DOCSLIB.ORG

Collegium 46

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collegium 46 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Urban Warfare 16th Bruges Colloquium 15-16 October 2015 Actes du Colloque de Bruges La guerre en milieu urbain 16ème Colloque de Bruges 15-16 octobre 2015 ICRC Delegation to the EU, NATO and the Kingdom of Belgium Délégation du CICR auprès de l’UE, de l’OTAN et du Royaume de Belgique Audrey Eprinchard Sous la direction de Stéphane Kolanowski Members of the Editorial Board, College of Europe/ Membres du Comité d’édition, Collège d’Europe Luis Bouza García Thomas Braibant Annelies Deckmyn Riccardo Trobbiani Notice Collegium is the academic journal of the College of Europe. Copyright remains with the authors. The proceedings of this Colloquium have been written by the speakers or by the Delegation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Brussels on the basis of audio recordings of the Colloquium. These texts were then reviewed by the speakers. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of College of Europe nor the International Committee of the Red Cross. Avertissement Collegium est la revue académique du Collège d’Europe. Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) à Bruxelles sur base d’enregistrements audio du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n’engagent que ces derniers. Tous droits réservés. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d’Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. N° 46, Autumn/Automne 2016 I. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRUGES COLLOQUIUM/ACTES DU COLLOQUE DE BRUGES p. 5 Opening Remarks Michele Chang, Professor, European Political and Administrative Studies Department, College of Europe WELCOME ADDRESS Walter Füllemann, Head of the ICRC Delegation to the EU, NATO and the Kingdom of Belgium p. 5 DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Yves Sandoz, Honorary Member of the Committee, International Committee of the Red Cross p. 9 KEYNOTE ADDRESS Session 1 Identifying military objectives in cities Chairperson: Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza, University of Warsaw Agnieszka Jachec-Neale, Chatham House p. 17 HOW CAN MY HOME, SCHOOL OR CHURCH EVER BE A MILITARY OBJECTIVE? LOSS OF PROTECTION BY USE, PURPOSE OR LOCATION Nobuo Hayashi, International Law and Policy Institute p. 22 CAN A CIVILIAN OBJECT THAT HAS LOST ITS PROTECTION AGAINST DIRECT ATTACK BE DESTROYED FOR IMPERATIVE MILITARY REASONS? Col. Charles Barnett, British Army Legal Services p. 30 THE OBLIGATION TO TAKE ALL FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO VERIFY THAT A TARGET IS A MILITARY OBJECTIVE WHEN USING INDIRECT FIRE IN URBAN AREAS DISCUSSION (EN) p. 40 Session 2 Precautions when carrying out attacks in cities Chairperson: Andres Muñoz, SHAPE Legal Office, NATO Vaios Koutroulis, Université Libre de Bruxelles p. 43 ALL FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS IN THE CHOICE OF MEANS AND METHODS Clive Baldwin, Human Rights Watch p. 53 EFFECTIVE ADVANCE WARNING DISCUSSION (EN) p. 58 3 Session 3 Protecting civilians living in cities against the effects of hostilities Chairperson: LtCol. Chris de Cock, Belgian Ministry of Defence LtCol. Nathalie Durhin, French Ministry of Defence p. 61 MOVING THE CITIES’ INHABITANTS AWAY FROM THE FIGHTING, AND MOVING THE FIGHTING FROM THE INHABITANTS Marco Sassoli, University of Geneva p. 76 THE OBLIGATION TO TAKE FEASIBLE PASSIVE PRECAUTIONS AND THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF HUMAN SHIELDS: CAN MILITARY CONSIDERATIONS, INCLUDING FORCE PROTECTION, JUSTIFY NOT TO RESPECT THEM? DISCUSSION (EN) p. 86 PANEL DISCUSSION Can siege warfare still be legal? Moderator: Steven Hill, Secretary General Legal Office, NATO p. 89 Panellists: Françoise Hampson, University of Essex Sean Watts, Creighton University Session 4 The prohibition on indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks Chairperson: Paul Berman, Legal Service of the Council of the European Union Cpt. Guy Keinan, Israel Defence Forces p. 109 DEFINING AND