LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN 'D66T~

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR JULY 1965 VOL. 34, NO. 7

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THE COVER-Director J. Edgar Hoover estab· lished the FBI National Academy in 1935. See 30th anniversary article beginning on page 2.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director J. Edgar Hoover 1 The FBI National Academy-Thirty Years of Progress Through Training . 2 The Morals Squad, by William M. Lombard, Chief of Police, Rochester, N.Y. Taking Inventory, by Dwight]. Dalbey, Special Agent, Federal Bureau of Investigation 12 Nationwide Crimes cope 13 Investigators' Aids 23 Wanted by the FBI 24

Published by 'he FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Washington, D.C. 20535 WE CAN EXPECT the coming weeks to present a pied" appearance often discourage and prevent stiff challenge to law enforcement. Predictions burglaries. are prevalent throughout the country for a "long, Crimes against property, however, are only a hot summer" because of anticipated increases of minor part of the problem. Far more appalling disturbances and violent crimes. are the vicious attacks on defenseless children by We would hope the prognosticators of these sexual deviates and the murders, rapes, and ag- ominous conditions are wrong; we would hope gravated assaults which register sharp rises dur- that a recordbreaking summer of strife and law- ing the summer. The intensity and frequency of 1u1ness can be averted. But in addition to the these violations haunt every community. Law annual seasonal increase of summertime crime­- enforcement is still searching for effective pre- crimes of passion and violence­­we can also ex- ventive action against them, and certainly, neg- ~ ect difficulties and violations connected with ligence and public indifference do not lessen the . rotest marches and demonstrations occurring burden. across the Nation. Summer is also the season of the hitchhiker Law enforcement officials know from experi- and wanderer. The motorist who stops and ence that carelessness by the individual citizen is opens his car door to a stranger may be asking for one factor in crime causation, especially during a death ride for himself and his family. Many the summer. The relaxed atmosphere and care- times, the innocent­looking young man on the free living are conducive to enjoyment and roadside is a trigger­happy or knife­wielding pleasure, but they also provide the criminal more killer. For safety's sake, drivers should exer- opportunities to strike. cise that part of valor considered best­discre- Each summer, countless Americans unwit- tion­and pass up hitchhikers. tingly conduct "open houses" for thieves. They depart for vacation sites without providing Just how "long and hot" the summer will be proper protection of their homes while away. depends on how well law enforcement and the On return, they are aghast to find their dwellings public combine efforts to contain seasonal out- ransacked and valuable property stolen. A few breaks. Let us hope that jointly we can make it simple precautionary measures to secure the so "hot" for all lawbreakers that the summer will premises and leave them with an "occu- be one they will "long" remember. ~. :H~ w.oo::::'­

JULY 1, 1965 THE FBI NATIONAL ACADEMY­

Thirty Years of Progress Through Training

Adequate training of law enforcement officers is one of the crucial problems facing our Nation. In our society, the role of law enforcement has grown in importance and complexity; spiraling crime rates are plaguing every community. Communities are demanding more of their police agencies; however, only a few have met their obligations in providing even the basic necessity for professional police service-trammg. This article gives a brief resume of the FBI National Academy, a highly successful professional training effort begun 30 years ago by J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI.

A chaotic land, a regressive nation, ing program for all police, together respective departments, carrying wi. a barbaric people­­these characteris• with a combined linking of all law them a greater working knowledge tics mark a lawless country. enforcement through cooperation. their chosen profession. But of what great good are laws With this idea in the forefront, the During the past 30 years, the acorn without a competent system of first class of what is today known as of an idea has grown and developed enforcement? the FBI Tational Academy gathered into a sturdy oak of knowledge and It has been said that law enforce• in Washington, D.C., on July 29, training which helps to provide en• ment is a profession upon which rests 1935, to begin a 12-week course of forcement officers with the tools to do the very existence of every other call• training. Early sessions of the a• their duty. Establishment of the ing in life. tional Academy were held exclusively Academy helped open a new era in No one has better understood and in the Department of Justice Building law enforcement-an era of the oc• more thoroughly emphasized the im• in Washington, but after the comple• cupation's becoming a profession. portance of good law enforcement tion of the FBI Academy at Quantico, Webster defines the word "profes• than FBI Director 1. Edgar Hoover. Va., in 1940, a major portion of the sion" as "a vocation or occupation re• training was shifted to that facility. quiring advanced training .. . . " In the early thirties when the ation Today, training at the FBI ational The profession of law enforcement is was racked with crime and corrup• Academy is modeled after the curricu• certainly not indifferent to this basic tion, and gangsters in many localities lum of pecial Agents of the FBI, with need. were better equipped than police offi• emphasis on local problems rather The FBI ational Academy has cers, the cry for a Federal police than Federal. supplied advanced training to police agency with broad powers grew July 29, 1965, marks the 30th anni• officers at all levels for the past 30 louder. Mr. Hoover, however, rec• versary of the FBI National Acad• years, and the results have more than ognized this proposition as an inevit• emy-3 decades of service in which justified its efforts. able danger to self-government. He over 4,700 law enforcement officers Perhaps a good means of evaluat• advocated, instead, an in ten ive train• have graduated and returned to their ing the Academy's progress would be

2 FBI Law Enforcement Bullee FBI National Academy Headquarters Building.

A> review a few incidents involving I would be either in a hospital or and all this could be attributed to the '­ational Academy graduates shortly dead." fact that our cases were not prepared after they complete their training and Another graduate, after returning properly. Without any records on return to their agencies. to his own department, wrote the fol· the cases, it was impossible to keep A Pennsylvania police officer, a lowing letter to Mr. Hoover regarding them in mind. In fact, our criminal recent graduate of the Academy, ap· his training: "It would be hard to court was something that we dreaded. proached the bedside of a seemingly enumerate the entire benefit and show From our present setup, I am pleased friendly individual. Suddenly, with· the helpfulness it has been to the de· to advise that it is a pleasure to go out warning, a .32·caliber automatic partment as a whole, and in some to trial on any case that we may have. pistol was jabbed into the pit of the instances it would be embarrassing to Our district attorney informs our officer's stomach. disclose the fact as to what was done judge that he is ready on any case How he reacted to this particular before the training school and what that comes up for trial that is handled situation can best be described in his is being done since. through the police department ...." own words: "I grabbed the action as "Before this training school we Success stories are not always reo I was taught by the Academy and practically had no records of any kind ported by the graduates themselves. turned my body, while at the same on anything. We presented to our The FBI is continually receiving let· time the gun went off so close that State grand jury, at each session they ters from gratified citizens expressing the concussion hit my pant leg and held, from 50 to 100 cases and there their appreciation for the training at first I thought that I had been hit. were no records kept on any of these afforded the officers in their respective It happened so fast that I couldn't cases. They were all kept by memo commumtIes. Here is an excerpt see how I could keep from being hit. ory. Consequently, a large portion of from a letter written by a public offi• Of course, it was no job to take the our cases were nolle prossed for lack cial in a southern city: "A few days gun away from this person with the of evidence. Other cases were beaten ago our Village Manager sent you a methods that I had been taught. . . . before the jury, while other cases letter at the request of the Village I am sure that without this training, were settled through an agreement, Board- of which I am a member• e,ly 1965 3 thanking you for having invited one throw up their hands and surrender, the Academy will get the greatest pos• of our detectives to attend the FBI both started running, at which point sible value from the training, school in Washington last summer. the deputy fired a warning burst from A prospective student should I want to add a few comments to his his machinegun. One of the bandits to pursue law enforcement as a letter. . . . In the first place we have immediately fell to the ground un• time career. He must have devoted at many tangible evidences of the spe· hurt, while the other ran a short dis• least five substantially continuous cific value of his schooling in Wash• tance and again attempted to hide in years to law enforcement and be nom• ington. But aside from specific in• a clump of bushes. inated by the head of his department stances in which some of our men have While the deputy stood guard over or a higher official. The candidate been able to solve or prevent crimes the one robber, the chief proceeded in has to be at least 25 and not over 50 because of the specific knowledge the direction of the other, again com• years of age and be in excellent phys• gained from your school, there is an manding him to throw up his hands ical condition. Another requirement even more important value.... and surrender. This time the bandit is that he possess at least a high school did walk out in the open, but not with diploma or military equivalency cer• Renewed Interest any intention of surrendering. He tificate and be able Lo grasp a tre• "There is no need for me to tell you quickly reached for the waistband of mendous amount of information in a of the headaches that a police chief his trousers and drew what later minimum time. Also, he must have sometimes suffers due to jealousies proved to be a .38-caliber revolver. an outstanding character and reputa• within his department. When our offi· Acting automatically from training tion and must have demonstrated un• cer went to Washington, everybody received in double-action combat impeachable moral conduct and in• was immediately jealous of him, and shooting, the chief felled the bandit, tegrity. All candidates are considered it caused a cleavage in the department the gunman's weapon dropping to the without regard to race, creed, color, or between those who were his friends ground before he had an opportunity national origin. and those who were not. . . . When to fire a single shot. The distance There are no fees or tuition charges he returned, he started a school and between the gunman and the chief was for attending the National Academy, devoted his entire time to passing on later measured and determined to be and such necessary items as type• the knowledge he had gained. 85 feet. writers, revolvers, briefcases, and "Our own men became so fasci· "The chief really demonstrated his other classroom supplies are loaned_ nated with the things that the gradu· ability and FBI training in that deal," free of charge, to the students. Th.., ates of your Academy learned that reflected a Texas newspaper. FBI, however, does not provide for practically all of them attended the Following this narrow escape, the the officer's day-to-day needs, such as school, and it completely revitalized chief, a ational Academy graduate, room and board, laundry, and other their interest in police work, in the wrote a letter to Mr. Hoover and, in essentials. He must be prepared to department, and in each other.... expressing his appreciation for the meet these expenses as well as trans• You can imagine how reassuring it is training afforded him, said, "... I portation to and from Washington. am certain that, were it not for this for the community now to know the Student Expenses character of the people who spend training, I might not be alive today Numerous methods have been de• their full working day taking care of to tell about it." vised to cover student expenses. the various interests of the commu· Since it is not feasible that all law Some police departments provide the nity...." enforcement officers attend a 12-week employee with extra funds during the A police chief and a deputy sheriff training course in Washington, the question is, How then can the major• period of his attendance. In some were stalking two armed bandits ity best be reached? The obvious areas, contribution are made by local across open country in Texas which answer is to qualify every graduate merchants and businessmen, while was devoid of any cover except oc· as an instructor or administrator. He still others have established scholar• casional clumps of bushes. The chief may then return to his own agency ship funds involving small donations was armed with only his service re• prepared to impart newly learned from members of the department over volver while the deputy carried a techniques to his fellow officers. a long period of time. submachinegq!!. Therefore, it is necessary that only the Exemplary of good community Before proceeding a great distance, best officers available be selected for backing is the action of the junior the officers sighted two men in a this course in order to assure that chamber of commerce in a midwest• clump of brush. When called upon to each department sending a man to ern community. Members of the or-

4 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletie Officers attending the Academy receive personalized training in scientific crime detection.

