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Johannes Fried Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg Kolloquien 27 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Dialektik und Rhetorik im früheren und hohen Mittelalter Rezeption, Überlieferung und gesellschaftliche Wirkung antiker Gelehrsamkeit vornehmlich im 9. und 12. Jahrhundert Herausgegeben von Johannes Fried R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Schriften des Historischen Kollegs im Auftrag der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft herausgegeben von Horst Fuhrmann in Verbindung mit Rudolf Cohen, Arnold Esch, Lothar Gail, Hilmar Kopper, Jochen Martin, Horst Niemever, Peter Pulzer, Winfried Schulze, Michael Stolleis und Eberhard Weis Geschäftsführung: Georg Kalmcr Redaktion: Elisabeth Müller-Luckner Organisationsausschuß: Georg Kalmer, Herbert Kießling, Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, Heinz-Rudi Spiegel Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg hat sich für den Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissen­ schaften die Förderung von Gelehrten, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in For­ schung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben, zur Aufgabe gesetzt. Sie vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und ein Förderstipendium sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leistungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglichkeit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Johannes Fried (Frankfurt/Main) war - zusammen mit Professor Dr. Jean- Marie Moeglin (Paris), Professor Dr. Paolo Prodi (Bologna) und Professor Dr. Heinrich August Winkler (Freiburg, jetzt Berlin) - Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 1990/1991. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Johannes Fried aus seinem Ar­ beitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Dialektik und Rhetorik im früheren und hohen Mittelalter. Rezeption, Überlieferung und gesellschaftliche Wirkung antiker Gelehrsamkeit vornehmlich im 9. und 12.Jahrhundert“ vom 26. bis 29. Juni 1991 im Historischen Kolleg ge­ halten. Die Ergebnisse des Kolloquiums werden m diesem Band veröffentlicht. Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg wird vom Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank zur Förderung der Wissenschaft in Forschung und Lehre und vom Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft getragen. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - GIP Einheitsaufnahme Dialektik und Rhetorik im früheren und hohen Mitteklter : Rezeption, Überlieferung und gesellschaftliche Wirkung antiker Gelehrsamkeit, vornehmlich im 9. und 12. Jahrhundert / hrsg. von Johannes Fried. - München : Oldenbourg, 1996 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs : Kolloquien ; 27) ISBN 3-486-56028-X NE: Fried, Johannes [Hrsg.]; Historisches Kolleg <München>: Schriften des Historischen Kollegs / Kolloquien © 1997 R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH, München Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzu­ lässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover­ filmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Gesamtherstellung: R. Oldenbourg Graphische Betriebe GmbEi, München ISBN 3-486-56028-X Inhalt Johannes Fried Vom Nutzen der Rhetorik und Dialektik für das Leben. Eine Einführung . VII Verzeichnis der Tagungsteilnehmer ............................................................................... XXI David E. Luscombe Dialectic and Rhetoric in the Ninth and Twelfth Centuries: Continuity and C hange........................................................................................................ 1 John Marenbon Glosses and Commentaries on the Categories and De interpretationes before Abelard ......................................................................................................................... 21 Gangolf Schnmpf Eine wissenschaftliche Anwendung der „dialéctica“ bei Johannes Scottus Eriugena ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Wilfried Hartmann Rhetorik und Dialektik in der Streitschriftenliteratur des 11./12.Jahr­ hunderts ........................................................................................................................................ 73 John Van Engen Letters, Schools and Written Cultur in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries 97 Peter von Moos Rhetorik, Dialektik und „civilios scientia“ im Hochmittelalter ...................... 133 Gerhard Otte Logische Einteilungstechniken bei den Glossatoren des römischen Rechts 157 Claudio Leonardi Alcuino e la retorica............................................................................................................... 