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DOT/FAA/AM-04/19 Availability of Passenger

Office of Aerospace Medicine Information for Improved Washington, DC 20591 Survival in Accidents

Donna K. Cosper Advancia Corporation Oklahoma City, OK 73104

Garnet A. McLean Civil Aerospace Medical Institute Federal Administration Oklahoma City, OK 73125

November 2004

Final Report

This document is available to the public through the Defense Technical Information Center, Ft. Belvior, VA 22060 and the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents thereof. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AM-04/19 4. Title And Subtitle 5. Report Date Availability of Passenger Safety Information for Improved Survival in Aircraft November 2004 Accidents 7. Author(s) 1 2 Cosper, DK and McLean, GA 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 2 1 FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute Advancia Corporation P.O. Box 25082 655 Research Parkway, #400 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 Oklahoma City, OK 7310425 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Office of Aerospace Medicine Federal Aviation Administration 11. Contract or Grant No. 800 Independence Ave. Washington, DC 20591 15. Supplemental Notes 13. Type of Report and Period Covered This work was performed under task AM-B-01-PRS-93. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 16. Abstract The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has set goals to be proactive regarding passenger education. One of the strategic goals is to identify, develop, and conduct research to improve methods, procedures, and technologies for increasing survival in aircraft accidents. In support of the FAA goals, this study identified safety- and survival-related information currently available to the flying public, providing an opportunity for estimating the general educational level of the typical air traveler. The information available to typical airline passengers was obtained through a survey of air- information resources, including all material available from 15 major and 25 minor flying in U.S. airspace. Additional sources were found using an exhaustive search of Internet Web sites, books, periodicals, and journal articles of government agencies, aviation training programs, educational and academic sources, aircraft manufacturers, consultants, U.S. military, corporations, and non-profit companies. An array of important factors was investigated: travel preparation, prohibited goods, in- “things-to-know,” medical information, safety concerns, aircraft operations, emergency procedures, post-emergency survival-related topics, requirements, and international travel information. The results reveal serious inadequacies in the availability of safety information for airline passengers, indicating that reaching the goal of assured air traveler safety and survival in is problematic but amenable to significant improvement. To increase the probability that air travelers will survive in emergencies, substantially improved safety and survival information needs to be implemented and made available through a well- constructed passenger education program.

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Passenger Safety, Passenger Education, Emergency Document is available to the public through the Evacuation, Survival National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 19 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

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AVAILABILITY OF PASSENGER SAFETY INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED SURVIVAL IN AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has influenced safety. The questionnaire responses indicated no mission more important than assuring the safety of the that passengers had difficulties in many areas. Most more than one million passengers who fly on air carriers passengers, including those seated in exit rows, did not every day in the United States. As part of this mission, read the safety briefing cards provided to assist them the FAA has long been active in assuring safe evacuation in understanding the tasks they needed to perform in of in emergencies. To support this an emergency. This resulted in slower egress times and effort the FAA has published Advisory Circular (AC) unnecessary injuries. 121-24B (US DOT, 1999), regarding passenger safety Such a lack of attention to the onboard safety infor- information briefings and briefing cards. The AC states mation apparently occurs because of a misconception that an alert, knowledgeable person has a much better among airline passengers that there is little hope of sur- chance of surviving a life-threatening situation that occurs vival in accidents, as suggested by studies conducted by during passenger-carrying operations in . Daniel Johnson (1984) and Parkinson and Muir (1995), Further, the FAA Strategic Plan (2001) set goals to be which investigated passenger perceptions about transport proactive regarding passenger education. Included is the safety. Both studies concluded that passengers sharing of safety information with passengers to reduce believed about 75% of transport airplane accidents are fatal accidents and increase the probability that passengers fatal, i.e., without hope for survival. This misperception and crew will survive. Identification and development is not only unfortunate, but dangerous, because statis- of improved methods, procedures, and technologies to tics show that while passengers with an understanding increase survival in aircraft accidents are key. of what to do in an accident will survive in most cases, In a recent safety study by the National Transpor- passengers without the hope for survival find little need tation Safety Board (2000) investigating 46 accidents to prepare (Johnson, 1984). This failure to prepare can that occurred between September 1997 and June 1999, lead to fatalities. there were 2,651 passengers involved in emergency An example of this situation is the Air Canada Flight aircraft evacuations. The evacuations were ordered by 797 (Douglas DC-9-32) accident at the Cincinnati Air- the crew or initiated by passengers perceiving a threat; port on June 2, 1983, in which 18 passengers and five these evacuations occurred every 11 days, on average. crewmembers escaped the airplane after an in-flight fire Detailed analyses were conducted on a subset of the 46 started in the aft lavatory. Regrettably, 23 passengers were emergency evacuations; these involved fire, suspicion unable to get out of the plane and died in the fire; the of fire, or inflatable escape slide usage. Questionnaires NTSB report (1986) of the accident indicated that pas- regarding the preflight safety briefing, emergency exits, sengers probably lacked an understanding of what to do. carry-on , evacuation slides, passenger behavior, Many of the survivors stated they had to travel aftward use of seat belts, communication, injury, post-evacua- in the plane to reach the overwing emergency exits and tion events, and personal information were sent to the only found the exits in the thick smoke because they had accident survivors. The goal of the study was to identify identified the number of seat rows between their seats and critical factors that influence evacuations and effect im- the when they boarded the airplane. The provements that would promote successful evacuations NTSB concluded that the single most important factor in the future. for those surviving the accident was likely the extent to The report provided insight into specific factors, such which they took personal responsibility for their own as crewmember training and passenger behavior, which safety; i.e., they had pre-planned their escape, allowing affected the outcome of the emergency evacuations and them to react quickly to the emergency.