5 National Academy officer must be Academy. In addition to lectures away from his home and family dur• and seminars, the training includes ing the 12 weeks of training; his active participation by the students' employing agency will not have the class projects and practical benefit of his services during this Sound motion pictures, slide pro• period; and the student himself will jectors, and models are also used probably be burning "midnight oil" where applicable to the course. Al• in order to keep up with his studies. though the officer is not expected to One of the finest examples of un• become an expert in each of the fields selfishness and cooperation in over• covered at the Academy, he is ex• coming community obstacles involved pected to thoroughly familiarize him• the police officers of a small western self with the many aspects of the town. Their police force consisted of problems and develop an awareness seven regular officers and one special of potentially explosive situations. employee. Formal application had For example, what if the policeman Ofllcial seal of the FBI National Academy. been filed by the chief of police nom• facing the sudden death of a shotgun inating one of his men to attend the blast from the deep blackness of a ganization agreed that it would be an FBI National Academy. When the lonely house had forgotten to hold his excellent community investment to FBI's acceptance was received, the flashlight at arm's length away from pay the travel expenses of a local chief called his officers together. It his body? The lethal hail of pellets police officer to the FBI National would not be possible for the desig• that shattered his left hand and the Academy. The suggestion was ap• nated officer to attend unless a substi• flashlight could very well have taken proved by vote and 140 businessmen tute could be found to take over his his life. As it happened, the gunman of the town were contacted immedi· local duties. A manpower shortage was captured and the fortunate police• ately by representatives of the junior had seriously drained the town of man escaped with only a hand wound. chamber of commerce. They contrib• eligible candidates, so the situation This officer credited his National uted the necessary funds, but the story was hopeless until the officers put their Academy training with the saving of does not end there. Later, this orga• heads together. A unanimous vote his life. It was an obvious precau• nization again initiated a movement was cast among them to work 7 days tion one might think, yet perhaps n_ to send another local officer to Wash• a week while their fellow officer at• so obvious when looking into the face ington. This time the response was tended the Academy. This decision of death. The would-be killer, aim• overwhelming. The businessmen, called for a 3-month stretch without ing at the light, would undoubtedly pleased with the results of the train• a single free day. have found his target but for the training and practice which had made ing which had been given the first Flexible Curriculum officer-who was later appointed chief the policeman's action automatic. As the needs of law enforcement of police--participated so enthusi• With the graduation of the 75th astically that contributions had to be change, so does the curriculum of the session of the FBI Tational Academy Academy. Many subjects are taught, limited. In less than 2 days, 30 cit• on May 26, 1965, this training has but they are all chosen on the basis izens contributed the entire sum. been afTorded to 4,740 officers from of police experience. For example, In many cases, National Academy all 50 States, the District of Columbia, a nationwide upsurge of youthful students receive no financial aid Puerto Rico, and numerous foreign criminality in recent years and the whatsoever. Not a few officers have nations. Of those still engaged in increasing importance of crowd and come to Washington entirely at their law enforcement, more than 28 per• riot control have led to additional own expense. One outstanding inci• cent are executive heads of their agen• emphasis on these subjects. dent occurred in which an officer actu• cies, occupying such positions as chief ally worked his way through the Firearms and ballistics, uses of of police, sheriff, superintendent of Academy by taking photographs of photography in law enforcement, police, and the like. members of his class and local scenes fingerprint identification, defensive The graduates have formed their in Washington which he sold in order tactics, criminal law, police records, own alumni association, the FBI Na• to pay his food bill. surveillances, sociology, and public tional Academy Associates, with chap• Financial problems, however, are speaking are only a few of the sub• ters at local and regional levels. A not the only hardships endured. The jects which are taught at the ational (Continued on page 20)

6 FBI Law Enforcement Bul THE MORALS SQUAD e Policewoman Joan Mathers. A poll of any police department as mands the very best in police services. WILLIAM M . LOMBARD to the most heinous crime and the most Our goal has been and will be to meas• Chief of Police, Rochester, N.Y . difficult criminal investigation will in• ure up to community expectations. variably bring the same answer-the Where improvement of operations is crime with a sex motive. found to be needed, action has been Where sex is involved in crime, we and will be taken. are frequently confronted with a Sex Crimes dilemma. Victims and witnesses are usually uncooperative, and often state• Certain shortcomings in sex crimes ments of admission by the perpetrators investigations were dramatically cannot be corroborated. Sex crimes, pointed out to our department in the even the nuisance types, create com• brutal and sadistic murder of a 13• munity hysteria, and the pressures year-old girl whose ravished body was therefrom usually rise in billowing found in a gravel pit. clouds for more police action. The incident occurred in Septem• Rochester, a city of more than ber 1962 outside the city of Rochester 306,000 and a metropolitan area of in Monroe County. As in any crime over 620,000, lies in the Genesee in this area, immediate efforts were Valley region of upstate New York on made to assist the sheriff of Monroe the shores of Lake Ontario. It is a County and investigators of the New community of predominantly skilled York State Police. The public clam• labor and stable industry which de• ored for an early identification and

7 apprehension of the perpetrator. This spect, it was felt that greater accom- sented the bulk of the training with was accomplished within 10 days after plishments in the sex crime area assistance from other FBI instructors. the crime. would have been possible if proper The course was regional in natu. At the outset of the investigation, stress had been placed on the value of and police officers from surroundi the police records office was requested records. departments and agencies were also to submit the names of all persons ar- Coordination Needed in attendance. Training of this na- rested and/or known as sex offenders ture not only equipped the personnel The brutal sex murder in Septem- over the preceding 5­year period of the police bureau to approach the ber 1962, with a subsequent review (1957­61). The records office was problems of sex offenses, sex offend- also asked to submit sex crime statis- and evaluation of the administrative ers. and the investigation of these tics for the same period. The subse- operations of the police bureau, re- crimes more intelligently but also vealed that results were being oh- quent report reflected the names of served to orient the personnel from tained in sex crimes investigations, 155 individuals and a yearly average the other agencies in the same manner. but that information of real and sub- of US sex crimes with a 13­percent Cooperation and understanding, stantial value was maintained and kept solution rate for the 5­year period. which might not have been possible, within five separate areas. These in- were thereby effected at the beginning Sex Statistics in Error cluded: (1) detective division files; of the operations of the morals squad. These statistics were incredible. (2) policewomen's unit files; (3) rec- They were immediately looked upon ords and statistics office files; ( 4) Morals Squad Duties as inaccurate because they presented patrol division files; and (5) the in- The duties of the squad can be de- a false picture of the volume of sex dividual personal files of some investi- scribed as follows: crimes in the city of Rochester. Also, gators. 1. Receives and reviews all information the "cleanup" statistics tended to On October 1, 1962, the morals daily from all sources within the police show little or no elf ort by the police squad was established. (This desig- bureau on crimes and complaints with a sex motive. This information is gleaned bureau in this vital area of police and nation may tend to indicate a police from arrest blotters, daily reports, and community concern. The apparent unit within our force of 525 police direct referrals by inv e ~ti g ators. failings and shortcomings in these officers which is solely responsible for 2. Reviews all Teletype messages regarding matters did not result from any lack the investigation of sex crimes, but sex offenders and offenses. of effort, but rather from a lack of actually the responsibility for such in- 3. Maintains complete name, "mug," ~ related files on all known sex offenders. coordination, communications, and vestigations still remains with the field proper police management in the the Metropolitan Rochester area. personnel­ uniformed and plain- 4. Solicits information from all other police keeping of records. clothes investigators.) The morals agencies in the geographic area and A critical and frank self­evaluation squad consists of one policewoman, renders assistance to them in their in- as to the reasons why such a state of Officer Joan Mathers. She has been vestigations whenever requested. (The affairs should exist was needed. The with the police bureau for 7 years files are available to all authorized crim- inal investigators.) police department, typical of many and has a previous background in law enforcement agencies, large and 5. Makes appropriate inquiries of the FBI nursing. This so­called morals squad and the New York State Department of small, had been dependent in some functions primarily as a factfinding Correction to establish recidivism and/ or instances upon the memories of key and research unit on all sex offenses. previous sex arrests of local residents investigators in matters pertaining to which occurred in other jurisdictions. sex crimes. This practice evolved Training Valuable 6. Cooperates with local probation and over the years because of the delicate Valuable assistance was rendered State parole offices in receiving informa- nature of these investigations and the by the FBI in getting the morals tion on convicted sex offenders released from cu tody and residing in the area. squad off to an excellent start. Mrs. obvious need for discreet and confi- 7. Prepares photos of suspects for investi- dential treatment of information per- Mathers and selected members of the gating officers whenever requested or taining to sex violations. Howeve~, police bureau were afforded the FBI when a modus operandi of a sex crime as would be expected, criminal investi- Sex Crimes Investigation Course dur- is established. gations and file records suffered be- ing November 1962. The specialized 8. Prepares sex crime pattern reports, which cause of the lack of information on curriculum was given over a week's are submitted to commanding officers and units responsible for investigation known sex criminals and their activi- period for a total of 35 hours in the and apprehension. ties. The value of appropriate rec- Rochester Police Academy. Special 9. Prepares statistical data on sex offenses ords in this vital phase of operations Agent Walter V. McLaughlin, an ex- and offenders in the bureau's jurisdic- had been underestimated. In retro- pert on sex crimes and criminals, pre- tion.

