and the frontier marshals, and in

erating with all the efficiency that modern communica- demonstrations planned for the Democratic and Re- programs and equipment purchase plans are still being

the course of progress a very basic concept has been violated if not destroyed. The fundamental idea of

in subtle funding of training programs and equipment

separating the military and police functions of society, a separation vital to a free and open society, has been lost law enforcement. Contrary to the military ing, riots ate not wars, and the country has not seen art

purchases that have transferred not only the technology but also the philosophy of the military into the area of

insurrection in over 100 years. The police and the

. 1975. In 1973 500 riot control specialists were trained

•

bilk

(OSIS),

Officer Survival and Internal Security

Aside from the common philosophy that binds

LEAA has played a major role in militarizing domestic

The management level course, however, is patterned CDMC, unlike SEADOC. teaches on both the strategic

The Civil Disturbance Management Course (CDMC)

Agency."

awarded to the California Criminal Justice Planning

the entire Institute is given money from LEAA funds LEAA Boost to Riot Control

CDMC. Beginning in 1970. LEAA began to promote the

CDMC was started by a $425,000 grant from LEAA, and SWAT because of the growing negative public image. tration (LEAA) each year to cover the costs of tuition

SEADOC and CDMC, a common funding source exists tion Teams (SERT). police forces through activities other than SEADOC and and expenses' for civilians attending SEADOC. The will attend the OSIS course during the 1975-76 academic

OSIS & SWAT. training started in NOvember 1973, and year. OSIS instructors do not refer to their teams as Instead, they refer to them as Special Emergency Reac- ficers who teach SEADOC. Former SEADOC com- grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance Adminis-

between the two schools. The State of Georgia is given a ty guards have completed the course. At least 15 more

SEADOC instructors to CDMC twice a year to compare over 1400 law enforcement officers and corporate securi- tually every state west of the Mississippi River have at- classes of 50 men, the equivalent of ISO SWAT teams." tended the cootie." mander Zane Kortum stated in his interview that he sent

titled notes on course content, student reaction, and related teaches the nuts and bolts of SWAT at their San matters.

and tactical levels. A supplementary course to CDMC. tional Guard officers rather than the regular Army of-

Obispo training grounds.

after the SEADOC course although it is taught by Na- Training for the Siege Guard, and federal law enforcement officers from vir-

opened in 1971, and over 4.000 local police, National

on 8 May

any major dif-

Maiden.: clearly

held at colleges

pose

from the subordinate

140.

notification

1970 were

State University, Kent, Ohio,

received

•

Kent

anon notice and cautioned all groups that collec-

Command Historian, USAINTC.

on

n Southeast Asia. Violence marked many of these anti-

le

the

GARDEN PLOT and LANTERN SPIKE postures for HO

In remotion to President Nixon's Cambodian policy and the

Support requested by MG Williamson for Liaison Represen-

USAINTC antovon message 0901302 May 70 was die-

The 116th MI Group provided direct agent observation Upon receipt of DA message 0820012 May 70, USAINTC On 8 May 1970, students stoned to arrive in Washington,

At the time of receipt of CIDCON 1

Is

DEN PLOT - KENT STATE8-11 May 70 ICI, on file in the Office of 'After Action Report, ICDO, DCSOPS CIRCA May 70, GAR-

within reporting parameter. established prior to receipt of REDEPLOYMENT demonstrations during 18 May

USAINTC end all MI Groups was terminated at 1012000 May quirements and Cantinas to capon only

and universities throughout the United States protesting the 70. Groups were directed to terminate special reporting re- special reporting criteria'

deaths of our students at mer

Actual Conduct of Operations

DEPLOYMENT 9-10 MAY 1970

Groups to execute LANTERN SPIKE condition effective upon total of 436 Spot Reports were CIVIL DISTURBANCE OPERATIONS, Monument grounds. After Considerable negotiations the New coverage in the Washington, D.C., situation in accordance of the demonstration. The Department of Justice rejected the Mob. compromised with authorities to hold the demonstration of Washington, D.C. was quiet with few demonstrators re- maining in the city. During the period of GARDEN PLOT a tative to this staff Was provided by the 116th MI Group. with opprovel contained in DA message 0921532 May 70.

diepetched autovon mange 0822452 May 70 directing all MI LANTERN SPIKE. Again, all MI Groups were advised that that did occur at various locations did not with the aid of tear gas. By 1030 hours, 10 May, the entire arse elements and • told of 420 were transmitted to DA agenda Planning and Preparations and 116th MI Group would assume GARDEN PLOT posture copectbn by normal liaison contact only was authorized. In the Ellipse, South of the White House. at 082300 0 May 70 and all other groups would continue on ficulty. Loral police dispersed the small groups of militants and concerned commanders. tion would be through normal liaison only patched to at MI Groupe. Message advised HO USAINTC D.C. for the 9 May protest demonstration. At 1600 hours, 9 May 70 Informed groups to be prepared to institute GARDEN small end peaceful. began. Those minor incidents of violence New Mobe's request and instead offered the Washington to man the HG USAINTC EOC for a total of1,330 manhours.

PLOT an e result of the week-long student decade's. During the

receipt of moulage. DA message 0820012 May 70 was retrans- May, scattered protest a:deities, the majority of which were mitted to all MI Groups. USAINTC autovon message 08224E2 period of GARDEN PLOT, e total of 61 personnel were utilized