1 The NTSB safety study (2000) also examined passen- Michael Hynes (1999) found that during a nine-year ger performance in exit rows, as passengers seated there period from January 1, 1988, through December 31, were forced to operate the overwing exits in several of the 1996, there were more than 500 such incidents, occur- emergency evacuations. These passengers were generally ring about once a week, on average. The 500 PEEvacs not ready to act quickly in an emergency, because unlike involved approximately 6,000 passengers, at a direct the airplane crew, they had not been individually informed monetary cost of more than $11 million annually to about the proper procedures nor had they received formal the airlines (Hynes, 2000), which resulted in large part training on the necessary tasks. Three main problems were from passenger injuries. Hynes concluded that one of identified. The first was failing to attend to the safety the ways to prevent passenger injuries associated with information provided, the second was not knowing to PEEVacs is to improve passenger safety information and assess conditions outside the exit before opening it, and instruction. This conclusion reaffirms the findings of the the third was having difficulty making the decision to NTSB Safety Study (2000) regarding the need for better open the exit. Many of the passengers who opened the passenger education. overwing exits also struggled to maneuver the Type-III The foregoing discussion is a mere snapshot of the exit hatch and throw it clear of the opening. Difficulty concerns related to the lack of attention passengers give in opening the exits caused additional delays for other to safety information on transport airplanes, the resulting passengers waiting to use them. lack of safety knowledge passengers possess as a result, The most frequent impediment to rapid emergency and the negative behavioral effects these inadequacies evacuation was passengers who carried baggage while try- produce. Apparently, the FAA goal of having proactive ing to evacuate the airplanes. Of the 457 passengers who safety information-sharing with passengers is not being replied to the questionnaire, only 25 individuals reported met by the airline safety-information briefing programs having had no bags with them inside the airplane, while in place, and the question remains as to whether there nearly 50% (208) of the remaining passengers reported is an alternative information base available to support that they attempted to carry a bag outside during the this goal. emergency evacuation. This tendency for passengers to retrieve and carry baggage reflects a serious lack of knowl- METHODS edge about the short time available for escape in aircraft accidents and the impediment to successful evacuations The current study was conducted to answer that ques- that carry-on baggage represents. tion, i.e., to identify the aircraft safety and accident survival Competitive passenger behavior was also an unexpected information currently available to the flying public. The obstacle described by accident survivors. Many passengers resources reviewed for this study included all materials reported seeing competitive behaviors that included push- supplied to passengers by the 15 largest airlines and 25 ing, climbing over seats, and aggressive disputes among smaller airlines flying in US airspace. Additional informa- passengers. Overall, 12.1% of the responding passengers tion and material were found using an exhaustive search reported they climbed over seats to get out of the airplane of Internet Web sites, books, periodicals, and journal ar- and another 20.4% reported that they observed someone ticles of government agencies, aviation training programs, climbing over seats. There were also 29% who reported educational and academic sources, aircraft manufacturers, having seen passengers being pushed, 18.7% indicated consultants, US military, corporations, and non-profit they had actually been pushed, and 5.6% indicated they companies (see Appendix for details). personally pushed another passenger. Although climb- ing over seats and pushing may sometimes prove to be An array of important factors was explored: necessary actions for emergency egress, conflicts typi- • Up-to-date information regarding travel preparation cally produced by these actions consume valuable time, • In-flight things to know list demonstrating that uneducated passengers are likely to • Emergency aircraft operations plan behave negatively when anxiety and heightened emotion • Emergency procedures are in control. • Safety concerns and issues list Precautionary emergency evacuations (PEEvacs) are • Post-emergency survival topics another category of transport airplane evacuation or- • Prohibited goods list dered by the crew, or initiated by passengers, because of • Medical information a perceived threat (e.g., fire), although the threat never • International travel information actually develops. An investigation of PEEvacs conducted • Airport requirements for the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) by