8 FBI Law Enforcement Bullee CODING SYSTEM FOR SEX OFFENDERS (Six digits are being used)

1st Digit 2nd Digit 3rd Digit 4th Digit 5th Digit 6th Digit

AGE BUILD AND HAIR COLOR HEIGHT ODDITIES ACC TO DOB HAIR COLOR DESCRIPTION

code code code code code code

1. WHITE 1. BEFORE 1900 1. SHORT 1. SLENDER. LIGHT 1. STRAIGHT 1. LIMP OR GAIT 2. NEGRO 2. 1900­1910 2. MEDIUM 2. SLENDER-DARK 2. WAVY 2. EYES-GLASSES 3. OTHER 3. 1910­1920 3. TALL 3. SLENDER-GREY KINKY 3. VIS IBLE SCARS 4. 1920­1930 4. SLENDER-RED CURLY CROOKED LIMBS 5. 1930­1940 5. AVERAGE-LIGHT WOOLY DEFORMED LIMBS 6. 1940­1950 6. AVERAGE-DARK 3. BALD OR MISSING LIMBS 7. 1950­1960 7. AVERAGE- GREY PARTLY BALD 4. TATTOOS 8. AVERAGE-RED 5. SPEECH' 9. HEAVY-LIGHT 6. MUSTACHE; BEARD 10. HEAVY-DARK 7. RETARDED 11 . HEAVY-GREY 8. EARS; HEARING 12. HEAVY-RED 9. TEETH 10. COMPLEXION; MOLES 11. LEFT HANDED

Figure 1.

When the morals squad was set up, the prosecution of the case; inability Description of car Policewoman Mathers immediately to obtain evidence because of pro- License number of car proceeded to identify sex offenders longed delay or hesitation in report- Special type of crime or perversion who had come to the attention of the ing the crime; unwillingness on the Sex and age of victim A>chester Police Bureau during the part of complainant to disclose his or Location of complete investigative ~ eceding 5 years. This first under- her identity; and the mental state report and/ or complaint which taking was a very time­consuming and/ or age of the perpetrator. makes this person a suspect task. Persons arrested on charges of At the top of this report form, there Master File rape, carnal abuse, sodomy, indecent are also noted the police bureau's file exposure, and endangering the morals All available information uncov- number and an identifying code num- of minors were identified through the ered on these offenders was next ber_ On the reverse side, arrests, court dockets for the entire period. incorporated into a master file, alpha- convictions, involvement in investi- Arrest records on cases of assault, dis- betically arranged by last name, to gations, SUspIcIons, probation or orderly conduct, vagrancy, and intox- serve as a key index. This file now parole status, State hospital commit- ication unearthed another large num- shows instantly whether a suspect (1) ments, Teletype messages regarding ber of sex­type offenders. has ever been arrested in the local this offender, and any other pertinent The reports on sex crimes investi- geographic area or elsewhere for a remarks are noted. gations were next thoroughly re- sex crime, (2) has had 'any involve- The master file presently contains viewed, and they served to identify ment in a sex complaint, or (3) has a total of 2,119 known or suspected many more offenders who had never ever been suspected of being involved. sex offenders. There are 1,932 males been arrested for their immoral acts. In a report form, individual items and 87 females included. Molesters Arrests had not been made for any for this file are laid out as follows: make up the greatest number of of- one of several reasons. Among some Name fenders with a total of 731 males. of the more prevalent reasons for no Address Next are male exposers with 372, arrests were: lack of cooperation on Physical description followed by male homosexuals with the part of the victim or parents of the Modus operandi 271 names. As of the beginning victim in the investigation and/ or in Area of crime of 1964, this factfinding morals squad

July 1965 9 sists of a six­digit number. Each digit flAG POSITIONS IN PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION FILE refers to a specific physical charac- teristic. The digits as they appear ~ ODDITY 1ST POSITION 2ND POSITION 3RD POSITION the code number refer to the foIl. ing physical items: l. LIMP OR GAIT BROWN 2. EYES-GLASSES WHITE 1st digit­Color (race) 3. VISIBLE SCARS, DEFORMED RED 2d digit­ Age (according to date OR MISSING LIMBS 4. TATTOOS BLUE of birth) 5. SPEECH GREEN 3d digit­ Height 6. MUSTACHE; BEARD BROWN 7. RETARDED GREEN 4th digit­ Build and color of hair B. EARS; HEARING BLUE 5th digit­Description of hair tex- 9. TEETH WHITE ture 10. COMPLEXION; MOLES RED 11. LEFT HANDED BROWN 6th digit­ Oddities The value of each digit differs with variations of a particular physical at- Figure 2. tribute according to a predetermined codification system_ (See fig. 1.) Brown White All offenders and suspects in the physical description file are separated into physical likeness groups, accord- Doe, John Joseph 1­­­­­­­0­ ing to the code. Index card dividers 1 "A" Street 1­4­2­5­1­1 separate groups according to the first £ 2 .B. two digits in the code num'bers; i.e., RPD#OOOOO color and age. The code for each of the subsequent groups follows in 1952 ­ In Park ­ whistled at children ­ dropped trousers below knees order, thus: I­I­I, 1­1­2, 1­1­3, 1959 ­ In High School area ­ sitting in car ­ no trousers_ Pulled etc. The last three numbers in the across intersection blocking path of teenaged girls six­digit code narrow down or Pia point the offender even more exactl_ If a victim can tell the police only that Drives 61 Yellow T Bird Lic# 3X 412 the subject was an old man, white, who was tall and talked with an ac- cent, this individual would accord- Born 1926 ­ 5'9" ­ 155# ­ Blond Straight ­ Wears Glasses ingly be in one of two code groupings, Hair Mustache 1­1­3­?­ ?­ 5 or 1­2­3­?­?­5. The investigator of a case is given Figure 3.­Sample card in physical description file. (Third line, upper left, "C" refers to "Convictions"; third line, upper right, "R" refers to "Recidivism." Brown tab in 1 st position; all pictures in the pertinent groupings white tab in 3d position.! to show the victim, and he is advised as to which of these individuals has knew that only 82 persons of the total It was determined that identification previously employed a modus oper- number included in its files were in- based upon physical description, mo- andi similar to that used in the com- carcerated in local or State in titu- dus operandi, and area of operation plaint presently under investigation. tions. Conversely, there were approx- was 'most practical and desirable. In the phy ical description file, imately 2,000 persons with sex crime The physical description coding was potential at large in the area. therefore developed. It has proved physical oddities are more easily lo- to be uncomplicated and workable cated through a system of colored Physical Description File both as to classification of offender flags or tab placed on the index cards. As the master file grew, it became and as to ease in pinpointing a sus- The position and color of the flags on necessary to establish a code system pect if his description is developed the card high light the particular oddi- whereby rapid identification of log- from a complainant. ties or characteristics. (See figs. 2 ical suspects could be accomplished. The physical description code con- and 3.)

10 FBI Law Enforcement BUlleti. I Modus Operandi File Female offenders are grouped sep- wherein there is insufficient evidence A modus operandi file was set up arately. They are classified and filed to make an arrest. These facts are in- according to the physical description I d cross indexed. All offenders are corporated into the files on a con- eouped according to: (1) the act code system. Prostitutes and Les- tinuing basis. which they have committed, (2) the bians are special groups in the modus Information such as men habitually age and sex group violated, (3) local operandi breakdown. frequenting and/ or loitering in or district in which the crime was com- Car File about schools, playgrounds, skating rinks, teenage dances, drive­ins, parks, mitted, (4) whether an automobile A car file is also being maintained and similar places is solicited and fur- was used, and (5) whether the occu- by the morals squad. A complete de- nished to the morals squad. Youthful pation of the offender enabled him to scription of each car involved in a sex males with apparent criminal intent encounter his victim. One offender complaint is classified according to who frequent areas where active homo- may thereby have many cards in this color, license number, and type of sexuals are known to congregate or file, covering every facet of the act or complaint. The information is frag- patronize are of interest to the squad. acts which he has committed. For mentary as it is received from criminal Information of these types serves to example, one offender might have investigators and as it is culled from make the files valuab"le and meaning- cards under the following groupings investigative reports on individual ful, and every bit of such information in the modus operandi file : exposer, complaints. By correlating all such becomes a part of the files on sex information, the morals squad has car exposer, park molester, and school crimes and offenders. area molester. been able to successfully tie up loose Accounting Procedure Modus operandi groupings covered ends and to make available to investi- gators data on owners of vehicles or include the following: In addition to the aforementioned suspects in sex crimes. Automobile files, the morals squad keeps an ac- Incest Annoyers license numbers which have been re- count of every sex complaint received Homosexuality Enticers Sodomy Involvement with ported and found to be erroneous are by the Rochester Police Bureau. Each Boy molesters animals also listed under a separate break- complaint is recorded in table form Rape Bestiality down. They have proved valuable in 10 vertical columns as follows: Teenage molesters Cruelty to animals when subsequent complaints are re- 1. Location of investigative report (detec- Child molesters Frotteurs ceived and several of the same digits tive division case number) . Al,ult molesters Ladies' underwear 2. Location of verbatim report of com· ~ eater molesters involvement on car plates are reported. plainant (complaint number}. Park molesters Stealing Prowler File 3. Date of occurrence. Bus molesters Wearing 4. Time of day. School area molest­ Procurers Prowler complaints are filed ac- 5. Complainant and address. ers Fairy hawks cording to physical descriptions and/ 6. Description of subject. Playgrounds False alarms or modus operandi as reported by 7. Description of car and license number. Downtown area mo­ Setting fires complaints. Patterns of window- 8. Location of crime (police district) . lesters Bombs peepers are established therefrom. 9. Modus operandi. (If the subject has Ramp garages Obscene pictures been apprehended, his name also is in- Midtown plaza Distributing The file becomes particularly helpful cluded under the modus operandi col_ Department stores Possessing when a specific area is the scene of a umn.) Parking lots Posing housebreaking with a sex motivation. 10. Age of victim. Girls' dormitory mo- Obscene phone calls The names of complainants and other lesters Obscene letters pertinent details which might help in This method of accounting provides University area All written ob­ a master control and an easy means Various nurses' effecting an identification are readily scenities for compiling totals at the end of each homes Abortionists available through this file, and the in- Girls' boarding Peeping Toms formation is given to the investigator month on both solved and unsolved houses Prowlers working on the housebreaking. cases. It has also proved to be most Home break­ins with Sadists The files of the morals squad are helpful in the determination of sex molesting Masochists crime patterns. Exposers Various perversions virtually alive because all uniformed Car exposers Triolism and plainclothes investigators are Carnal Abuse Transvestites Urolagnia under orders to forward all informa- The morals squad has played a vital Impersonating Self­abuse tion to the morals squad on persons in- part in many important investigations. Police Foot pervert Doctor Pygmalionism volved in abnormal sexual behavior One case involved seven complaints Minister Bondage or suspicious actions of a sex nature (Continued on page 22)

