Aviation Where Career Opportunities Are Bright, Counselor's Guide

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DOCUMBIIT NRSUM6 ED 026 481 VT 006 210 By Zaharevi tz, Walter; Marshall, Jane N. Aviation Where Career Opportunities are Bright, Counselor's Guide. National Aerospace Education Council, Washington, D.C. Pvb Date 68 Note-121p. Available from-National Aerospace Education Council, 616 Shoreham Buddin9.806 Fifteenth Street, NA. Washington, D.C. 20005 (document $3.00, record and filmstrip $10.00). EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-*Aerospace Industry, Career Opportunities, Employment Oualifications,Filmstrips, Occupational Guidance, *Occupational Information, *Occupations, *Resovrce Guides,Technical Education, Wages, Work Environment Identifiers -*Aviation Industry This aviation occupations guide is designed for use as a unit aswell as in conjunction with an aviation careers package ofmaterial that contains a WI strip and recording. Chapter One contains the script of the film strip,AviationWhere Career Opportunities are Bright, and includes all photographs used inthe film strip plus numerous amplifying statements. Chapters Two throughNine joresent information on occupational clusterswithin aviation: Aircraft Manufacturing Occupations,Career Pilots and Flight Engineers, Aviation Mechanics (Including Repairmen),Airline Careers, Airline Stewardesses or Stewards, Aviation Careers inGovernment, Airport Careers, and Aviation Education and Other Aviation Related Careers.Each chapter includes general information about an occupational cluster,specific jobs within that cluster, description of the nature of work, working conditions, wagesand benefits, and identifies where the iobs are as well as the schools or sources of training.(CH) VTC0 218 AVI 0 WHERE CAREER OPPORTUNITIES ARE BRIGHT COMMELOR'S GUIDE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

iV Foreword OOOOOOOO0 * ft* 41411.4141.04111411.44 410 O. 4111111 41,410 Acknowledgements . 440011 V CHAPTER ONE Script of the Filmstrip,Aviation Where Career Opportunities Are Bright, includingall photographs used in the fflmstrippia numerous amplifying 1 stateraente OOOOO OOOO !IP* 33 CHAPTER TWO Aircraft Manufacturing Occupations . O.* 45 CHAPTER THREE Career Pilots and FlightEngineers414410 IF1 0 0000 57 CHAPTER FOUR Aviation Mechanics (IncludingRepairmen),0004 1111 0 0 *SO 63 CHAPTER FIVE Airline Careers . 414141 1114141 000 77 CHAPTER SIX Airline Stewardesses or Stewards . .111410 83 CHAPTER SEVEN Aviation Careers in Government...... OO 105 CHAPTER EIGHT Airport Careers . 00 0 CHAPTER NINE Aviation Education and OtherAviationRelated Careers414144 011444,11.0 110

a ROO OOOOOOO 411112 INDEXOF OCCUPATIONS , ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The material in this GUIDE stands by itself; Weinstein, Manpower and Occupational Develop- however, it also functions as a part of an avia- ment Specialist. tion careers package of material that contains a filmstrip and recording, both of which were pro- A special note of thanks is addressed to duced as a cooperative project by the Division Messrs. Robert F. O'Neil and Sanford P. Rogers, of Vocational and Technical Edu cation of the U.S. and to Dr. Mervin K. Strickler, Jr., of the Office Office of Education, Department of Health, Edu- of General Aviation Affairs, Federal Aviation cation, and Welfare, the Office of General Avia- Administration, for their professional audio- tion Affairs of the Federal Aviation Adminis- visual contributions and their enthusiastic in- tration, Department of Transportation, and the terest and constant support of this endeavor. National Aerospace Education Council. Acknowledgment is also due the aerospace A venture of this variety and magnitude re- manufacturing industry, the U.S. scheduled air- quired the cooperation of many people.It would lines,Fixed Base Operators, aviation trade be impossible to list all who have had a part in associations, federal agencies, and schools who helping NAEC produce this aviation careers rendered substantial assistance and cooperation, package. As in all projects of this nature, some specifically: Aero Commander Division, North individuals have been involved to a greater de- American Rockwell Corporation; Beech Aircraft gree than others. For major assistance, NAEC Corporation;Bell Helicopter Company; The is indebted to: Mr. Howard N. Waymire, Prin- Boeing Company; Cessna Aircraft Company; cipal of Leuzinger High School, Lawndale, Cali- LockheedAircraftCorporation;McDonnell fornia for permission to use his school prem- Douglas Corporation; Piper Aircraft Corpora- ises and seven of his students who appeared in tion; the Stewardess College of American Air- the filmstrip: Terry Baptiste, Cheryl Dunlap, lines; Braniff International; Trans World Air- GilbertHernandez,WalterHogan, Valerie lines; United Air Lines; A.I.R. Corporation; Huguchi, William Kulungian, and Dennis Leonard; California Aviation Service; E. B. Felt Com- to the Department of Speech and Dramatic Art, pany; National Airmotive Engine Service; Rep- University of Maryland, specifically: Dr. Donald Air; Skyways-Lear Jet; Wright Brothers' Com- H. Kirkley, Jr., Dr. Kenneth R. Williams, June pany;GoldCoast Air Taxi; the Aerospace C. Gaudio, Ray F. Lepore, Donna B. Lynch, and Industries Association of America, Inc.; National Edward S. Sandler, who participated in the voice Air Taxi Conference; National Association of recordings; to Messrs. Henri D'Estoutof FAA's State Aviation Officials; American Association San Francisco Area Office and Richard Peterson of Airport Executives; National Aviation Trades of FAA's Los Angeles Area Office for arrange- Association; National Aerial Applicators Asso- ments in connection with the filmstrip; and to ciation; the U.S. Weather Bureau; the Aeronau- the following personnel in the Division of Voca- tics Department of San Jose State College, tional and Technical Education, U.S. Office of California; and the U.S. Air Force Band. Education, for their professional guidance and advice: Sherrill D. McMillen, Acting Director The contributions of these individuals and of the Division, and to staff members of the organizations to aviation education are grate- Program Services Branch, specifically, Merle E. fully acknowledged. Strong, Director, Earl M. Bowler and William M. Berndt, Assistant Directors, David Pritchard, Vocational Guidance Specialist, and Emanuel W. Z. and J. N. M. FOREWORD

Aviation has penetrated into manyareas of theworld's businesses, industries, professions, and se,rvices.As you guide students intheir investigations of aviation careers, you(and the students) are certainto find opportunities in addition tothose listed in this GUIDE.The occupational uses of aviation arelimited only by one'simagination. The one certain forecast in the vast field ofaviation careers is change, as we are anation geared to change. Aviationscience and technologypromote change, but the variety of aviation careersprovides career mobilitywhich helps an individual to adjust rapidly tochange without departingfrom the overall field of aviation, This tremendousvariety also allows the maximumopportunity for the selection of a careerthat is personally stimulating,challenging, and rewarding (psychologically aswell as financially). Practically all of the employersinthe aviation industry areequal opportunity employers: allqualified applicants receiveconsideration for employment without regard to race,religion, color, national origin, or sex. If this GUIDE assists anindividual to obtain facts whichpermit him to arrive at a sound andpersonal career-choicedecision (either to enter the field of aviation or not), thenthe chief objective of thispublication will have been accomplished. "He ne'er is crowned With immortalitywhofears to follow Where airy voices lead." Keats

Walter Zaharevitz and JaneN. Marshall CHAPTER ONE

Script of the Filmstrip,AviationWhere Career Opportunities Are Bright,including all Photographs Used in the Filmstrip Plus Numerous Amplifying Statements I. Dennis: HI, STEVE! YOU LOOK WORRIED. WHAT'S ON YOUR MIND?

Steve: I TOLD MY DAD LAST NIGHT THAT WE'RE HAVING A CAREER DAY IN SCHOOL TODAY, AND HE REALLY BORE DOWN ON ME FOR NOT KNOWING WHAT I'M GOING TO DO AFTER I FINISH HIGH SCHOOL!

2. Dennis:

THIS COULD BE YOUR LUCKY DAY. WHY DON'T YOU COME WITH US AND HEAR OUR COMMITTEE'S REPORT ON CAREERS IN AVIA- TION? GOLLY, STEVE, AVIATION'S A FAST GROWING FIELD WITH A BIG FUTURE. THERE'S BOUND TO BE SOMETHING IN IT FOR YOU WHETHER YOU GO TO COLLEGE OR NOT.

Steve: jagessmpl111111Mmi.... O.K., I CAN'T LOSE. LET'S GO.

3. Dennis:

HERE WE ARE, STEVE!NOTICE OUR SIGN? OUR COMMITTEE DREAMED UP THAT TITLE BECAUSE WE BELIEVE AVIATION OF- FERS SOME OF 74HE BEST CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FU- TURE.

3 4. Walter:

HELLO, AND WELCOME TO OUR PROGRAM. I'M WALTER JONES, CHAIRMAN OF THE CAREER DAY COMMITTFE ON JOB OPPORTUNI- TIES IN AVIATION, AND THESE PEOPLE WITH ME ARE MEMBERS OF OUR COMMITTEE. YOU'LL BE HEARING FROM THEM AND SEEING THEM IN SOME OF THE PICTURES WE ARE SHOWING YOU TODAY PICTURES WE TOOK TO ILLUSTRATE CAREERS IN AVIATION.

-NIB OF U.S. AIRCRAFT S. Walter: WE WERE SURPRISED TO LEARN THAT MOST AIRPLANES FLYING MKS LK A TERM THAT IN- 0M1AL AVMM TODAY ARE GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT 71 0% USW 111A% CLUDES ALL FLANES EXCEPT THE SCHEDULED AIRLINES AND THE MY,LITARY. WE FOUND JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN ALL THREE OF MESE AREAS AS WELL AS IN AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING ANDIN

MOMS 2,121 GOVERNMENT. MAW 27$3 NM PRAM KW 5

2 6 Walter:

SO COME ALONG WITH US WHILE WE VISITTHE AIRCRAFT PLANT, THE AIRPORT, AND OTHER PLACES IN THEWORLD OF AVIATION WHERE MOST COMPANIES ARE EQUALOPPORTUNITY EMPLOYERS AND WHERE JOB OPPORTUNITIES AREBRIGHT.

AVIATION. .WHERE CAREER OPPORTUNITIES ARE BRIGHT AVIATION

PART ONE

PM Ono

Presented by DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE U. S. Office of Education and DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration

Produced by

NATIONAL AEROSPACE EDUCATION COUNCIL

10. Walter:

MR. MARTIN, OUR GUIDE FOR THE TOUR OFTHE AIRCRAFT PLANT, WELCOMED US AND ARRANGED FOR OUR VISITORS'BADGES.

Manufacturers of airplanes, helicopters, aircraft engines, propelimand accessories employ more than haLf a million people, from plantworkers (some of whom learn their jobs after a few weeks of training) toengineers with advanced degrees.

3 11. Walter:

FIRST, WE VISITED THE EMPLOYMENT OFFICE WHERE WE SAW MEN AND WOMEN FILLING OUT APPLICATION FORMS WHILE WAITING FOR JOB INTERVIEWS.

12. Walter:

MR. MARTIN TOLD US THAT MANY AIRCRAFT PLANTS TRAIN PEOPLE FOR SOME JOBS SUCH AS DRILLING

Nearly all aircraft plants offer some kind of training for unskilled and semkkilled workers, such as drilling, riveting, soldering, and welding.

4 °- 12

13. Walter:

. .AND OPERATING A LATHE. THESE SIMPLE OPERATIONS ARE LEARNED IN TWO TO FOUR WEEKS, AND ME TRAINEES EARN WHILE THEY LEARN.

Apprentice training programs also are offered to qualified employees under company and union agreements.Such training for jobs as nur chinists,sheet metal workers, tool and die makers, and electronic techniciansallows workerstoadvanceto journeyman status and higher wages. 13

14. Waiter:

SOMETIMES COURSES ARE SET UP AT THE AIRCRAFT PLANT UNDER THE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING ACT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO TRAIN BOTH YOUNG AND OLDER WORKERS.

15. Walter:

BUT IF A PERSON LEARNS A SKILL IN A VOCATIONAL SCHOOL FIRST, HE CAN START HIS CAREER AT A HIGHER RATE OF PAY AND ADVANCE FASTER.

4 Aircraft M4nufacturing 16. Walter:

COURSES ARE OFTEN AVAILABLE FOREMPLOYED WORKERS TO UP-GRADE THEIR SKILLS AND ADVANCETO HIGHER PAYING JOBS, THEY ARE HELD IN THE PLANT OR ATADULT VOCA- TIONAL SCHOOLS, AND WORKERS ATTENDCLASS ON THEIR OWN TIME.

Frequently employers pay some or all of the costsfor classes outside the plant,

17. Walter:

AS WE ENTERED THE PLANT, WE SAWMATERIAL HANDLERS DELIVERING MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES TOWORKERS.

A materhl handler is an example of a semi-skilledworker, as Is a truck driver, crane operator, shipping clerk, tool crib attendant,and guard.

18.Walter:

SKILLED WORKERS OPERATE HEAW MACHINERY TOMAKE LARGE SECTIONS OF THE AIRCRAFT.

Plant workers with the greatest skills command the highest payingjobs They are experts who do non-routine, prt among production workers. ow 7 V NY, precision work. -

19. Walter:

AIRCRAFT SECTIONS ARE PUT TOGETHERWITH HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF RIVETS, MAKING EASY-TO-LEARNJOBS FOR THOUSANDS OF RIVETERS.

20. Walter:

WE SAW WELDERS BUILDING THEFRAMEWORK FOR AIRCRAFT USED FOR CROP DUSTING . . .

- AircraftManufacturing - 21. Walter:

..AND ASSEMBLERS PREPARING TO PUT TOGETHERMAJOR AIRCRAFT SECTIONS SUCH AS THE WINGS AND FUSELAGE

Some assemblers specialize in one kind of assembly work such u electrical systems, engines, and fuel systems. Others usembk small sections of the aircraft such as fuel tanks, wheels and hydraulic controls. Their work involves riveting, drilling, II ling, bo/ting, soldering, cementing and

72. Walter:

SOME INSTALLERS ADD WIRING FOR THE ELECTRICALSYSTEMS, WHILE AT THE SAME TIME, OTHERS INSTALL HEATINGAND VENTILATING SYSTEMS,

23. Walter: 1:4111 .OR ELECTRONIC AIDS SUCH AS RADIO OR RADAR.

Electronic equipment aboard a big jet costs more than $200,000. Future aircraft will carry even more electronic gear, requiring additionalworkers in electronic assembly.

23 24, Walter:

POWER PLANT INSTALLERS MOUNT ENGINES . .

24 25. Walter:

...WHILE ELECTRICIANS CHECK THE ELECTRICALCIRCUITS. AN ELECTRICIAN IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A WORKER WHOHAS PROBABLY PREPARED FOR HIS JOB AT A VOCATIONALSCHOOL.

6 Aircraft Manufacturing - 26. Wafter:

_ WHETHER LARGE.. .

0110111Maisid 27. Walter:

.OR SMALL, THE PLANES MOVE TOWARDCOMPLETION.

Rising sales of t aircraft, inCrOales in the number ofhours flown and in the number of pilots obtaining licenses, and new use4for light aircraft point to continued expansion of production of lightaircraft in the years ahead.

28. Walt=

SOME PRODUCTION WORKERS WORK ONAIRCRAFT AWAY FROM THE ASSEMBLY LINE FOR EXAMPLE ASSEMBLINGLANDING GEAR WHEEL COVERS

29, Waken

.OR INSPECTING AIRCRAFT PARTS WITHPRECISION INSTRU. MENTS.

30. Walter:

SOME SECTIONS OF PLANES ARE MADE OFPLASTIC WHICH IS MOLDED INTO SHAPE BY HAND .

Aircraft Manufacturing - XL, Waite=

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41, Walter:

AND TO ME, TOO, LINDA. WHEREVERWE WENT IN THE MRCRAFT PLANT, WE SAW SIGNS SUCH AS MS ONEREMINDING WORKERS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF DOING THEIRJOBS CAREFULLY, SAFELY, AND THOROUGHLY.

No industry is more conscious of the need for carefuland thorough work than is the aircraft manufacturing industry.Emphasis is on perfection.

42, Walter: TO ASSURE QUALITY WORKMANSHIP,INSPECTORS ROAM THE PLANT, CHECKING FINISHED WORK AND HELPING WORKERSWITH INSTALLATION OR ASSEMBLY PROBLEMS. lit

43. Waiter:

WE LEARNED THAT THE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IS ONE OF THE LARGEST EMPLOYERS OFALL KINDS OF ENGI. NEERS.

Aircraft manufacturers use many kinds of engineers andscientists: sera nautical, electronics, chemical, ceramic, mechanical,electrical, industrial and metallurgical, to name some of the most important.

43 44. Walter:

ENGINEERS DESIGN NEW KINDS OF EXPERIMENTALAIRCRAFT, PLAN IMPROVEMENTS FOR PLANES ALREADY INUSE..

Moro than half the engineers work on research anddevelopment projects, while the remainder aro concerned with productionplanning, quality control, tool design, technical sales and service, technicalwriting and related fields.

44 45. Walter:

orsoo . .AND INTERPRET RESULTS OF ENGINEERINGTESTS. LINDA, DID YOU SEE ANY WOMEN ENGINEERS?

04Ni.