2 3 RESULTS in need of interpretation. The other government Web site that has significant passenger safety information is that of The search of aviation- and travel-related materials Transport Canada, whereas Qantas Airlines provides the revealed there is relatively little in the way of aircraft- only commercial Web site that gives passengers advanced specific safety and accident survival information readily safety information. The single resource that would be available to the flying public. Indeed, most information considered the most comprehensive, if somewhat dated, is related to travel preparation, recent security concerns, is the (out of print) book, Just in Case, by Dan Johnson and/or limited interpretations of safety topics. Not a (1984). Table 1 displays the information obtained with single existing source of information can be considered ratings for completeness and relative availability. comprehensive, especially given the current and security environment. DISCUSSION Importantly, this information is also universally dif- ficult to obtain. For example, the FAA Internet Web site Accident reports indicate that passengers are gener- is one of only three Web sites found to contain advanced ally uninformed about airplane accidents, emergency passenger safety information. Although recently updated, evacuation, and accident-survival issues. For example, however, the subject matter remains incomplete and some- passengers lack knowledge about performing emergency times vague regarding passenger safety in emergencies; i.e., tasks, are unaware that they should leave their carry-on

Table 1. Available Safety Information

Rating * Resource name Total 1 2 3 4 5 Notes Airline Supplied 40 19 11 9 1 15 Major Airlines & Materials 25 Smaller Airlines Government 22 16 2 4 10 U.S. & 12 International Educational/Academic 10 10 Internet Sources 19 15 1 2 1 Books & Publications 9 3 5 1 Internet search found 12,417 “Aviation Safety” titles. Search narrowed by “ Safety” and then by “Passenger Safety” to reach a total of nine books that fit the objective.

* Rating Scale 1. No travel preparation or emergency information 2. Minimal travel preparation information / No emergency data 3. Minimal travel preparation information / No emergency data / Links to other Web sites 4. Good travel preparation information / No emergency data • Possible subject matter: Travel Preparation, How To Dress, Baggage, Travel Documents, Special Needs, Dangerous Goods & Prohibited Items List, Medical Information, Airport Requirements, In-Flight Advice, Frequently Asked Questions, International Travel, Customs, and In-Flight Health. 5. No Travel Preparation Information / Good Safety & Emergency Information Available • Possible Subject Matter: Types of Accidents, Behavior, Decompressions, In-Flight Emergencies, How To Prepare For a Crash, Fire, Emergency Escape On Land, Ditching, Stress Reactions After an Accident.

Appendix A contains a complete list of all information sources surveyed.

2 3 baggage behind during an emergency aircraft evacuation, RECOMMENDATIONS and have little idea about what to expect during and after emergency evacuations. These shortcomings result from The following strategies for educating air travelers the general lack of safety information readily available to will support the FAA goals of being proactive regarding the public, suggesting that minimal importance has been passenger education: placed on making passengers part of the safety equation. 1. Develop a comprehensive aircraft safety education Thus, passengers are often unaware of the factors they curriculum. Toward this end: need to know to enhance their survival in emergencies. a. Conduct surveys of known travel safety information A consequence of this approach to passenger safety is outside aviation to identify the extent to which ad- that most passengers believe that survival in an airplane ditional safety information is available and/or needs accident is highly unlikely, although the reverse situation to be developed. is, in fact, true. Importantly, it has been recognized that if b. Conduct surveys to obtain information from the passengers believe they can influence their own survival, general public as to exactly what they know regard- they will be more willing to attend to safety information. ing safety in all emergencies, but especially aircraft Such safety information may differ from airplane to air- accidents. The surveys should be constructed to plane, which is the reason that exit locations, floor path identify insufficiencies in current materials to inform marking systems, and oxygen equipment are all discussed about future directions for development of safety in the pre-flight oral safety briefing and displayed on the information and educational materials. A Web site seat-back safety information cards aboard airplanes. linked to commercial airline travel Web sites (e.g., The existence of such differences is only one factor Orbitz, Expedia) could be used to obtain broad- that passengers need to be made more aware of, in order based participation. to heighten their attention to all safety information. Par- c. Develop and implement state-of-the-art methods for kinson and Muir (1995) showed that increased awareness educating air travelers, using creative technologies generated via safety training raised passenger awareness such as interactive CD-ROMs that could be passed of other important safety issues and increased passenger out at , air shows, and public events. Airline motivation to pay attention to the safety information magazines could be used to assist in the distribution available. This led to increased behavioral effectiveness effort and provide self-tests regarding facts about in an emergency. These effects were greatest for those safety, security, and emergency readiness. passengers who experienced direct practice with safety- d. Set up portable training devices (e.g., interactive related tasks, although the authors also found that mental kiosks and airplane-exit simulators) at airports practice, alone, improved performance. Additional gains and other public venues to allow individuals could be expected through increased compliance with to gain better information and get hands-on safety regulations and greater personal responsibility for experience. accident survival. 2. Develop and teach proactive safety procedures in public Much of the safety information that needs to be pre- schools as part of a first aid and lifesaving skills training sented is already known and only needs to be compiled curriculum. or applied to the commercial aviation environment, 3. Provide travel safety information on the public broad- although some additional aviation-specific safety infor- cast channels. mation ought to be developed. Therefore, creative and 4. In the interim, the Passenger section of the FAA Inter- effective methods should be employed to enhance and net Web site should be enhanced and a plan created convey safety information for passengers, in order to to inform the general public of its existence, in order achieve the FAA goal of assuring that air travelers have to address current deficiencies in airplane passenger the information necessary for effective survival in any safety education. Topics should include: emergency. Provision of such information, because of its large scope, will likely require a significant passenger SAFETY AND SURVIVAL education program beyond that currently employed for INFORMATION airline passengers; that is, onboard safety briefings and Safe Flight Information passenger safety information cards need to become the • Safety on the Tarmac last link in the chain of safety information provided for • In-Flight Health the flying public. • Preparedness for Emergencies • In-Flight Emergency Information