dements IMI Gaups) were already manned and operational

1870, the EOCI of this Headquarters and seven subordinate

%war protests and to restore order, National Guard troops were

'directly In front of the White House, as the desired focal point % ONUS Army Boundaries GRAM METRIC CABLE SPLICER The exercise will simulate simultaneous multiple civil distur- Investigative reporter lion Ridenhour of New Times bances involving widespread rioting, arson, and looting in ap- obtained copies of the regional war games held in the proximately 15 selected cities within the CONUS. The Revolu- 6th U.S. Army area, the states of California, Wash- tionary Liberty Front IFILF), a radical organization advocating ington, Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona. These and practicing violence, acts as a catalyst in expanding the civil war games, collect CABLE SPLICER, borrowed the GRAM disturbances. These simulated disturbances will develop to the degree that the National Guard is either alerted br called to METRIC concept of management preparation and car- State or Federal duty in all 15 cities, and Federal military ried it to the local level. CABLE SPLICER even et- assistance will be requested in up to 12 cities. The requests for volvmi officials of major corporations. Federal assistance will •include requests for loans of DOD Present at the CABLE SPLICER 111119701 after-action equipment in most of these 12 cities, and requests for Federal conference were: representatives from 13 state Na- military forces in up to six cities. In response to these requests, tional Guard commands; active duty military officials there will be simulated deployment of Federal military forces in from the 6th U.S. Army; officials from the Department up to six cities and simulated employment in up to three cities. of Justice, the FBI, the Secret Service; the Selective PURPOSE OF THE EXERCISE. To exercise key personnel, Service, U.S. Army Intelligence Command, Naval In relationships and plans and procedures applicable in civil , disturbance operation involving DOJ, DA, ON, DAF, USMC, telligence, Air Force Intelligence, the Law Enforcement MTMTS, USASTRATCOM, USAMC, USAINTC Assistance Administration, the Bank of America, USCONARC, CONUS Armies, MOW,* District of Columbia, Lockheed, Boeing, Sylvania, Pacific Gas and Electric. designated task forces and support installations under Sinai- Pacific Telephone and Telegraph, Standard Oil of toted deteriorating domestic conditions which culminate in California, Jet Propulsion Laboratories, SCM, Dic- deployment of multiple Federal military task forces. Specific taphone, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co-and objectives are to exorcise key personnel, plans, and procedures several University of California officials. in the following areas:. The total attendance at the conference, held just 21 la) Depbybent of employment of GARDEN PLOT forces Ito days after the Ohio National Guard slaughtered include Quick Reaction Forces) within CONUS . .'. loans to four Army Readiness R egion Boundaries civil, National Guard, and Federal agencies by exercising sup- Kent State students during anti-war protests, was 1700 -- military, civil, and corporate Officials. leaves turned brown and fell from those trees. we tin ld port installation capabilities and bans of propositioned civil military, however, have been preparing the that war since disturbance supplies ... designation and simulated deploy- This exerpt, from the CABLE SPLICER documents find out liberties just us dead as those leaves. just as brit- the cod of World War II. ment of the personal liaison officer of the Chief of Staff, U.S. obtained by Ridenhour, gives en indication of the mat- Virtually carry major urban area in the country has tle. and just an easily trampled. Army IPLOCSAL and the Department of the Army Liaison ters discussed at the after-action conference: some form of para-inifitary police. Some call it SWAT. the Founders of the Republic saw that same danger' Team IDALTI land) liaison with civil authorities ... DI General. The problem was designed to exercise two task others call them Special Services, Emergency Response and took action to present it. but the sophisticated man- 5I81 Information force headquarters with four task forces conducting operations ners of the 20th Century have quietly circumvented their DI No voluntary releases, national or local, will be made Teams, Barricade Squads, and the like, but they are all in four major cities or Oregon. Each player unit received honorable intent. From Portland. Maine. to Portland. on the CPX. the same entity. With an estimated S 10 million in LEAA background information initially as an intelligence summery Oregon. the police of this country have been militarized (21 Responses should be made at the lowest practical level funds going to combat "terrorism" during the Bicenten- covering the period preceeding the exercise. A deteriorating to direct inquiries only. Responses will be limited to a state- nial era. there will be a proliferation of these military in the streets and in the command posts. situation was then progressively developed for each locale ment of purpose of the CPX — "This routine civil disturbance All of this must be viewed in context: those who view through a series of prepared messages. Each task force police units.. • Command Post Exercise is being conducted to exercise the ex- SWAT alone and fail to see the painstaking process it °notated on the basis of actual assigned strength and equip- In the last several years. the FBI has trained units for isting contingency plans and procedures. Command, staff, and has taken to develop it. or fail to see that SWAT is only a ment on hand during the actual exercise period. The exercise each of their 59 Field Offices, although they refuse to communications personnel will be the primary participants. No general situation developed a simulated gradual increase in state exactly how many SWAT-type units they have. In manifestation of a deeper process of establishing a troop unit movements from home stations will be involved." addition, the FBI has trained over 400 local police domestic counter-insurgency capability will not be - lawlessness and disorder on the Pacific Coast during the spring months of 1970. Three new simulated radical leftist organize - units." 'the number of SWAT-type units generated from prepared for the events of the Mitre. SWAT was born `rum* moment in agar the Deparimoni of Justice, Owyestrneot or Navy. because the law enforcement community now the con- Deperonont el Ail. Form U.S. Marine Goias. MANNY Traffic Management and Tar- tions, Rho Scholars Democratic League ISDL I. on the cam, the California Specialized Training Institute could go as a* Service U.S. Army Strategic Communicatioes Corm' ent& U.S. gamy Matoial pines; the Intematbnai Brotherhood of Labor Ref um IIBLR I tradictions of society becoming more aggavated in the high as 300. wills another 150 to be trained this coming Conwroral, U.S. Army Intelligence Command_ U.S. Continental Army Co.,.. among the blue collar workers; and the International Fraternity year. And there is no eon.ng the number of units future. and SWAT is the reactionary force that will han- mend, Continental U.S. amt. Mein, SSW 1 of Washiegton. of Progress of Non-Caucasian (IFPC) among the minority started after a visit to SEADOC or the simple reading of dle those contradictions. The tone for GRAM METRIC can be judged frOm the groups) created confrontations of the universities and high reports on this growing law enforcement.trend. Commander Louis Guiffrida of the Civil Disturbance game plan scenario. In all, "coordinated violence" oc- schools es well as within the major cities. The situation con- The transfer of military technology, and even more Management Course put it this way: cum in 25 cities and stems from such diverse situations tinued to deteriorate until 0700 hours, 24 April 70. Than the Reconnais- Governor of the State of Oregon issued a proclamation of a horrible, the transfer of military philosophy into the civil If you know about LRRP (Long Range as a strike in Tacoma, a boxing match in New York City, arena may have dire implications for future exercise of sance Patrol teams, the -regular - Army version of Hato of emergency and directed the Adjutant General, Oregon, e rock concert in Orlando, a sit-in in Sacramento, and to assist civil authorities in the restoration of law and order. At constitutionally guaranteed rights as free speech. Green Berets), then you know what SWAT is. adapted. the shooting of a civil rights leader in Washington, D.C. Sorts in an urban setting." the start of exercise play at 0730 hours, 25 April, player units freedom tit a., tidily .codassociation, and the right to a/course. to domestic needs In the 24 hours prior to the official beginning of the Davie Hudson. a member of the LAPD SWAT was had been called to state active duty and had asserntibd and petition the government for a redress of grievances. As CPX, the scenario called for 696 fires, 50 shootings, and moved to assembly areas in problems cities (simulated) more blunt in his way of stating the same sentiments. Detroit Mayor Jerome Cavanagh told a television re- 134 incidents of looting in Baltimore, Washington D.C., .. play was advanced 48 hours and players were informed porter in April, 1968: Hudson told a reporter that: Chicago, Cleveland and Detroit alone. that the National Guard was called to federal service and No more disastrous Consequence for this city or this . . as for the . . potential to overkill militant CPXes were not limited to the federal level, however. assistance of federal troops had been requested (simulated). nation could take place than if toe had maintain a pro- political types. well the reason SWAT was established in order to coordinate federal and local response and For duration of the CPX players planned actions required on was because of those very types. . . " being mobilized ... longed military presence in our streets. If the National resources, CPXes have been held. on the state and Sixth U.S. Army Final Report The police are at war with the people of America. and Gourd Wert' to become a part of our doily life. our regional level since OPLAN GARDEN PLOT was es- CPX Cable Splicer Ili freedon: mural not survive. 1(mitiloty-poliee power the front line shock troops call themselves SWAT. tablished. Interviews with Pentagon officials show that Section 111, Field Operations . Tim Bads patrolied our streets every night from new until the such CPXes are considered routine and have been con- pages 11-12 ucted in eve state of the Union. For Official Use Only" Com-