ASSESSING THE MILITARY ADVANTAGE IN URBAN WARFARE Laurent Gisel, ICRC Legal Division p. 118 RELEVANT INCIDENTAL HARM FOR THE PROPORTIONALITY PRINCIPLE Eric Jensen, Brigham Young University p. 129 SHELLING IN URBAN AREAS, WHEN DOES IMPRECISION BECOME INDISCRIMINATE? DISCUSSION (EN/FR) p. 137 PANEL DISCUSSION How to work towards reducing the human cost of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas? Moderator: Françoise Hampson, University of Essex p. 143 Panellists: Maya Brehm, Article 36 Mark Zeitoun, University of East Anglia LtCol. Harry Konings, Retired army officer and former UN military observer Thomas de Saint Maurice, ICRC Legal Division Concluding Remarks Yves Sandoz, Honorary Member of the Committee, ICRC p. 165 II. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS/LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS p. 171 III. PROGRAMME (EN) p. 177 IV. SPEAKERS’ BIOS/BIOGRAPHIES DES ORATEURS p. 180 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRUGES COLLOQUIUM ACTES DU COLLOQUE DE BRUGES WELCOME ADDRESS Michele Chang Professor, European Political and Administrative Studies Department, College of Europe It is with great pleasure that I welcome today the participants to the 16th Bruges Colloquium on International Humanitarian Law. Dr. Dr. Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, is participating in a State visit to Poland this week so he is unfortunately unable to greet you himself. The College of Europe has been partnering with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Bruges, and with the Natolin College campus in Warsaw, for many years now. It is a project that we anticipate continuing. Dr. Dr. Monar sends the organisers as well as the participants his best wishes. The topic of this Colloquium is ‘Urban warfare’. While the College’s educational and research projects typically focus on the activities of the European Union, this topic nevertheless encompasses many of the interests of the College. The resolu- tion of conflicts through the use of law is one of the greatest achievements of the European integration and has been viewed by many as a potential model for other regions. Over the next few days the panels will examine the important challenges to the rule of law in the context of urban warfare. Moreover, in its educational tradition the College prides itself on its multina- tional student body and teaching staff; over 350 students in Bruges represent more than 50 nationalities. Similarly, today’s event brings together participants from across Europe and the United States of America, inviting them to engage in dialogue and to learn from international experiences and educational traditions. On behalf of the College of Europe, I thank you for coming to Bruges today and wish you a productive and successful Colloquium. 5 DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Walter Füllemann Chef de la délégation du CICR auprès de l’Union européenne, de l’OTAN et du Royaume de Belgique Madame le Professeur, Mesdames et Messieurs, Il me revient le plaisir et l’honneur, au nom du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR), de vous accueillir pour ce 16ème Colloque de Bruges. Le thème de cette nouvelle édition est, comme vient de le mentionner Madame le Professeur Chang, la guerre en milieu urbain. Ce thème est malheureusement d’une cruelle actualité. Comme vous le verrez dans votre documentation, le Colloque de Bruges a, tout au long de ses 15 éditions précédentes, abordé nombre de sujets d’importance dans le domaine du Droit international humanitaire (DIH). Cette année ne fera sûrement pas exception. Je suis très heureux d’accueillir Monsieur le Professeur Yves Sandoz, membre honoraire du Comité, qui vous présentera, dans son discours introductif, le programme de nos travaux, en l’insérant à la fois dans un contexte historique et une perspective actuelle. Mais permettez-moi, avant cela, de partager avec vous quelques éléments d’analyse et quelques réflexions. Cette année 2015 est, pour le Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, une année importante, pour au