4 5 • Know Your Exits REFERENCES • Seat Belts • Exit Row Seating Federal Aviation Administration, Strategic Planning • Turbulence Branch, APO-120, http://api.hq.faa.gov/sp01/ • Electronics Safety sp2001.html, January 2001. • Decompression Hynes, M. “Frequency and Costs of Transport Airplane • Oxygen Mask Precautionary Emergency Evacuations,” Office of • Brace for Crash Positions Aviation Medicine Report, DOT/FAA/AM-99/30, • Flotation Devices 1999.1 • Fire and Smoke • Using the Escape Slide Hynes, M. Evacuee Injuries and Demographics in Transport Airplane Precautionary Emergency Post-crash Emergency Information Evacuations, Office of Aviation Medicine Report, • Crash on Take-off or Landing DOT/FAA/AM-00/11, 2000.1 • Panic Johnson D. “Just In Case, a Passenger’s Guide to Air- • Fire and Smoke plane Safety and Survival,” Plenum Publishing, • Ditching New York, 1984. • Rescue • Stress Reaction National Transportation Safety Board. Final Accident Report No. NTSB/AAR-86/02, 1986. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION National Transportation Safety Board. Safety Study, “ Before You Travel Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes,” • How to Pack NTSB/SS-00/01, 2000. • What to Wear • Checking Flight Status Parkinson, S. and Muir H.C., “The Effect of Training, • At the airport Overtraining, and Transfer of Training on Passenger • Traveler Services Performance in a Simulated Aircraft Emergency.” th • Identification Proceedings of the 12 Annual International Air- • Health craft Cabin Safety Symposium, 1995. • Children and Flying US Department of Transportation. FAA Advisory Cir- • Travelers With Special Needs cular No. 121-24B, 1999. • Traveling With Pets • How to File Airline Complaints

Baggage Tips • Things to Bring • Things NOT to Bring • Carry-on Baggage • • Wrapped Packages • Sporting Equipment • Musical Instruments

1This publication and all Office of Aerospace Medicine technical reports are available in full-text from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute’s publications Web site: http://www.cami.jccbi.gov/aam- 400A/index.html 4 5

ta. Lacking Detailed Emergency Information. Special Notes Traveler Preparation Data – Safety Information – Pilot/Passenger Health and Safety. FAA.gov – ALERTS – Security Tips for Air Travelers – Most of The Information is Geared Toward Pilots - Linksto Safety Sites. Links to LocalWeather, National Center for Infectious Disease, and US Customs.

1 Travel Advisories Only. 2 Anna Damski – British Airways Safety Training Dept. 1 Link from www.ntsb.gov 1 No Traveler Information. 4 Travel Preparation Documented / No Emergency Da 1 No Traveler Info Available. 4 Difficult to Find Specific Traveler Information 4 What You Should Know Before You Travel. 4 1 4 Traveler Preparation Documented / EmergencyNo Data. 1 Link for Transport Canada CD. 4+ Rating (1-5) * A PPENDIX A Sources ofPassenger Sources Information http://www.ntsb.gov Source http://www.asy.faa.gov/asy_internet/Flysmart/defaul t.htm http://www1.faa.gov/index.cfm/apa/1076 http://www.cami.jccbi.gov/ http://www.ntsb.gov/Publictn/2001/sr0101.htm http://www.asy.faa.gov/ http://www.dfat.gov.au/consular/advice/index.html el/index http://www.qantas.com.au/info/flying/beforeYouTrav http://www.warman.demon.co.uk/anna/inflight.htm http://www.faa.gov http://www.tc.gc.ca/en/menu.htm http://wwwfaa.gov http://www.voyage.gc.ca/destinations/menu_e.htm Name ofWeb Site/Document FAA / CAMI Transportation Security Administration (TSA) http://www.tsa.gov/public/display?theme=175 Transport Canada “WhatWhen Take To Traveling” “Survivability of Accidents InvolvingPart 121 U.S. Air Carrier Operations, 1983 Through 2000” Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Australia) American Academy of Otolaryngology http://www.casa.gov.au/index.htm National Transportation Safety Board http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/ears/altitude.cfm The Federal Aviation Administration FAA Office of System Safety Qantas Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade In-flight Safety