10 Aircraft Manufacturing YES, I DID. WOMEN ARE ENTERING THE ENGINEERING PROFES- % SION, DOING THE SAME KINDS OF ENGINEERING WORK AS MEN, SUCH AS PREPARING ENGINEERING DATA FOR A COMPUTER. ..

Women engineers are presently in the minority, but opportunities for placement in the years ahead are excellent. MEN--.Lk

46 47. Linda:

..OR SUPERVISING THE INSTALLATION OF TEST INSTRUMENTS IN A MODEL PLANE FOR A WIND TUNNEL TEST.

48, Linda:

WOMEN HAVE AN IMPORTANT PLACE IN AVIATION MANUFAC- TURING WHETHER AS PRODUCTION WORKERS, CLERKS, TECHNI- CIANS, ENGINEERS..AND EVEN AS PRESIDENT OF AN AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, WALTER,

49. Walter:

ENGINEERS ARE ASSISTED BY TECHNICIANS SUCH AS DRAFTS- MEN, OR "DRAFTSWOMEN", WHO PREPARE ENGINEERING DRAW- INGS. A CAREER AS A DRAFTSMAN CAN BEGIN WITH TRAINING AT A VOCATIONAL SCHOOL.

Technicians perform experiments and tests, operate Instruments, and make drawings and computations under the direction of engineers and scientists.Technicians usually specialize in one area of science or engineering. About two technicians are employed for every five engineers and scientists. 49

SO. Walter:

THE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IS ALWAYS IMPROV- ING THE SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE OF AIRPLANES. FOR EXAM- PLE, WITHIN THE NEXT TEN YEARS THEY PROBABLY WILL BUILD THE SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT, OR SST.

Aircraft Manufacturing - 1 1 Si. Walter: AS LONG WE SAW THE FULL SCALEMODEL OF THIS HUGE PLANE AS A FOOTBALL FIELDTHATWILL FLY 18 HUNDREDMILES PER HOUR, AND CARRYMORE THAN 300 PASSENGERSFROM NEW YORK TO PARIS IN LESSTHAN THREE HOURS.

51 52. Walter:

THE HUGE JET ENGINESOF THE SST WILLGENERATE ENOUGH POWER TO LIGHT 70THOUSAND HOMES. JUSTBUILDING THE SST WILL CREATE 150 THOUSANDNEW JOBS. THE WORKERSWHO GET EARLY TRAINING IN A JOBSKILL AT A VOCATIONALSCHOOL WILL HAVE PREFERENCE OVERTHE UNTRAINED WORKEREVERY TIME.

SST and the 3004100 passengerjumbo 1 Already the development of the be produced. obi jets is increasing employmentin the plants where they will 52

WM- 53. Walter:

BEFORE WE HEAR FROMBILL ABOUT FLYINGCAREERS, I WANT TO MAKE THIS POINT:ALTHOUGH PLANES AREPRODUCED IN ABOUT 21 LARGE PLANTS. . A Most major aircraft manufacturers IVOlocated on the west coast, In Call . fornia and Washington.Other large companies axe located inTexas, r, Kansas, Missouri, New York,Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Georgia, andFlorida.

53 54. Walter:

.ORDERS FOR MANYDIFFERENT PARTS SUCH ASINSTRU- MANUFACTURING FIRMS SCAT- iVIENTSARE GIVEN TO SMALLER TERED THROUGHOUT THENATION.

One estimate indicates that morethan 50,000 snudl firms in everystate of the Union furnish such aircraftsupplies and parts as bearings,forgings, lubricants and subauembliestail structuresarid landing gears, for example. Ono major company alone buysitems from more than 20,000smaller finns. 54 SS. Walter: WEIGHT OF FOR EXAMPLE, ABOUT 65PER CENT OF THE AIRFRAME THIS SUPERJET AIRLINERWILL BE MADE OUTSIDETHE AIRCRAFT 1 PLANT BY 7 MAJORSUBCONTRACTORS, EACH ONEOF WHICH IS REPRESENTED BY A DIFFERENTCOLOR IN THIS CHART.IN TURN, PARTS MADE IN THESE SEVENSUBCONTRACTORS WILL BUY SHOPS ALL OVER THECOUNTRY. 411. THOUSANDS OF SMALLER

12 Aircraft Manufacturing 56. Walter:

SO JUST BECAUSE YOUMAY NOT LIVE NEAR ALARGE AIRCRAFT PLANT DOESN'T MEAN YOUCAN'T WORK IN THEAIRCRAFT MANU- FACTURING INDUSTRY. THECHANCES .ARE THAT WHEREVERYOU LIVE, YOU WON'T BE TOO FARFROM JOB OPPORTUNITIESIN AIR- CRAFT MANUFACTURING. ,.O.K., BILL, IT'S YOURTURN NOW TO REPORT ON CAREERS FORAIRPLANE PILOTS,

57. BM:

AT THE AIRPORT WE SAWSEVERAL TYPES OF CAREERPILOTS, THAT IS, PILOTS WHO EARNTHEIR LIVING FLYING PLANES,MR. CHAPMAN, ON THE RIGHT, IS AFLIGHT INSTRUCTOR WHO TEACHES SOME OF THE 95,000 NEWSTUDENT PILOTS WHO LEARNTO FLY EACH YEAR.

Flight instructors are found at mostall airports. Many double as air taxi or charter pilots when notinstructing students. 57

58. Bill:

BOTH WOMEN AND MEN PILOTSTEACH GROUND SCHOOLCLASSES, TOO, PREPARING STUDENTPILOTS FOR THEIR WRITTENEXAMS.

A job as a flight instructor is notalways considered a career in itself,but as a stepping stone toother kinds of piloting opportunitiesrequiring many hours of flying experience, such AScorporate Of airline pilot.

59. Bill:

A MORE HIGHLY SKILLED,EXTERIENCED PILOT CAN BECOMEA CORPORATE PILOT. FIE FLIES THEOFFICERS OF A CORPORATION ALL OVER THE COUNTRY INA COMPANY-OWNED PLANE.I ASKED MR. ALLEN, A CORPORATEPILOT, WHAT HE THOUGHTABOUT THE FUTURE OF CORPORATE FLYING.

Corporate pilots enjoy the variety of flyingorperiences resulting from their weather conditions, and unfamiliarair- jobs: no set schedules, challenging 59 ports and terrain. 60. Mr. Allen:

EACH YEAR MORE COMPANIESARE BUYING THEIR OWNPLANES AS EXECUTIVES REALIZEHOW MUCH TIME THEY CANSAVE TRAVELING IN A COMPANY-OWNEDPLANE. THE FUTURE FOR CORPORATE PILOTS IS BRIGHT, BILL.

The growth of business flying isexpected to require 1200 to 1600 pilots a year.

13 - GreerPilots and Right Engineers - 61, Bill:

41::atit al de NEW AIRCRAFT OFTEN AREDELIVERED TO CUSTOMERS BY PILOTS PLANES FROM THE AIRCRAFT 41 WHO FLY, OR FERRY, THE NEW PLANT TO THE CUSTOMER'S HOMEAIRPORT.

Both men and women are employed as ferrypilots. Many of their flights are to overseas destinations.

62. Bill:

PILOTS ARE NEEDED FOR THEGROWING AIR TAXI BUSINESS WHICH FLIES THREE TIMES AS MANYPLANES AS ALL THE AIRLINES COM. DINED. "FLY ALL THE WAY" ISTHEIR mono AS THEY TAKE AIR. LINE PASSENGERS TO AIRPORTSNOT SERVED BY AIRLINES, OR agiamia1111.1 AIRLIFT PEOPLE WHO WANT TOGET SOME PLACE IN A HURRY.

Mr taxi flying Is the fastest growingmgment of general aviation, Mr taxi companies operate more than threetimes as many planes as U.S. domedc airlines,Air taxi passengers In 1966 Increased 47 percent over 62 the previous year; In 1967 the Increase was69 per cent over 1966.

63. 11111:

THERE ARE NUMEROUS OTHERKINDS OF PILOT JOBS INAVIATION FOR EXAMPLE, THE PILOT WHOPATROLS POWER LINES. .

63 64. Bill:

..OR WHO FLIES A HELICOPTERON THE MANY JOBS ESPECIALLY SUITED TO THE WHIRLYBIRD,SUCH AS LIFTING HEAVY LOADS. .

11, tr.

64 65. Bill:

..OR PATROLLING HIGHWAYTRAFFIC.

14 - CareerPilots and Flight Engineers - 66. Bill:

ALSO, A MILITARY FLYING CAREER ATTRACTSMANY YOUNG MEN. "r-r Military pilots fly cargo, tanker and transport planes aswell as fighters, bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. +MOM.

67. Bill: 4 THE AIRLINE CAPTAIN IS THE TOP RANKINGPILOT IN CIVIL AVIA- TION. YOU CAN ALWAYS SPOT HIM BY THEFOUR STRIPES ON HIS SLEEVE. WE ASKED CAPTAIN MCKENZIETO COMMENT ON THE CAREER OF AN AIRLINE PILOT.

The airline captain holds the highest grade flyinglicensethe ATR or Mr Transport Rating.It is the equivalent in training and potentialearning power of Doctor of Medicine or Doctorof Laws degrees. 67

68. Capt. McKenzie:

THERE'S NO SHORT AND EASY ROAD TOTHE AIRLINE PILOT'S JOB.IN FACT, THE TRAINING PERIOD NECESSARYTO WIN HIS Arai, STRIPES IS OFTEN LONGER THAN THE AVERAGEDOCTOR'S. IT SEW TAKES ABOUT TEN TO TWELVE YEARS ANDMANY HOURS OF STUDY AND TRAINING TO EARN A CAPTAINCY.

69.Capt. McKenzie:

THE AIRLINE CAPTAIN MAY START HISAIRLINE FLYING CAREER AS A FLIGHT ENGINEER, OR SECOND OFFICER.sirrING BEHIND THE CO-P1LOT, THE FLIGHT ENGINEERMONITORS THE ENGINE GAUGES, AND DOZENS OF OTHER SWITCHES AND DIALS.

Many new flight engineers have gained thek required flyinghours as former air taxi pilots or Right instructors. 69

70. Capt. McKenzie:

THE CO-PILOT, OR FIRST OFFICER, SITS IN THERIGHT HAND SEAT AND HELPS THE CAPTAIN FLY THE AIRPLANE.WHEN HE EARNS HIS CAPTAIN'S STRIPES HE MOVES OVERINTO THE LEFT SEAT AND THEN HE'S IN COMMAND OF THE PLANE.

0.--kl.s. It takes a co-pilot from five to twelve years to become apilot, depending upon the number of co-pilots having moreseniority. 70

- Career Pilotsand Flight Engineers - 1 5 7L Capt. McKenzie: MUST BE KEPT ATTHEIR THE FLIGHT CREW'SFLYING SKILLS HOURS IN SIMULATORS HIGHEST PEAK SO THEYMUST SPEND MANY CAN NEVER STOPLEARN- PRACTICING THEIRSKILLS, A CAPTAIN ING AND EXPECTTO HOLD HIS JOB,BILL.

his stripes.Ile must Training is continuous evenafter the pilot has won changing flight regulations maintain flight proficiencyand learn constantly aircraft as they are put and how to handk. newkinds or equipment and 71 into service by his airline, 72, Bill: THAT THE AIRLINE WHAT CAPT. MCKENZIEDIDN'T TELL US IS PRESTIGE THAT COMESWITH A TOP RANKING -...... 1.111.111017111 PILOT ENJOYS THE WORKING LIFE- JOB, AND CAN EARNA MILLIONDOLLARS IN HIS NOW, DENNIS, LET'S TIME, IF HE STARTSSOON ENOUGH. . .AND AVIATION MECHANIC, HEAR WHAT YOULEARNED ABOUT THE

highest salaries. Farnings Pilots on internationalairlines usuaily earn the also depend on the typeof airplane flown, andseniority. 72 ARE BRIGHT. . 73.AVIATION. . MERECAREER OPPORTUNITIES AVIATION END OF PARTONE

End of Port One

73 ARE BRIGHT. 74.AVIATION. . .WHERECAREER OPPORTUNITIES AVIATION BEGINNING OFPART TWO

Part Two

74 75. Dennis:

MECHANIC IS INDEMAND EVERYWHEREPLANES I .x THE AVIATION .THAT IS, FLY. HE MAY BE ALINE-MAINTENANCE MECHANIC. . REPLACE WORN PARTSON AN ALL-AROUNDMECHANIC ABLE TO AN AIRPLANEENGINE... and its engines Line mechanics who work onall parts of the airplane Powerphmt (A&P) licenseissued by the usually have an Airframe and oral, written, Federal Aviation Administrationafter successfully passing and practical examinations. 75

Aviation Mechanic - 16 - 76, Dennis: fir ,OR REPAIR A DAMAGED FUSELAGESECTION

Repairing the fuselage, wings, and tailassembly requiro an ability to work with metal, fabrics, plastics, and wood.

77, Dennis:

HE MAY WORK IN A SHOPSPECIALIZING IN REPAIRING AIRCRAFT ENGINES .

Some repair shops specialize inservicing or overhauling certain partsof the airplane, such as propellers,engines, flight instruments, or avionics equipment.

78. Dennis:

.OR ON A JET ENGINE AT ANAIRLINE OVERHAUL BASE.

Mechanics at airline overhaul bases usuallyspecialize in one kind of work such as engines, propellers, aircraftinstruments, airframe repairs, and electrical equipment.

79. Dennis:

OR HE MAY SPECIALIZE IN TESTINGAND SERVICING PROPELLERS...

It takes about 75 man-hours to completelytear down and overhaul a big Convalr 440 propeller.Just inspection alone requires 40-man-hours.

80. Dennis:

.OR FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS SUCHAS COMPASSES, GAUGES,AI, TIMETERS AND RADIOS.

Aviation Mechanic - 17 81, Dennis:

ALTHOUGH MOST AVIATION MECHANICS ARE MEN,THERE'S WORK FOR WOMEN AVIATION MECHANICS, TOOSUCHAS DELICATE SOLDERING WORK WHICH WOMEN SEEM MORESUITED FOR THAN MEN.

82. Dennis:

FREQUENTLY, AVIATION MECHANICS WORK OUTDOORS ONPLANES WITH MINOR TROUBLES THAT CAN BE FIXEDQUICKLY. EVERY TIME A PLANE TOUCHES DOWN AT MOST AIRPORTS, AMECHANIC

1T IS ON THE SCENE TO TEND TO ITS NEEDS.

Protective clothing and shelters are often provided to lessendiscomfort when unpleasant weather conditions exist,

83 Dennis:

MANY MECHANICALLY-MINDED YOUNG MENBECOME AVIATION MECHANICS DURING THEIR MILITARY SERVICE. WITHSOME ADM- TIONAL STUDY THEY CAN GET AN AVIATIONMECHANIC'S JOB WHEN THEY LEAVE THE SERVICE.

The military aviation mechanic has a more specialized Jobthan the civilian aviation mechanic. Therefore he must take the FAA examsif he wants to have an aviation mechanic's job when he finisheshis military service. 83 84. Dennis:

AN AVIATION MECHANIC MUST WORK CAREFULLY.HE KNOWS THAT SLOPPY WORK IS A REAL THREAT TO AIRCRAFTSAFETY.

Lives depend to a great degree on the quality of an aviationmechanic's work and his attitude toward his job.

84 85. Dennis:

IN FACT, WHEN AN AVIATION MECHANIC COMPLETESHIS TRAIN- ING AT A VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOL ANDRECEIVES HIS FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION LICENSE, HEPLEDGES HIM- SELF...

18 Aviation Mechanic - 86. Dennis:

.TO ALWAYS KEEP IN MIND THATTHE SAFETY AND LIVES OF OTHERS DEPEND ON HIS SKILL ANDJUDGMENT. . .

87. Dennis:

.AND THAT HE WILL NEVER ALLOWAN AIRPLANE OR ANY EQUIPMENT ON WHICH HE HAS WORKED TOBE PUT INTO SERVICE IF HE HAS ANY DOUBTS ABour ITSAIRWORTHINESS.

88, Munk:

WORKING AS A LINEMAN FOR ANAIRPLANE SERVICE STATION, OR FIXED BASE OPERATOR, HASGIVEN MANY MECHANICS THEIR START IN AVIATION. A UNEMAN FUELSA PLANE.

Many well known and successful pilots flyingtoday earned money for their lint flying kuons whlk working as linemen forfixed base operators.

89. Desalt=

...CHECKS THE OIL AND CLEANS THEWINDSHIELD.

M alert Lineman clan be of greatservice to a customer if he spots an oil kak or °the: potential troub'emaking condltionswhen he services the airpbne.

90. Dennis:

. .AND DIRECTS THE PILOTS TO A PARKINGAREA AND OFTEN HELPS TIE DOWN THE AIRCRAFT.

The lineman-Is often the flnt person a pilot-customer sees.A courteous, dean and neatly dressed lineman is a good advertisementfor his employer.

Aviation Mechanic - i 0A2,;7' LO,11 1 Li OW I21 1

Q 1. S 2.411 10.4.tLi I_ AlppAp., 0- ,Gp. 'a po: ing ! :7-3.qufft-1 .1 ta togi: 411n:a tinil!