moins deux raisons. Tout d’abord, c’est une année anniversaire pour le Mouvement, qui fête en effet le 50ème anniversaire de ses Sept principes fondamentaux que sont l’humanité, l’impartialité, la neutralité, l’indépendance, le service volontaire, l’unité et l’universalité. Les Principes fondamentaux du Mouvement, qui furent proclamés à Vienne par la Conférence internationale en octobre 1965, restent d’une très grande actualité. Au-delà du fait qu’ils font partie intégrante de l’identité du Mouvement, et c’est en particulier le cas pour les principes d’impartialité, de neutralité et d’indépendance, ils constituent, avec la confidentialité, un outil essentiel pour obtenir l’accès aux victimes de conflits armés, là où d’autres acteurs n’ont pas ou ont moins accès que le CICR. Il est donc essentiel de préserver ces Principes, et il est essentiel que les Etats nous laissent travailler en pleine conformité avec ces Principes. Ensuite, 2015 est également une année de Conférence internationale. Tous les quatre ans, ces Conférences internationales de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, qui réunissent les Sociétés nationales, la Fédération, le CICR et les Etats parties aux Conventions de Genève, apportent leur lot de défis, mais surtout d’opportunités. Loin d’être un simple, mais imposant « get together », ces Conférences internationales sont des moments clés dans l’évolution des agendas humanitaires. Et c’est d’autant plus le cas cette année, en raison du Sommet mondial de l’action humanitaire (World Humanitarian Summit), qui 6 se tiendra à Istanbul en mai 2016. De nombreux sujets humanitaires seront discutés lors de cet évènement, qu’ils soient liés ou non aux situations de conflit armé. Pour le CICR, ce sont en particulier ces situations-là qui font partie intégrante de notre domaine d’expertise. Parmi la liste des thèmes qui seront abordés lors de la Conférence internationale à Genève en décembre prochain, je relèverai trois sujets essentiels, à savoir : le renforcement du respect du DIH, la détention en conflit armé non international, et la migration. Notez que les deux premiers sujets ont fait l’objet de discussions dans cette même salle, respectivement en 2003 et en 2014.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Subterranean Warfare: a New-Old Challenge
    Subterranean Warfare: A New-Old Challenge Yiftah S. Shapir and Gal Perel Subterranean warfare is not new in human history. Tunnels, which have been dug in all periods for various purposes, have usually been the weapon of the weak against the strong and used for concealment. The time required to dig tunnels means that they can be an important tool for local residents against an enemy army unfamiliar with the terrain. Tunnels used for concealment purposes (defensive tunnels) can be distinguished from tunnels used as a route for moving from one place to another. The latter include smuggling tunnels used to smuggle goods past borders (as in the Gaza Strip), escape routes from prisons or detention camps, offensive tunnels to move forces behind enemy lines, and booby-trapped tunnels planted with explosives !"#$%#!#&'%()*+,+-+#.%/)%-)*-+*% .#"%0'%1)&).23 Operation Protective Edge sharpened awareness of the strategic threat posed by subterranean warfare. The IDF encountered the tunnel threat long ago, and took action to attempt to cope with this threat, but the scope of -4#%54#!6&#!6!7%).%0#*)&#%)55)$#!-%+!%8 ,'9: ; .-%<=>?7%@).%56$-$)'#"% as a strategic shock, if not a complete surprise, requiring comprehensive reorganization to handle the problem. Some critics argued that an investigative commission was necessary to search for the roots of the failure and punish those to blame for it. This article will review subterranean warfare before and during Operation Protective Edge, and will assess the strategic effects of this mode of warfare. !"#$%&#'()#*+,-"../0"/0#1/.2/." A 0-#$$)!#)!%@)$()$#%4).%)55#)$#"%&)!'%-+&#.%+!%-4#%:$)09B.$)#,+%*6!-#C-7% and the IDF and the Ministry of Defense have dealt with various aspects of the phenomenon of subterranean warfare for many years.