A1 to FAA Site. No No Traveler Data. Misc. TravelInformation for Pilots. Issues. No Traveler Information. No Traveler Information. Special Notes Regarding Travel for Children. Links to the SmartFAA Fly Site. Today. Names of Airlines are Included in Answers that are Inappropriate. “ “ Includes ArticlesNews and an Airline Comparison Done by USA “ “ “ “ 1 Misc. TravelInformation Pilots.For 1 No Traveler Information. 1 Links to Airline Safety Records. 1 No Traveler Information. 1 Contains Links to Airline Support Groups. Deals Airline with 1 1 Crash Information Only. A Report Card on Airlines. 3 Small Amount of Traveler Safety Info / Links 4- Not All Information is Correct. Contains Information/Links Rating (1-5) * http://www.landings.com http://www.aviationreferencedesk.com/?source=ove http://www.airsafetyonline.com/ http://www.airlinesafety.com/ rture#Weather%20&%20Travel Source http://www.airsafe.com/issues/security/waiting.htm http://www.airsafe.com/events/war/moresafe.htm http://aviation-safety.net/airlinesafety/index.html http://www.airsafe.com/kidsafe.htm http://www.airsafe.com http://www.airsafe.com/issues/rage.htm http://www.crashdatabase.com/ http://www.airline-safety-records.com/ Name ofWeb Site/Document Airsafe.com Airsafe.com Tips for Travel Under New Security Rules Airsafe.com Top 10 Airline Safety Questions http://www.airsafe.com/ten_faq.htm Airsafe.com Suggestions For Reducing Security Related Threats (Hi-jacking) Airsafe.com Baggage Information Resources http://www.airsafe.com/issues/baggage.htm Airsafe.com Child Safety In AirThe Airsafe.com Information Landings.com Airlines Safety.com Air Safety Online National Air Alliance/Foundation The Aviation Safety Network http://www.planesafe.org/ Aircraft Crash Database Airline Safety Records.com Aviation Reference Desk

A2 A3 No No Traveler Data / Rates Airline Service and Safety. No Traveler Information. Outbreaks Or Concerns). Equipment Info. Advocacy. Cabin Crew Safety Articles Available. Tickets. All Topics Lead to a Purchase. Information is Bulky And Hard toWork Through. Includes Packing List & Kids Traveling Tips. Linksto Other Travel Sites. Special Notes 1 ICAO Member - Builds Aircraft Instrument Panels. 1 List OfMembership Organizations. 1 Briefing Cards Only. 2 1 Database of Accidents. 1 Check on Health Information for Specific Travel Areas. (Disease 1 Foundation for Independent Research, Auditing, Education and 2 Survival Equipment / No Traveler Info Specific. Good Ditching and 4 Information from Travela Agency. Goal is to Get to You Purchase 1 1 Magazine for General Pilots. 1 Builds Aviation Training Simulators. 1 1 Training Company. 3 1 Training for Flight Crews Only. Rating (1-5) * http://www.equipped.com http://diabetes.about.com/cs/traveldiabetes/ http://www.freetraveltips.com/ http://www.rp-technologies.com Source airfares/airlines.html http://www.flightsafety.org/home.html http://www.aviationsafetymagazine.com/index.html http://www.cabinsafety.com/home.html http://www.travel-safety-and-health.com/ http://aeroweld.com http://travel.simplyquick.com/discount- http://members.aol.com/aofwebpage/fa.html http://www.cdc.gov/travel/ http://www.airbus.com/customer/training.asp Name ofWeb Site/Document Compare Airlines About.com – TravelingWith Diabetes Abe’s Safety Tips Free Travel Tips.com National Center For Disease Control CabinSafety.com Aviation Safety Magazine Equipped To Survive RP Technologies Aeroweld International Civil Aviation Organization A Study Of Factors Influencing The Evacuation Of OccupantsIn Fire Related http://www.icao.org Accidents Academics Of Flight Flight Safety Foundation Advanced Composite Technologies, Inc. Airbus Training Center http://www.advancedcompositetech.net/

A2 A3 onnel, and Information. . ng. Equivalent to American NTSB Aircraft Dispatchers. Special Notes International Air Transport Assoc. /Aviation Security Div. 1 Pilot Training Only. 2 Minimal Information Available. 1 Pilot Training Only. 1 Ground School and Flight Training Only. 1 Aviation Recruiters. 1 Air Freight Dangerous Chemicals Training (Packing and Handling). 1 Training for Flight Crew Only. 2 General Health Information for Travelers. 1 Crew Resource Management Training Only. 1 Pre-empting the Threat – Conference Conducted by the 1 Courses for Pilots, Flight Attendants, Maintenance Pers 2 1 Aviation Training for Travel Agents. 1 FAA Regulatory Compliance Training. 1 Aeronautical Management Degree Program. 1 United Airlines Craftsmanship Traini 1 United Kingdom’s 1+ Trains in Airline . No Traveler Rating (1-5) * .uk/index.htm http://www.aviationtrainingatm.com http://www.asma.org/Publication/Tips_For_Travelers http://web.idirect.com/~als/home.htm Source aircare.com/index.cfm?menugroup=FACTS+Home 2001.pdf http://www.aa.com http://www.aviationCRM.com http://www1.iata.org/ice/avsec2002/index http://www.aviem.com/services.html#information http://www.airpack.com/ http://www.airmanflightschool.com/ http://www.facts- http://www.agschools.com/index.htm http://www.ual.com/page/article/0,,1821,00.html http://www.asacinc.com/home.phtml http://www.averett.edu/cat0204/aviation.html http://www.technojobs.co.uk/pages/D39789.html igation http://www.aaib.dft.gov Name ofWeb Site/Document AirCare International Ltd. Airline Ground Schools, Inc. Airman Flight Schools, Inc. Airpack Inc. Airspace Safety Analysis Corp. American Airlines Aerospace Medical Association Averett University Aviation Consultant Enterprise International Air Transport Assoc. (IATA) Aviation Language Schools Inc. http://www1.iata.org/index.htm Aviation Training Management, Inc. Aviation Training Services/ United Services United Airlines http://www.ualservices.com/html/index.html AviationCRM.com AviemInternational Inc. United Kingdom Air Accident Invest AVSEC Inc.