1975 • .

boa Bet and the

Ammo 7.1975.

507

Striaziog the Woe'

Puerto Rico Com-

p.

Sturdevant. &A U.S.

Sept. 10,1975.

p. 58. Akan:same Notes. •

op cit.

p. 312

p. 154

July. 1975

p. 20

Guerrillas is Bluer The Tree Story of

p. 23

p.24

op cis.

p. 71

2/28.3/2. AND 3/5/73

op cit.

op cit.

op de.

op cit.

Justice Planning Agency of

op cit.

p. 48. Berkeley. 1975.

From Wounded Knee.

. oflustice.

True. Vol. No.

New Times. Vol. S. No. 11. p. 18. Nov. 1975 '

Ibid

Yarmolinsky. Letter. Dept. of Army to Mr. Winslow Peck Ibid. p. 49

Stingley. James,

Ibid Center for Research on Criminal luster.

National Advisory Committee.

Ibid

Letter Capt. Wade Bowie to Tim Buts. July 21.1975 Interview with Col. Zane Kamm Ibid

Dept. of Army Memorandum 560.2.4 Sept. 1974

Letter: Major Peter Davis to Tim Butt. June 17,1975

Ridenhour. Ron. with Lublow. Arthur.

Dept. of the Army Game Plan Scenario: GRAM

Headquarters. VI Army Game Plan Scenario: CABLE Rides hour. Letter Capt. Clyde H. Tull to Tim Butz.

Voices Testimony. Wayne Colburn. U.S. v. Mid Ibid 3/1/73 DOMS Watch Team Lop 2/28/73 Interview with Lew Gurwitz. defeme attorney. U.S. v.

Memorandum: Ge. Roland Metter to Ge. Ales Haig.

DOMS Wounded Knee After Action Report. August XL Ibid

Memorandum: Col. Warner to Gm. Haig. 3/9/73

Situation Report. DOMS to Gen. Haig. May 1.

DOMS logs for

Voices from Wounded Knee. 1970 LEAA Annual Report. Dept. of bake. Washington.

South Dakota Criminal Justice Planning Agency Testimony: Maj. Victor Jackson. U.S. v. Sturdevant. July Ibid. p.24

Ridenhour.

Criminal

LEAA Annual Report 1971. Dept. oflustice. Washington.

LEAA 1970 Annual Report. Dept. oflustice. Washington. Criminal Justice Planning Agency of Pueno Rico. Cont.

LEAA Annual Report 1974. Dep. oflustice. Washington.

Rids-Moor. Letter. Clarence Kelly to Tim Butz.

Stringley.

22. 23. 24. 25.

26.

27.

28.

30. 29.

31. 32.

34.

33.

35. 36. 37.

38. 39.

41.

40. 42.

43. 44.

45. 46. 47.

49.

48.

50. 51.

54. 53.

55.DOMS Wounded Knee After Action Report. Aug. 28. 1973 52.

56. 58. 57. 59 Mid

61.

62.

60. 65.

63.

64.

66.

67.

68.

69.

Velvet Glom

SWAT.

Nome,

METRIC. March 1969 SPLICER II. Feb. 1969

District Court, July 24. 1974.

1973 Sturdmant

Merril 4,1973

1974.

26. 1974

D.C.

prehensive, 1975 prehensive Plan. 1975 D.C.

prehensive Plan. 1975

D.C.

D.C.

57

and

pp.

INa-

1972

USAINTC.

Task Force

D.C..

unpublished.

A command

The geographic area

Management and Tem

disturbances or natural

Strom& Commonleatima

Tntffle

p.7

The New Civil Disturbanee

p. 223. Bantam Books. New

p.5

24.hour response time. CIDCON

Soldiers. Riots. and R.0111110.:

Report of the National Advisory

The Military Establishment.

op dr.

op cit.

Intelligence Comeaml

at Introduction to Low Enforcement

US. Arm

for the deployment of CDMUO. A CID.