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o. tq 1 tn;41":101

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P., 41 b ""1.1.:k -0tt la. a ae4 n o tao ,P I. a

,.01.'nt,rifrs'VW 3111)., 14;0111:, a

- 101. Linda:

WHITE GLOVED GROUND HOSTESSES, WHO DO NOT FLY, ROAM THE TERMINAL, LENDING A HELPING HAND TO PASSENGERS WHO HAVE MISSED THEIR FLIGHTS OR LOST THEIR BAGGAGE.

Some *lines use women ticket agents as ground hosteues, for a knowledge of flight schedules and fares is often required to help sir travelers.

101

102. Linda:

At11111111Lir .411P 4 RAMP SERVICEMEN LOAD BAGGAGE ABOARD THE AIRPLANE .

102

103. Linda:

ate ,OR DRIVE SERVICE EQUIPMENT SUCH A FOOD TRUCKS, .

TWA

103 104. Linda:

.OR FUEL THE AIRPLANE.

14 MT.

.01111.1tiltIC

104 441.4411411141.1.41414...-.44.. 105. Linda:

STILL OTHER RAMP SERVICEMEN ARE TRAINED TOFRESHEN UP THE CABIN IN THE FEW MINUTES ALLOWED BETWEENFLIGHTS.

ThisJob involves a variety of tasks such as vacuuming carpets,cleaning windows, replacing linens, collecting items left behind by passengers and, refilling seat packets with airline literature.

105

22 -Airline Careers 106, Linda:

OTHER WORKERS CLEAN THEAIRPLANE'S EXTERIOR. WASHING AIRPLANES IS A NECESSARYJOB, FOR DIRT ON ANAIRLINER'S SURFACE COULD REQUIRE ANEXTRA TWO TONS OF FUELON A TRANSCONTINENTAL FLIGHT.

An airliner is washed about once aweek to prevent corrosion, lessen aerodynamic drag, and present a sparkling appearanceto customers.

107. Linda:

FLIGHT KITCHENS OFFER JOBSFOR WOMEN, PREPARINGFLIGHT MEALS AND SETTING UP MEAL TRAYS.

107

108. Linda: -41111111=t_

...=111110.1. WE WERE SURPRISED TO FINDAUTO MECHANICS WORKINGFOR AN AIRLINE. . .BUT, OF COURSE,THEY ARE NEEDED TO KEEPTHE GROUND SERVICE EQUIPMENT INWORKING ORDER. AUTO MEm CHANICS CAN GET TRAINING INVOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, TOO.

A large airline may have as many as20 different types of ground equip- obi ment such as baggage loaders, forktrucks, employees buses, and rnova- Ufa stairs, all of which need the servicesof auto mechanics. 108

109. Linda:

WE ALSO SAW AIR CARGOHANDLERS LOADING BIG JETFREIGHT- ERS...

To load and unload air cargo, cargohandlers use a variety of mechanical aids such as conveyors, roller pallets, andfork lifts.

109

110, Linda:

AND RAMP PLANNERS WHO KEEPTRACK OF EACH ARRIVING PLANEAND SEND MECHANICS, BAGGAGETRUCKS, AND CLEANING CREWS TO SERVICE IT.

Ramp planners usually are former ramp servicemenwho have shown a capability for management duties.

110

Airline Careers - 23 lac 111 Linda:

TELETYPISTS SEND MESSAGES OVERTHE AIRLINE'S COMM- CATIONS NETWORK,

Most airline teletypists axe women.

111

112. Linda:

DESIGN ENGINEERS SELECTFABRICS TO BRIGHTEN THE AIR- CRAFT'S INTERIOR.

112

113. Linda:

A CAREER AS A STEWARDESS ISGLAMOROUS AND EXCITING, BUT IT ALSO MEANS HARD WORK.

a srasewA The stewardess must accept irregular workinghours, separation from her family, and hours of duty on her feet.In exchange she has the opportunity to be of service to the public, to travelextensively, and to meet thousands of people. I 113 114. Linda:

STEWARDESS CANDIDATES USUALLY ATTENDAN AIRLINE TRAIN- ING SCHOOL FOR 4 TO 6 WEEKS. THEYLEARN ABOUT AIRLINE ROUTES AND AIR REGULATIONS. .

In-flight service, passenger psychology, public relations,and safety pro- ccdures are among the subjects studied by stewardesscandidates.

114 11$. Linda:

...AND THE PARTS OF THE AIRLINER ANDHOW THEY OPERATE. ..

__1110*

1 IS

24 -Airline Careers - 116, Linda:

,HOW TO USE THE PLANE'S TINY GALLEY AND SERVE MEALS TO PASSENGERS...

116

117. Linda:

AND HOW TO MAKE THE MOST OF THEIR NATURAL LOVELINESS,

Courses in hair styling, fashion, makeup, posture and figure control are a part of every stewardess candidate's study program.Uniforms are designed by big names in the fashion world.

117

118. Linda:

THE STEWARDESS IS THE AIRLINE EMPLOYEE WITH WHOM THE PASSENGER HAS THE CLOSEST RELATIONSHIP. HER SMART AP- PEARANCE, HELPFUL ATTITUDE, AND COMPETENT SERVICE ARE THE TOOLS OF HER TRADE. im7r:

118

119. Linda:

SHE IS ALWAYS "ON THE GO"...AN ATTRACTIVE, LIVING ADVER- TISEMENT FOR HER AIRLINE.

A stewardess is paid to fly from SS to 85 hours a month, but spends addl., tional hours on the ground attending pre-flight briefings or making reports on flights completed. Over a year's time, her time off amounts to about 156 daysabout two months more free time than if she held an office Job. 119 120. Linda:

THE TURNOVER IN THIS CAREER FIELD IS RAPID, AS THE AVER- AGE STEWARDESS SPENDS LESS THAN TWO YEARS ON HER JOB. THIS CREATES A CONSTANT DEMAND FOR STEWARDESSES.

4111

120

- Airline Careers 25 rwa 121. Linda:

AIRLINES EMPLOY MANY OTHER KINDS OF WORKERS, SUCHAS DISPATCHERS, RADIO OPERATORS, AND CLERKS, AS WELL AS FLIGHT PERSONNEL. ALL THE AIRLINE WORKERS IN THIS PIC- TURE ARE INVOLVED IN SERVICING AND OPERATING ATYPICAL SCHEDULED FLIGHT._

121

122, Linda:

THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY IS ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWINGIN- DUSTRIES IN THE COUNTRY. EVERY YEAR MORE PEOPLE ARE USING THE AIRLINES .

Airline passenger-miles reported in 1966 arc expected to double in volume by 1970 and triple by 1975.

122

123. Linda:

...AND THE AIR CARGO BUSINESS HAS GROWN MUCH FASTER THAN AIRLINE OFFICIALS HAD HOPED.

U. S. scheduled airlines will more than double their Jot freighter fleets and cargalift, capability by 1970.

123 124. Linda:

THE AIRLINES HAVE ORDERED MANY NEW JET AIRCRAFT AND MORE PEOPLE WILL BE NEEDED TO FLY AND SERVICETHESE NEW ADDITIONS TO THE AIRLINE FLEET.

The jumbo Jets will require ten stewardesses aboard as compared with three or four today.

124 125. Linda:

THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY IS A BIG AND EXCITING CAREERFIELD. IT HAS A BRIGHT FUTURE WITH MANY OPPORTUNITIES FORQUALI- FIED PEOPLE...AND NOW, BILL WILL FINISH OUR REPORT AS HE - mus YOU ABOUT SOME AVIATION JOBS IN GOVERNMENT.

125

26 - Airline Careers 126. DR

WHILE WE WERE AT THE AIRPORT, WE VISITED THE CONTROL TOWER TO WATCH AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS AT WORK,

FAA control towers are located at more than 300 airports throughout the country.

126

127. Bill:

THESE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION CONTROLLERS DI- RECT PLANES ON THE GROUND AND CLEAR PILOTS FOR TAKE- OFFS AND LANDINGS.

127

128. Bill:

OTHER CONTROLLERS SEPARATE AIRPLANES BY RADAR, ADVIS- ING PILOTS OF AIR TRAFFIC CONDITIONS NEAR THE AIRPORT. P 4

Mrtraffic controllers also work at FAA Air Route Traffic Control Cen- ters, directing air traffic that is outside an airport control zone but within the boundaries of the Center's control area, an OM encompassing a number of UAW Of parts of states.

128

129. Bill:

THE FEDERAL AWATION ADMINISTRATION ALSO EMPLOYS MORE THAN 8 THOUSAND ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS AND ENGINEERS TO TROUBLESHOOT AND INSTALL RADAR AND COMMUNICA- TIONS EQUIPMENT.

129

130. Bill:

FAA TECHNICIANS LEARN THEIR SPECIAL JOBS AT THE FAA AERO- 1 NAUTICAL CENTER IN OKLAHOMA CITY. THEY ARE TAUGHT HOW TO INSTALL AND TROUBLESHOOT SPECIAL AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS NAVIGATIONAL AIDS, RADAR. .

130

- Aviation Careers inGovernment - 2 7 131. Bill:

DATA PROCESSINGEQUIPMENT. MOST . COMMUNICATIONS AND STUDENTS ATTENDEDA VOCATIONAL.TECHNICAL OF THESE BEFORE SCHOOL FOR TWOYEARS, LEARNINGBASIC ELECTRONICS GOING TO THEAERONAUTICAL CENTER,

131 132. Bill: BUREAU WHERE WELEARNED WE ALSO VISITEDTHE WEATHER AND REPORTINGARE HOW IMPORTANTWEATHER FORECASTING FOR SAFE FLYING.

are employedin the Weather Bureau's300 About 1.900 meteorologists Airlines employ about300 stations scatteredthroughout the country. weathermen.

132 ; 133. Bill: AUTOMATICALLY TO WEATHER INFORMATIONIS TRANSMITTED 4 OFFICES, 1,I* AIR TRAFFICCONTROL TOWERS,TO AIRLINE DISPATCH WHERE SPECIALISTSHELP AND TO FAA FLIGHTSERVICE STATIONS GENERAL AVIATIONPILOTS PLAN SAFEFLIGHTS.

133 134, Bill: DAY, WITHSPECIALISTS MANY STATIONS AREOPEN 24 HOURS A RADIOED REQUESTFOR ALWAYS READY TOANSWER A PILOT'S FIX IF HE'S LOST, INFORMATION, TO GIVEHIM A NAVIGATIONAL OR TO START ASEARCH FOR HIMIF HE'S OVERDUE.

134 135. Bill: RE. EMPLOYS INSPECTORSTO VISIT AIRCRAFT THE FAA ALSO WORK IS tt_ PAIR STATIONS TOSEE IF THEAVIATION MECHANIC'S UP TO STANDARD.

check out the quality ofmaterials and workmanship FAA inspectors also FAAcortificated mechanics at aircraft manufacturingplants, and visit schools to make sureinstruction comes up toFAA standards.

135

28 -Aviation Careers inGovernment - jol

136. Bin:

JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN WE'VE SHOWN YOU ABOUT 50 DIFFERENT , AVIATION, AND THIS IS NOT THE ENDOF THE LIST. THERE ARE $ AO 4' 4r; r MANY MORERANGING FROM THEAIRPORT ELECTRICIAN WHO 1,4 MAINTAINS RUNWAY LIGHTS AND AIRPORTBEACONS... * 4110' 0- f 4 iiiL V IL 'iNAAP:7..n,I.W.4...... at 136

137. Bill:

AND THE AIRPORT MAINTENANCE WORKERWHO HAS A VARI- ETY OF DUTIES SUCH AS SNOW REMOVAL...

Airport workers repair runways and maintainairport buildings and pounds, too.

sl 137

138. Bill:

..THE AIRPLANE SALESMAN ..

The airplane salesman should be a pilot inorder to demonstrate the aircraft he sells. He must also understand thevarious parts of the aircraft and the accessories and systems that can beadded to increase flight per. formance.

138

tdr*V.SZX 139. 11111:

.AND EVEN AVIATION EDUCATIONISTS.THIS CAREER, INCI- DENTALLY, IS A FAST GROWING ONE ASMORE AND MORE HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES ARE OFFERINGGROUND SCHOOL AND EVEN FLIGHT TRAINING COURSES.

Some aviation educationists are employed by airplanemanufacturers, the Civil Air Patrol, state aeronautics commissions,and the airlines. They assist teachers who wish to use aviation materials intheir classes. Others teach high school classes and flight training courses. 139

140. BR

OUR COMMITTEE MEMBERS BELIEVETHAT NO MATTER WHERE YOU STARTAS A PRODUCTIONWORKER IN AN AIRCRAFT PLANT..

140

- AviationCareers in Government - 29 141. bill:

.A LINEMAN AT AN AIRPORT.

141

111101011. 10. BM:

.A FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR

143. BM:

.AN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER .

144. Bill:

.AN AVIATION MECHANIC.. .

145. Bill:

.OR A MEMBER OF AN AIRLINE FLIGHT CREW. . . 146. Bill: CAREER OPPOR- . .THE WORLD OF AVIATIONIS ONE WHERE TUNITIES ARE BRIGHT INTHE YEARS AHEAD.NOW, WALTER, ITS ALL YOURS AGAIN,

146

147. Walter:

THANKS BILL AND DENNISAND LINDA AND ALLTHE OTHER COW MITTEE MEMBERS WHOHAD A PART INMAKING THIS REPORT. HAS DETAILS MR. RICHARDS, OURVOCATIONAL COUNSELOR, MR. ABOUT THESE JOBS,AND OTIERS WEDIDN'T MENTION, RICHARDS, WOULD YOULIKE TO ADD A WORD?

147

148. Mr. Rkhards:

YES, THANKS, WALTER. I'DLIKE TO EMPHASIZETHAT LEARNING POWER IS EARNING POWER.THE FARTHER YOU GOIN SCHOOL, THE GREATER ARE YOUROPPORTUNITIES IN THE FUTURE,AVIA- TION OFFERS A WIDEVARIETY OF JOBS REQUIRINGDIFFERENT LEVELS OF EDUCATION.OF COURSE, THE BESTJOBS GO TO 1110SE WITH THE MOSTEDUCATION, BUT IF YOUDON'T PLAN TO GO TO COLLEGE, DON'TBE DISCOURAGED.

149. Mr. Rkhards:

YOU HAVE SEEN HOWSOMETIMES YOU CAN LEARN AJOB AS YOU EARN. BUT YOU CAN GETAN EARLY START ON ABETTER PAY- ING JOB BY PREPARINGFOR TECHNICAL WORKOR A SKILLED TRADE AT AVOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOLFOR EXAMPLE, LOOK AT THE TYPICALVOCATIONAL COURSES YOUCAN TAKE AFTER YOU FINISH HIGHSCHOOL

1SO. Mr. Rkhards:

THESE ARE JUST A FEWEXAMPLES OF MATERIALSTHAT HELP A YOUNG PERSON BUILD ACAREER. TALK IT OVERWITH YOUR AND PAM- PARENTS, AND REMEMBER,THERE ARE OTHER BOOKS PHLETS IN THE GUIDANCEOFFICE TO HELP ANSWERYOUR QUES- TIONS. ISO, Pk Wank

AS KR AVIATION-MS .rt YOCNGAIM MOSE AN AVL-1310N cnEER AND BIM OF liOCR: ABILM, YOU'LL OPEN TEErem ROWILICIESTG GROW AND TO MAIZE AN IRDVVROiVOCR EXCITING WORLD OF TOVORROW.,

,71r.

MM.

EDUCATION

og.

, CHAPTER TWO AircraftManufacturing Occupations at least to that acquired throughcompletion of a four-year college coursewith a major in these areas. &-ientific fields inclwie aerody- avionics, ceramics, chemistry, cryo- mathematics, meteorology, metallurgy, }es, physiology, and psychology.Euineerz fields include aerodynamics, avionics, design, engineering reliability, equipment,field service, ilight test, instrumentation, rnanufac- truing, materials and processes, powerplant, propulsion and internal flow, sales, structures, and weights and balance. College degree fields in engineering include ae 'cal, aerospace, andaiezeiemillaerrountta ceramic chemical, civil, electronic, electrical, pithomd gatituutE of the industry in Int: were: engineering mechanics,engineeringphysics, industrial, mechanical, metallurgical,and nuclear. Engineers outnumber scientbts morethan four to one in the aerospace industry.More than half of the industry'sscientistsand engineers are in research and development work. The remainder are in production plan- nim, quality control, too/designing, technical purchasing, technical sales and service, tech- ran. gicture of the aerospace nical writing and illustrating, and relatedflelds presented, this GLIDE will Typical technical areas of endeavor include: a= the aviation por 'tion ofthe in- raft and flight equipment, chemical war- cturing occupations. fare equipment and materials, chemistry, com- ns are air- mmucations, detection, electrical equipment, equipment, electronics and electronic equipment, fluid me- as follows: chanics, fuels and combustion, ground trans- produc- portation equipment, installations and construe- suPPort tion, materials (non-metallic), mathematics, metallurgy, military sciences and operations, navigation, nuclear propulsion, ordnance, personnel and training, physics, propulsion systems and research and research equipment.