. Iy 1965 11 fenses through a network of tele· phones from coast to coast and border to border. A. We have transformed oursel ~ from a society in which some consti• tutional rights often were ignored or overlooked to one in which they all are universally insisted upon. We have replaced the frontier law en• forcement officer, whose power was measured largely by the bulge in his TAKING INVENTORY biceps and the speed of his six.gun, with an organization man who carries a manual of administrative regula• The law enforcement officer is in trouble with the law. Why? tions under one arm and a law book Special Agent Dalbey, FBI Legal Research Desk, gives some of the under the other. The individual now has more power against the police, answers to this puzzling question in a speech he presented recently and the police have less power against at the graduation exercises of the Southwestern Police Academy, the individual. Dallas, Tex. , and at the 33d annual conference of the Missouri As stated by the chief judge ot a Peace Officers Association, St. Louis, Mo. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals: "The two distinct trends in the crim• inal law during the last 40 years have been to strengthen the rights of the individual and to restrict the powers of the police." 1 Yet the stockholders in this corporation-the citizens at large--have taken little notice of those changes and their effect on te security of each of them in his life, liberty, and property. They do not see the conditions which are sapping DWIGHT J. DALBEY In the social corporation which we the strength of law enforcement. Special Agent, Federal Bureau of call law enforcement, a comprehen• The obvious proof of our need to Investigation sive inventory taking is long overdue. take inventory is the expanding vol· In a comparatively few years this a• ume and intensity of crime, a problem tion has changed from a principally on which Director J. Edgar Hoover of agrarian society in which criminal the FBI has endeavored to focus pub• offenses where the simple, age· old lic attention for years. Crime has crimes common to all mankind to a unquestionably reached the propor· highly urbanized society in which the tions of a public menace in some areas old crimes persist with new twists and and is threatening in many others. new offenses seem to thrive like bac• Preliminary figures for 1964 show teria in a laboratory culture. that crime in the United States in• We have improved our transporta• creased 13 percent over the same tion so remarkably that a criminal can period in 1963. The volume of crime leap the continent by air in less time has grown almost constantly for ap• than his predecessor could leave the proximately two decades. That fact county by horse and buggy. We is not neces arily serious in itself. have built a communications system We must expect a growing population so complete that an astute criminal to generate a ri ing volume of crime. can direct and commit criminal of• But the volume of crime does not