FOOTNOTES

p. 76

A temporary grouping of military units

p.54. Thomas Publishing Co.. Springfield.

op do

Arum

op cit.

p.3. GPO. 1967

normal training and hl. Prof. David E.

company assigned to control doll disturbances.

coordination.

- US. Anon MUltaM

deployment of troops to a civil disturbance area.

Ibid

Ibid. p.6 Press release. Sen. Charles Percy, U.S. Senate. Oct. 14.

Ibid. p. 6 Germann. Task Force on Police.

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

Yarmolinsky. Adam.

Dept. of Justice First Annual Attorney General's Report

Ibid

Dept. of lustier.

Ibid

Engel

Press release. Wounded Knee Legal Defense Offense Com-

Task Force on Police of the President's Commission on Law Engdahl. Prof. David E..

German. AC.. et

Ibid

Task Force on Police.

Ibid. p.55

Ibid

2. 1.

3.

4. 12. 7.

5.

10. 11. 6. 8. 13. 9. 14. 15. 16. Glossary

17.

18. 19.

Common military terms used in civil disturbance 1 is the 20. 21.

reporting.

CDMU - Ova Mailman. Miesion Units A brigade. bat•

CIDCON - CHI Dietorbance Conditions

nation. m CON 5 is

control rating system trol staff mom utilised during civil EOC - Emergency Oparationn Centers A command and con-

disasters to provide intense temporary situation management FORCOM - U.S. Army Forme Command tary unit.

and force

HQ - Hondquartams the permanent staff structure for • mill. MDW - Military Markt of %Ain/tont

MI - Military latellgenees Army units assigned to

Wald Santee of metropolitan Washington. D.C.

TF - Tea Forms

assigned to • specific mission such as civil disturbance control.

TRAVOC - U.S. Anny Training and Doctrine Conmand

USAINTC -U.S. USAMC - U.S. Army Material Command USASTRATCOM -

Command

mittee. Sept. 7.1975

lows Law Review. Rev. 1.11971)

The Law and History of Military Troops in Civil Disorder.

Enforcement and the Administration of Justice.

Regulations: The Threat qfMilitary Intervention.

Illinois. 1967 1975 and CriminolJestice.

Report: Polk.

tional Advisory Commission)

173.182. Harper and Row. New York, 1971.

York. 1968

on Criminal Justice Assistance. GPO. Washington.

Commission on Civil Disorders.

under 'sections

undated but distributed in July.

-

PROPERTY ON THREE OCCASIONS

School integration

Civil rights demonstratiOns University integration

REASON University integration Disorders following the death of Dr. Martin L. King School integration

Disorders following the death of Dr. Martin L. King Disorders following the death of Dr. Martin L. King

REASON Antiwar demonstrations Racial Disorders

Democratic National Convention Bombing and racial trouble Washington Spring Project Antiwar demonstrations Republican National Convention Presidential Inauguration

Democratic National Convention

REASON Protesting trial of Bobby Scale

Prevent disruption of operations

Enforce regulations of Culpepper National Cemetery Prevent unauthorized entry of Pentagon by peace marchers REASON

Unknown

FEDERAL

The Army's Role in Civil Disturbances,

under provisions of section 331. Title 10, US Code, to restore law and order at

USE OF FEDERAL FORCES SINCE WW II

Fact Sheet

BUT NOT PREPOSITIONED IN ANTICIPATION OF CIVIL DISTRUBANCES.

•

n

on four occasions since World War 11.

Selma and Mont-

Huntsville. AL Birmingham. Mobile, and Tuskegce. AL.

goinery. AL Tuscaloosa and

Oxford, MS

Chicago. IL

Washington. DC Washington. DC PLACE Little Rock. AR

Washington. DC

PLACE Baltimore. MD Detroit. MI

Miami Beach. FL

Washington. DC New Haven. Cr

Washington. DC Miami Beach. FL Washington. DC

Birmingham. AL Washington. DC

Chicago. IL YEAR REASON PLACE PLACE

Culpepper. VA

PLACE_

ALERTED

PREPOSITIONED, NOT COMMITTED, IN ANTICIPATION OF DISTURBANCES IN NINE

•

gOVC11101,

TROOPS

firnastli

20

/

11

-63

23

6

6

9

9

uhla

1975. FEDERAL TROOPS

Source. Department of the Army

1963

1965 1

YEAR 1957 1968

4970 1967 58 1968 332 and 333, Title 10. U.S. Cede.

YEAR

1970

1972 1972 1973 the request of 1968 1968 Presidents Committed Federal Troops to Ealaree Federal Laws on Five Occasions Since World War II

YEAR 1963 1971 President Provided Federal Assistance

YEAR 1967 1967 4968

INSTANCES SINCE WORLD WAR II.