% of Total Muth 1968

Scarrituataut 240,000 24 ,000 17.1% 06.8% 74wimicaais. 94,00a 96,000 96,000 TudiurdorNarhers 74:400a 747,000 761.000 756,000 63.7% AtiO1 SatopcsrAcztertiesFer. 22.4% =net !"Aftitery.iilsee caueiones)31'0,0002 313,000 310.000 316,000

t3aT,DOG 1,407,00 O 100.0% .771MIN12111M=MIEL7 aznutrac Soutar OM= Aerospace Indostnes Associationof 33 Technicians includeall persons engaged in Painters work requirmgknowledge of physical, life, en- Platers gineering, andmathematical sciences comparable to knowledgeacquired thro'.4gn technical Machining and ToolFabricat on Oc upations institutes, junior college, orother formal post- Mi ingac inc Operators high school training, orthrough equivalent on- Production Machinists the-job training or experience.(Craftsmen, Tooling Machinists such as machinists andelectricians, are not Machine Tool Operators included in this definition.)Science Technician Jig and Fixture Builders and EngineeringTechnician fields include all Tool and Die Makers those mentioned above forscientists and engi- Engine Lathe Operators neers, plusdraftsmen and technical vvritersand Tooling Welders illustrators.Examples of technician position Boring rsachlne Operators titles are: Senior DocumentationAnalyst, Soft- Precision Honors ware Programmer,Contracts Administrator, Technical Illustrator, TechnicalWriter, Super- Assembly and InstallationOccupations visor of Blueprint andMicrofilm Files, Tool Finai-KaZiiETET Designer, Training EquipmentDesigner, Drafts- Armament Assemblers man, ResearchMechanic, Research Electri- Power Plant Installers cian, Laboratory Technician,Electronics Tech- Electronics Assemblers nician, and Production Planner. Electrical Assemblers Plumbing Assemblers Hydraulic Assemblers Production Workersinclude working foremen Heating and VentilatingAssemblers and all non-supervisoryworkers engaged in Rigging and ControlsAssemblers fabricating, processing,assembling, inspection, Upholsterers receiving,storage, handling, packing, ware- housing, shipping, maintenance,repair, jani- Inspecting and Testing Occupations torial, and watchmanservices,product develop- (ülity Control) ment, auxiliary productionfor a plant's own OutsideProduc=nspector use, andrecord keeping and otherservices Receiving Inspectors closely associated with theabove operations. Machined Parts Inspectors The chief categories ofPlant Occupations are Fabrication Inspectors sheet-metal work,"othEn metal work, ma- assembly and in- Assembly Inspectors chinery and tool fabrication, Tool Inspectors stallation, inspecting and testing,(quality con- Template Inspectors trol), flight check-out,materials handling, main- Gauge Inspectors tenance, and protective andcustodial. Typical Electrical Inspectors jobs include the following: Flight Line Inspectors

Sheet-Metal Occupations Flight Check-Out OccuTations Sheet-metarWae rs Chief Meaanics or CrowChiefs Power Brake Operators Engine Mechanics Power HammerOperators Electronics Mechanics Power Shear Operators Punch Press Operators Operators Materials Handling Occupations Profile Cutting Machine Truck Drivers "Other" Metal-Processing Occu)ations Crane Operators Shipping Clerks Tube Benders Tool Crib Attendants Riveters Welders Patternmakers, Molders, & iii2121ffnce met_t_p_qp2Ls Foundry Workers: Maintenance Mee lanics Coremakers Forging Department: DropHammer Operators & Millwrights others Electricians Heat Treaters Carpenters Plumbers neers, and Technicians.The Scientists are chiefly concerned with basic and applied re- Painters search; the search for scientific knowledge, .Welders new concepts, the extensionof theory, and the Protective and Custodial Occupations practical applications of this knowledgeand Guards theory. The Engineers design equipment to test Firemen and put into practice the ideas ortheories Janitors developed by scientific research, The Engineer normally has a definite goal in mind; his design "White Collar" Cataal includesall ad- is for a specific piece of equipment todo a ministrativ-Tila support activities personnel. specific task. Technicians work closely with the These positions include executivesresponsible Scientists and Engineers and concentrate more for direction and supervisionof research and on the practical aspectsof using and testing production; officials in departmentssuch as equipment than on the theory involved inbuild- sales, purchasing, personnel,accounting, public ing it.Technicians usually begin as tr4. ,Atees relations, advertising, andindustrial relations; or in the more routinepositions under the and secretaries, stenographers,typists, clerks, direct supervision of an experienced technician, and tabulating machine operators. scientist, or engineer. More responsible assignments are undertaken as Technicians gain Nature of the Work. experience. The team is concerned with all 1, Scientists, Engineers, andTechnicians. Al- phases of the development of their assigned most every branch of scienceand engineering projectfrom the initial planning and design to is involved in the solutionsof the great variety the final manufacture and testing. of problems associated with thedesign and pro- than duction of faster and more efficientaircraft and 2. Production Workers. A little more servicing of half of all aircraft manufacturingworkers are the in-flight operation and ground production workers (1'blue collar'' occupations). planes, their passengers, and cargo.Increas- install, test, ingly more complex mechanical andelectrical These workers fabricate, assemble, airlines. The and inspect the many parts whichmake up a equipment is necessary for our modern airplane. Other plant workershandle challenge includes the search for aircraftwith custodial short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities material and provide maintenance and and for the design of aircraftfor specialized services. These occupations range fromhighly work use and for pleasure purposes.All the skilled to semi-skilled jobs. designs must stress Improvedsafety factors. These professional andsemi-professional 3. Administrative and SupportActivities Per- workers may be assigned to concentrate on sonnel ("White Collar" Category).Managerial tasks involving one of three major areas:(1) and administrative jobs aregenerally com- research, design, or development; (2)produc- parable with similar jobs in otherindustries. tion, operation, or control; and(3) installation, Personnel in these jobs includeexecutives maintenance, or sales engineering, responsible for the direction and supervision The emphasis is on thinking and onteam of research and production, and officialsin worka coordinated effort of Scientists, Engi- departments such as sales, purchasing, account-

AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT* March 1967March 1968

June 1967 December 1967 March 1968 Type Employment March 1967 vorriarmerrorirr 123,000 123,000 Scientists & Engineers 119,000 121,000 55,000 65,000 Technicians 55,000 55,000 507,000 501,000 Production Workers 492,000 497,000

685,000 679,000 TOTAL 666,000 673,000

A1A Economic Data Branch estimates Source of Data: Aerospace IndustriesAssociation of America, Inc.

. . 0 W

«..

United Aircraft Corp. photo Test Operator in Hamilton Standard's Overhaul and Repair Department Runs a Functional Test on aPropeller Assembly. ing, public relations, advertising, and industrial 50 pounds) and medium (up to 25 pounds) loads. relations. Many thousands of clerks, secre- Although some hazards are associated with the taries, stenographers, typists, tabulating ma- aircraft industry, aviation plants are safe work- chine operators, and other office personnel are ing placeswith an injury-frequency rate aver- employed also. aging less than that for the manufacturing industry as a whole. Working Conditions. 3. Administrative and Support Activities Per- 1. Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians work sonnel normally work in modern, clean, and primarily indoors at a desk or in a research temperature-controlled offices. department, laboratory, or engineering department in a modern, clean, and temperature- Where the Jobs Are. The largest aerospace controlled factory building. Some outdoor work labor markets are located in the following may be necessary. The various departments are areas: normally equipped with the latest electronic and Los Angeles and Long Beach, California mechanical instruments, laboratory apparatus, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Garden Grove, and drafting instruments. California 2. Production Workers. Departments such as New York, New York riveting, metal-processing, and welding are Hartford, Connecticut noisy areas of work and some jobs generate Philadelphia, Pennsylvania fumes and odors. Some employees, especially St. Louis, Missouri assemblers, work in hard-to-reach cramped San Jose, California spaces requiring much stooping,kneeling, Wichita, Kansas crouching, and crawling to perform their tasks. Boston, Massachusetts Many operations, such as assembly, welding, San Diego, California molding, mechanic and machine shop jobs, re- Seattle, Washington quire frequent lifting or carrying of heavy (up to Atlanta, Georgia

36 As will be noted in the table below,most of Near the top of the list of "Top Paying U.S. the aircraft industry Jobs arelocated in the New Occupations" compiled by the U.S. Department England and Middle Atlantic andthe Pacific of Labor and based on the 1960 Census are geographic areas. Aeronautical Engineers withannual median earnings of $9,018 and median schoolingof 16,3 years. This study alsoindicated that 1.6 per 121...es and Benefits.Salaries for employees cent of the Aeronautical Engineers were women. in-thitTliairstry are generally higher than those for similar work in most otherindustries. Wages Selected occupations from this study are as do vary according toworkers' skills and ex- shown at the bottom of page 38. perience and th differ from plant to plant, depending upon ts..ype of plant andthe locality. The following fringe benefits are commonin 1. Scientists and Engineers.Depending upon this industry and are comparablewith those in the demand for his specialtyand on his indi- other industries: two weeksof paid vacation vidualabilities,thebeginning salary of a after employment of one or two years,and three Scientistmay range from apresent low of weeks, after ten or twelve years; sixto eight $616 (generally for a new graduatewithout any paid holidays per year; one weekof paid sick experience) to a high of $1,700 per month.The leave; insurance covering life,medical, surgi- beginning salary for a newly-graduatedEngi- cal, hospital, and accident andhealth; and re- neer may range from$694 to $728 per month. tirement pensions. The College Placement Councilhas provided

PER CENT bISTRIBUTION OFEMPLOYMENT IN AIRCRAFT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ANDPRODUCTION IN U. S. BY GEOGRAPHICAREA* March 1967 - March 1968

MARCH 1967 MARCH 1968

Scientists Production Scientists Production Technicians Workers Geographic Area & Engineers Technicians Workers & Engineers

New England & Middle 30.6 21.6 Atlantic (CT, ME, MA, NH, 30.0 32.7 21.0 28.4 NJ, NY, PA, RI, & VT)

East-West North Central 18.3 (IL, IN, MI, OH, W(, IA, KS, 15.4 17.6 20,3 14.6 16.7 MN, MO, NB, ND, & SD)

South Atlantic (DE, DC, FL, 8.7 10.1 9.7 9.0 11.4 9.7 GA, MD, NC SC, VA, & WV)

South Central & Mountain (AL, AR, KY, LA, MS, OK, 11.4 16.8 10.3 12.5 17.6 11.5 TN, TX, AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, & WY)

Pacific 27.6 15.7 34.1 28.8 16.5 34.3 (AK, CA, HI, OR, &WA) 7.2 4.6 "Undistributed" 6.9 7.1 4.6 6.7

100.0 100.0 TOTAL U. S. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

* To prevent disclosure of individual company data, no areawith four or less establishments is shownseparately. Source of Data: Aerospace IndustriesAssociation of America, Inc.

37 figures showing the average monthlystarting pany. Somecompanies also pay the membership salaries paid to new college graduates,1966- dues to professional societies. 1967, by aerospace industryemployers: 2. Science Technicians andEngineering Tech- nicians. Technicians'salaries generally range Average Monthly from $475 to $600 per month at thebeginning of salary will depend Major Area of Study Starting Salary their careers. The starting upon theTechnician's technical specialty and education, and upon his experience.After many Accounting $660 620 years of experiencethe salary may increase Business & Management month and go as high as $1,500 Engineering-Aerospace 724 up to $850 per 720 per month in afew cases. The Bureau of Labor Engineering-Chemical Statistics reports that in 1964annual salaries Engineering-Civil 711 728 for high-level technicians in positionsinprivate Engineering-Electrical approximately one- Engineering-Industrial 694 industry averaged $8,500 and 717 fourth of the workers had salariesabove $9,200. Engineering-Mechanical shift. Engineering-Metallurgical 721 Technicians are normally on the day Humanities & Social Sciences 616 3. Production Workers. Shiftwork-with three Marketing & Distribution 618 in operation-is normallyrequired for Produc- Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics 698 tion Workers. An Increase insalary of about10 to 20 cents per hour is generallypaid workers Scientists and Engineers arenormally on the day on the secondand third shifts. The following shift. Attendance at seminars andmeetings of table provides informationabout Production professional societies is often paidby the com- Workers' average hourly earnings and average

SELECTED TOP PAYING U.S.OCCUPATIONS (Band on the 1960 Census) Annual Median Median Per Cant of Women Occupation Earnings Schooling

13.6 .6 Airplane Pilots & Navigators $10,274 9,043 17.2 4.2 Physicists 9,018 16.3 1.6 Aeronautical Engineers 8,810 16.7 .9 Chemical Engineers 8,694 16.1 .3 Sales Engineers 8,553 16.2 .8 Electrical Engineers 16.3 1.0 Metallurgical Engineers and Metallurgists 8,534 8,409 16.9 2.3 Geologists & Geophysicists 8,355 16.1 .3 Mechanical Engineers 8,062 16.0 .8 Engineers, Technical 7,780 17.1 26.5 Mathematicians 7,726 17.5 31.1 Psychologists 7,673 15.2 2.1 Industrial Engineers 7,606 16.1 .6 Civil Engineers 7,351 16.5 9.8 Natural Scientists-Misc. 7,015 16.1 30.6 Statisticians & Actuaries 6,525 12.0 1.7 Pattern & Model Makers (except paper) 11.7 .6 Toolmakers, Die Makers & Setters 6,503 20.4 Professional, Technical, & Kindred Workers-Noteliewhere Classified 6,402 15.6 6,383 17.2 26.7 Biological Scientists

COMPILED BY U.S. DEPT. OF LABOR

38 Average Hours and Earningsfor Production Workers

AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (Annual Average)

1967E 1960 1962 1964 1966 42.5 40.9 41.8 41.4 43,3 Average Weekly Hours 4,Z 2,2 29 2.5 5.0 Average Weekly OvertimeHours $3,30 $3.41 $2,70 $2.87 $3.02 Average Hourly Earnings $144.96 $119.97 $125,03 $142.89 Average Weekly Earnings $110.43

E Estimated Source of Data: AerospaceIndustries Association ofAmerica, Inc.

hours, and earnings program inengineering might be:from As- weekly hours, overtime sembler to QualityControl (Testing) toEngi- (see above), neering Technicianto Junior Engineerand Union contractsnormally and Support ActivitiesPer- finally to Engineer. 4. Administrative require advancementof semi-skilled workers sonnel. Salaries aregenerally higher than those seniority of qualifiedindi- for similar work inmost other industries. to be based upon normally on the viduals. By participatingin courses conducted "White Collar" workers are by the company orby vocational ortechnical day shift. schools in the localcommunity, semi-skilled workers may preparethemselves for a skilled ppportunr. cemeran reading, welding, or öientiiits and Engineers.Advancement in job, such as blueprint salary levels isavailable, i.e., Senior Scientist mechanic. chief advance- or SeniorEngineer; however, the and Support ActivitiesPer- ment possibilities involvesupervision and man- 4. Administrative sonnel. Advancementin these areas isnormally agement and executivepositions. The "team" with greater responsibili- or"project" concept inattacking various goals to similar positions has increased the needfor management talent ties and highersalaries. for advancement for and thus the opportunities .BAguirements to Enterthe Job. In general Scientists and Engineers. terms, the aircraftmanufacturing industry is seeking individualswith self-discipline, awill- 2.Science Technicians andEngineering Tech- responsibility, a soundfoun- edPization, a Technician ingness to accept nicians. With further dation in technology,and a team spirit.There can advance to aprofessional position. Techni- for women by being assigned tasks are manyemployment opportunities cians are also advanced in this industrybecause women possessdex- normally performed byprofessionals and they to perform a repetitious supervisory positions. Techni- terity and the ability may move into job. In one aircraftplant, women fill 70different cians who have a goodworking knowledge of the and comprise 16 per centof and who have job classifications equipment produced by the company employees. good personalities maybecome company sales- the total number of representatives, or trouble- men, technical 1. Scientists andEngineers. A collegedegree shooters. in one of the sciences orin engineering isthe skilled minimum requirementfor scientific or engi- 3. ProductionWorkers. Traditionally, neering jobs. A fewindividuals with years of workers may advance topositions requiring and some college higher skills andexperience such asforemen, semi-professional experience Educational op- orcollege-equivalent training maybe hired as inspectors, and supervisors. professionals, but thisis now so rare that portunities are availableto advance to semi- be mentioned. An professional positions. Apossible advancement perhaps it should not even

39 ""..,11111W are required for manyplant jobs. Workers with little or no previous training or experience may be hired for the less skilled assembly jobs. Skilled assemblers may need two to four years of plant experience, plus a high school or vocational or technical school education, or the equivalent. Generally speaking, starting workers with little experience serve as helpers or assistants and develop their skills on the job and through plant training courses. An individual may increase his chances of being hired by acquiring a skill through vocational or technical school attendance.