12 FBI Law Enforcement Bullete stand alone. It is the Tate of increase in crime that is alarming. Since 1958 . rime has increased five times faster NATIONWIDE . han population growth. Not only are there more murders, robberies, CRIMESCOPE burglaries, and larcenies than ever before, there are more of each of these crimes and all others per 1,000 inhab• INSTANT LEnERING drilled into the metal object. The itants. In at least the statistical USED IN FORGERY borescope has a tube approxi• sense, each inhabitant is in greater mately 10 inches long and about personal danger from crime than ever A man arrested for bank rob• one-sixteenth of an inch in diam• before. Public security against crime bery and interstate transportation eter which is fitted with a light and has hit a new low for our time. of forged checks used' a system of a series of lenses. By insertion of But the cold statistics on crime are forging difficult to detect. He su• the tube into the hole, an inac• inadequate to demonstrate the magni• perimposed instant lettering on cessible interior can be visually tude of the problem. They do not appropriate paper, pressing onto examined. graphically portray the human trag• the paper the desired letters by Police theorize the burglars used edy of crime. The cold statistics do merely rubbing over them-giving the instrument for cracking safes. not spill the blood of the murder vic• the document the appearance of By drilling the hole between the tim before the public eye, nor echo authenticity. The instant lettering dial and handle, the burglars could his screams of terror in the quiet halls consisted of all types of capital let• possibly observe the actual falling of justice. They do not express the ters and various types of lettering, of the tumblers when they manipu• fears with which many of our people including Old English. lated the dial. Should the dial of must now live-the fear of the bus• Among the numerous forged the safe be knocked oft, burglars driver that he will be beaten and documents found in a search of could visually examine the locking robbed at the end of the line; the fear his house were three doctorate de• mechanism by inserting the tube of the cabdriver that he will be shot grees, including a Ph. D. from an into the safe or the door of the safe in the back for his night's receipts; English university. These docu• to determine whether it would be e nd the fear of the woman necessarily ments he had successfully displayed necessary to make any additional abroad that she will be attacked either to gain employment as a teacher of cuts. The instrument can also be by day or by night. Yet these crimes engineering at a local university projected into the interior of a safe and others equally vicious have oc• and also to obtain employment at to determine whether its contents curred with frightening frequency in an aeronautical firm. would warrant forcing it open. at least some of our larger urban He had also used this device to areas. forge driver's licenses and other The cold statistics on crime do not r identification papers. NOW YOU SEE IT- reveal disabling injury, financial loss, S/IN D/£G-o CI?,IY}O£ L , or a citizen's voluntary curtailment of b AT €'O , ~/, B'/6 c{ - B"~I II 13 -'t~'tb ~ ~?W YOU DON T his own freedom of movement lest he ENGINEERING TOOL One bookie's idea for "making be victimized in the exercise of it. IN BURGLARIES book" and quickly disposing of the Yet these are the ultimate facts in the evidence was conceived from a menacing growth of crime, and the A quantity of tools was found re• simple toy. The folding top that end result to many a victim is that his cently during the investigation of covered his kitchen stove, con• allegedly unalienable right to life, lib• a burglary in Kentucky. In addi• veniently located near the tele• erty, and property becomes a hollow tion to the usual implements, an in• phone, was of such material that, mockery. strument known as a borescope was An inventory will readily disclose discovered. This is a tool of the when covered by a thin sheet of specific facts to show that ~ome of our engineering profession for exam• plastic, it would take a blunt fellow citizens live in constant danger ining the interior of objects made wooden pencil impression. This of criminal molestation and violence. of thick metal. impression remained until the plas• In a large eastern city, the newspapers A small hole, approximately one• tic was lifted, completely obliter• (Continued on page 14) eighth of an inch in diameter, is ating any telltale evidence. CR/I\')~E S"I\) b I~G-O Cj!It\1J)~l: _Uly 1965 OUlsv ,lL£ L 'bA\"E:,1::) I -~f) _ ~~ ~~"'tEn i'-a~ -G:,~ 1;,3"'4~"'Io-a'l ~I) ~ ~~E, ol:::t #:: I I 1<=1: b3 - "1 - '1" "MAILED FIST" PACKS (Continued from page 13) O~DAMAGING WALLOP of recent years, and particularly those o of recent months, have stated tha. fQ Wire mesh gloves are gaining 11 taxicab drivers are so fearful of rob. o popularity with teenagers as weap• bery that they are reluctant to drive r ons for use in rumbles. Re• at night; that narcotics addicts, sex• It ferred to as meat handlers' gloves, ual perverts, and other undesirables they have come to the attention of are driving the citizens from the pub• authorities in one east coast city lic parks; and that widespread van• where rival juvenile gangs report· Burglary tools found In WhMI well of dalism is costing public and private station wagon. edly equipped themselves with the concerns millions of dollars annually. "metal mittens" when a fight was STEALING ON CREDIT ? In several large residential areas imminent. One individual on the V of modest income, where there are as receiving end of a blow from such A gas station attendant in an:S (l:1 many as 1,800 apartments in many a "mailed fist" was badly cut and east coast city was arrested recently ~ 6 tall buildings, so many of those who disfigured. for fraudulently obtaining money ~ ~ live there have been robbed, raped, and merchandise by using credit V\ mugged, beaten to death, or victimized cards presented to him by his cus· b in other crimes that the men of the tomers for their purchases. G (" families residing there have set up His modus operandi was to take 6 fl1 systems of voluntary patrols to guard the credit card into the station, -4 .-1 those buildings during the late eve• place it in the credit card charge "<. ning and night hours. machine, and imprint a blank slip.... 0 Violence in the streets, the corri• in addition to the actual purchase ~ 41 dors, and the elevators has thus slip. He would then have the cus· 0 r;I brought back to some areas of that tomer sign one slip for the amount ~ 0 city a system of citizen police which of his purchases. Later, the at· ~ ~ was discarded a century and a quar• tendant would forge the card hold· () I ter ago with the establishment of the ~ Wire mesh II10ve used In ...nage rumble. er's signature on the blank slip he & first official police forces. One newe had imprinted, insert a larger 2, I paper stated that "of the many prob• amount of purchases, and take the..... l1' lems disrupting the present and BURGLARS' VEHICLE dHJerence in cash or merchandise. ~ Cr) threatening the future of this city, ~ L.l none is more critical than this grow• -;r CONCEALS TOOLS .' f.l CREDIT CARDS ALTERED ~ ing cQncern and fear over the increase o Three safe burglars recently ar· ~ WITH "HOT NEEDLE" ,<} ;:-I of fear and violence in the streets, the (I) rested in the Southwest used a spe· V' e elevators, and the parks." -I cially equipped station wagon on An unusual instance of the c. "O Nor is that one city unique; other o their numerous criminal escapades. fraudulent use of an oil company's P 2 large cities suffer from burgeoning ?, The oversized tire well of the car credit card was recently discovered I crime. In a different city the news• was large enough to conceal bottles in a southern city. The name, )l .::D papers of recent months reported that of oxygen and acetylene, cutting credit card number, and expira· ~ in two separate sections of the city, torches, hoses, goggles, pry bars, tion date on the plastic cards were J 0 alarmed citizens have banded together and walkie-talkie equipment. altered through the use of a "hot, b to set up vigilance and warning sys• A Swiss·made military .30·cali. needle," and the cards were readily ~ terns to protect their people and their ber revolver with a 4-inch barrel passed without suspicion. I ~ homes against criminal attack. "At was concealed behind the ashtray The plastic cards, when sub·...... r times," a newspaper reported, "the on the dashboard of the car. The jected to heat, readily melt, and, ..lI attitude of the homeowners . . . ap· ashtray had been altered so that through the skillful appHcation of g pea red to be that of a frontier posse." access to the revolver could be a heated tool, were changed so that Ct1 In that same city, during the month made quickly and easily. only when sent through automatic :r.. of December 1964, merchants with The arrest of the burglars solved processing machines were the al. Tt, firearms shot five thugs attempting to some 40 safe burglaries in 3 Statea. terations detected. ~ rob them in their stores. This was LOOISV.lLE c....RltvlbE:L FBI Law Enforcement Bulletie b tl1'£D or -~ T - ,,~ Q Sol:: I '# iJ said to be something of a record in modest income.3 It is the weak and unlike then, the principal legal ques• the city and reminiscent of the "Do it inarticulate, forced by economic cir• tions concerning arrest, search, and a ourself" law enforcement of the vig• cumstance to live and work in the interrogation in State cases are ques• . mtes of the early frontier_ areas of greatest danger, who bear the tions of Federal constitutional law. 6 A newspaper in a third large city greatest human burden of crime. This And those questions may be raised by stated editorially in February 1965 is an inequity which cannot fairly be the defendant through every level of that "Law-abiding citizens here are rationalized and which no citizen of the State courts and then to the Fed• getting fed up with invasions of their this ation, however safe he may be eral courts and to the Supreme Court homes by burglars and stickup men. in his own home, should be wining to of the United States. The legal prob• It was bad enough when sneak thieves tolerate. lems of today's officer make those of were breaking into houses and ran· It would not be amiss at this point the frontier marshal and sheriff look sacking them for valuables. A new to speculate a moment on the future. like child's play. and worse pattern seems to be taking Within a few years, the city planning Legal Confusion shape; the crooks break into an empty experts say, three.quarters of the dwelling, wait for the householders to American people will live in a fairly Yet this gaping defect in the law• come home, crack their skulls with the small number of metropolitan areas, the uncertainty of the powers which butt end of a pistol, and make off with fewer than 200. early 40 percent it gives and denies to the officers• their jewelry." of the population will live in or close goes largely unrecognized and unad• President Lewis F. Powell, Jr., of by three monster supercities-one mitted, even by those who should the American Bar Association said re• spreading from Boston, Mass., to know better. When an officer investi• cently that "When we have reached a Norfolk, Va., another from Milwaukee gating a case of some notoriety makes situation-as we have in certain to Detroit or Cleveland, and a third an arrest on information which the areas-where law·abiding citizens from San Francisco to San Diego.4 courts later find to be insufficient to are unsafe in their homes and are If crime already thrives like a malig• meet the Federal constitutional stand• denied the privilege of using the pub. nant virus in many streets of the ard of probable cause for arrest, or a lic streets and parks for fear of their metropolis today, what proportions search is found by the courts to be un• personal safety, we are approaching will it assume when those streets reasonable, the critics have a field paralysis in the first duty of govern- stretch out for hundreds of miles? day. They say, as one said recently A ent at all levels." 2 And as you are An inventory of law enforcement in a letter to a national publication, ~ aware, the President of the United will show that the employee of this "Why don't our law enforcement offi· States has shown his concern with social corporation- the law enforce• cers simply begin to observe the law this problem. ment officer-is in trouble with the and to confine their searches and seiz• ures to those which do not violate Defective Rationalization law. He is in trouble with the law because in many important respects constitutional guarantees?" There are those who seek to ration• he does not know what the law re• Let the Supreme Court of the United alize the risk of crime by stating that quires of him. The law often is con• States answer that question. Mr. some crime is inevitable in a free so• fused and uncertain, failing to clearly Justice Frankfurter said the decisions ciety in which police powers neces• mark out the powers which the officer of the Supreme Court itself on what sarily are limited and that the citizen may exercise and the restrictions upon is a reasonable search incidental to must assume this hazard. But this those powers. This was true in the lawful arrest "cannot be satisfactorily easy rationalization has obvious de· days of Wyatt Earp and the frontier reconciled" with each other.7 Chief fects. It places no upper limits on sheriff, but the official acts of those Justice Vinson said the law of search the hazard of crime which the citizen officers were not required to pass the and seizt:re is "replete with perplexi. must assume in an era of rising crime microscopic legal analysis of the of• ties." 8 Mr. Justice Black said it is a trends. Moreover, it falsely assumes ficial acts of police officers today. matter of "uncertainty." 9 Mr. Jus• that the citizen living in some quiet Now, unlike then, a man arrested tice Clark said it is a "quagmire." 10 suburb shares the risk of crime for a crime has a right to demand a Mr. Justice Jackson spoke of the law equally with those who live in the lawyer from the moment of arrest,5 of search and seizure as a subject on poorer and more densely populated and you may be sure that the lawyer which "This court and its members sections of the central city. will minutely examine the officer's have been . . . inconstant and in• The victims of the criminal are work for any legal flaws which may consistent." 11 predominantly the poor and those of exist. It is his duty to do so. Now, Or let the senior judge of a U.S.

fI'Y 1965 15 circuit court of appeals answer the terest of effective law enforcement, discouragement and demoralization of question why officers don't "simply law.enforcing officials and the courts police officers, hesitancy in making begin to observe the law." In the of this State must be clearly advised even those arrests which the law would words of the judge: "Police officers of what is and what is not permissible allow, and, consequently, greater free need to know their powers to question, search and seizure." 14 When the dom of action for the criminal. detain, and arrest, but Federal law judges themselves find the law con· The officer is in trouble with the law and the laws of all the States on these f used and uncertain, how is it humanly because so much knowledge is ex· questions are in great confusion. . . . possible for the police officer to "sim· pected of him and so little training is Reliable guides are usually unavail· ply begin to observe the law"? given to him. It is not an exaggera· able, so that no one can say with any The uncertainty of the law springs tion to say that the law enforcement certainty what powers the police offi· from many sources, and some of it officer is now required to be a consti· cer has until the particular case is must remain so long as men disagree tutional lawyer in some areas of the decided by the courts." 1 2 on what is right and what is wrong. criminal law, particularly those cov· Another Federal circuit judge said But much of it can be removed by ering arrest and search. legislation updating our criminal a year ago: "I must concede that some Due to circumstances beyond the of the rules laid down by the law· codes, some of them over a century control of anyone, many arrests and givers­including judges­are so am· old, to fit modern crime conditions searches, if not most, must be made biguous that even a judge, were he and modern concepts of basic con· on an emergency basis. There is no the watchman on the firing line, would stitutional rights. A few States al· time for asking a judge or magistrate not always know precisely what to do ready have made such a revision. to determine the existence of probable to avoid breaking the laws which Some may shrug off the uncertainty cause for arrest, or the limitations of govern the police. Moreover, they of the law as a police problem only• reflect an astounding naivete concern· a worry to be left to the police ad· a reasonable search. The officer ing the realities and risks involved in ministrators. But it is more than must decide these questions for him· searches and arrests." 13 Or, as the that ; it is a problem for the citizen self, and in the proverbial split second. judge of the supreme court of a who expects protection against crime. Yet these are questions on which the large State said last year: "In the in· Uncertainty in the law leads to the judges themselves disagree frequently,