FEDERAL

FEDERAL TROOPS COMMITTED TO PROTECT

MINNWMPIN. KEEP ON Keepin On 61

Legal Action Senate Bill One A new mil tonal cl hitt 10 I.• I 13111 I is cnrisailh. heine tional and local c lila i)ios. Black Pinither CIvIl Suit—After more than live years religious, sitidetti, Libor v °isf,mag oic.loi/a I of legal disputes. a civil suit was finally introduced in tions. Planning is nov va tor d 1.1,11 Chicago on Jan. 20 against Edward V. Hanrahan, for- conference to be held in , ii, Keep Movin' mer Cook County state's attorney. and other county and spring. federal officials involved in the murder of Fred Hampton ThiseliclI 3, tieing coiri,11.1110,1 oi.11 and Mark Clark during a 1969 raid of Black Panther CtinIntittcr: tin Rcin-us.,is,' I ,.,k1,1i,,r1 11,11 Ala). Party headquarters. FBI/Police Political Operations 510 C Street NF... Washington. U.(. 1,;107. 211 2 - The families of Hampton and Clark and the seven sur- 543-7659. vivors of heavy gunfire in the predawn raid are seeking The pervtudveness of FBI and local police intelligence operations against legitimate political itetially cos• $47.7 miftion in damages from 31 defendants in the Hones to be exposed and opposed in many cities across the country. Documentation now exists showing data federal district court suit. The plaintiffs argue that their Files have been maintained on millions of citizens; political organizations have been Infiltrated; pips* civil rights were violated by a murder conspiracy and movements have been disrupted by provocateurs; public officials have been harassed; citizens have barn • cover-up by law enforcement officers after the raid. hounded from their professions, and in a few instances have been the victims of FBI or "red squad" violence. The Black Panther Party and the Committee for Jus- tice for Huey P. Newton also has delivered a petition to the Senate and House select committees calling for a MADISON, Wisconsin—After two years of commu- A detailed analysis of this report and additional in. "thorough and complete investigation" of spy agency nity pressure and litigation to open police tiles on anti- formation on FB1/police intelligence activities in the transgressions against minority and civil rights groups." war activists in Madison. the 47-volume. 9.000-page Milwaukee/Chicago area can be obtained from the The petition demonstrates "concern among a large num- "affinity files" were unveiled in early December. 1975. Bugle-American. Box 2318. Milwaukee. Wise. 58212. ber of Americans about abuses against the Black Pan- ther Party and other minority and civil rights organi- Two thousand pages. said to be intelligence reports , zations. from outside agencies such as the FBI and the CIA. were Michigan—Judge Thomas Brown. a county circuit deleted outright. Forty pages of personality profiles of judge, has ordered the Subversive Activities Unit of the Driver v, Helms—In another ACLU lawsuit the selected radicals and information on undercover burg- Michigan State Police to disband and destroy its secret plaintiffs are charging the CIA with illegally opening laries conducted during student vacations were also files on 50.000 people. The order came along with • correspondence to and from the Soviet Union. missing. Former Inspector Herman Thomas. the muscle ruling that the 1931 and 1950 "antiiubversive" laws behind PIGS (Police Intelligence Gathering System). The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove authorizing the creation are unconstitutional. The judge Halperin v. Colby--A suit being conducted by the called the 40 pages "dynamite". said that the red squad had a "chilling effect" on civil ACLU under the Freedom of Information Act has suc- Madison Mayor Paul Soglin spent a day rummaging liberties. While many people are cheering tho order to ceeded in forcing the release of CIA. Director William An analysis of the U.S. police through the files and. to no one's surprise, found spotted eliminate the police unit. moves are also under way to Colby's report to President Ford on the agency's illegal By the Center references to his own antiwar activity. prevent the cops from shredding the secret files. Two domestic operations. These activities throtigh the years for Research on Criminal Justice The "Affinity Files' were compiled between 1967 and ACLU attorneys are appealing to the court to turn over 'have included the infiltration of protest groups. the sur- 1973 by informants and undercover police in Madison. the files to the victims of police spying. veillance of U.S. citizens and the keeping of files on at The Iron Flat and the Velvet Glove The files confirm infiltration of newspapers. religious or- draws for thr i.rst nor least 10,000 American "dissidents." information about the police In Me tIS and tra..00 thea dr %.1,1,,,Mei ganizations and student groups. Iron night watchmen to a modem nu, The haul shor, hrr, More information and reprints of some files are avail- formation of the police is directly Inked to in, drrueloornent rt .73P Women's Strike for Peace v. National Security Agen- newspaper. P.O. Box 706, Madi- talism, class conflict arid '30510,cl:scion Velvet cloy tr.1,2s cot,- able from Take Over cy—The Fifth, Estate recently assisted the ACLU in ac- son. Wisconsin. 53701. boy at the modern poke technology. the dev..1.,pment nl SWA quiring a list of-plaintiffs who were probable victims of private pulse industry. Ille increusam role or Mu FrAer., Madison has also taken a significant first step against ,,,,,,,nu the CIA's operation CHAOS. Plaintiffs are seeking dam. and recent attempts at connoting the poke the terrorist activities of its police SWAT team. The city ages foiviolation of their rights by the CIA and the Na- council has introduced a resolution calling for a citizens' tional Security Agency, which, under CHAOS, listened investigation of SWAT and successfully terminated all Order a copy no■■• by writing, Center for Research on Criminal in on overseas telephone conversations. training programs with the ultimate goal of abolishing Justice, 2490 Charming Way, Room 507, Berkeley, CA. 90704 I Many other suits are still pending on national secur- the unit. Madison is one of many cities which, despite 83.00 plus 25c postage. Please enclose payment with order. ity, issues. One suit is attempting to overcome the "no the lack of media attention, is aware of this dangerous. standing" obstacle by relying on the Freedom of Infor- repressive police paramilitary unit in their midst. mation Act. which recognizes the right to sue the govern- ment for the release of certain information. The suit mugs that the exclusion of the CIA budget from a list CHICAGO, Illinois—A Cook County grand jury, con- of information is unconstitutional. See Article 1. Sec- vened last March. recently released its report based on ticin 9of the Constitution. testimony from 71 witnesses regarding improper and il- Wider the Freedom of Information Act. the Socialist legal intelligence-gathering activities by the Chicago Worker% Party, working through their multimillion- Police Department Subversive Squad, the Milwaukee dollar damage suit tiled against the FBI and CIA and or- Police Department Security and Special Assignments ganized by the Political Rights Defense Fund. received Section and the FBI. The grand jury concluded: "It is 141 pages of documents on the CIA's operation CHAOS our opinion that this system produces inherently inaccu- describing campus spying. The documents tend to sup- rate and distorted data.... The intelligence reports port the SWP's contention of illegal political harass- served as a vehicle to pin derogatory labels on persons ment. and organizations. Often these labels had very little basis in fact." 62 63 Victor Marchetti: Co-Author of the CIA and the Cult Repression Research Group (RRG) of Intelligence. Former executive assistant to the Deputy has been estab- lished in Chicago in conjunction with the IDC to engage Director of the CIA. in research of abuses of power by the Chicago police. John Marks: Co-author of the CIA and the Cult of FBI and military intelligence forces in the Chicago area. Intelligence. Former staff assistant to the State Depart- ment Director of littelligenee. RRG is located on the campus of Northeastern Illinois Univ., and can be reached at 5500 St. Louis Avenue. K. Barton Osborn: Consultant to Intelligence Dom Keepin' Informed Chicago, Illinois 60625.312-583-4050, x8206. met-nation Center. Former military intelligence agent Ann Arbor Fifth Estate evolved as a result of the Uni- and consultant to the CIA on the Phoenix Assassination versity of Michigan teach-in. "The Bicentennial Dilem- Program. Author of numerous articles on the intelli- ma: Who's In Control?" A working group of university gence community. students and professors have formed a research team The Intelligence Documentation Center (MC), an George O'Toole: Former CIA technical specialist. Fifth Estate Annual Report: 1975 — The membership. under the umbrella of the Fifth Estate which conducts action/research library located in Washington. D.C.. Author of The Assassination Tapes. structure and organizing capacity of the Organizing an accredited class on intelligence and is actively re- is now available for use by