    [Show full text]
  • Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: an Annotated Bibliography by R
    Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography by R. Lee Hadden Topographic Engineering Center November 2005 US Army Corps of Engineers 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels In Afghanistan Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE 30-11- 2. REPORT TYPE Bibliography 3. DATES COVERED 1830-2005 2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER “Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats and Tunnels 5b. GRANT NUMBER In Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography” 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER HADDEN, Robert Lee 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT US Army Corps of Engineers 7701 Telegraph Road Topographic Alexandria, VA 22315- Engineering Center 3864 9.ATTN SPONSORING CEERD / MONITORINGTO I AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunnel Operations in the Israel Defense Forces: Adapting The
    Original Manuscript Armed Forces & Society 1-21 ª The Author(s) 2020 Tunnel Operations in the Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/0095327X20924040 Israel Defense Forces: journals.sagepub.com/home/afs Adapting the Warrior Ethos to Post-Heroic Conflict Nehemia Stern1 , Uzi Ben-Shalom1, Niv Gold2, Corinne Berger1, Avishai Antonovsky3, and Dvir Peleg1 Abstract This study presents an empirically grounded account of tunnel combat operations in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) within the context of “post-heroic” warfare. Cur- rent scholarship on “post-heroism” has viewed the technological and professional standards of contemporary military conflicts as distancing the individual combatant from the modern battlefield. Little attention has been given however to the ways in which soldiers themselves experience and adapt to post-heroic conditions. Findings based on in-depth semistructured interviews with 17 IDF tunnel combatants show these soldiers actively reinterpreting the strategic importance placed on distancing the warrior from the battlefield. This exploratory article suggests that an individual “warrior ethos” still resonates amid the professional and technological contours of post-heroic (underground) conflicts. By presenting a novel account of contemporary tunnel warfare from the perspective of the combatants themselves, this research sheds new light on the different personal dimensions that impact post-heroic military operations. 1 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ariel University, Israel 2 Clinical Branch, Department of Mental Health, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force, Israel 3 Mental Fitness Branch, Department of Mental Health, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel Corresponding Author: Nehemia Stern, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83747-7 - Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More information Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 England’s response to the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568–1648) has been studied hitherto mainly in terms of government policy, yet the Dutch struggle with Habsburg Spain affected a much wider commu- nity than just the English political elite. It attracted attention across Britain and drew not just statesmen and diplomats but also soldiers, merchants, religious refugees, journalists, travellers and students into the confl ict. Hugh Dunthorne draws on pamphlet literature to reveal how British contemporaries viewed the progress of their near neigh- bours’ rebellion, and assesses the lasting impact which the Revolt and the rise of the Dutch Republic had on Britain’s domestic history. The book explores affi nities between the Dutch Revolt and the British civil wars of the seventeenth century – the fi rst major challenges to royal authority in modern times – showing how much Britain’s chang- ing commercial, religious and political culture owed to the country’s involvement with events across the North Sea. HUGH DUNTHORNE specializes in the history of the early modern period, the Dutch revolt and the Dutch republic and empire, the his- tory of war, and the Enlightenment. He was formerly Senior Lecturer in History at Swansea University, and his previous publications include The Enlightenment (1991) and The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Britain and the Low Countries
    [Show full text]
  • The Uncertain Role of the Tank in Modern War: Lessons from the Israeli Experience in Hybrid Warfare
    No. 109 JUNE 2016 The Uncertain Role of the Tank in Modern War: Lessons from the Israeli Experience in Hybrid Warfare Michael B. Kim The Uncertain Role of the Tank in Modern War: Lessons from the Israeli Experience in Hybrid Warfare by Michael B. Kim The Institute of Land Warfare ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY AN INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE PAPER The purpose of the Institute of Land Warfare is to extend the educational work of AUSA by sponsoring scholarly publications, to include books, monographs and essays on key defense issues, as well as workshops and symposia. A work selected for publication as a Land Warfare Paper represents research by the author which, in the opinion of ILW’s editorial board, will contribute to a better understanding of a particular defense or national security issue. Publication as an Institute of Land Warfare Paper does not indicate that the Association of the United States Army agrees with everything in the paper but does suggest that the Association believes the paper will stimulate the thinking of AUSA members and others concerned about important defense issues. LAND WARFARE PAPER No. 109, June 2016 The Uncertain Role of the Tank in Modern War: Lessons from the Israeli Experience in Hybrid Warfare by Michael B. Kim Major Michael B. Kim currently serves as the Squadron Executive Officer for the 8th Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, 2d Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2d Infantry Division. Prior to his current position, he graduated from the Command and General Staff College (CGSC), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and completed the Art of War Scholars Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Television and the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic
    0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Revised Pages Envisioning Socialism Revised Pages Revised Pages Envisioning Socialism Television and the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic Heather L. Gumbert The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Revised Pages Copyright © by Heather L. Gumbert 2014 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (be- yond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2017 2016 2015 2014 5 4 3 2 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978– 0- 472– 11919– 6 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978– 0- 472– 12002– 4 (e- book) Revised Pages For my parents Revised Pages Revised Pages Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 Cold War Signals: Television Technology in the GDR 14 2 Inventing Television Programming in the GDR 36 3 The Revolution Wasn’t Televised: Political Discipline Confronts Live Television in 1956 60 4 Mediating the Berlin Wall: Television in August 1961 81 5 Coercion and Consent in Television Broadcasting: The Consequences of August 1961 105 6 Reaching Consensus on Television 135 Conclusion 158 Notes 165 Bibliography 217 Index 231 Revised Pages Revised Pages Acknowledgments This work is the product of more years than I would like to admit.