Chief of Police Daniel S. C. Llu, Honolulu, Hawaii, a graduate of the FBI National Academy, was greeted by Director J. Edgar Hoover on • recent visit to FBI Headquarters. and the Mapp decision in 1961 made widely on these questions. The jus• This constant vulnerability of the them questions of Federal constitu• tices and the judges of the highest officer to civil suit for damages leaves _ nal law which can be appealed all courts and the appeals courts of both him no room for error. In this mis• e way to the Supreme Court of the the Federal and the State Governments fortune the officer is unique. Out of United States. But who instructs the often split ~ and 3- 2 or 2-1 on all the vast hierarchy of officials who officer in these areas of the Federal these questions. Some differences of can and do make honest mistakes of constitutional law, to say nothing of opinion are inevitable. Probable judgment on probable cause for ar• State law? Who teaches him what cause for arrest and the limitations rest and the reasonableness of a the courts, the public, and the critics on a reasonable search are questions search-the judges, the prosecutors, require him to know? The FBI has of degree, and as Mr. Justice Holmes the magistrates, and the police offi• done so for many years under a pro• once said: "... when you realize cers-it is the police officers and the gram of police cooperation inaugu• that you are dealing with a matter of police officers alone who can be sued rated by Director Hoover long ago, degree, you must realize that reason• for damages for that mistake. Yet but police training still labors under able men may differ widely as to the the police officer is the official to whom severe handicaps. place where the line should fall." 15 the law is most uncertain, to whom the When dealing with these matters of least training in the law is given, and Training Needed degree----probable cause for arrest and the only one who must make his de• The vast majority of law enforce• reasonableness of a search-it is in• cision with speed and under pressure. ment officers have no police academy evitable that officers of the law, like It is true that some law enforcement ar other facilities suitable for instruc• the judges and justices of the courts, officers are protected against this dan• tion, and no money in the police will sometimes make honest mistakes. ger. The State of New York, for budget to provide for systematic and Not many years ago the law recog• example, has a statute which provides extended training in the law by the nized this fact and permitted the offi• that the State and its governmental instructors ·available. This Nation cer some latitude for error. subdivisions must assume the normal can afford many law schools for In 1949, Mr. Justice Rutledge, risk of illegal arrest, as well as other training judges, prosecutors, and de• speaking for the Supreme Court of the mistakes made by officers, and will fense lawyers, and it does afford free United States in a decision on prob• pay the judgment assessed against the legal counsel to an indigent defend• able cause for arrest, said that "Be• officer in the civil suit for damages.2o ~ t. It surely can also afford the cause many situations which confront But the officers in most of the other acilities and finances which would officers in the course of executing States are not protected. permit instructors trained in both the their duties are more or less ambig• The public danger from this con• law and police work to teach the law uous, room must be allowed for some dition was expressed by a Federal to officers who must make judgments mistakes on their part." 16 But this judge when he said: "We are rapidly of constitutional law and do so in a rule has been changed. reaching the point where a law en• moment's time and under the pres• Today the law allows the officer no forcement officer will be afraid to sure af personal danger. room for error. If an officer makes carry out his authority for fear that he Like uncertainty in the law, inade• an arrest without probable cause or might have to answer in a civil suit quate police training in the law is an unreasonable search, he has vio• for damages. This is a sorry state more than a police problem. Inade• lated a Federal constitutional right of of affairs, and I for one will not sub• quate training in the law leads to cases the person aggrieved by that arrest or scribe to it." 21 Another authority put it this way, "If an officer resolves bungled that might have been won, search, and the person aggrieved may sue the officer personally for damages all doubts [on arrest and search] in and bungled cases turn more crim• in Federal court regardless of any favor of his own pocketbook, the pub• inals loose on the streets. remedy which he may have in State lic interest in effective law enforce• The law enforcement officer is in courtY This has been the law since ment is sure to suffer." 22 trouble with the law because the law 1961. Although a few lower Federal Heavy Demands leaves him too little room for honest courts are attempting to modify the mistakes in judgment, particularly on severity of this rule,18 the threat of An inventory will show that law en• the question of probable cause far ar• personal suit for damages for an error forcement is in trouble because it is rest and the limits of a reasonable of law still hangs like a sword sus• chronically undermanned. The thin search. The law admits the known pended over the head of every police blue line of police officers has been fact that reasonable men will differ officer.19 stretched too thin. Police depart•

~ IY 1965 17 A recent enactment by the Ontario Legislature authorized the commissioning of the ranking officers of the Ontario Provincial Police, the second law enforcement agency in Canada to be so recognized with the " Queen's Commission." The Honorable W. Earl Rowe (left), Lieutenant Governor for the Province of Ontario, presents Commissioner Eric H: Silk of the Ontario Provincial Police his commission in recent ceremonies in Toronto. ments in major cities have been oper• many other employees, public and a bar in a large city was walking hona ating at less than authorized strength private, of whom much less is re• in a residential area at 3 a.m. wh. and are unable to recruit enough men quired. We are entitled to make she was attacked by a knifer. Her to fill the gap. This is not because heavy demands upon a law enforce• assailant stabbed her and retreated, there are not enough men in a nation ment officer, but he is entitled to be then stabbed her and retreated again. of over 180 million, nor because there paid accordingly. The attack lasted more than half an is not enough money to pay them in a An inventory will disclose that law hour and covered 150 feet as the vic· society so notoriously afRuent as our. enforcement is in trouble because of tim dragged herself along the side· The blunt fact is that there are not widespread public apathy to crime. walk. Not until she was dead did enough qualified young men willing There is no doubt of the existence of anyone call the police, who arrived in to take the job under the pay and con• this condition; the metropolitan news• 2 minutes and established by subse• ditions offered. papers record it with distressing fre• quent investigation that 38 men and We expect of a police officer the quency. As a California newspaper women witnessed some part or other wisdom of Solomon in understanding said editorially, "In the United States, of the attack. the law, the strength of amson in too many bystanders are looking on In another city about a month ago, arresting a criminal, the gentleness with enthusiastic apathy and rich, a gang of eight teenagers seized a 16· of St. Francis of Assisi in repelling a warm indifference as thugs and gun• year·old girl and dragged her scream· riot, the patience of Job in dealing men rob and beat up old ladies, young ing and struggling down the subway with each of us, and the moral purity girls, and anyone else they choose." 23 tracks. Six men stood near one end of Caesar's wife in a nation whose Apathy to the plight of the victim of the subway platform and did noth· public and private morals in areas takes many forms- refusal to assist ing. And in still another city, police outside police work are sometimes a person being attacked, refusal to be officers on two different occasions, open to legitimate question. But Wt a witness in court, and refusal to no• needing physical help in making ar· are willing to pay this officer a wage tify the police of a crime committed. rests, called to bystanders for assist· which often is less than that paid to One year ago a woman who managed ance, but the bystanders only laughed.

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bullete As one newspaper said editorially, tection around the defendant accused liberty, and property are the equal of "One of the most distressing aspects of crime­­and particularly the in- those of the defendant who stands in Amodern crime and lawlessness is digent defendant­we have permitted visibly human form before the bar _ widening split it seems to be pro- the uninhibited growth of a crime of justice. ducing between policemen and a part trend which increasingly victimizes In short, a Nation aroused can re- of the public." 24 the innocent law­abiding citizen who duce crime to its irreducible minimum In another incident 20 bus riders is the human foundation of all law and and protect those who cry out for pro- sat on a bus while a crowd of ram- order? The indigent defendant ac- tection now more than ever before in paging young hoodlums smashed 8 cused of crime has found his spokes- modern times. But a Nation that is windows, threw seats into the street, men, and they have broadened his apathetic can destroy the rights of the and raced through the bus ripping out rights in many ways. Who now is law abiding, and ultimately itself. advertising cards, and not a one of willing to speak out for the law­abid- 1 Judge J. Edward Lumbard, "The Ad- those riders would give his name and ing citizen who asks only for protec- ministration of Criminal Justice," Amer- address to the police officer who dis- tion against crime and the opportunity ican Bar Association Journal, September covered the crime being committed. of enjoying his constitutional right to 1963_ life, liberty, and property? 2 United Press International, Jan. 29, Public Apathy 1965. A quickening of the social con- • New York Times, Feb. 19, 1965. The causes of public apathy to science of this Nation would provide • American Directions; A Forecast, Har- crime are difficult to establish. Some the major weapons necessary to bring per's, February 1965. of it may be due to cowardice­­a crime under control. The powerful • Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 weakening of the national moral fiber. and the articulate in our society would (1964) . Some of it may spring from accept- assume their full role as the protectors • Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961); Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89 (1964) ; Escobedo ance of the perverted creed that a of the poor and the weak who are v. Illinois, supra. citizen who stands up to assist the victimized by crime. They would de- 7 Abel v. U.S., 362 U.S. 217 (1960). police is naive, if not a fool, or it may mand and approve the expenditures • Trupiano v. U.S., 334 U.S. 699 (1948). spring from laws and court decisions for police manpower, police pay, and • U.S. v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56 (1950). ,. Chapman v. U.S., 365 U.S. 610 (1961). which create a financial risk in being police equipment necessary to guar- U Irvine v. California, 347 U.S. 128 a good Samaritan. Some of it may antee police patrols adequate to pro- (1954) . due to an Orwellian dehumaniza- tect the innocent in the high­crime " Judge Lumbard, supra. I Ion of the individual in the metrop- areas. They would urge and approve 10 Judge Warren E. Burger, Court of Ap. olis jammed with its millions of in- the legislation necessary to clarify the peals, District of Columbia Circuit, lee· habitants, a dehumanization that will criminal law and the police training ture at The American University, Washing· ton, D.C., Apr. 17, 1964. be most pronounced among the inno- necessary to familiarize the officers "Justice Harry F. Kelly, Michigan v. cent victims of crime for they, unlike with the powers which the law gives Bannan, 125 N.W. 2d 875 (1964), cert. de· the defendant, all too often do not live them. nied Jan. 18, 1965. to see their day in court. And some They would provide the officer with " Schlesinger v. Wisconsin, 270 U.S. 230 of the apathy may be due to a com- financial protection against his honest (1925) . ,. Brinegar v. U.S., 338 U.S. 160 (1949). paratively new phenomenon in this mistakes of judgment on questions of 17 Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961). Nation­an economic stratification of constitutional law, so that he may act ,. Bowens v. Knazze, 237 F. Supp. 826 urban society which may lead to an courageously and rid the streets of (1965). ever­widening gulf between the pow- those whom the formulas of the law " LaFave, "Arrest, The Decision To Take erful and articulate and the weak and say should be placed under arrest. a Suspect Into Custody," American Bar Foundation, Administration of Criminal inarticulate, both geographically and They would willingly take their turns Justice Series; Little, Brown & Co., 1965, socially. But whatever its origins, on juries in criminal cases and testify pp. 46, 74, 86, 87.

this widespread public apathy to when called as witnesses. They 3) Snyder v. State, 38 Misc. 2d 488 (1963). crime must surely be one of the prin- would require of the law a continuing 21 Judge Thomas D. Quinn, Craig v. Cox, cipal causes of crime. awareness of the fact that the victim 171 A. 2d 259 (1961). And is it not odd that in an era in of tomorrow's crime committed by the "Davis, "Officers' Tort Liability," 55 Mich. Law Rev. 201 (1956>- which society is increasingly spend- recidivist set free today is neither a 23 Richmond (Cali£.) Independent, Feb. ing its money, its intelligence, and its faceless anonymity nor a dehumanized IS, 1965. energies to throw greater constitu- statistic, that he is flesh and blood, and .. The Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia, tional, statutory, and procedural pro- that his constitutional rights to life, Aug. 4, 1964.