concerned individuals seek- Winslow Peck: Associate of the Intelligence Documen- Committee for a Fifth Estate has gone through vast searching military intelligence and repression in the civil changes during 1975. It has been a period in which our ing documentation relating to abuses of power by the tation Center. Founding member of the Organizing- service. work has grown, our ranks have expanded and we have intelligence community. A brochure issued by the IDC Committee for a Fifth Estate and co-editor of Counter had to mem new challenges in nen creative and prin- states that the library contains books. news clippings. Spy . Author of numerous articles on CIA and labor. cipled ways. Our focus over the year has included: microfilm, periodicals. government documents, and Former analyst for the National Security Agency. other reference materials are available for use: these Douglas Porter: Director of the Intelligence Documen- • Congressional committees: The Organizing Commit. tee has supplied witnesses, raw data and original re- materials are organized to reflect both security agency tation Center. Coeditor of CounterSpy. Author of New Organizations practices and organizations that have been targeted by search to both the Church and Pike committees inves- numerous articles on right-wing terrorism and domestic tigating the abuses of the CIA and other federal govern- these agencies. repression. A major effort of the IDC is the collection of govern- ment intelligence agencies. We have also assisted a num- Col. L. Fletcher Prouty (Rd.): Former military liaison Project on Official Illegality was recently launched to ment documents through Freedom of Information re. ber of other congressional committees investigating to CIA. Author of The Secret Trans and numerous ar- institutionalize mechanisms to account for illegal actions quests. At present, well over 100 such requests are pend- abuses of state and local agencies and government ticles on the intelligence community. at all levels of the national security bureaucracy. Infor- secrecy. Although the Organizing Committee is largely ing with various federal agencies. Marcus Raskin: Co-director of Institute for Policy mation is being prepared to help lower-level personnel disappointed in these efforts to terminate abuses of The IDC also has a student internship program. de- Studies. Among his books are Being and Doing and The opposed to illegal orders or aware of illegal actions by power. we continue to believe that with public pressure signed to acquaint college students with research meth- Viet-Nan: Reader. Member of the Special Staff of the their superiors. This new project is also working with ods as they relate to the intelligence community. For Congress will eventually institute some meaningful National Security Council in the Kennedy Administra- middle-level personnel to clarify the rights of govern• more information about the IDC, write Intelligence legislation around this question. Concerned citizens tion. • • ment employees who receive illegal orders. The Project Documentation Center. 2000 P Street NW Suite 403. should immediately begin writing letters to Congress Ron Ridenhour: Freelance journalist currently re- holds monthly discussions with senior officials to help expressing their feelings about the abuses of power by Washington. D.C. 20036. searching military contingency plans for martial rule in overcome illegality in government. For further infor- U.S. Helped to expose the My Lai massacre. the CIA. FBI and other intelligence agencies. mation write c/o Ralph Stavins, IPS. 1905 "Q" Street. Anthony Russo; Co-defendant in Pentagon Papers • Media: The Organizing Committee has cooperated The Public Ednation Project en the Intelligence NW, Washington. D.C. 20005. extensively with the working press in supplying original Community (PEPIC) is a year-long effort, sponsored by trial. Former analyst for Rand Corporation. material and insights into the major exposes of 1975. the Youth Project. Inc. of Washington. D.C., designed Kirkpatrick Sale: Author of SDS and Power Shift. Research Associates International provides informa- We look to this assistance to the Fourth Estate, to the to create informed public discussion on intelligence Authority on multinational corporations, tion on the international trade union movement, multi- stall writers and investigative reporters on the trail of issues. The project assists in setting up campus and com- Patrick Saunders: Former Federal Drug Enforcement national corporations and their involvement with the intelligence abuses. as a key to bringing to public debate munity forums throughout the country and acts as a Agency Intelligence Officer. Author of numerous articles on DEA. U.S. intelligence community: Write to them at P.O. Box the vital issues of the day. referral service for educational materials and resource Ralph Similes: Fellow. Institute for Policy. Studies., 327. Hollywood. California 90028. • Publishing: Despite continued financial problems we groups. All speakers participating in this project will Co-author Washington Plans a 11 Aggressive. War and have managed to publish CounterSpy throughout be donating their time, energy, and fees to PEPIC to numerous other works. 1975. Increasing staff capacity and memberships pro- ensure its survival. Speakers include some of the fore- Campaign for a Democratic Foreign Polley is a na- vide an optimistic outlook fur the regular appearance of most experts on the intelligence community: William Turner: Former special agent for the FBI. tion-wide network of activists based in the Indochina Author of several works on the FBI. Peace Campaign who are working to democratize our CounterSpy in 1976. Pamphlets on specific agency Jerry Berman, Director. Internal Security Project of abuses as well as a telephone message service with up- Center for National Security Studies. Co-editor of The foreign policy. They seek to use the lessons of Vietnam to dated information on the national security bureau- Abuses of the Intelligence Agencies. Public-interest law- effect "human rights" legislation cutting economic and During this critical year of revelations a climate con- military aid to brutal and repressive governments: cracies will be instituted this year. yer, formerly co-director of a project on the Adminis- The Organizing Committee is wrapping up prepara- tration of Justice under Emergency Conditions. ducive to legislative change can and most he created in across-the-board cuts in the military budget; an end tion of our long-awaited Organizing Manual. Activists Robert Baronage: Director. Center for National Secur- campus and community Coriolis. For more information to U.S. intervention abroad; exposure of the domestic and researchers interested in organizing a campus or ity Studies. Fellow. Institute for Policy Studies. Public. contact the Public Education Project on the Intelligence and overseas role of major U.S. corporations; and full community research group within the Fifth Estate may interest lawyer and author of numerous articles on the Community, 1611 Connecticut Avenue NW. 4th Floor, employment. Write to CDFP at 1508 19th Street NW. write now for the manual, which is scheduled for pub- CIA and national security questions. 202-403-0382. (Messages may be left at 483-0380.1 Washington. D.C. 20036. lication by early spring. Timothy Bata: Associate of Intelligence Documenta- Organizing: the Fifth Estate during 1975 because a tion Center. Founding member of Organizing Commit- Resource Lisl mass membership organization. Members receive tee for a Fifth Estate and co.-editor of CounterSpy CounterSpy and all other publications, plus addi- Author of numerous articles on military inteumence. The following is a resource list of literature available from groups' working in the areas of national security Currently researching the growing utilization of SWAT tional information on how they can work on security and civil liberties. Organizations should be contacted directly for information regarding the cost uf literature. problems in their communities. Active members will be teams. regularly polled for opinions on the issues and work Cortland Coat Associate of the Center for National of the Fifth Estate. Security Studies. Expert on CIA manipulation of third The Organizing Committee has also been instrumen- world countries. Institute for International Policy National Committee Against Remands. Legislation INCARld tal in organizing several other organizations during Frank MIMI, Director. ACLU Political Surveillance 122 Maryland Avenue NE 510C Strces NE 1975. Most of these organizations are independent of Project. Author of numerous works on the FBI. Washingion. D.C. 20) Washington. D.C. 20002 the Fifth Estate and the Organizing Committee. Others Morton Halperin: Director, ACLU Project on National 202.544-6666 202-543-7659 are local research and action groups, which operate Security and Civil Liberties. Co-editor of The Abuses autonomously but may eventually join the national of the Intelligence Agencies. Former Assistant Deputy heirent;llorial Polity Report Am We to Enter Our Third Century Linder Hicheid Neon's umbrella of the Fifth Estate. Director of Defense. Criminal Code? Shelly