4. Administrative and Support Activities Per- Technical Illustrators Make Drawings to Illustrate sonnel, The requirements for employment of Aircraft Maintenance Manuals. managerial and administrative personnel are generally comparable with similar jobs in other interdisciplinary approach is being used in- industries.Employability can be enhanced by creasingly and this requires better training in, aoquiring a knowledge of engineering, tech- for example, the interrelated functions of mathe- nology, and the aviation industry because of the matics, physics, and chemistry. A solid founda- nature of the aircraft manufacturing industry tion in the fundamental concepts and basic as it relates to research and development, and general areas of science and engineering is production. recommended. There is a need for constant study to keep up with the technical fieldsa need Opportunities for Training. Because workers to constantly readjust to the rapidly changing who are highly trained a n'T are aware of new technology.Professionals with advanced de- developments are needed in the industry, the grees are common in this industry. majority of aircraft plants support some kind of formal worker training program. Most of the 2. Science Technicians and Engineering Tech- plants conduct training classes themselves, nicians. Much of what has been mentioned above others pay tuition and related costs for outside for Scientists and Engineers applies to Techni- courses taken by their employees at vocational nicians. An Associate in Science Degree, or or technical or adult education programs of- Associate in Engineering Degree, or a diploma fered by the local community, and some plants from a College or University, Junior or Com- do both. Some classes are held during working munity College, Technical Institute, or technical hours, with the trainee being paid for class or vocational schoolis normally required. time. Other classes are held after working (Technical Institutes offer training designed to hours. Courses are available for practically qualify the graduate for a specific job or cluster every occupational group and cover many skills of jobs immediately upon graduation, and with a and areas of knowledge. minimum of on-the-job training.) One may also become qualified for some technician jobs by Many aircraft plants provide their employees completing an on-the-job training program, with financial aid for college enrollment. This through work experience and part-time, formal, aid is furnished either as direct grants or in post-secondary school level courses, or through the form of scholarships and it is possible for training and experience obtained while on active an employee to work and to continue his educa- duty with the military services. tion at the same time. These opportunities help 3. Production Workers. Training require- workers advance more rapidly to higher skills ments for plant jobs vary from a fewdays of and to better paid jobs. on-the-job instruction for semi-skilled workers such as material handlers and guards, toseveral The farther ono goes in school, the greater years of formal apprenticeshipfor craftsmen, are the opporttmities for employment. The best such as machinists, tool and die makers, air- jobs go to those with the most education. At craft mechanics, sheet-metal workers, pattern- least a high school education is practically man- makers, and electricians. Many levels of skill datory for any worker in the aircraft industry. ost-seconclary school training is vitallyimpor- period,Rising demand for general aviation nt, and such training may beobtained from: business jets as well as propeller-driven air- ea vocational-technicalschools, technical in- craft is expected by these firms to lead to in- itutes, junior or community colleges, orfour- creases in present levels ofproduction in ar colleges or universities. 1968, surpassing records achieved in 1966. Increasing numbers of student pilots, growing Outlook for the Future. The AerospaceIn- business utilization, pleasure flying, and tech- dustries Association, spokesmanfor the in- nological innovation has characterized this area. dustry, indicated that the primary sourceof increased aerospace employment in1068 willbe Employment in helicopter plants producing in civilian aircraft programsjettransports, both military and commercial aircraftis an- helicopters, and general aviation aircraft.Sales ticipated to decline by five per cent inthe of these aircraft plus engines andparts will period. Helicopter employment isexpected to increase by 34 per cent from $4.9billion in decline from 35,942 in June 1967 to33,560 1907 to $6.6 billion in 1968. Onemarketing March 1968, This decrease isprimarily specialist recently completed a study which in- due to some easing in militarydemand for dicated that nearly 240,000 aircraft worth$96.6 accelerated production, Employment inthese billion will be built by 1977, comparedwith plants will still be higher than in March1966. 131,336 planes worth $56,7 billion built inthe 1. Scientists and Engineers,The Bureau of past decade. Labor Statistics indicated a projecteddemand Employment on production andresearch and for 25,000 new scientists and 81,000 engineers development of commercial and militaryair- each year during the 1960's. craft Is anticipated to rise from816,000 in March 1967 to 838,000 in March1968, a 2.7 Approximately one million engineers were per cent increase. employed in the United States in early 1967;by 1975 the requirement may total 1.5million, Employment by military aircraftmanufac- Women engineers totaled about 8,000 in1966, turers probably will remainstable during the so women have achallenging opportunity to period. enter this field of endeavor. Employment in plants producingprimarily The Engineering Manpower Commission re- co.nmercial transport aircraft is anticipatedto cently stated that "there is a strongpresent increase from 121,762 in March 1967 to135,040 and future demand for mechanical,electrical, in March 1968, an 11 per centIncrease. This and aerospace graduates, with ahigh degree area of aviationactivity has been one of sub- of Interchangeability between curricula per- stantial growth with a gain in employmentfrom missible." In 1964 the Commission estimated 103,404 in June 1966 to 131,432 in June1967, a the need for 45,000 newbachelor's degree 27 per cent Increase. engineers per year; their currentestimate is General aviation employment isalso expected for 69,000 per year to 1976.(In 1963 the to increase from 30,397 to31758 during this National Science Foundation predictedthe need

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al CorpoGeno Virts photo Engineering Technicians Prepare Model Aircraft forWind Tunnel Tests.

41 for 71,000 new engineers peryear.) every 2,2scientist and engineer in the Air- craft Industry, Employmentopportunities for The aerospace industryhas estimated an in- technicians are certainlyfavorable, especially crease in theemployment of engineers of 61 per for draftsmen, electronicstechnicians, mathe- cent between 1965and 1976, matics aides, and researchtechnicians. The demand fox. engineersis increasing while 3. ProductionWorkers. The increased in- the supply is decreasing, Forexample, out of dustry activity mentionedabove can be trans- about 50,900 new engineeringdegrees in 1966, lated directly into anincreased number of only 34,800 (or 68%)individuals were seeking production jobs, especiallyskilled jobs. Em- jobs. One reason for thisis 'the increasing ployment opportunities arebright for skilled number of engineer-graduateswho are con- workers, such as skilled assemblersand in- tinuing in school to earnadvanced (!egrees, This spectors, tool and die makers,and maintenance manpower gap ofdemand vs. supply of new craftsmen. The semi-skilledandcertainly the engineers is expected to widen atleast through worker without a skillwill find itincreas- 1976. ingly difficult to obtain employment. 2. Science Technicians andEngineering Tech- nicians. The Bureau of LaborStatistics esti- 4. Administrative and SupportActi-Aies Per- science technicians sonnel, Employment of managersand adminis- mates a demand for 25,000 slightly because and 81,000 engineeringtechnicians each year trators is expected to increase demand and more of theseworkers will be needed to direct during the 1960's. The increasing and coordinate the expandingresearch and decreasing supply of scientists andengineers workers, as a augers well forthe technicians. One way to development programs. Clerical alleviate such shortages is toassign certain group, are expectedto decline slightly as more duties now performed by theprofessionals to office automation takes place;however, more need for secretaries, stenographers, andtypists will be technicians. One estimate places a needs of the three or four technicians workingin support needed to handle the secretarial of each scientist and each engineer.At the growing numbers of managers,administrators, present time, one technician isemployed for engineers, and scientists,

rj-

ir oom;patimis, TO OBTAIN FURTHERINFORMATON - aboutaircraft manufacturin sure to be as speci e aspossible when makingeach request,)

erospace IndustriesAssociation of For general infor America, Inc 723 DeSales St., N.W. ashington, D.C. 20036 American Association of JuniorColleges For general ion. 1777 Massachusetts Ave. Washington, D.C. 20036 American Federation ofTechnical Engineers For general information. 900 F Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 American Institute of Aeronaut csand Your Career as anAeraspaoe Astronautics WeTR5klet, 1290 Sixth Ave. New York, New York 10019 American Society forEngineering Education, Education. :ovember 1906 Technical Institute Council ssue.i. D. 1346 Connecticut Ave.,N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Amercan Society ofCertified Engineering For general Inforniatf on. Technicians 2029 K St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Career summaries: 'Ceram= Careers 3.36S. Box 133 225. En i eer Chemical, No. Largo, Florida 33540 Drafts uiearNo. sss. n c an,eronau erm& 211a."__ Assemaan, Alrcrafi 3.735..1

Chronicle GuidancePublications, Inc. Occupational briefs: Aeronautic Moravia, New York 13118 No. 159. MathematicalTechnic Aircraft ManufacturIn Ind 35 each.

Electronics Indus ries Association For general Informatlo 1723. DeSales St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Curricula Engineers' Council for Professional After High School likliat2s UTdfir Development 25-0. 345 East 47th Street Technology in the United States. New York, New York10017 Engineers Joint Council For general information. 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 q.s.tc L 4.3 l't061, 3 L

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31 CAI 1.4.1 ..A1 4F C d I :

,-**,0** L **. - * as * =Jo CHAPTER THR E

Career Pilots andFlight Engin e s

accoraing to the licensewhich A Class I Medical Certificate st standards for vision, hear ritun, and gerwral physical condi- must hare an exceptionallygood with no evidence of organic and s or mental disorders.A Class I Certificate demands less rigidstand- still requires a hiei degree ofphysi- cal health and an excellentmedical history. A Class III Medical Certificatehas the lowest degrees of physical requirements.All three classes of medical certificates allowthe pilot to wear gbsses providedthe correction is within the prescribed limits ofvision. Drug addiction of any kind and chronicalcoholism disqualify any applicant. The higher the number offlying hours and the more versatile the flyingskills, the more varied are the opportunities foradvancement as a pilot There are manychances to transfer from, one kind of pilot Job toanother as flying hours are accumulated andadditional skills are mastered.Frequently a pilot doubles as a flight instructor and air taxipilot, or he may also operate an aircraft !repairstation with flight instruction and air taxioperations as sidelines. Many good aviation andairline flight crew jobs qualifypilots for Jobs with governmental agencies, such as theFederal Aviation Administraion (FAA) Information concerning specific pilot careers is contained in the paragraphsbelow. Additional data for all Career Pilots pertainingto "Op- portunities for Training" and"Where to Obtain Further information" are included atthe end of this chapter.

, REQUIREMENTS

Type of Pilot Education Licenses and Ratings Hrs. Flying Experience Physical Exam

Minimum of 200 hrs. Class II Flight Instructor No mandatory level. Commercial, flight At least high school instructor's rating, normally necessary instrument rating to absorb instruction. 1,500 hrs. Class II Corrate Pilot Ditto Coml. or Air Transport Rating (ATR) for heavy 500 hrs, required aircraft and jets. Multi. for Corporate co- engine and instrument rtgs. pilot A&P mechanics license for corporate co-pilot Class II Air Taxir Charter Ditto Com'I., 1,000 to 2,000 hrs, Pilot instrument rtg.

Class II Commercial pilot (pa- Ditto Coml., helicopter Varied trol, ferry pilot, helicop- (some). Instrument rtg., ter, aerial survey, photog- seaplane rtg. (some) raphy, advertising, sight- A&P mechanic (some) seeing, ambulance, etc.) Class II Agricultural pilot Ditto Com'I. 500 hrs, accident- free, precision, low- level flying experience. Completion of specialized flight training in agricultural applications is preferred. 500-2,000 hrs, Airline Class I Test pilots: Engineering degree- Corn I. Experimental or preferably aero- Instrument rtg, test pilot: 3,000.5,000 hrs, flying as a line Engineering Test nautical engineering Pilot pilot. In all cases, some Production Test Pilot experience as a military Airline Test Pilot flight test pilot is preferred. Class I with Airline Pilot (Captain) Col ege preferred ATRnd instrument rtg. 20/20 vision as corrected. 19.35 yrs, of age 5'6" to 8'4"

Class II Airline Co-pilot College preferred Com'I. (Class I pre- (1st officer) Instr. rtg. ATR preferred ferred) Class II Airline Flight engineer High Schoolor Com'I. 1,000 hrs. (Class I pre- (or 2nd officer) 2 yrs. college Instr. rtg., A&P mechanic ferred) preferred Flight Engineers rtg. Class I Airline flight College preferred ATR and Fligh 2,500 airline flight instructor Engineer's rtg. hours

* No starting figures are given, as first officers move up tocaptaincies as vacancies occur. WAGES AND BENEFITS

Typical Annual Basic Wages Typical Starting Maximum Additional Wages and Remarks Benefits and Privileges

$5,720 $7,800 Some receive base pay plus hourly rate for flight time, or commission when students advance to new ratings. Salary varies withsingle-engine or multi-engine aircraft.

4,800 $12,900 Salary depends on experience and type of aircraft Most companies have retire- to to flown. Lowest salaries are for pilots of single- ment plans, stock options, 8,400 24,000 ergine planes; highest salaries, for pilots of twin- and paid vacations, jet and 4-engine turboprops,

$7,200 15,000 May also earn extra pay for hours flown above a minimum; or a commission on extrabusiness the pilot pro- duces above a specified minimum grosc company income.

$6,000 $18,000

ome p ots rece ye o t e gross receipts they produce. As work is seasonal, they may earn wages in off-season from other commercialflying Jobs that make their total annual income as much as $20,000.

$7,800 $19,200 Some receive an additional $20-$60 an hour Insurance paid by hazard pay during test flights, company plus other benefits given to aircraft mfg. or airline employees in general (paid vacation and sick leave, etc.)

$36,000* Salary varies with type of airplane, day and Paid vacation, insurance-retire- night trips, international or domestic routes, ment plan, travel priv sick iv passenger or cargo plane. group health insurance. Choice of routes and base depending on seniority.

$6,000 $24,000 Ditto Ditto

$6,000 $21,600 Ditto Ditto

$ 7,200 $24,000 Salary varies with size of the airline Paid vacation, insurance- retirement plan, travel privileges, sick Iv., group health insurance

** Based on present pilot contracts, captains of future aircraftflying 85 hrs. a month on foreign routes on half day-half night schedules may earn top salaries as follows: DC-8 stretched jet$42,500; Boeing 747$46,000; Supersonic Transport $73,500.

47 at" with major airports having heavy air traffic usually operate out of the smaller airportsin the community so beginning studentscan avoid heavy air traffic patterns.

Opportunities for Advancement. The jobof flihtitruetro lezig-c-oile-Fed a stepping _46 stone to higher paying pilot jobs. Flightin- structors can build up rather quickly theneces- sary high numbers of hours of flight experience to qualify them for jobsas corporate pilots or co-pilots, or for the position of airtransport co-pilot. Many instructors prefer toremain in the teaching field, and if they haveattained certain high standards theycan qualify for the Federal Aviation Administration's "Gold Seal" Flight Instructor conducts ground school class. which identifies them as superior teachersand can lead to higher salaries. When the number of students is large enough,a flight instructor might organize a flying school, directingthe activities of a number of instructors. Jobs with the FAA as a Federal Operations Inspectoris FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR one of several FAA jobs open to pilots with Nature of the Work. The Flight Instructor flight instructor experience. teaches beginning studentsto fly.Explains principles of flight, serial navigation, weather Outlook for the Future. General aviation isex- factors, and flying regulations in ground school periencing a literal explosion in the number of classes. Demonstrates operation of aircraft and people who want to learn to fly. Some of this equipment in dual-controlled planes. Observes growth has been generated by the aircraft solo flights, and determines students' readiness manufacturers who wish to develop potential to take examinations for licensed ratings.Also customers. But much of it has resulted from assists advanced students to acquirecommer- the acceptance by business as to the value of cial, instrument, multi-engine, and air transport aircraft as a tool, and by the public as to its ratings. value as a means of personal transportation and recreation. All this activity has createda Working Conditions. Hours of workare erratic demand for flight instructors. One established as t ey depend on students' available time and flight school, for example, recorded 4,700 hours the weather. He may workas many as 80 hours of flight training in 1963. By 1965 this had a week during the summer and can expect to jumped to 13,000 nours, and the school expects work every weekend having good flying weather to more than double this figure in 1968. Acon- anytime during the year. His ground school servative estimate of at least 95,000 to 120,000 classes may be scheduled during evening hours, new students begin flying lessons each year. In indoors on airport premises. His flight instruc- addition, there is a constant demand by pilots tion duties rarely take him far from home base. to upgrade their skills and acquire advanced When not teaching, he may supplement his licenses and ratings. All this is reflected ina income as an air taxi pilot or by operating an 62 per cent increase in general aviation in- aircraft repair station as a fixed base operator. structional aircraft hours from 1965 to 1966. A recent estimate points to a minimum requirement for more than 20,000 new flight instructors Where the Jobs Are. The 12,000 men and wo- by 1975 and an additional 44,000 flight instruction men who are actively employed as full time or jobs resulting from normal attrition within that part time flight instructors usuallyare based at period. The key position in thcgrowth of aviation airports having general aviation aircraft repair the growth in numbers of various pilot cate- stations or an air taxi service, and the operator gories and ratingsis predicated on the avail- providesflightinstruction as an additional ability of an adequate number of flight instruc- source of income. Flight instructors in areas tors.