19 Physical fitness is a vital part of the Academy training program.

(Continued from page 6) FBI National Academy is based upon cent years and returned to their own bimonthly newsletter is distributed by the needs of law enforcement within departments to make outstanding con• the NA Associates, keeping each grad• our own Nation, as a cooperative tributions was a member of the Policia uate up to date concerning the func• measure, a limited number of officers Federal Argentina. He was the first tions and accomplishments of the FBI from foreign countries have been ac• member of his 6O,OOO-man agency to National Academy and the experi• cepted. There 'are currently 105 attend the Academy, and he was an ences of each graduate. Through graduates representing 49 law en• outstanding student. Upon his return this media, Academy men never lose forcement agencies in 29 different for• to Argentina, he presented a formal contact with the progress being made eign countries. They have all been report to his superiors relative to ii.. in their profession through the work carefully selected for their outstand• instructions he had received. In . of the FBI ational Academy. ing qualities in the field of law en• dition, his report contained a series As five Venezuelan police officers forcement and for their dedication to of recommendations that certain po• approached a darkened criminal hide• the laws of their respective countries. lice methods and techniques which out in the outskirts of Caracas, two Typical of the graduates who have he had learned at the National Acad• vicious hoodlums stepped forth, mak• attended the National Academy in re- emy be adopted by his agency and ing their presence known with a burst put into use. of deadly gunfire. One of the five law These included the establishment of officers, a National Academy gradu• a central depository for fingerprints, ate, was well prepared for this eventu• the creation of a latent fingerprint ality. Two quick blasts from his shot• section, adoption of the FBI firearms gun and both of the would-be killers training program, adoption of inserv• lay dead in the street. ice-type training, such as that af• If this incident had occurred a few forded FBI Agents, and many other years earlier, one or more of the of• techniques which he felt would be ficers may have forfeited their lives, beneficial to his agency. Many of his for police agencies in Venezuela were recommendations were immediately not accustomed to using the shotgun placed in effect, and the graduate was in connection with raids and arrests. given the responsibility over all mat• ters involving training, instruction, It was only through training received The Academy troinlng staff includes guest at the FBI National Academy that the lecturers who are experts in their particular and study programs. fields. Shown here is Mr. Gene S. Mueh• For the first time in the his• Venezuelan officer became convinced leisen, executive olllcer, Commission on of the value of this weapon. Peace Olllcer Standards and Training, State tory of his agency, practical classes of California, who lectures on State• Although the whole concept of the subsidized training programs. in investigative problems and in hu-

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bullee An expert FBI firearms instructor demonstrates firing position which is most effective, offensively and defensively. man relations problems connected strides toward the achievement of National Academy. We have seen with law enforcement were pre- their ultimate goals. them receive high honors and win sented. And as a further measure of One officer returned to his depart- splendid pmmotions. We have seen cooperation, the FBI has been able to ment and found there were neither them organize schools and training furnish this agency, on a continuing funds nor space available for a school. courses. And we have seen them in· basis, training aids, such as films and Determined to make the best of his culcate a spirit which is best expressed lecture material, for use in training Academy training, this officer held in words of a compliment once paid programs. classes under the shade of a big tree, to Academy graduates: 'Wherever The FBI would be the first to deny using a mound of dirt at the base for they go, they spread a fraternal spirit law enforcement in this country a platform. Students seated on a among their fellow officers­a spirit as reached perfection. It is evident structure of crossties and culled lum- which has revitalized the law enforce· that some police agencies are still ber took notes while resting their ment profession and made it an in- ' handicapped by manpower shortages, books on their knees. Another grad- spiring, honorable lifetime career.''' obsolete facilities and equipment, in- uate faced with the same problems- adequate salaries, untrained person- lack of financial backing and class- POPSICLE STICKS USED IN nel, increasing responsibilities, and room space­­opened his home to the JAIL ESCAPE attempts of political factions to dom- students. These and similar stories Three prisoners successfully made inate their activities; however, it is fill the annals of the FBI National their escape from a county j ail in the also true that the average local po- Academy, standing as a lasting in- Midwest recently with the aid of pop- liceman is becoming a more compe- centive to law enforcement personnel side sticks. They placed the pop- tent crime fighter year by year, and everywhere. sicle sticks in the keeper of the door the FBI takes pride in the feeling that These 30 years of cooperative en- lock when it was open. Then, when the National Academy is playing no deavor have developed firm bonds the automatic locking device was small part in this accomplishment. between the FBI and the law enforce- closed, the sticks prevented the locking FBI National Academy graduates ment agencies represented in the Na- bolt from "deadlocking." This per- during the first three decades of the tional Academy. The esteem in which mitted the prisoners to enter the cat- school's existence have proved that the the graduates of this "West Point of walk outside their jail cells. They responsibility of sharing their train- Law Enforcement" are held was re- took a fire hose, tied it to the jail bars, ing with fellow officers can be ade- cently voiced by Director J. Edgar and then used a "spanner wrench" to quately handled. Many have been Hoover: "We in the FBI take tre- make a tourniquet. With this im- faced with tremendous obstacles and mendous pride in the men with whom provised device, enough force was ob- hardships in setting up their training we have been associated in the course tained for the prisoners to sufficiently schools and still have made great of the training offered by the FBI bend the bars to permit their escape. c..~'fi1J)tL ­. 1965 DLTROI, 21 bflT~ D 9 -~~ - GL{ ~v;::-i -:t:f 6 3 -L.f9.., -/.s (Continued from page 11) captains and commanding officers of scene of two recent early morning at• over a 2­month period in early 1963 the investigative branches are fur• tacks upon young women, a further of a young, well­dressed man who rep• nished reports on these sex incidents check was made at the hospital, I resented himself to young girls as a which suggest a pattern. Composite it was confirmed that the offender fia police officer, without displaying photographs of a suspect, as prepared been carried as an outpatient for sev• identification and indicating that he from descriptions obtained from vic• eral weeks, returning to the hospital was investigating molestation cases. tims and witnesses, are also provided at night. Positive identification of The victims, ages 7 through 12, re• with the reports. the suspect was made by one of the ported the contacts to their parents By this procedure it has been pos• VlctrnlS. When questioned, the of• with one 7-year-old having beel} sible to set up surveillances in affected fender admitted both assaults. areas. Also, at the time of apprehen• carnally abused by this unknown sub• Accomplishments ject. There was grave concern, not sion and interrogation of an offender, The accomplishments of the morals only in the community, but in the the pattern breakdown has proved to squad at the close of 1964 were most police bureau. The youthful victims be extremely valuable in effecting a gratifying and represented the results checked photos from criminal files as more thorough cleanup of unsolved of its second year of operations. well as photos of youthful-appearing cases. There were 1,625 complaints with sex police officers. Being unable to make Between November 1963 and Jan• involvement in 1964 as compared to an identification from the files, a com• uary 1964, the police bureau received from one district in the city 12 com• an annual average of 115 complaints posite picture was assembled with the over the previous 5-year period. The use of an Identi-Kit. The morals plaints of molesting by a young male described in his late teens or early 1964 "cleanup" rate of these com• squad became aware of an arrest of plaints was 59.5 percent, while the 20's. Four of the incidents were a young man on a sex crime in a com• annual "cleanup" average over the forcible rape cases. Residents in the munity 70 miles south of Rochester. previous 5 years was only 13 percent. district affected were in a state of The act was checked against the During 1964, 273 persons were ar• hysteria. Victims were females, ages morals squad modus operandi file and rested for sex offenses, and these ar• 14-21 years. Special assignments a similarity was noted. Photos were rests made it possible to close 909 sex were given to investigators, and thou• requested and received from the cases. These statistics bespeak , sands of man-hours were consumed agency which had made the arrest. value of the morals squad, but, during the 3-month period. The mor• They were viewed and identified by addition, information on any sex 0 • als squad played a very important the victims. Policewoman Mathers fender or offense is now at ready ref• part in furnishing information on sus• and a detective questioned the suspect erence in one place. pects, and data were further aug• who admitted his involvement in all Additional statistical data was de· the complaints received. He is pres• mented by field investigators. Weekly veloped by the morals squad during ently serving a sentence on the felony reports were submitted to the respon• 1964. The frequencies of sex com• charge of carnal abuse. sible commanding officers to keep plaints were noted to be: annoying, them aware of the progress in the case. Pattern Crimes 372; indecent exposure, 173; molest• A 14-year-old youth was eventually ap• ing, 225; window peeping, 183; ob• A rather novel approach has been prehended and identified by three of scene phone calls, 194; and enticing, made to sex crimes and their solution the victims. He was reluctant to ad• 111. A vehicle was reported used in by an analysis of the several items mit his involvement, but, through the 257 cases. which are tabulated on all sex com• factual information obtained from the Relative to juvenile sex offenders, plaints. Sex offenses which upon reports and records of the morals aged 7 through 19 years, it was noted analysis appear to have been perpe• squad, he was identified in each of in 1964 that 445 juveniles were in• trated by the same individual are the 12 unsolved complaints. Since volved in 17 of the sex crime group• grouped together and referenced in his arrest and commitment, there have ings. Eighty.two of these cases dealt a notebook. Pertinent data, such as been no similar crimes in the area. with child molesting, 11 with homo• date, time of day, and location, are More recently, the morals squad sexuality, and 46 with indecent ex• included to establish the pattern de• learned of the release of a known of• posure. These cases most often did tected. Items which are used in de• fender from the State hospital after not reach the courts. Information tecting a pattern include modus oper• a lengthy incarceration and the ad• concerning juveniles was received andi, physical description, area of dress of his new employment. Recog• most frequently through cooperation involvement, and time of day. Area nizing this area as having been the with the schools.