Conrad

David

Lewisburg, PA

New York, N.Y.

Barberton, OHIO

Luck and my best to you.

WELL, it seems you've managed

Clearly you are and have been a

Your "Today Show" interview was

Anyone who gets as much had

When are you going to do an in-

I support your efforts and I think

You might check out the Peace

I have never seen a copy of your

to get yourself in a bit of a pickle?

target of Colby and the CIA which

means you have been effective, and

right on to that. You are getting a any way please let me know.

bum rap and if I can help you in

very good. I sat with two average Americans and watched you. At the

Kiker they were against you, at the

publicity as you, must be doing something right. Please send a sam- ple copy of your publication.

start of the interview with Doug

ficers.

end they thought you made a good case. Both are ex-U.S. Army of-

depth on the domestic media, especially the TV networks???

Congress let that part go by in

hearings on the CIA and FBI. the CIA was neglectful, to say the least, to keep Welch in the job.

in Africa and was director in Corps. A friend of mine is a director

Tunisia ... and reported to CIA at for "debriefing."

the American Embassy once a week

think it takes a great deal of

news stories, you must be doing a journal, but judging from recent

want to express my complete sup- thorough job of exposing the CIA. I courage to expose the activities of the world's most powerful and

port for your activities relating to the printing of names of CIA agents Please keep up your good work. The stationed in foreign countries. I

dangerous terrorist organization. American people have a right to know about the CIA and the atrocities it commits with their tax money.

eem

y

e ember

b

.c

Phyllis

am m

m

111

Kipp Lee

.

Joliet, IL

Unsigned

:b

s

your

o

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mpts

m

t

An

e

g

Redding, CA

n

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ed

d

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exist

d

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at

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a

s

c

ch's

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s

rsy

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ve

ion

t

i

1 fToc

ntro

I am not unaware of the recent nd

Anyhow, the reason I want your

I want to become president of the

We have seen Richard Welch

o

I feel that in 1963 the CIA shot and

co

Colby, Ford and others:

anti-CIA feelings run high in that

of Amnesty International I know the c

during the dictatorship and that the

porting it. I know that as a result, CIA was deeply involved in sup- country and I was not at all sur-

prised by what happened. Don't let

publication is this; about a year- and-a-half ago I became so angry

them use this to intimidate you

because the CIA's own activities brought it about.

over the lack of information in the straight press that I decided to begin writing a letter every month to only awaken a few who in turn will look around and begin to question, then it will have been worthwhile.

our Voice of the People column. If I

United States in 1992. As one of my

the CIA from having its domestic and

American people forgotten Frank R. goals as president I intend to abolish foreign spy operations from operating from a New York City hotel after a

again, and to prevent the reorganize- Olson who jumped to his death high CIA official had been per-

buried as a hero but have the

sonally involved by surreptitiously giving Olson LSD. The US Govern- non or organization of such agency in this country.

killed President Kennedy.

time Dr. Sidney Gottlieb who

ment is to provide the Olson family

headed the CIA's Technical Services Division for many years goes un-

punished and continues to receive with I million dollars. In the mean-

an annuity from the US Government as a GS-18 retiree. Gottlieb is repor- ted to have taken the Fifth Amend-

ment and his role forgotten. Is this the kind of justice that the American people condone:

Irvin

an all

Deborah

be

New York, NY

Evendale OHIO

My compliments on your

As the information trickles in

1 noticed that a Greek news

Having served my country in

I am writing to you to convey to

publication "Counterspy." It seems

as though the intelligence com- munity has become the most

American people.