48 CORPORATE PILOT AIR TAXI OR CHARTER PILOT Nature of the Work. The Corporate Pilot flies Nature of the Work, The Air Taxi orCharter aircraft owned by business and industrial firms, Pilot flies fare-paying passengers"anywhere transporting company executives on cross- anytime'', but usually for short trips over vary- country flights to branch plants andbusiness ing routes in single-engine or light twin-engine conferences. May arrange for in-flight passen- planes. ger meals and ground transportationat destinations, and is responsible for supervisingthe Working Conditions.Flies passengers and servicing and maintenance of the aircraft,and cargo as servicedemands, but normally in keeping aircraft records. daylight hours if he pilots a single-engine plane. Flights are mostly of short duration and the lo..,g_SsiLditions. Job is often demanding, pilot can count on returning home at the endof but challenging, as the pilot is expected tofly the working day.If he works for a company in all kinds of flyable weather into many un- with a fleet of aircraft, he may fly on regular familiar airports. The aircraft he flies maybe schedules over the same routes, much like a a light twin-engineplane, a small executive jet, small airline. He may be required to wear a or even an airline type,such as an Electra uniform when on duty. turboprop. He is at the call of company executives so he is subject to irregular hours.Often Where the Jobs Are. Air taxi operators are he may be away from home overnight.(Studies located at major airports and at otherairports show that a significant percentage of round where sufficient passenger traffic canbe gen- trips are over 1,000 miles.)If his company erated. Interline agreements with airlines ac- owns a fleet of planeshe may fly on a regular count for substantial part of air taxibusiness so schedule. If he flies aircraft weighing morethan operators are usually located at airports having 12,500 pounds, he is usually assistedby a co- airline service. pilot. Compared with the airline pilot,his fly- Opportunities for Advancement. As is the case ing assignments are far from routine. wiirignrig t instrie air taxi pilot can build up enough flight experience in a relatively Opportunities for Advancement. A corporate short time to qualify for the position of corporate pilot can acquireenougfffraTliperienee and pilot or air transport co-pilot.If he elects to skill on the job to qualify as an airlineco-pilot. business, he If he prefers to remain in general aviationand remain in the air taxi and charter his firm has a fleet of aircraft, he may even- may generate enough business tooffer "com- tually move up to the position of ChiefPilot, muter airline service" or scheduled service directing all the aircraft operations ofhis firm. over specified routessimilar to the operation Positions with the FAA, such asGeneral Avi- of a small airline. ation Operations Inspector, arealso available for the person with corporate pilotexperience. Outlook for the Future. Air taxi operators, who fly about 5,200 aircraft, claimthe fastest Outlook for the Future. Studies of the growth rate of growth among all segmentsof general of the business aircraft fleet indicate an ac- aviation. In 1967 just the 248 air taxi companies celerating interest in corporations owning aircraft in the years ahead. The advantages offered to business executives in time saving, privacy, and flexibility of schedules, plus improvedair- craft especially designed for business use are two important factors in the prediction thatby 1975 there will be 32,150 company-owncdplanes a 52 per cent increase over1964. To operate thisexpanding fleet will require 1,200 new pilots each year not including additionalpilots .1 to replace those who retire, transfer, orwho are removed for other reasonsor 3,300 by 1980. Companies are expected to be in competition with the airlines in the hiring of qualifiedpilots, Cessna Aircraft photo most of whom will be instrument rated. Charter pilot makes an on-thespot pickup.

49 who are members of the National Air Taxi Conference carried more than 553,000 pas- sengersa 69 per centincrease over 1966. Many additional thousand passengers wereflown by hundreds of other air taxi operators. By 1970, air taxis expect to serve five million passengers. This growthreflects the increase in airline travel and the increased useof air taxis to "fly all the way"from anyof the aka more than 500 airportsserved by the airlines to the remaining 9,500 airports in communities without airline service. More than 20airlines ItailtEt have agreements with air taxi companies to promote the use of air taxi service to airportsnot served by the airline and to issue through tickets. It also reflects a growing desire by the air traveler to by-pass crowded metropolitan streets and use air taxis to reach destinations r inoutlying areas rather than rented cars. fuLAA Scheduled air taxi service is expanding rapidly. FaIrchild.Hillor Corp.Wick photo A study made in 1966 revealed that in lessthan two years the number of scheduled airtaxi copter pilots are often required to do precision operators grew from 12 to 78. Today that num- flying hovering over a particular spot or land- ber is close to 120. An expected expansion of ing on small cleared areas. theU.S.Post Office Department's present practice of contracting with air taxi operators Where the Jobs Are. As the use of general to deliver mail will further increasescheduled aviation aircraft and helicopters is so varied air taxi business. If the present rate ofgrowth and widespread in the U.S., pilots areemployed continues in this field, more than 17,000air taxi just about everywhere there are airports. pilot jobs will become available by 1977. Opportunities for Advancement. These pilots can aspire to advanced status asthey build up hours of flying experience and skills.If they work for an operator who owns a fleet of aircraft or helicopters, they may advance to the COMMERCIAL AIRPLANE OR job of Chief Pilot, or they may build up enough HELICOPTER PILOT businessto employ other pilots and direct their operations. Nature of the Work. The Commercial Air- plane or Helicopter Pilot performs a variety of Outlook for the Future. General aviation em- flying jobs.If he pilots a fixed-wing plane, he ployed about 48,760 commercial pilots in 1965; may engage in such flying jobs asaerial pho- 182,000 pilots with commercial licenses will be tography, aerial advertising, sightseeing, geo- required by the eild of 1980. These figures do logical survey, fish and game census, highway not include pilotsflying personal aircraft. patrol, or checking federal airways and navigational aids.If he flies a helicopter, he may fly on a regular schedule carrying workers PATROL PILOT and supplies to off-shore oil rigs, or fly accident victims to a hospital heliport, liftheavy Nature of the Work. The Patrol Pilotflies loads to tops of buildings or to remote mountain cross-country at low altitudes along pipelines sites, rescue people stranded by floods, carry or power lines, checkingfor signs of damage, smokejumpers to fight forest fires, or deliver vandalism, and other conditions requiring re- Santa Claus to shopping center parking lots. pairs. Radios to headquarters thelocation and nature of repair jobs. Working Conditions.Flights are usually of short duration. The pilot usually works for an Working Conditions. Flies light aircraft over operator whose services are chartered.Heli- all kinds of terrain, frequently at tree-top level. Usually works for an operatorwho contracts with an oil pipeline or electric powercompany to furnish aerial patrol service. Where the Jobs Are. Patrolpilots fly where- evZiiraTilaTTZTeFtransmission lines or oil and gas pipelines exist.Many power trans- mission lines run throughmountainous regions where water sources and damsproduce electrical power. Oil and gaspipelines spread out in underground networks from oiland gas fields, many of which arelocated in midwestern and southern states.

FERRY PILOT Piper Aircraft Corp. photo Nature of the Work. TheFerry Pilot flies early hours of themorning and again in early newai7F".7aTtTF6iirih7 manufacturing plant to evening when the airisstill.Takeoffs are dealers' showrooms and to privatecustomers' often made from countryroads and open fields home airports. close to the area to betreated. Work is sea- Working Conditions. Afterdelivering new air- sonal, ranging fromsix to nine months in craft to customers anddealers, he returns to his southern areas to twomonths in northern home base on a commercialairliner or by sections.Usually works for an operatorthat other forms of transportation.He may be away furnishes aircraft, trainedground crews, and from home overnight, depending onthe distance specialists who decidehow the land is to be required by the ferry flight.Ferry flights may treated. Works very close topoisonous liquids require flying to foreigncountries, giving the and chemicals and must wearprotective cloth- ferry pilot many interestingand challenging ex- ing and masks. periences enroute. Where the Jobs Are.Agricultural pilots are Where the Jobs Are. Operates outof cities in demand mostly inCalifornia and in the south- having light aircraft manufacturing plants,most ern tier ofstates where the cropgrowing of which are concentrated in Kansas,Oklahoma, season is at itslongest. Many pilots followthe Florida, and Pennsylvania. crops north asthe season progresses,while Outlook for the Future. Theproduction of light others find work innortheastern and western aircraft is expecta to increaseannually from states with extensive forest areas. 15,700 planes in 1966 to35,000 in 1975. This will require a Outlook for the Future.About 5,000 U. S. expected growth in production agricultural aircraft logged1,038,570 flight proportionate increase inferry pilots to affect sowing, dusting, or prompt delivery of aircraftto customers. hours in 1967 seeding, spraying one acre outof every six under culti- vation. One study forecaststhe need for an ad- AGRICULTURAL PILOT OR ditional 6,000 agriculturalpilots by 1975. AERIAL APPLICATOR Nature of the Work.The agricultural pilot CIVIL AIRCRAFT HOURS IN THE AIR flies specially-designedaircraft (including hell- 14.00:1.03 copters) to dust or sprayherbicides, insecti- 40,000,000 cides, seeds and fertilizers on crops,orchards, forests, fields, and swamps.Also may make 30,000,00 aerial surveys of cattleand crops or fight ttootom forestfires by dumping fireretardant materials. iop000coo Iwo rotcAsi 9ilt ACTUAL 177 MIECALI Working Conditions. Fliesat low level with v70,000 the AIRLINES 5,270,000 5,270,000 heavy loads,in a regular pattern over GENERAL ground, avoidin trees, powerlines, fences, and AVIATION 17,500,000 2/,023.000 35,000,000 other obstacles. Mostflying is done during the

51 TEST PILOT trative staff.Test pilot jobs are also available with the Federal Av ation AdminIstration. Nature of the Work. Emerimental, or Kul- neering Test Pilots fly newly designed and ex- Outlook for theFuture. The demand for pe rimental aircraft to determine if the plane engrneering and n test pilotswill Qperates according to design standards and make fluctuate with the development and production iaggestions for improvements. Production test of aircraft. Over the next decade the produc- .211(21_2: fly new planes as they come off assembly tion of general aviation aircraft is expected to hnes to make sure they are airworthy and ready triple, while that of commercial air transports to turn over to customers. Airline test 0_,ots will level off due to the introduction of the new flight test airliners after major overhauls blio-ke jumbo jets and the supersonic transport (SST) the planes are put back into service. They also Predictions regarding the production of mili- fLght test new aircraft to be sure they are up tary aircraft are difficult to make. With the to airline standards before the airline accepts cessation of present hostilities, it is expected them from the manufacturer. Test pilots for the that production will decrease, and with it, a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) fly FAA decrease in the need for production test pilots. planes with experimental equipment aboard to The overall outlook for airline test pilots in- test pericTmance of the equipment, or tlwv fly dicates a slight increase over the years re- FAA planes to test new kinds of ground based navigational aids such as radar or runway flecting the growing airline fleet.

Working Conditions. The experimental test AIRLINE PILOT OR CAPTAIN ptt e:igiFeet.sfh-FiThWected as he tests a plane Nature of the Work. The Airline Pilot or Cap- to the limits of its design strength and per- tain plans each flight with the airline's flight dis- formance capabilities.His job involves the patcher and meteorologist, checkingweight, fuel most flying hazards. The production test pilot supply, alternate destination, weather, and route. tests a plane on the basis of expected per- Briefs his crew, checks out takeoff procedures, formance and known standards, as does the air- satisfies himself the plane is operating nor- linetestpilot.All these pilots sometimes mally before takeoff, gets takeoff clearance from encounter emergency situations which they are Air Traffic Control, flies the plane over the expected to handle with the skill and knowledge designated route, lands the plane, and, if at his their job requires. They prepare written and final destination, files a trip report. During the Qral,reports on their flight experiences and time he is aboard the aircraft, he supervises may fly either during day or night, depending the work of the crew, gives them instructions, on the requirements of the test flight. Air- and makes all decisions. He is in command of linetestpilotsoften work at night or on the plane and is responsible for the safety of weekends, as most aircraft are serviced at the aircraft, its passengers, crew, and cargo. that time. The aircraft he flies may range from a twin- engine DC-3 with 30 passengers and crew on a Where the Jobs Are. Experimental and pro- 100-mile hop, to a four-engine Boeing 707 jet duction test pilots are employed at all aircraft with more than 120 passengers crossing the manufacturing plants which are located mainly ocean on an eight-hour non-stop flight. in California, Washington, Kansas, Texas, Ok- lahoma, Georgia, Maryland, Missouri, Florida, Working Conditions. By law he cannot fly New York, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Air- more than 85 hours a month or 1,000 hours a linetest pilots work wherever the airlines year. However, the average pilot works more have overhaul bases, the largest ones of which than 100 hours a month counting ground duties ire found in San Francisco, Miami, New York, such as filing flied plans, working on reports, Tulsa, and Kansas City. briefing crews, and attending training classes. Spends most of his working day in the left Opportmities for Advancement. Engineering hand cockpit seat, with additional time in the testpilots may advanceto TR position of airline dispatcher's office and intraining class- Chief Test Pilot, as can production test pilots. rooms. Work schedules average sixteen days kirline test pilots eventually may advance to the a month and usually provide for consecutive iiritne's engineering or maintenance adminis- days off.Schedules for pilots employed by

52 FLIGHT ENGINEER CR SECOND OFF CER (The latter title applies if he required to have minimum training as a eo-pilot.) Nature of the Work.The Flight Engineer ma es av--kind inspection of the aircraft, checking approximately 200 items from nose wheel to rudder. He oversees fueling operations, reviews meehanics' reports, and assists the captain with pre-flight cockpit check. He also monitors engines, keeps track of fuel consump- tion, and the heating, pressurization, hydraulic, Our, electrical, and air-conditioning systems. He troubleshoots and, if possible, repairs faulty equipment in flight, checks and maintains aircraft log book, reports mechanical difficulties to mechanic crew chief, and makes a final postflight inspection of the aircraft.

WO_ k it ions.Work schedules are ap- The copilot (left) helps the Captain make a flight plan. proximately the same as for the Airline Pilot. Is required to work outdoors during walk-around transcontinental and international airlines re- inspections in all weather conditions and in noisy quire pilots to spend nights away from home. surroundings. In these cases, hotel, transportation, and meal expenses are paid by the airline.A flight Where the Jobs Are. Approximately the same requires considerable pilot concentration during as for the Airline Pilot. takeoff and landing maneuvers. Automatic piloting devices free the pilot for other cockpit duties and lessen the strain of the job during cruising flight. He is required to wear a uni- OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVANCEMENT for form while on duty. Night flights are often Airline Pilots and Flight Engineers. required, especially for air cargo operations. Promotion is regulated by seniority. When he Where the Jobs Are. Scheduled airline flight is hired as a second officer, or co-pilot, he is crews areUsiFtThajor terminals on their assigned the bottom position within his airline. respective airline routes.These bases are As the second officers, co-pilots, and pilots found mainly in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, above him retire, resign, or are removed from San Francisco, Seattle, Detroit, Newark, Atlanta, the list for other reasons, he moves upward. Miami, Washington, D.C., Denver, and Dallas. All through his career with his airline, his Flight crew job opportunities are also available earnings, route assignments, and vacation time with all cargo airlines and with non-scheduled preferences are governed by his seniority rank. and supplemental airlines that provide charter Second officers or flight engineers may advance service. to co-pilot position within a year, but itusually takes from seven to twelve years to become a pilot or captain, depending on the size of the AIRLINE COPILOT OR FIRST OFFICER airline and rank on the seniority list. By law, pilots must retire when reaching age N. All Nature of the Work. The Airline Co-pilot or through his career he must lay his job on the First Officer assists the captain by monitoring line every six months at the time of his rigid the flight instruments, handling radio communi- physical exam.If he fails to pass, he must cations, watching for air traffic, andtaking resign.Pilots who can no longer qualify as a over the flight controls whendirected by the line pilot frequently transfer to the airline's captain. training department and take jobs as airline flight instructors, or they may take positions WorkiJEConditions and Where the Jobs Are. with the Federal Aviation Administration as air Approximately the same as for the Airline Pilot. carrier operations inspectors or check pilots.

53 OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE for Airline A second method of acquiring flight training Pilots and Flight Engineers is through pilot training in the armed forces. This entails no expense, and with some addi- The general trend in air transportation has tional study, the military pilot can qualify for been upward since World War II and there are numerous civilian pilot jobs when heleaves the enough positive factors in the picture to conclude service.The military services have been a this trend will continue. The increasing volume major source of pilots for the airlines in the of airline passengers, the explosive growth of past. air cargo service, the introduction of the supersonic transport (SST), and new short-haul air- Thirdly, a growing number of colleges and craft for local service add up to a larger air universitiesoffer flight training with credit transport fleet and a rise in the number of ad-. toward a degree. The graduate leaves school ditional flight officers required. The FAA esti- with a private or commercial license, and in a mates that over the next ten years airline fleets few cases, an Air Transport Rating, plus his will expand from 2,500 to 3,500 aircraft. The degree. airlines employed more than 21,000 pilots at the end of 1966, for a gain of 7,500 over the 1960 Helicopter piiots can receive training in the total. A projected need is for 43,665 by the end armed forces or at special private FAA- of 1980. By 1980 the airlines will need 1,200 certificated helicopter flight schools. Agricul- new flight officers each year just toreplace re- tural pilots can receive specialized advanced tiring pilots, plus about 400 additional flight training at such schools as Ohio State University, officers to fill requirements for new aircraft Texas A & M, or the Agricultural Aviation placed in service. Academy in Nevada. Public Law 90-77, the "Veterans Pension and Readjustment Assistance Act of 1967 ", approves financial assistance for ex-servicemen who OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRAINING for Career are qualified to take flight trainingleading to a Pilots and Flight Engineers commercial pilot's license.To qualify they must have been in the service more than 180 There are several approaches to acquiring days, possess a private pilot's license or the pilot training.First, is through flight instruc- equivalent number of flight hours to earn such tion in FAA-certificated flying schools. The a license, pass a Class ll medicalexamination student must be at least 16 years of age and be and take advanced flight training in an approved able to pass a third class medical examination. school for the purpose of preparing for a career Courses consist of 40 hours of ground school in aviation. The Act covers the period up to instruction where students learn the principles August 31, 1975. of flight, aerial navigation, weather factors, and flight regulations. Flying lessons are con- Some airlines offer training courses for cor- ducted in dual-controlled aircraft (25 hours porate pilots transitioning to new jet aircraft. dual and 10 hours solo instruction). The instruc- The airlines' experience in jet flight training tor judges when his student is ready to take makes the m partic ul arly well qualified to provide both written and flight examinations which are this service to business firms. given by FAA inspectors. Upon successful completion of both exams, he earns his private For those who aspire to be airline pilots, pilot's license which entitles him to fly pas- some of the larger airlines accept outstanding sengers, but not for hire. The private pilot college graduates for training as second offi- can then undertake advanced instruction, learn cers provided the applicant earns a commercial to fly on instruments and earn a commercial license on his own within a year of acceptance pilot's license provided he has acquired addi- by the airline. He then undergoes six to eight tional hours of flight experience. These achieve- weeks ground school instruction related to the ments open up numerous pilot careers to him type of aircraft to which he will be assigned. because now he can fly for hire. Further study Successful completion of this course gives the and experience could eventually earn him the student pilot a flight engineer's license. Then Air Transport Rating to qualify him as an air- follows three months of simulator training and line pilot.However, few students arrive at actual flight experience, with a final check out thispoint in this fashion as it takes many and assignment on the line as a flight engineer, years and considerable financial expenditure. or second officer.