A4 A5 ed rol. Airport e and ity Plan Development, Fire Fire and Professional Pilot Programs. Primarily on Aviation Safety and Pilot Education. Only The Traveler Preparation Information Available is in Magazine Articles. Security Systems Design, Employee Background Investigations. Special Notes Technology. Federally Funded Research for the DOD, FAA, IRS. Polytechnic Institute and State University. Technology Programs Only. 1 Airport Vulnerability Assessments, Secur 1 Digital Library and Archives, University Libraries, Virginia 1 Airport Lighting. 1 Pilots Training Only. 1 Pilot Training Program Only. 1 and Powerplant Maintenance Training. 1 College of Aviation Only. 1 Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance Training. 1 Pilot Flight Training. 1 Provides Engineering, Research and Development, Information 2 Provides Aircraft Owners and Pilots a Monthly Magazine Focus 3 Small Amount of Traveler Preparation Info / Linksto the TSA Site. 1 Human Factors, Aircraft Maintenance, Airport Operations, 1 Aviation Maintenance Program. 1 Aerospace Management, Professional Pilots, Air Traffic Cont 1 Professional Flight Technology, Aviation Maintenanc 1 Aviation and Aerospace Education. Rating (1-5) * http://www.comairacademy.com http://www.dwc.edu Source http://[email protected] http://education.service-sites.com/aviation- school.htm http://www.aci-na.org http://scholar2.lib.vt.edu/spec/aerosp/aerohp.htm http://www.bijanair.com/school.html http://www.cochise.org/aviation/index_ie.htm http://www.cmsu.edu/aviation http://www.cptc.edu http://www.aviation.uiuc.edu http://www.erau.edu Name ofWeb Site/Document Big Bend Community College / Aviation Bijan Air, Inc. http://www.bigbend.edu Center For Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) The MITRE Corp. Central Missouri State University Cloverpark Technical College Cochise College / Aviation College of Aeronautics Aviation Training Institute University of Illinois/ Aviation Comair Aviation Academy Community College Of Beaver County Crouse-Hinds Airport Lighting Products http://www.ccbc.cc.pa.us CTI Consulting aka Counter Technology Inc. http://www.chalp.com http://www.countertech.com/aboutus.html Airport Council International (ACI) / North America AAAE: Archives Of American Aerospace Exploration Aircraft Owners And Pilots Association http://www.aopa.org WebsterDaniel /College Aviation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

A4 A5 . No No Aviation Related Information. Links Webto TSA Site Links toFAA/CAMIwith Web Site. (Search: Post Emergency Procedures) Survival Training Company. Special Notes Questions Only. Ground Security Training / FAA Approved. (Search: Traveler Safety Tips) This Site Is For An Insurance Company. AviationNo Related Information. Magazine ArticleWomen For Travelers. No Aviation Related Information. Specialist. 1 Airline Disaster Support Services. 3 Links to FAA and CAMIWeb Sites. 1 Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance. 1 Air Cargo Company. 3 1 2 Available Information Applicable toDelta Airlines Travel Service 1 Flight Crew Training. 1 Dangerous Goods / Hazardous Materials Transportation Training 1 Dangerous Goods Training. 1 DER’s 1 FAA Approved Flight Dispatch Training. 1 1+ 1+ 1+ Rating (1-5) * ining.com/gscs.htm http://www.gsctra http://www.etisurvival.com/pil.htm http://www.fafonline.org http://www.isicns.com http://www.lufthansa-cargo.com/ccLIVN- http://www.internationalbenefits.com/travel-safety- http://[email protected] http://www.survivalsystemsinc.com/avcourselist.html 1 Aviation and Marine Safety SurvivalCourses http://www.dot.gov/safety.html http://www.cdc.gov/travel http://www.iflyswa.com Source /safetytravel.html http://www.ders-group.com http://[email protected] http://www.facts-aircare.com 5FECF9.html tips.htm http://www.flightdispatcher.org/classes/index.html http://www.jorbins.com/travel_vacationing_magazine http://www.delta.com/home/index.jsp tants Name ofWeb Site/Document Delegated Engineering Representative Services Group Inc. Delta Airlines Dangerous Goods International (DGI) Training Inc. FACTS Training International / AirCare International Falco Dangerous Goods Services Family Assistance Foundation Flight Dispatch Careers, Inc. Innovative Solutions Inc Lufthansa Cargo Reem Aviation Security Consul Survival Systems USA, Inc. US Department of Transportation Internationalbenefits.com Jorbins.com Center for Disease Control Southwest Airlines Enviro-Tech International

