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Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Urban Warfare 16th Bruges Colloquium 15-16 October 2015 Actes du Colloque de Bruges La guerre en milieu urbain 16ème Colloque de Bruges 15-16 octobre 2015 ICRC Delegation to the EU, NATO and the Kingdom of Belgium Délégation du CICR auprès de l’UE, de l’OTAN et du Royaume de Belgique Audrey Eprinchard Sous la direction de Stéphane Kolanowski Members of the Editorial Board, College of Europe/ Membres du Comité d’édition, Collège d’Europe Luis Bouza García Thomas Braibant Annelies Deckmyn Riccardo Trobbiani Notice Collegium is the academic journal of the College of Europe. Copyright remains with the authors. The proceedings of this Colloquium have been written by the speakers or by the Delegation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Brussels on the basis of audio recordings of the Colloquium. These texts were then reviewed by the speakers. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of College of Europe nor the International Committee of the Red Cross. Avertissement Collegium est la revue académique du Collège d’Europe. Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) à Bruxelles sur base d’enregistrements audio du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n’engagent que ces derniers. Tous droits réservés. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d’Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. N° 46, Autumn/Automne 2016 I. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRUGES COLLOQUIUM/ACTES DU COLLOQUE DE BRUGES p. 5 Opening Remarks Michele Chang, Professor, European Political and Administrative Studies Department, College of Europe WELCOME ADDRESS Walter Füllemann, Head of the ICRC Delegation to the EU, NATO and the Kingdom of Belgium p. 5 DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Yves Sandoz, Honorary Member of the Committee, International Committee of the Red Cross p. 9 KEYNOTE ADDRESS Session 1 Identifying military objectives in cities Chairperson: Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza, University of Warsaw Agnieszka Jachec-Neale, Chatham House p. 17 HOW CAN MY HOME, SCHOOL OR CHURCH EVER BE A MILITARY OBJECTIVE? LOSS OF PROTECTION BY USE, PURPOSE OR LOCATION Nobuo Hayashi, International Law and Policy Institute p. 22 CAN A CIVILIAN OBJECT THAT HAS LOST ITS PROTECTION AGAINST DIRECT ATTACK BE DESTROYED FOR IMPERATIVE MILITARY REASONS? Col. Charles Barnett, British Army Legal Services p. 30 THE OBLIGATION TO TAKE ALL FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO VERIFY THAT A TARGET IS A MILITARY OBJECTIVE WHEN USING INDIRECT FIRE IN URBAN AREAS DISCUSSION (EN) p. 40 Session 2 Precautions when carrying out attacks in cities Chairperson: Andres Muñoz, SHAPE Legal Office, NATO Vaios Koutroulis, Université Libre de Bruxelles p. 43 ALL FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS IN THE CHOICE OF MEANS AND METHODS Clive Baldwin, Human Rights Watch p. 53 EFFECTIVE ADVANCE WARNING DISCUSSION (EN) p. 58 3 Session 3 Protecting civilians living in cities against the effects of hostilities Chairperson: LtCol. Chris de Cock, Belgian Ministry of Defence LtCol. Nathalie Durhin, French Ministry of Defence p. 61 MOVING THE CITIES’ INHABITANTS AWAY FROM THE FIGHTING, AND MOVING THE FIGHTING FROM THE INHABITANTS Marco Sassoli, University of Geneva p. 76 THE OBLIGATION TO TAKE FEASIBLE PASSIVE PRECAUTIONS AND THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF HUMAN SHIELDS: CAN MILITARY CONSIDERATIONS, INCLUDING FORCE PROTECTION, JUSTIFY NOT TO RESPECT THEM? DISCUSSION (EN) p. 86 PANEL DISCUSSION Can siege warfare still be legal? Moderator: Steven Hill, Secretary General Legal Office, NATO p. 89 Panellists: Françoise Hampson, University of Essex Sean Watts, Creighton University Session 4 The prohibition on indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks Chairperson: Paul Berman, Legal Service of the Council of the European Union Cpt. Guy Keinan, Israel Defence Forces p. 109 DEFINING AND ASSESSING THE MILITARY ADVANTAGE IN URBAN WARFARE Laurent Gisel, ICRC Legal Division p. 118 RELEVANT INCIDENTAL HARM FOR THE PROPORTIONALITY PRINCIPLE Eric Jensen, Brigham Young University p. 129 SHELLING IN URBAN AREAS, WHEN DOES IMPRECISION BECOME INDISCRIMINATE? DISCUSSION (EN/FR) p. 137 PANEL DISCUSSION How to work towards reducing the human cost of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas? Moderator: Françoise Hampson, University of Essex p. 143 Panellists: Maya Brehm, Article 36 Mark Zeitoun, University of East Anglia LtCol. Harry Konings, Retired army officer and former UN military observer Thomas de Saint Maurice, ICRC Legal Division Concluding Remarks Yves Sandoz, Honorary Member of the Committee, ICRC p. 165 II. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS/LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS p. 171 III. PROGRAMME (EN) p. 177 IV. SPEAKERS’ BIOS/BIOGRAPHIES DES ORATEURS p. 180 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRUGES COLLOQUIUM ACTES DU COLLOQUE DE BRUGES WELCOME ADDRESS Michele Chang Professor, European Political and Administrative Studies Department, College of Europe It is with great pleasure that I welcome today the participants to the 16th Bruges Colloquium on International Humanitarian Law. Dr. Dr. Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, is participating in a State visit to Poland this week so he is unfortunately unable to greet you himself. The College of Europe has been partnering with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Bruges, and with the Natolin College campus in Warsaw, for many years now. It is a project that we anticipate continuing. Dr. Dr. Monar sends the organisers as well as the participants his best wishes. The topic of this Colloquium is ‘Urban warfare’. While the College’s educational and research projects typically focus on the activities of the European Union, this topic nevertheless encompasses many of the interests of the College. The resolu- tion of conflicts through the use of law is one of the greatest achievements of the European integration and has been viewed by many as a potential model for other regions. Over the next few days the panels will examine the important challenges to the rule of law in the context of urban warfare. Moreover, in its educational tradition the College prides itself on its multina- tional student body and teaching staff; over 350 students in Bruges represent more than 50 nationalities. Similarly, today’s event brings together participants from across Europe and the United States of America, inviting them to engage in dialogue and to learn from international experiences and educational traditions. On behalf of the College of Europe, I thank you for coming to Bruges today and wish you a productive and successful Colloquium. 5 DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Walter Füllemann Chef de la délégation du CICR auprès de l’Union européenne, de l’OTAN et du Royaume de Belgique Madame le Professeur, Mesdames et Messieurs, Il me revient le plaisir et l’honneur, au nom du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR), de vous accueillir pour ce 16ème Colloque de Bruges. Le thème de cette nouvelle édition est, comme vient de le mentionner Madame le Professeur Chang, la guerre en milieu urbain. Ce thème est malheureusement d’une cruelle actualité. Comme vous le verrez dans votre documentation, le Colloque de Bruges a, tout au long de ses 15 éditions précédentes, abordé nombre de sujets d’importance dans le domaine du Droit international humanitaire (DIH). Cette année ne fera sûrement pas exception. Je suis très heureux d’accueillir Monsieur le Professeur Yves Sandoz, membre honoraire du Comité, qui vous présentera, dans son discours introductif, le programme de nos travaux, en l’insérant à la fois dans un contexte historique et une perspective actuelle. Mais permettez-moi, avant cela, de partager avec vous quelques éléments d’analyse et quelques réflexions. Cette année 2015 est, pour le Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, une année importante, pour au moins deux raisons. Tout d’abord, c’est une année anniversaire pour le Mouvement, qui fête en effet le 50ème anniversaire de ses Sept principes fondamentaux que sont l’humanité, l’impartialité, la neutralité, l’indépendance, le service volontaire, l’unité et l’universalité. Les Principes fondamentaux du Mouvement, qui furent proclamés à Vienne par la Conférence internationale en octobre 1965, restent d’une très grande actualité. Au-delà du fait qu’ils font partie intégrante de l’identité du Mouvement, et c’est en particulier le cas pour les principes d’impartialité, de neutralité et d’indépendance, ils constituent, avec la confidentialité, un outil essentiel pour obtenir l’accès aux victimes de conflits armés, là où d’autres acteurs n’ont pas ou ont moins accès que le CICR. Il est donc essentiel de préserver ces Principes, et il est essentiel que les Etats nous laissent travailler en pleine conformité avec ces Principes. Ensuite, 2015 est également une année de Conférence internationale. Tous les quatre ans, ces Conférences internationales de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, qui réunissent les Sociétés nationales, la Fédération, le CICR et les Etats parties aux Conventions de Genève, apportent leur lot de défis, mais surtout d’opportunités. Loin d’être un simple, mais imposant « get together », ces Conférences internationales sont des moments clés dans l’évolution des agendas humanitaires. Et c’est d’autant plus le cas cette année, en raison du Sommet mondial de l’action humanitaire (World Humanitarian Summit), qui 6 se tiendra à Istanbul en mai 2016. De nombreux sujets humanitaires seront discutés lors de cet évènement, qu’ils soient liés ou non aux situations de conflit armé. Pour le CICR, ce sont en particulier ces situations-là qui font partie intégrante de notre domaine d’expertise. Parmi la liste des thèmes qui seront abordés lors de la Conférence internationale à Genève en décembre prochain, je relèverai trois sujets essentiels, à savoir : le renforcement du respect du DIH, la détention en conflit armé non international, et la migration. Notez que les deux premiers sujets ont fait l’objet de discussions dans cette même salle, respectivement en 2003 et en 2014.
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