    [Show full text]
  • ENGLISH NAVAL STRATEGY INTHE 1590S
    ENGLISH NAVAL STRATEGY INTHE 1590s SIMÓN ADAMS Profesor de Historia de la Universidad de Strathclyde Until quite recently, the Anglo-Spanish "War" in the period after the Armada of 1588 was one of the least studied subjects of the reign of Elizabeth. For many years, the standard narrative account of the 1590s was that published by the American historian E.P. Cheyney in two volumes in 1914 and 1926 (1). In the past decade, however, this situation has been transformed. Professor Wernham's edition of the List and Analysis ofState Papers Foreign Series (2) has been followed by his detailed study of military operations and diplomacy in the years 1588-1595 (3), and then by his edition of the documents relating to the "Portugal Voyage" of 1589 (4). Within the past two years, Professor MacCaffrey has published the final volume of his trilogy on Elizabeth's reign and Professor Loades his monograph on the Tudor Navy, while Dr. Hammer has completed his dissertation on the most controversial of the political figures of the decade, the 2nd Earl of Essex (5). Much therefore is a good deal clearer than it has been. Yet wider questions remain, particularly over the manner in which Elizabeth's government conducted the war with Spain. In their most recent work both Wernham and MacCaffrey argüe from positions they have established earlier: Wernham for a careful and defensive foreign and military policy, MacCaffrey for an essentially reactive one (6). This is a debate essentially about the queen herself, a particulary difficult The place of publication is understood to be London unless otherwise noted.
    [Show full text]
  • HMGS Fall 2010 Newsletter.Pub
    THE LOCAL NEWSLETTER FOR THE HMGS-Midwest MINIATURE WARGAMING ENTHUSIAST VOLUME 4 ISSUE 6 F A L L 2 0 1 0 BOD Update - Fall 2010 by Jeff Cohen For those that read the dors an accurate assess- vention. We will also at- news letter but have ment of how many atten- tempt to run ads in many not learned the ews...Little dees come to Little Wars local colleges and universi- Wars is moving. We have and our efforts to bring ties. We will also have fly- signed a two year contract more attendees to the con- ers printed out and avail- with the Pheasant vention, and to attract new able for download from our gamers into the hobby. website. This will allow all INSIDE THIS Run Resort in St Charles Illinois. The primary reason We will run an aggressive HMGS-Midwest members I S S U E : for the move being that promotional campaign to to download and print off BOD Update 1 The Lincolnshire Marriott flyers and distribute them was asking for a 300% in- to local business. We will crease in the rental cost of also aggressively seek out Luther Con 2 their facility. We could not great games for the enjoy- AAR negotiate a price that was ment of one and all. acceptable to us so we Without volunteers we LW 2011 Help 2 found another location for would not have a conven- Needed the convention. tion. We especially need I will be assuming the pri- volunteers to help out at The Dutch mary duties as Convention 3 the front desk during the Revolt/Eighty Director for the 2011 Con- convention.