A6 A7 Aviation ProfessionalsWho Provide News, Safety Awareness, Aviation AndKnowledge Regulatory Insightfor the Public.Flying Crash Data, Safety Links. 12,417 Books on “Safety”, 354 Books “Aviation Safety”, 84 Books on “Commercial Aviation Safety”, Books9 on “Passenger Safety” . None Contain Accident Survival Information. Links toWeb Amazon Only. Site 230 Books (100 the Same As Barnes & Noble) DOT Statistical Data. Links Webto TSA Site. Links Webto TSA Site. Available Information Applicable toAir Tran Travel Questions Only. (Baggage Info) Links Webto TSA Site. Filed Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. German Airline. The European Joint Aviation Authorities. European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. Special Notes 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 Rating (1-5) * http://www.nwa.com http://www.waldenbooks.com Source http://www.bts.gov/publications/pocketguide/pdf/entir e.pdf mes/0,4449,0-0-605242,00.html http://www.flyfrontier.com http://www.jetsafety.com http://www.usair.com http://www.jaa.nl http://www.eurocontrol.be http://www.barnesandnoble.com http://www.airtran.com http://www.continental.com http://www.jetblue.com http://www.safe-skies.com/airline_safety.htm http://www.championair.com http://www.amazon.com http://www.ata.com http://www.flyvanguard.com/home.asp http://cms.lufthansa.com/pre/de/en/homepage_Nofra Name ofWeb Site/Document Safe Skies International Jet Safety.com Barnes And Noble Waldenbooks Amazon Bureau Of Transportation Statistics / Pocket Guide To Transportation Continental Airlines Northwest Airlines Frontier Airlines Jet Blue Champion Air ATA (American Trans Air) Air Tran Airways U S Airways Vanguard Airlines Lufthansa German Airlines Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) Eurocontrol

A6 A7 Links to US Airways. British Equivalentto the FAA. French Equivalent to the FAA. German Equivalent to the FAA. Italian Equivalent to the FAA. Russian Equivalent to the FAA. Site Includes a Letterto Jim Loy, ofHead The Transportation Safety Administration. LinksWebto TSA Site. Duplicate Sites/ Same Owner. Became a AirlineCargo After the Crash of Flight 1285. Connects to Delta and United Airlines’Web Sites. Special Notes 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 Rating (1-5) * http://www.civilavia.ru http://www.enac-italia.it http://www.caa.co.uk Source http://www.alaskaair.com http://horizonair.alaskaair.com http://www.colganair.com http://www.atlanticcoast.com http://www.crystalairways.com http://www.miamiair.com http://www.bigskyair.com/index.php http://www.mesa-air.com/aircraft.html http://www.skyserviceairlines.com http://www.lba.de http://www1.midwestexpress.com/home.asp http://www.hawaiianair.com/about http://www.arrowair.com/index.htm http://www.alohaairlines.com/aq/index.shtm http://www.flychautauqua.com http://www.flypanam.com http://www.ata.com/prod_svcs/ata_connex.html Name ofWeb Site/Document Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) La Direction Generale de l’Aviation Civile Luftfahrt-Bundesamt http://www.dgac.fr/default_gb.htm Ente Nazionale per l’Aviazione Civile Federal Aviation Authority of Russia Alaska Airlines Horizon Airlines Aloha Airlines AirlinesArrow Atlantic Coast Airlines Chautauqua Airlines Big Sky Airlines Chicago Express Airlines Colgan Air, Inc. Crystal Airways Hawaiian Airlines Mesa Air Miami Air International, Inc. Midwest Express Airlines Airlines Sky Service Airlines

A8 A9 Crew Crew Training. Links toWeb TSA Site. Customer Survey Included Webon Site. Your Opinion Matters! Links toWeb TSA Site. Provides Passenger Emergency Information On Types Of Accidents, Behavior, Decompressions, In-flight Emergencies, How To Prepare For A Crash, Fire, Emergency Escape On Land, Ditchings, And Stress Reactions. No Traveler Preparation Data. Research And Special Programs Administration Conducting Aviation Research For AdvancesInTechnology. Aircraft Design, Bird Strikes, Structure WeatherFailure, Data, Etc. One Chapter On Passenger Education. “The Smarter Journey.” The Book Contains NegativeInput. Provides A Small Amount Of Traveler Information. Special Notes 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 5 1 1 2 2 Rating (1-5) * http://www.spiritair.com/welcome.cfm?msg=Yes&La Publisher: Ashgate Publishing Ltd Call Number: TL 553.7 .P748 / 1999 CAMI Library Source nguage=English _us Publisher: York New / Plenum Call Number:WD 740 J66J 1984 CAMI Library Book Out Of Print – Needs Updates http://www.volpe.dot.gov Publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd. Call No: TL 553.5 T34 1988 CAMI Library Publisher: Anahola Hawaii: Flyana Rhyme Call No: WM 188 F35 1992 CAMI Library Publisher: Safe Goods, 1998 http://www.suncountry.com http://www.transstates.net http://www.skywest.com http://www.gpair.com/index.htm http://www.britishairways.com/travel/home/public/en http://c0dsp.westjet.com/internet/sky http://www.americawest.com/homeIE.asp w e ane Pr J Sarah- hor: t ISBN: 1 84014 521 8 Name ofWeb Site/Document SkyWest Airlines Spirit Airlines Sun Country Airlines Trans State Airlines West Jet Airlines LTD. Great Plains Airlines AmericaWest Airlines British Airways Title: Survival For Au Title: Just In Case, Passenger’sA Guide To Airplane Safety And Survival Author: Johnson, Daniel A. ISBN: 0306415763 The Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Title: : Safe How Is It? Author: Taylor, Laurie ISBN: 0-632-03163-8 Title: Jet Smarter: The Air Traveler’s Rx Author: Fairechild, Diana ISBN: 1892997495 Title: The Backseat Flyer: Plane Sense About Flying As A Passenger Author: Anderson, Nina ISBN: 1884820352