171 L u dolf Ku ch en b u eh Ordnungsverhalten im grundherrlichen Schriftgut vom 9. zum 12.Jahr­ hundert ..........................." .............................................." ........................................................ 175 VI Inhalt F ran 7. Kerf] ,Altar' und ,Person“. Logische Divisionsprobleme und kirchliche Rechts­ wirklichkeit im 11. und 12.Jahrhundert, dargestallt an Beispielen aus der ehemaligen Diözese Tournai.............................................................................................. 269 Register ....................................................................................................................................... 297 Johannes Fried Vom Nutzen der Rhetorik und Dialektik für das Leben Eine Einführung Johannes von Salisbury, der große Moralist, beobachtete amüsiert und angewidert zugleich die dialektischen Spielchen und die auseinander hervorquellenden Fra­ gen der Logiker. „Was nutzt das dem Leben?“ Die Dialektik müsse noch anderem dienen, doch dem entzögen sich ihre Jünger. „Ob ein Begehren gut sei, ... ob man bei Not arbeiten solle, das prüft der reine und schlichte Dialektiker selten. Der­ artiges aber wägt der Nutzen für ein seligmachendes und schadenverhütendes Le­ ben ab. Mag die Logik auch sich selbst genügen, sie wurde“, so postulierte Johan­ nes, „für mehr erfunden.“1 Sie arbeite inquisitorisch und verfüge damit „über den Weg zu den Prinzipien aller Methoden“, aller „Zugänge“ (adviationes vel aditus).2 Johannes widmete eine ganze Schrift, sein „Metalogicon“, sein letztes philosophi­ sches Werk, der Erläuterung dieses Satzes und mit ihr der Verteidigung der Logik (die er, wie üblich, mit der Dialektik in eins setzte) in einer Umgebung, die un­ längst erst auf ihren Geschmack gekommen war. Entsprechend, wenn auch nicht in gleicher Weise ausführlich, würdigte er die Rhetorik. Nichts sei falscher, als ihre Gebote zu mißachten. „Wer sind sie, die unter den Mitbürgern glänzen, wer, die im Reichtum schwimmen, wer, die an Einfluß überragen und in allen Geschäften 1 „Quid sola dialéctica possit: Est tarnen quod solitaria pollicctur, et prestat solius gramma- ticae subnixa presidio. Propositas enim de se expedit quacstiones, sed ad alia non consurgit. Qualc est an afhrmarc sit enuntiare, et an simul extare possit contradietio. Hoc autem quid ad usum vitae conférât, si non est adminiciilans alii, quisquís diiudicet. Ceterum an voluptas bona sit, an praeeligenda virtus, an in suramo [bono] bonac habitudines, an sit in indigcntia laborandum, purus et simplex dialccticus raro examinai. At in his vivendi vel ad beatitudmem vel ad mcolumitatem versatur militas. Licet enim lógica se ipsam expédiât, propter aha tarnen magis inventa est.“ Metalogicon. 11,11, cd. John B. Hall (CCC M 98) (Turnhout 1991) 73., im folgenden zitiert: Metal. Dazu Peter von Moos, „Was allen, den meisten oder den Sachkundi­ gen richtig scheint“. Ober das Fortlebcn des im Mittelalter, Teil 1, in: Historia Philosophiae Metlii Aevi. Studien zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters. Fschr. für Kurt Flasch zu seinem 60. Geburtstag (Supplément au Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale 31, Amsterdam J991) 711-744, hier 721 mit Anm. 27. Cum autem dialéctica inquisitiva sit, ad omnium methodorurn principia viam habet. Metal. 11,13 cd. Hall 75, 20 f. VIII Johannes Fried zum Erfolg gelangen, wenn nicht die Wortgewandten?“ ’ Rhetorik, die Lehre von der Beredsamkeit, steigere die natürliche Sprechfähigkeit, die deshalb durch Stu­ dium aufzubessern sei.4 Es lasse die Worte wohlklingender, treffender und effi­ zienter setzen als bloße Begabung. „Weisheit, die auf Worte verzichtet, nützt nichts; sie ist hinfällig und irgendwie kraftlos."3 Utilitarismus also auch hier. Der einstige Student, der fast alle bedeutenden zeitgenössischen Lehrer Frankreichs gehört hatte, verteidigte zwei erlernbare Disziplinen, die mit einem festen System von Regeln zum Wahrnehmen, Denken und Reden anleiteten. Die Schule vermit­ telte sie, und ihre Anwendung verhieß Erfolg, Reichtum und Macht. Moralist, der Johannes war, zielte er dabei keineswegs auf bloßes Karrieristentum oder Ge­ winnstreben, Er glaubte, der Wahrheit, irgendwie also auch Gott, näherzukom­ men, indem er Rhetorik, Dialektik und Gesellschaftsordnung aufeinander bezog. Doch woher nahm er die Überzeugung, daß dem tatsächlich so sei? Und wie wirkte sein Wissen auf die beiden Disziplinen und seine eigene Wahrnehmungs­ fähigkeit und Wahrnehmungsweise zurück? Die Argumente des gelehrten Mannes bewegten sich im Banne der Tradition. Ganz neu war keines. Gleichwohl, er hatte sie aktualisiert, und die eigene Erfah­ rung dürfte ihn gelehrt haben, daß der geschulte Redner und Dialektiker
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