1963 in Dallas. This most important year history of the USA. Apparently dangerous organizations in the 200 they have been operating outside the knowledge of the President and the

elected representatives of the

there can now be no doubt of in- telligence involvement November 22.

political conspiracy and murder. My guess would be that if a poll were taken, the average Americans faith

in this government would time low. Pretty rotten way to

event in American history was source in Athens reported "an in-

Richard Welch. There is now

celebrate the 200th anniversary.

teragency dispute in the death of

WW2 and offered my life—being an

evidence of left and right wing fac- who would use this man's death to tions in the CIA. There are those

call for an end to Congressional CIA investigations.

honest citizen and paying my

paid for some of these operations by intelligence.

taxes—it is a lousy feeling to know that I as an American citizen have

release of December 28, 1975, con-

The work you do is an extremely important informational source for

you my support for your press

cerning the duth of Richard Welch.

the American people; I sincerely

hope that the recent assassination for right wing forces attempting to

the present day atmosphere of S-I and proposed FBI "preventive"

does not prove to be a rallying point

suppress your work; particularly in

measures, it is of the utmost urges. cy that we keep ourselves informed as to covert activities of the state. Welch's death will prove to be a

ford. In struggle.

source for justifying continued secrecy, a situation we cannot af-

I

.

•

•

•

intervention

,

U.S

on

•

by Joe Stork

.

documents

.

,

•

•

by Ahmed el•Kodu and Eli Lobel

(for distribution'in the peace movement)

by Abdullah Schleifer

by Arie Bober

III6-41

newsletter: the grand jury and the women's move.

Your Personal File

Jerusalem

-

Get

to Saigon — Collection of

by Earl Ravel

On a New Foreign Policy. by Dick Barnet and Mucus Raskin Cutting the Military Budget —Thwards a New Foreign Policy.

mint

Loghod •

(NARMICI •

plex

Childers

Frank Donner

dom of Information Act

Focal Point 150819th Street NW In Production:

CIA War in Angola auftet) Legal Analysis of Conyers Reform Act IHR 29861

Washington. D.C. 20036 Catepalge fee a Demeraade Fanelge Palley (CDFP) • , 202462-3030

CDFP Working Paper legislative Comparisons

1052nd Street NE ,

Washington. D.C. 20002 ':•,4 The Federal Grand Jury Cealifien re End GnandJers:Absee 202.547-0138 Conyers Intreduces Grand Jost' Reform Act of 1975 , • Your Rights and the Grand Jury

The Grand Jury. Rep. John Conyers The Not-So-Grand Jury. William Helmer The Guinn Jury and Post-Watergate America,by Fred Solowey Grand Jury Report. Number I,

Hon to Research Your local War Industry Grapevine Police on the Hotnefront Grand Jury Legislation Checklist

1501 Cherry Street Dm 100 Defense Contractor; • Philadelphia. Pa 19102 215241-7175

, in Vietnam

Dynamics of Land Alienation tin Palestine) by Janet Abu• Aid

Soldiers and Strikers.

Natkond Action/Rmearehen the MatteryIndustsialCaesplex The B-1 Bomber and the Power of the Military-Industrial Com- Reading Guide on the Middle East by MER IP

202467-1188 The Wordless Wish: From Citizens to Refugees by Erskine

The Class Nature of Israel POI) 3122 Washington. D.C. 20010

Columbia Heights Station MERIP Reports Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis

Middle Eau Eamon* and Eden...don Project (PARRIS')

The Fall RI The Arab World end Israel The Other Israel ed.

Journal of Palestine Studies

Your Right to Government Information: How To Use the Free.

Stop S-I How to Your Rights Before the Grand Jury

The Grand Jury Network

The Theory and Practice of American Political Intelligence. by

.

.

Akron Law

'

,

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Deaths

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and National Security

and

Act

Constitution

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H. Halperin

(ACLU)

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Doenatents Released under the FOIA (includes

13,C, 20002 .

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Sdatedith**felredeeklue An Anaboii of the FY •

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Anion; America's %nen ForsIia Policy.

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ardu Menke far downbeats) Liberal Establishaient" by' Frank Wilkinson.

22 Eon 41)11. forme NerailL. 213.M.1222

trainan ti fiesidael ebb SUbstantial Support from the Literannt Department pared by Prof, Cam* E. Goldberg — UCLA Law School. Law Salmon and Thames Enters* (Yale Law School)

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U.S. Politind Welders* VietaminThe 1968 'Hue Massacre'

Vietnam: ReermalllatIon BegIneIby Gareth Porta

1322.18thStrect NW

The Isinedlleation"alVliintans:*Gareth Porter

202.7ts..3111 ileadbatelthbIbURMOVIi Am* with Vientash. byGarerff Parlor Tim *lb ariln Hue 94nicane.* Edward Herman and. Gareth A Cower, Mew

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' teo.i 0:Haim* swift via ad ur.d.s Harold Weisberg Li. .box Rte. 8 Bun, Frederick, MD 21701 ;I'ashington, D.(7, '0 k ration: Truth & In many ways, it is not : time to get tough with the CM or the FBI, it's time to get tough with the people who allow it. Two hundred million of them. Innocence is not necessarily a virtue if it is associated with surrender.

Programs focusing on the relationship of the multinational corporations to the intelligence agencies, political a..sina- lions, and the invasions of individual privacy via surveillance and computer technology have been presented on campuses in Los Angeles, Berkeley, San Francisco, Ann Arbor, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. This series is being presented in con- junction with the Public Education Project on the Intelligence Community (PEPIC). PEPIC is sponsored by the Youth Project, Inc. of Washing. ton, D.C. and is an educational effort designed to encourage public participation in discussions regarding abuses of power and the need for controlling the intelligence gathering agencies. The project assists in setting up campus and community forums, acts as a speakers bureau, and as a referral service for educa- tional materials and resource groups. PUBLIC EDUCATION PROJECT ON THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

For further information contact:

PEPIC 1611 Connecticut Ave. NW, 4th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 202-483-0832 NAME . SCHOOL/ORGANIZATION STREET CITY/STATE ZIP TELEPHONE