A8 A9 Special Notes Video of Slide Beam Strength Performance During Egress. NTSB Report Regarding Emergency Evacuation. Video Informationwith from the FAA Tech Center on Aircraft Accidents/Incidents That Included Fire. a Video of Crash Test from the FAA Tech Center. CD-ROM Travel Preparation Information. Psychological Responses To Disaster. Personal Accounts Of Airline Crash Survivors. Good Information On DealingWith Terrorism. Special Notes 2 1 1 1 Rating (1-5) * Rating (1-5) * NOVA NOVA / 1988 Source http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2000/SS0001.pdf NOVA / 1988 CAMI – OAM Report DOT/FAA/AR-02/48 TP13910E JAA-OSPAG-2002-1 SM-169 CAMI / 1995 http://www.uwillfly.com Source Publisher: York New University Press Call No: BF 789.D5 L43 1994 CAMI Library Publisher: Harperperennial Library, 2002 Call No: TL 553.7 M34 CAMI Library Publisher: York: New McGraw Hill C2002 No:Call HE 9779M35 2002eb CAMI Library Name ofWeb Site/Document WithFlying Confidence Title: Survival Psychology Author: Leach, John ISBN: 0-8147-5090-7 Title: On WingA And A Prayer Author: MacPherson, Malcolm ISBN: 0060959789 Title: Safe Air Travel Companion Author: McKinnon, Dan ISBN: 0071406875 RESOURCES: ADDITIONAL Name ofWeb Site/Document National Transportation Safety Board (2000). Safety Study. Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes. NTSB: SS-00/01 Why Planes Burn Written And Produced By Alec Nisbett 720 Crash Test Slide Methods McLean, Palmerton, Chittum, George, & Funkhouser (1998). Office of Aviation Medicine Report. Inflatable EscapeSlide Beam and Girt Strength Tests: Support for Revision of Technical Standard Order (TSO) C-69b. DOT/FAA/AM-98/3 Proceedings of the Third International Aircraft Fire & Cabin Safety Research Conference, Oct 22 – 25, 2001

A10 A11 ited Items ited nd In-Flight Emergency Emergency Annual International Safety Symposium. th Video On Aircraft Accidents 12 Training Video Video on Flashover Special Notes ergencies, How a for to Prepare Crash, Fire, Rating (1-5) * , Asked Frequently Questions, International Travel, Customs, a mpressions, In-Flight Em e / No emergencye / No to / Links data other Web sites Accidents, Behavior, Deco ation available / emergencyNo data Swede Survival Systems, Inc. CAMI – OAM Report Research Report From The Department of Applied Psychology, Cranfield University, UK Air Transportation Association of America / McDonnell Douglas VDI/ BroadcastingFox Company Source ion available / No/ available ion emergency data It. (1991) Health. List, Information, Medical Airport Requirements, In-Flight Advice Escape on Land, Ditchings, and an Stress Reactions After Accident. Possible Subject Possible Matter: Types of Possible SubjectPossible Preparation,Matter: Travel to Dress,How Baggage, Documents,Travel Needs, Special Dangerous Goods and Prohib • • 5. 5. and safety emergency Good information available 4. 4. travel Good preparation informat 1. 1. preparation travel No emergencyor available information 2. preparation Minimal travel inform 3. preparation Minimal travel information availabl * Rating Scale *Rating Name ofWeb Site/Document McLean, George, Funkhouser, & Chittum (1996). Office of Aviation MedicineReport. Aircraft Evacuations Onto Escape Slides and Platforms I: Effects of Passenger Motivation. DOT/FAA/AM-96/18 Parkinson, S.E.and Muir, H.C. (1995). The Effect of Training, Overtraining and Transfer of Training on Passenger Performance in a Simulated Aircraft Emergency. Flashover, Learning To Beat Turbulence Education And Training Aid – A Little Bumpy Air. (1997) Why Planes Go Down. (1996)

A10 A11