54 WIIERE TO OBTAIN FURTHER INFORMATIONabout career pilots and flight engineers. (Be sure to be as specific as possible when makingeach request.)

Air Line Navigators Council For airline navigator information 9574 Lake Shore Blvd., N.E. Seattle, Washington 98115 Air Line Pilots Association International For airline pl ot and co-pilot information 55th St. and Cicero Ave. Chicago, III. 60638 Air Transport Association of America Brochure, Your Career with the Airlines 1000 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Free. Washington, D.C. 20036 Allied Pilots Association For airline pl ot and co-pilot info mation 405 Lexington Ave. New York, New York 10017 American Airlines Key to An Exciting Career. Free booklet. 633 Thirg Ave. New York, N.Y. 10017 Careers Career Summaries: Box 135 Nav o -Copilot Airplate. No.625. 150 Largo, Florida 33540 e cop e 150. Career Briefs: I ht Officer, Second. No. 123B. 250. ot Comorcial Airplane. No. 58B.250

Chronicle Guidance Publications Occupational Brief: Moravia, New York 13118 Airplane Pilot, Commercial. No. 29.350 Federal Aviation Administration Flight Training Schools Affiliated with IN. Operations - HQ-438 Institutions of Hi Learning. A Department of Transportation 7F3711117 Washington, D.C. 20590 Flight Engineers International Assoc. Safety in the Jet Age. Free booklet about 100 Indiana Ave., N.W. the role of the fligt engineer. Washington, D.C. 20001 Jeppesen and Co. "Who,e ? Fly an Airplane?". Freebooklet. 8025 E. 40th Ave. Denver, Colo. 80207 National Aerial Applicators Association For general information aboui, the 919 - 18th St., N.W. agricultural pilot Washington, D.C. 20036 National Aerospace Education Council Career Opportunities in Aviation. An Room 616, 806 - 15th St., N.W. illustrated booklet. 500 Washington, D.C. 20005

55 information about air ational Air TaxiConference For general 346 Connecticut Ave.,N.W. taxi business 'ashington, D.C. 20036 n about flight National Association ofFlight Instructors For general informa P.O. Box N structors Washington, D.C. 20014 about the National BusinessAircraft Association For general informatIon 425 - 13th St., N.W. corporate pilot Washington, D.C. 20004 Free. Pan American WorldAirways Pilot career information. Education Service Pan Am Building New York, N, Y. 10017 irplane Pilo Science Research Associa es Occupational brie 259 E. Erie St. No. 31 404i 60011 Chicago, 111. For general informationabout experimental, or engineering, The Society ofExperimental TestPilots P. 0. Box 986 test pilots. 93535 Lancaster, Calif. Student Pilot Guide,o. FAA5.8/2:P how to Documents 64/2/1965. 150. Exp ains Superintendent of obtain student and privatepilot licenses. U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office 20402 Washington, D.C. Booklet. CareerOpportunities as a United Air Lines VlightOfficcxI'Aight United Ai7 Lines Operations Employment Office, P.O.Bx775 Instructor, or Flight Chicago, 111. 60611 Instructor.

56 CHAPTER FOUR

Aviation Mechanics (Including Repairmen)

Nature of the Work. Aviation mechanics have ation mechanics employed in general aviation the important responsibility of keeping airplanes do maintenance and repair work similar to airworthy or in a safe and efficient condition to airline mechanics; however, the equipment they fly.They service, repair, overhaul, and test service is generally smaller and less complex. aircraft airframes, engines, propellers, aircraft Working Conditions. Depending upon the type systems, electronic equipment, and aircraft of work they do, aviation mechanics work in instruments. hangars, on the flight line, and in repair shops. Aviation mechanics may be licensed or un- They use hand and power tools and test equip- licensed. The licensed mechanic holds either ment.Flight line mechanics sometimes must an Airframe and Powerplant (A&P)mechanic's work outdoors even in disagreeable weather in certificate or a Repairman's certificate from order to make emergency repairs. This is some- the Federal Aviation Administration, or a Second times precarious work because of the use of a Class Radio Telephone license (or better) from ladder or scaffold. The physical demands can the Federal Communications Commission. be heavywith frequent lifts or pulls of up to These are issued upon successful completion of 50 pounds. Physical requirements include stoop- oral, written, and practical examinations. The ing, kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching, A&P certificate allows a mechanic to work on handling, fingering, and feeling. Noise and vi- any part of the aircraft's engines,airframe, bration are common. and systems. The mechanic with the FAA's Repairman certificate can work on those parts Aviation mechanics often must work under the of the aircraft that his certificate specifically pressure of time to maintainairline flight allows, such as radio or instruments. If the re- schedules or, in general aviation, to keep from pairman mechanic works on transmittin&equip- inconveniencing customers beyond a reasonable ment aboard the aircraft (giaro, radar, etc.), time. At the same time, the aviation mechanic he must also hold at least the FCC Second cannot sacrifice his standards of workmanship Class Radio Telephone license. to speed up the job. Unlicensed mechanics and apprentice me- Where the Jobs Are. The scheduled airlines enanics may work on various parts of the plane employ about 43,600 mechanics at large airline tmder the supervision of a licensed mechanic terminals and at overhaul bases which are con- who must sign his approval of the work before centrated in the major terminal areas in New theaircraft or its equipment is considered York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, airworthy. Miami, Denver, and Atlanta. Aviation mechanics employed by the airlines Another 40,000 aviation mechanics work at perform either line-maintenance work, i.e., independent repair stations or in instrument routine maintenance or emergency repairs at repair shops located at or near mostof the airline terminals, or major repairs or periodic nation's 10,000 airports. inspections at an airline's overhaul base. Avi- The military services employ about 26,500

57 civilian aviation mechanics to work on military in the aircraft at Army, Navy, and Air Force aviation installations all over the country. In addition, several thousand mechames work for air taxi operators, aerial applicators, supplemental airlines, corporations owning a fleet of aircraft, aircraft manufacturers, and the Federal Aviation Administration. The majority of FAA mechanics are located at the FAA Aero- 2.15 3.10 nautical Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Below is a co -ages of Aviation mechanics holding the FAA Repair- aviati n mechanics sonnel man's certificate may be employed only at FAA- at fix -4d bases and auto aasoline certificated repair stations or at airline shops. service biation attendant The most logical starting point is your local Paid holidays and paid V3C tions, health and airport. life insurance plans, eniyesuggestionsplans Wages and Benefits. Aviation mechanics gen- with cash awards retirement pensions, and sick eral y v1-7(7k7 47117Cirs a week on eight-hour leave are offered in vaxying degrees by both chifts around the clock; presently, overtime the airlines and indepent repair station work is common. Airline mechanics earn more operators (general avi Airlines also ex- than general aviation mechanics. An apprentice tend free or reduced air transportation to era mechanic working for an independent repair ployees and their families. General aviation station can expect from $1,5C to $2.50 an hour. offers more local points of employment Unlicensed mechanics make $1.76 to $2.75 an hour, while A&P mechanics command $2.44 to The International Association of Machinists $3.50. Airline mechanics start at$3.53 an hour, and Aerospace Workers and the Transport and under the terms of a 1005 wage settlement, Workers Union of America are the chief unions this rate will increase to $4,13 by 1968. for aviation mechanics. Cessna Aircraft statisticians recently coin es for .dveznnt The appren-

HOURLY LABOR RATES MECHANICS, TECHNICIANS, LINE PE EI

Starting Rate

Mechanics (lionsed A&P) 2.4,4 (General Aviation) Auto Dealers Apprentice medial Journeymen mechanics Journeymen mechanics on job age or commotion Average S202_00 weedy, 44 hours MUM he) Mechanics (unlicensed) 2.75 (General Aviation) Apprentice Mechanics 2.50

Line Personnal 1.26 GasoHne Service Station Attendants 1 50 295

Electronics Technicians 2.94 393 TV Service Shops 3.00 3.50

Source: Business & Commercial Aviation, February 1967.

111.1101111111111111111101

11011101101manwassassissassessatissmo't cc mechanic or repairman having therequired perience wi h engines, air rames, or avionics airborne electronics), and who is a graduate of an approved aviation mechanics course can a_ acquire the A&P or Repairman's Certificate or the FCC license upon successful completion of oral, written, and practical FAA or FCC exami nations. Mechanics who aspire to these top ratings have opportunities to advance to higher paying jobs as lead mechanic (or crew chief) inspector, lead inspector, and shop foreman. Promotion to these higher grade jobs with the airlines is usually vequired on the basis of Ams.2Le company examination. A few advanced-rating t' mechanics with administrative ability reach 41, supervisory and executive positions. Some who have broad experience in maintenance and overhaul become inspectors for the Federal Avi- ation Administration. Mechanics with at least t!irce years of multi- engine experience who aspire to a flying career may take FAA examinations for the positionof flight engineer, with opportunities to become, eventually, a co-pilot and pilot. Requirements to Enter the Job. Educational: While a high school diploma is not required to become an apprentice aviation mechanic, employers give preference to applicants who are high school or vocattonal school graduates thus, such a diploma is practically essential. Mathematics, physics, chemistry, English, and aerospace education courses are buitablesub- jects to pursue while in high school, as the aviation mechanic must tmderstand manyphysi- LBec. cal principles involved in the operation of the independent repait gnat= Itip Istgattacbee aircraft and its systems. The ability to read mechanic, lea:ming ite *1=1E. 17._itZ :17x Is! maintenance manuals and air regulations and to training reviles more 1.=nt, An= az Amite maintain aircraft logs and records is also or Eepairmaes Cerifficzn&, sp important. A high school diploma is a pre- and earning power .21aMaiDS 2C,AstufEr nrse =ler requisite to attending a technical school or a a longer period of time college offering A&P training. The aviation echanic is expected to continue his education 2. He tc an tate ariplinm maer=ang.-..onrsets evenafter he is on the job in order to keep o e of the xaanyFILA-orezr.iiz-inet ;r:rttrit abreast ofthe continual technical improvements lie technical sitihrgas.. itirc setwiCtli wurri* to aircraft andircraft systems. Lured for entrloot: Iv ties& mutstuak, nut .lod of %raining tzar stre-dtte-Jsii Physical: The aviation mechanic should be in wiling and earninagE arif 4` sf good health, with no physi al handicaps that re Pr. Aliav 3teir. would prevent him from carrying out his duties Etc which, at times, can be rigorous. Personality: The successful aviation mechanic has an above aversge mechanical abilityand desire to work with his hands and with tools. He some ticipated growth, the stu- ilVIAAVTENANCE, COSTDOLL-AIL an age advantage.The s about 5C4 2P4 I 4 i._ r aviation mechanic is s 16 5 only 21. per centof the e a ears s s ' s a G-;rti.ficated mechanics were 34 yearsold or e YOU 1.5 TIRES aI i a u. :.-canger while per cent were morethan 40 Etfaliig I BRAKE; ; MR 8 OMER 1I LANOING GEAR iirRAME MAWS retiring 1 0 old.. The number of mechanics I I i rt increase to about 1 year is expected to 1 AIS M ___J I1E40,This fact, coupled withthe vtictcd growth of aviation,indicates there How maintenance coos break down. Pelpite tailimproremm in reliability, the engine still account; for hall of maintenancedullar cv Zi". be many advantageousemployment op- ztrait,ties for the aviationmechanicat least (..-_,-ir the, r.ext decade Source: Air Transport World, September1967. MECHANIC SCHOOLS ASOF AUGUST 1, 1966 FAA CERTIF CATED Mechanic Atre,faire !ite,-;harliu P Powerplanc Mechanic C Combined Meirame and Powerplant John A. O'Connell Vocational avow T., Mgr Aviation School Milwaukee Vocational Technical KS, and Tech. Inst. RS REGION andAdult Schools , 5:75 11,W, 42114 Ave, 21st & Harrison St, 9305 W. APPeilan Mc. San Francisco, Calif. 94110 (AP) Aeleine444143- I! Miami, Fla, 33142 (APC) Timmerman Field fuel** Pierer ly Teelmical School Milwaukee, Wis, 53225 (AP) Kensair Technical Training School .imansig, "0 Y. 11,757 OAPC al*, a tii Park Ave. Jefferson Counts, ArToort Minneapolis Vocational snort High School allahasoc, Fla, 32301 (MC) Toch, kg, Broomfield, Colo man (APO gneene Btv4L 35r11 Sr, P. Sftuel. Such MetroelNiim 1101 Third Ave,. So, Lane Community C-ollege Long Motet City, "4- Y, IHOl fAP) V00091131 School Minneapolis, Mum, 55404 (AP) WO North Monroo St. Barbosa Ave, (Cormier Road) Eugene. Oreg. 97402 (AP) *agent Vocational Melt Schoo4 Rio Picot" PR. 00923 (AP) Moody Bible Inst. Xasisi Ligon Avg, $20 N. La Salic_St. Lancv ColkgePctalia Buffalo, 14=5 UPC) South Georgia Tochnical College School District *t VOCatiOn41 SC11001 Chicago, III, N610 (C) 10(11 3rd Avenue 'Use Coast Atm-Tech, Schad, Ing, P.O, Box 160 Parks Collego of Aeronautical Tech, Oakland, Calif. 94606 (APC) PO Bog 1Z Amoricus, Ga., 3170 (APC) of St,I.ouisUniv. Long Beach City College Larsigoan. Mats. 02173 (An) Parks Altport BO, and Tech. Cw, Lsig. Vese Y.& Vocational- SOUTHWEST REGION East St, LotifF, III. 62201 (MC) 1305 East Pacific Coast Highway ingenicat Aeronautical Tochnology Purdue University, Long Beach, Calif. 90896 (MC) St. ?ha Toehmeal Inuit= Dept, of _Aviation Toth. 1,04 Angeles Trada and P) Oidanonin State University Lafayette, Ind, 47907 (AP) Technical College Stillwater, Okla, 74074 (AsiC) Southern Illinois University 9700 So. Sepulveda Blvd. Delzado Trades and Aviation Tochnology Los Angeles, Calif. 90045 (APO) Technical Itkititill4 Southern Illinois Airport Mt, San Antonio College 415 city Park Avr. Carbondale, III, 62901 (APC) 1100. GrandAve, New Orleans, La. 70119 (AFC') CM, 91709 (MC) Laourneau College of University of Illinois, WalnuNt, Aar:nautical Tathnology Institute of Aviation Northrop Instituw of Tech. P.O. Lek't 2107 Univ. of Ill, Willard Airport 1155 W. Arbor Vitae St, Longview, Tex. 75604 (AP) Savoy, 111, 61874 (APC) Inglewood, Calif. 90301 (APC) fgenatt School of Aeronautics Vincennes University, Palo Alto Unified School Dist, PO, Box 51239 Aviation Technology Dept. 50 Embareadero Road TuLsa International Airport 1002 N. First St, Palo Alto, Calif. 94301 (P) Tolls, Okla, 74151 (APC) Vincennes, Ind, 47591 (C) Phoenix Union High Sehool Tecitnical High School Watertown Aviation 512 East Van Buren Street & T:eluncal Institute Mechanics School Phoenix, Ariz 85004 (P) 1003 West Cannon Ave, Municipal Airport Roedley College , Fort Worth, Ten. 76104 (APC) Watertown, S,D, 57201 (A) Manning & Mud Ave, Western Michigan University P.O. Box 552 CENTRAL REGION Kalamazoo, Mich. 49001 (C) Radio. Calif, 93654 (APC) ACV Ache:ries Sillool Sacramento City College 13214 French Road 7035 Freeport Blvd. WESTERN REGION Sacramento, Calif. 95822 (APC) Devote. ilIelt, 48234 (AP) Big Bend Community College Aero Mochanics School MOO Lake Municipal Airport San Bernardino Valley College an Richards Road Highway 17 & Nelson ltd. 701 So, Mt. Vernon Ave. Municipal Mrport Moses Lake, Wash, 98837 (Ai San Bernardino, Calif. 92410 (APC) 1 Kansas City, Mo. 64116 (APC) San Diego City Colley i Area TeclotiesINocadonal School 1425 Russ Boulevard ' Thief Rsver Falls, NM, 56701 (APC) fit 18351 fa Feeilkifk San Diego, Calif, 92101 (C) Board of EducationCity of Chicago Alta Loma, Calif, 91701 (APCI San Jose State College ' 22A N. La Salk St Clover Park Vocadional. San Jose, Calif. 95112 (APC) Chicago, lit 60604 (MC) Technical School School of Trade and Technical Des Moines TesPalcal School 4500 Stellacoom Blvd S,W. Education 1800 Grand Me, Lakewood Center, Wash. 98499 (APC) Idaho State University Des Moines, Iowa 50307 (C) Collet of San Mateo Pocatello Municipal Airport Helena Public School 1700 Hillsdale Blvd. Pocatello, Idaho 113201 (AP) Dem_ of Aerorsautks San Mateo, Calif. 94402 (AP) Spoken(' Community College A Rolated 'Trades Demi Vocational Inst. B. 3403 Mission Ave. 2310 LIU Poplar Ave. PO. Box 400 Spokane, Wash. 99202 (AP) Helena, Mont, 59601 (APC) Tracy, Calif. 95376 (APCI Utah Stato University of Agriculture Hoffmann Aircraft Institute Gavilan College & Applied Sciences 7924 Floyd 2310 Sr-J Felipe Rd. Aeronautics Dept. Overland Park, Kan. 66204 (P) Hollister. Calif. 95023 (C) College Hill Janesville Vocational, Technical Logan, Utah 84321 (APC) and Adult School Emily Griffith Orportunity School 527 S. Franklin St, 13th and Welton Sts, PACIFIC REGION Janesville, Wis. 53545 (APC) Denver, Colo. 80204 (APC) Aeromech Division of Kundert Aviation, Int. Fresno City College Honolulu Technical School Box 1457, Hector Field 1101, University Ave. Honolulu International Airport Fargo, NM. 58102 (APO Fresno, Calif. 93704 (APC) Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 (MC) Glendale College Lewis Colleen, Technical Institute 1500 North Verdugo Road ALASKAN REGION Route f6A Glendale, Calif. 91208 (APC) North Star Borough School of Lockport, Ill, 60441 (MC) Aviation iLincoln Aviation Institute, Inc. Holgate Technical School 1504 Warn Way Municipal Airport 5925-3rd Ave., South Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 (AP) Lincoln, Neb. 61524 (C) Seattle, Wash. 98108 (AP)