22 FBI Law Enforcement Bul Conclusions plaints. It is a realistic and system• MOTOR CITY BATTLES The establishment of a morals squad atic approach to an ever-present GLUE SNIFFERS the Rochester Police Bureau was police problem. Public support and ~ ong overdue. We were fortunate to confidence in the operation of the The city of Detroit recently passed have had an officer available for the units can be gained by making the an ordinance prohibiting persons assignment who possesses proper in· citizens aware of the true sex crime under 21 years of age from buying terest, enthusiasm, and a great deal picture in a community. Periodic model glue without written permis• news releases, speaking engagements, sion from their parents. The ordi• of imagination. Most law enforce• and public exhibits help to gain such nance also requires sellers to keep a ment agencies have in their ranks an support and confidence. record of purchasers' names and ad• officer who, like Policewoman Math• The morals squad represents a new dresses. The law bans the sniffing ers, can be utilized in this very im• approach in coping with the prob• of glue or its possession for that pur• portant police function. lems presented by the sex offenders pose. Violators can be j ailed up to The absence of physical evidence in our communities. It may be called 90 days and fined up to $500. The in most sex crimes dictates the estab• by a different name in the future, but new ordinance was passed to combat lishment of similar units to correlate its duties and functions are here to a growing practice of glue sniffing and analyze information and com• stay. among teenagers. b E.T R. D , T C~ I f'rI,D e. L D~"'€"D I~ - I ' " v r;r: 3- Co-

I NVESTIGATOR'S AI OS

_ MATCH HEAD BOMBS against a hard surface, the bolt or from a tiny steel shaft, pins, and rub• ., MADE BY INMATES screw creates a spark setting off the ber bands, the finished product proved match heads and shattering the razor to be a highly effective and popular Crude match head bombs made by handle into numerous 'Small metal item in the burglar's toolbox. inmates were recently discovered dur• slivers. Although measuring only 3 inches ing a security check by officials of a in length, this tiny mechanism literally midwestern prison. provided police with the "key" to the One of the weapons had been con• "KEY" TO THE SOLUTION solution to a recent rash of vending structed from the cardboard cylinder The arrest of a burglar by police machine and laundromat burglaries. of a roll of toilet tissue. The prison• of a large western city turned up a ers had securely wrapped the cylinder rather interesting piece of evidence. EVIDENCE CONTAINING with common masking tape, packed It was a homemade lock pick capable it with match heads of common safety of unlocking any barrel lock with MOISTURE matches, and sealed it closed. With seven or less tumblers. Fashioned Plastic bags can be used as contain• a cloth fuse attached, it was, in effect, ers for shipment to the FBI Labora• a huge, dangerous firecracker. To tory of evidence such as damp make the bomb injurious to persons, clothing, plaster casts, shoes, etc., pro• small metal objects were inserted with I vided the bags are ventilated in some the match heads. way to prevent deterioration and mold A similar and equally dangerous which may adversely affect laboratory bomb was constructed by packing the examinations. Such articles should hollow handle of a safety razor with also be aired out before wrapping and match heads. A small screw or bolt packing. Under no circumstances had been fitted into the threaded end. I should evidence containing moisture In theory, when the handle is thrown Homemade lock pick used In be sealed in unventilated plastic bags. c...~ IN G- 1=="", e. LD I MOl:: Llf 5e:-/1;- Tt.t- CR f Mb~ ~ S I"'j c.. L....E -r: fl}(), 65- ~A\'~ 1f'-'~ .:; 0 II - ~S' - " c..{ -.; 0 ( - 6 l::', J!:I- ~3- Q:;Cf6 -S'o bfiTS:O I-'~- ~~ notify the Director of the Federal Bu· WANTED BY THE FBI reau of Investigation, U.S. Depart. ment of Justice, Washington, D .• 20535, or the Special Agent in Char ~ of the nearest FBI field office, the tele- phone number of which appears on the first page of most local telephone directories.

ACTION TAKEN AGAINST STUDENT ATTACKS OJ C The State of California and the San Francisco Board of Education ...... are taking stringent action to curb the ~ WINFIELD NAIRN MacQUEEN, Jr., also known as: Ray A. Benson, John hoodlum activities of school students. Robert Bray, Walter A. Hansen, Norman Heyne, M. Lombardo, R. A. The superintendent of schools in ~ Meyers, Paul Ray Pitzer, H. Sauer, F. S. Sauers, and others. San Francisco has ordered automatic and indefinite suspension for students (i Interstate Transportation of Stolen Property-Interstate Transportation who attack or threaten teachers. He 4 of Stolen Motor Vehicle. also issued a memorandum to all ~ superintendents in the city insisting}J Winfield Nairn MacQueen, Jr., is Caution that there be a minimum suspension '-P ~ currently the object of a nationwide of 10 days for students who provoke MacQueen reportedly may have manhunt by the FBI. He is being attacks and other hoodlum activities 1 suicidal tendencies, is said to have sought for causing fraudulent checks on school properties. Students will ~ carried firearms in the past, and to be transported interstate and also be readmitted after the 10.day sus­ \l should be considered armed and for the interstate transportation of a pension but are to be sent to otha dangerous. stolen automobile. schools on a trial basis before bei,. Description restored to the school from which they The Crime Age ______59, born Nov. 12, 1905, were suspended. MacQueen reportedly answers news· Chicago, Ill. (not Similarly, the State school super- paper advertisements for the sale of supported by birth intendent in Sacramento called on all used cars, purchases the automobiles records). high schools for help in curbing the Height ______5 feet 8 inches. school­hoodlum problem. with fraudulent cashier's checks, and Weight ______160 pounds. then disposes of these vehicles through Build ______Medium. The action was prompted by recent legitimate sales. Several of these cars Hair ______Gray. attacks on teachers in San Francisco, have allegedly been bought by Mac· Eyes ______Hazel. where, in one year, there were 19 as- Queen on the pretext of taking them Complexion ______Medium. saults by young hoodlums upon teach- Race ______White. ers. to California for resale. Nationality ______American. Occupations ______Clerk, salesman. The Criminal Scars and marks___ Operation scar below BUZZ FOR ACTION This FBI fugitive has past criminal left shoulder blade, appendectomy scar. One railroad police department in convictions for burglary, forgery, in· FBI No______330,986 the East has solved the problem of terstate transportation of forged se· Fingerprint classi· fication ______4 I 1 R 100 19 getting into immediate touch with its curities, and carrying a concealed L 17 R 100 officers by equipping them with weapon. He is described as appear· pocket receivers. The receivers can ing well educated and businesslike and Notify the FBI be activated by the local telephone is reportedly a very neat and conserva· Any person having information company to give out a buzzing sound. tive dresser who prefers expensive which might assist in locating this When the officer receives a signal, he business suits. fugitive is requested to immediately knows he is to call his headquarters. WFO C. (~.D C i• 24 FAI Law Enforcement BUllee u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OfFICE : 1965 0-774- 380 'Wil l E \) t'd­ ­ 3> - C; '1 "­______~ ___~ ______~B~0~ \ # <;; 3 ~ ~ FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS

- comPlet. this form and mum tol

DIRECTOR FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535

(Name) (Title)

(.A.ddre..)

(State) (Zip Oode)

NEW FBI TRAINING FILMS FOR POLICE SCHOOLS

Four new police training films are now available in the police department in budgetary planning, personnel all field offices of the FBI. The 16­mm. films, in sound assignment, public relations, and other matters. The and color, are 20 to 25 minutes long and provide a big solution of a case may well depend on the manner in I ~ oost to police training programs in the areas of police which a record system is set up and maintained. ..ecords systems, burglary investigations, interviews, and A police officer will be called upon to conduct various arrest techniques. types of interviews during his career, and the manner The films were produced for the FBI under con- in which he does this may decide the outcome of the tract by Norwood Studios, Inc., Washington, D.C., and case. A student will have a better understanding of were ably directed by Werner Schumann with the as- this important technique by viewing the correct and sistance of FBI technical advisers. Scenes were shot incorrect methods of interviewing on the screen as on locations in the Metropolitan Washington area and, portrayed in the training film "Interviews." with the cooperation of local and neighboring lawen- The fourth of the series of new films deals with forcement agencies in Maryland and Virginia, in actual burglary, one of the most widespread crimes on the police facilities. Professional actors and actresses play American scene today. The many involved situations the leading roles­with FBI employees giving a helping in arriving at a solution are dealt with in the film hand in minor capacities. . "Burglary Investigations," which opens with a bur- The films show the latest law enforcement methods glary being committed and illustrates the various items in an interesting, realistic, and practical fashion. of evidence which might be found at the scene of the "Arrest Techniques" covers one of the most vital crime. The investigation includes the use of laboratory phases of a law enforcement officer's duties by portray- and scientific crime detection techniques and follows ing both proper and improper arrest procedures. It through to the subsequent trial of the subjects where also emphasizes taking proper precautionary measures in making an arrest to avoid endangering the lives of evidence obtained is introduced by the testimony of both the officer and innocent bystanders. FBI experts. The film "On the Record" demonstrates the value of These films are among the finest visual aids available records to the police officer and illustrates how the rec- to law enforcement to assist them in their police student- ords and reports prepared by the individual officers training programs. form a part of the whole system of police administra- Law enforcement agencies interested in FBI police tion. Not only does the film show the investigative schools on subjects covered by the new films should of records, but also how they are of assistance to contact the FBI field office in their area. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON. D.C. 2015315 OFFICIAL BUSINESS

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QUESTIONABLE PATTERN

This flngerprint pattern is classified as a tented arch and is referenced to a plain whorl with a meeting tracing. The classification of this pattern is dependent upon the sufficiency of the recurve in front of the left delta.