    [Show full text]
  • ATP 3-21.51 Subterranean Operations
    ATP 3-21.51 Subterranean Operations 129(0%(5 2019 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes ATP 3-21.51, dated 21 February 2018. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard) *ATP 3-21.51 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 3-21.51 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1RYHPEHr 2019 Subterranean Operations Contents Page PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 1-1 Attributes of a Subterranean System ........................................................................ 1-1 Functionality of Subterranean Structures .................................................................. 1-1 Subterranean Threats, Hazards, and Risks .............................................................. 1-2 Denial and Deception ................................................................................................ 1-6 Categories of Subterranean Systems ....................................................................... 1-9 Construction of Subterranean Spaces and Structures ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Match and Jacobean Political Thought, 1618-1624
    Opposition in a pre-Republican Age? The Spanish Match and Jacobean Political Thought, 1618-1624 Kimberley Jayne Hackett Ph.D University of York History Department July 2009 Abstract Seventeenth-century English political thought was once viewed as insular and bound by a common law mentality. Significant work has been done to revise this picture and highlight the role played by continental religious resistance theory and what has been termed 'classical republicanism'. In addition to identifying these wider influences, recent work has focused upon the development of a public sphere that reveals a more socially diverse engagement with politics, authority and opposition than has hitherto been acknowledged. Yet for the period before the Civil War our understanding of the way that several intellectual influences were interacting to inform a politically alert 'public' is unclear, and expressions of political opposition are often tied to a pre-determined category of religious affiliation. As religious tension erupted into conflict on the continent, James I's pursuit ofa Spanish bride for Prince Charles and determination to follow a diplomatic solution to the war put his policy direction at odds with a dominant swathe of public opinion. During the last years of his reign, therefore, James experienced an unprecedented amount of opposition to his government of England. This opposition was articulated through a variety of media, and began to raise questions beyond the conduct of policy in addressing fundamental issues of political authority. By examining the deployment of political ideas during the domestic crisis of the early 1620s, this thesis seeks to uncover the varied ways in which differing discourses upon authority and obedience were being articulated against royal government.
    [Show full text]
  • Reimagining the Character of Urban Operations for the U.S. Army: How the Past Can Inform the Present and Future
    C O R P O R A T I O N Reimagining the Character of Urban Operations for the U.S. Army How the Past Can Inform the Present and Future Gian Gentile, David E. Johnson, Lisa Saum-Manning, Raphael S. Cohen, Shara Williams, Carrie Lee, Michael Shurkin, Brenna Allen, Sarah Soliman, James L. Doty III For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1602 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9607-4 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The history of human conflict suggests that the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 82
    De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 82 bron De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 82. Vereniging van Antwerpse Bibliofielen, Antwerpen 2004 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gul005200401_01/colofon.php © 2016 dbnl i.s.m. 7 [De Gulden Passer 2004] Jeanine de Landtsheer & Marcus de Schepper De bibliotheek van Laevinus Torrentius, tweede bisschop van Antwerpen (1525-1595)* Laevinus Torrentius (Lieven vander Beke, Gent, 8 maart 1525 - Brussel, 26 april 1595) was een man met behoorlijk wat invloed op het humanistenmilieu in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden van de tweede helft van de zestiende eeuw.1 Hij verzekerde zijn naam als geleerde door een commentaar op de keizersbiografieën van de Latijnse biograaf Suetonius (ca. 70-ca. 130),2 die hij in 1592 opnieuw publiceerde in een sterk uitgebreide versie, nu aangevuld met een editie van Suetonius. Zijn plan om Horatius uit te geven, bleef steken bij de commentaar op de Ars poetica en verscheen pas postuum in 1608.3 Verder toonde Torrentius zich een verdienstelijk dichter die vlot weg kon met de verschillende versmaten uit de klassieke Latijnse poëzie. De eerste druk van deze Poemata Sacra verscheen bij Plantijn in Antwerpen in 1572, maar de steeds verder aangroeiende verzameling kende nog drie uitgaven, respectievelijk in 1575, 1579 en 1594. Naast Oden aan de vrienden uit de periode dat hij in Rome verbleef en gedichten naar aanleiding van historische gebeurtenissen als de slag bij Lepanto (1571), de moord op Willem de Zwijger (1584) en de inname van Antwerpen door Alexander Farnese (1585), ging Torrentius zich van langsom meer toeleggen op religieuze onderwerpen. Toen hij in de jaren tachtig steeds meer in beslag werd genomen door zijn beroepsbezigheden als rechterhand van de Luikse prins-bisschoppen en vanaf 1587 als tweede bisschop van Antwerpen, ging dat ten koste van zijn literaire activiteiten.
    [Show full text]