61 Vhcreto Obtain Furiher Information -about aviation mechanics. (Ea sure tobe as specific as sible when making each reque

Information Servic s Department "Your Career with the Airlines". Free Air Transport Association 1000 Connecticut Ave. , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Supervisor - Personnel "American Airlines - Key to an American Airlines,Inc. Exciting Career". Free. 633 Third Avenue New York, N. Y. 10017 Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular No. AC 147-2A Printing Branch, I-IQ-438 "Federal Aviation Agency Certificated Washington, D.C. 20553 Mechanic School Directory." Free international Association achinists and General information. Free. Aerospace Workers 1300 Connecticut Ave., N Washington, D.C. 20036 National Aerospace Education Council Career Opportunities in Aviation500 Room 616 - 80615th St., N W. Washington) D.C. 20005 National Aviation Trades o iation Names and addresses of aircraft repair 1346 Connecticut Ave., N stations nearest you. Free. Wahington, D.C. 20036 State Director a VocationalEducat on Location of vocational courses. Free. Capital city of your state Your local State Employment Service Generai Information. Free. Superintendent of Documents Emplo ment Outlook for A r lane Mechanics. U.S. Government PrintingOffice ureau o ar tat st esu et n Washington, D.C. 20402 Nog 1450-96. 150. Transport Workers Union of America General Information. Free. Air Transport Division 1980 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10023 Employment Office "Jet Age Aircraft Maintenance with United Air Lines United Air Lines".Free. O'Hare Field Station, P.O. Box 8775 Chicago, Illinois 60666

62 CHAPTER FIVE

Airline Careers

GENERAL INFORMATION sengers and cargo on uns cheduled charter flights. "Third level" airlines that fly light aircraft Career opportunities with the airlines range over short routes 071 schedules to connect with from those requiring practically no training trunk and local service airlines are showing (cleaners) to those demanding college degrees steady growth. Some of these airlines even (aeronautical engineer) and years of intensive operate small business-type jets. (See page 76 training and experience (pilot). In between are for description of air carriers.) dozens of jobs calling for a variety of educa- In general, no matter what job is offered, a tional achievement levels, skills, and personal high school diploma is required for jobs with characteristics. Brief descriptions of the nature the airlines.All workers regardless of their of these jobs, working conditions, wages, oppor- jobs,are given some degree of on-the-job tunities for advancement, and requirements for training. Some private technical schools offer entry are outlined on the following pr.ges. Data courses in airline operations such as reserva- about airline pilots, eo-pilots, flight engineers, tions, ticketing, teletypist, and stewardess train- stewardesses, and mechanics are omitted, as ing. This training may give an applicant an ad- they are treated separately elsewhere in the vantage, but as airlines have their own training GUIDE. procedures, interested young people are urged Salaries, working conditions, and opportuni- to check with the airline of their choice to see ties for advancement vary according to the size what pre-empIoyment training is required. of the airline. The larger the airline, the greater The airline industry is characterized by con- are the opportunities and the competition. tinuous updating of equipment and working meth- Scheduled airlines of the United States range ods, requiring re-training of personnel from in size from those with less than 50 employees time to time. Few industries are so involved and two stations to those with more than 45,000 with employee training programs which give employees working in 127 locations.Several employees new skills at the company's expense U.S. international airlines fly to foreign airports and keep them abreast of new equipment tech- throughout the free world. Big trunk routes niques. Whether a pilot, mechanic, stewardess, span the continent connecting largepopulation baggage handler, ticket sales agent, or a man- centers. A number of these airlines also fly ager, periodic training is mandatory.These over international waters to Alaska,Hawaii, expanding training programs provide opportuni- and to Caribbean destinations.Other airlines ties for employees to advance to jobs on train- are local service carriers that flywithin a ing staffs. region of the United States, giving service to smaller communities and connecting them with Employees enjoy such benefits as paid vaca the big cities serviced by the trunk airlines. tions, holidays and sick leave, health and group Three helicopter airlines serve the New York lifeinsurance coverage, retirement income City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco metro- plans, credit unions for savings and loan pur- politan centers.In addition there are a small poses, employee suggestion programs with cash number of all-cargo airlines, numerous carriers awards, and free air travel or air travel at flying only within the boundaries of a state, greatly reduced rates for employees and mem- and 13 supplemental air carriers that fly pas- bers of their families.In addition, they often

63 11111915= an11:131111161UMMINNIF receive large discounts for travel on interna- Uniforms are tional airlines and for hotel accommodations at deal directly with holiday destinations. The average annualsalary seen by the of airline employees is $8,800, or close to the ing for utili top for all U.S. industry, mechanics, ployees are Promotions are almost always made from own uniforms within the company as vacancies are filled by personal clothing advancing the best qualified workers from the reduced. ranks. Merit promotions are madeperiodically on the basis of evaluation of the employees' Airline jcbs are work. serve and even In a course, the larger Shift work is a characteristic of many jobs variety of airline jco opportunitim. with airlines, for passengers travel all hours concentrations of akiine =at= isgramtmlnea of the day and night and passenger and air are found in such cities as XIAVY'rerle cargo services must be available. Dissatisfac- Us Angeles* San F.ran0300 tion with shift work is the most common cause D.C., Detroit, Kansas/C.41 of job turnover, even though hourly wages are Seattle. An applicant Tiny bn 23112111=1 XX= increased for workers on afternoon and evening mation by writing to fne *byline ituzaitraereff shifts. Smoking on the job is prohibited where- in.In addition, oxig a airlinctsXyargLans,,C''x. ever the lob is involved with cleaning, servic- alzports ena Tr.4. -.- ing, or overhauling the aircraft, orwhen dealing handle their passenger aud 311T with the public and to servioe

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64 Flight dis- nt opportunitiesshould not be Opportunities for Advancement. patchers haTir mtifed up iiitóth position from jobs as former dispatch cerks, junior flight me"ndustry is a young industry,and dispatchers, radio operators,meteorologists, or ous reputationattracts youth. Morale station managers. Largeairlines employ senior ng employeeswho seem to acquire dispatchers who specialize incoordinating the certain, loyalty to their companyand to the economic factors of everyflight. Promotion airline industry. While the averageturnover in is always from within.Experienee as an air- LS. industry runs aboutfour per centper month, line dispatcher may beused in qualifying for a turnover within theairlines amounts to one per job as an air trafficcontroller with the Federal cent per month. Jobswith airlines tend to carry AviationAdministration or as anairport an aura of prestigeIn the community, reflecting director. the vitality of technological progressand the romance and excitementassociated with air Requirements to Enter theJob. A college de-FazViiff a ar H.-7n airtransportation or travel and far away places meteorology is acceptablepreparation. He must have good vision,hearing, enunciation, and a FAAdispatcher's license. Must knowthor- FLIGHT DISPATCHER oughly the Civil AirRegulations and airline operations based on yearsof experience in air- 21=Eg of the Work. In cooperationwith the line communications ormeteorology.Very pilot, the Eight DispatcherIurnishes a flight few women are employed asdispatchers illan that enables theaircraft to arrive at its destination on schedule withthe maximum pay- load and the least operatingcost. He considers enroute and destinationweather, winds aloft, alternate destinations, fuelrequired, altitudes, METEOROLOG ST and traffic flow. Hissignature, along withthat of the pilot, releasesthe aircraft for flight. Nature of the Work. TheMeteorologist ana- Maittains constant watch onall flights he dis- lyzes weather data and preparesweather reports patches and is thego-between for the pilot and for the flight dispatcher,pilots, and other air- ground service personnel.Keeps all personnel line personnel concernedwith weather informa- concerned with theflight Informed as to the tion. He assists theflight dispatcher in pre- status of the flight.Must be familiar withnevi- paring flight plans. gstion facilities overairline routes and at airports and with thetakeoff, cruising, and landing WorkinConditionv. He works indoorsat the characteristics of all typesof aircraft operated airport in theairffire operations office. Uses by the airline. He mustalso take periodic flights weather facsimilemachines, teletype machine to observe flightroutes, conditions, andair- weather charts, and othermeteorological data. ports riding in thecockpit with the flight crew. Shift work is required andthe normal work week consists of fortyhours Working Conditions. Heworks indoors at the airport in the airlineoperations office. Uses Wages. Wages are from$600 to $ slide rules, weathercharts and information, nionthifepending upon the size of theairline. computers. A forty- loading reports, and hand ties for Advancement.With a large hour week with shift work isnormal. Frequently chief meteorologist or works under pressure,especially when flying air ine, he may become rapid decisions take a position as an assistantfligjit dispatcher. weather is bad. Must make many He may also use thisexperience to become a concerning safety, flightregulations, and the Weather Bureau. economy of operations.He is surrounded by meteorologist for the U.S. teletype machines,telephones, and intercom Requirements to Enterthe Job. A college systems in a noisy,busy atmosphere.If he degree with a major inmeteorology is required. works for a small airline?he also carries on Experience with militaryweather services or the duties of ameteorologist and schedule with the Weather Bureauis fzequently required. coordinator. Meteorology training can beobtained with the Wages.: Wages arefrom $650 to $1,200 per military services,especially as a meteorolog- month, depending uponthe size of airline. ical technician.

65 ' immimmi.---411=1=11.11 chief of schedulecontrol. May also work upto position indispatcher's office as generaldis- patch clerk or anoperations planner. ligatasEt_ients_ta Enterthe Job. A college

degree with a majorin air transport operations 1 is acceptablepreparation.

STATIONMANAGER OR AGENT Nature of the Work.The Station Manager or Agent is responsiblefor all flight and ground operations for his airlineat his airportair- craft handling, passengerservices, and air Eastern Airlines photo cargo operations.At a small station he may Schedule coordinators can talk to anyairline office, or to any perform many of theseservices himself such as aircraft on the ground or inflight. Their office is the nerve selling tickets, makingpublic announcements, center of airline operations. checking in baggage,moving portable stairs, preparing passengerand air cargo manifests, operating teletypemachine, etc. works in office at the SCHEDULE COORDINATOR Working Conditions. He airport. May somet meswork outdoors depend- staff. Nature of the Work. TheSchedule Coordinator ing upon the sizeof the airport and his ke757WoR criile whereaboutsof aircraft and Shift work is requiredduring a forty-hourweek. of delays Wages. Wages arefrom $600 to $1,400 per crews; receivesand relays reports size of airline. due to weather andmechanical problems;notifies month, depending uponthe all concerned regardingdelays or changes; and gives orders forsubstitution of airciaftwhen GROUND RADIO OPERATOR required. He workswith diversions offlights to alternate airports,weather factors affecting Nature of the WorkThe Ground Radio Op- air traffic, seatingarrangements of planes, erator operates groundradio receivers and of arrival, and transmitters, sending messagesto and receiv- turn-arounds, estimated time be- unscheduled stops. Healso works out aircraft ing messages frompilots which ho relays availability, taking intoconsideration servicing tween the aircraftand the airline stations on requirements with timefre- all the airline's routes.Also relays messages and maintenance and quencies varyingfrom 24 to 48,000hours. to and from theflight dispatcher's office Handles crew scheduling,considering sick calls, FAA air traffic controltowers and centers. vacations, days off,used-up flight hours,"dead- May supervise automaticrecording machines heading," types of aircraftfor which crew is and transcribe theirradio messages. trained, and senioritybids or choices of flights selected by crewmembers. All this work is in the interest ofmaintaining on-time,efficient service for passengersand shippers of air freight. Working Conditions. Heworks indoors at the airport in t eairihe operations office. He is in a busyatmosphere, surroundedby banks of phones,teletype machines,computers, and charts.At times he worksunder pressure. Works cooperativelywith colleagues. Aforty- hour work week,with shift work, isnormal.

Wages. Wages arefrom $500 to $765 per ariblio,'11"---- month,depending upon size of airline. Air Transport Association photo Advancement. He starts as rttmi iest airline operations office clerk with responsibilitiesIn one or two areas Ground radio operator connects but may advance toassistant, senior, andthen telephone lines with air and ground radiocircuits.

66 Working Conditions. He works indoors at the ne operations office. Uses radio equipment. Shift work is required during a forty-hour work week, Wages. Wages are from $450 to $600 per mahr-depending upon thesize of airline, Opportunities for Advancement, With a large e c1ilfradIo operator, supervising subordinates. He may work into a position as assistant flight dispatcher. A number of radio operator jobs are also available with ARINC, a cooperatively-owned airline radio Air cargo reservations agents must handle telephone inquiries communications system. and be familiar with many different air freight rates and flight schedules. Requirements to Enter the Job. High school grEtliTtro7 w oWwo years of additional technical training in radio operation and main- line communications.Both men and women tenanceat a technical or vocational school are employed as teletypists. offering such courses is required, Must have excellent hearing and enunciation, a third class FCC radio telephone or radio telegraph operators permit (second class permit is pre- RESERVATIONSAGENT ferred). Military experience as a radio operator is very helpful in obtaining a job. Basic knowl- Nature of the Work. The Reservations Agent edge of meteorological phraseology and standard handles telephone inquiries about complex flight codes and symbols is necessary. And he must schedules, fares, and connecting flights. He re- be able to type 40 words per minute. serves seats and cargo space for customers. Operates computerized reservations equipment. Keeps records of reservations. Must be able to recommend services which fit customer's requirements and be familiar with routes and TELETYPIST schedules of other airlines. Working Conditions. He works indoors at the Nature of the Work. The Teletypist operates airport in the airline operations office.Shift teletype machines, sending messages, receiving work is required during aforty-hour workweek. them, and relaying them to proper departments Work is interesting as no two calls are the and to other stations on the airline's routes. same and many challenges occur as the employee Also files messages as required. works out the passenger's travel requirements. Working Conditions.He works indoors at the airport in the airline's operations office or VIBE. Wages are from $375 to $650 per in other offices where teletype machines are month, depending upon size of airline. used.Shift work is required during a forty- Opportunities for Advancement. He may ad- hour work week. vaREF7Fiiirprnontor g employees' handling of inquiries, or to training positions. Wages. Wages are from $350 to $500 per He may also be assigned to handle "executive month, depending upon size of airline. accounts" or firms with large travel require- OppRrtunities foAcmicement. He may ad- ments, travel agents, international reserva- vanNa to E-4xar;srypos t on. tions, special "vacation packages" offered by the airlinejobs reserved for the more ex- Requirements to Enter the Job. A high school perienced and higher paid agents. May transfer gridtiare---i-srTjir--A-daifiTnal training in to job of ticket agent.Reservations work is a teletype operations and procedures at schools principal route to a management position for the offering such courses is preferred. The mini- persistent worker, as turnover, due to shift work mum typing speed is 40 words per minute. is high and promotion opportunities are fre- Needs to know codes and symbols used in air- quently available.

67 he minimum the Job. uire Requirements toEviter the Job. lAg_i_iiremi.-1 Enter age vari-dsrom w-20 -.fclars.Graduation ents include:1.igh schoolgraduation, 18-20 school is a minimumrequirement; of age, withadditional one or from high "nimum years operations at however, two yearsof college ispreferred, or o years'training in airline experience indealing with the heels offering such courses,or experiencein the equivalent is offered. Good contact workpreferred. Air- public,On-the-job training ublic telephone grooming, respectfor accuracy,pleasant, cour- es offeron-the-job training.Accuracy and handwriting are im- essential. Requires agood teous manner,and legible peed on the job are portant.Foreign languageability may be re- lephone voice,English usage, andthe ability international airline. "project" oneself over;he phone. Air cargo quired by an eservations agents maybe required tohave ome experiencein shippingoperations. Both en and women areemployed. GROUND HOSTESS The Ground Hostess TICKET AGENT Nature of theWork. assists passengersin the terminalwith problems about flightssuch as: fares, lostbaggage, Nature of the Work.The Ticket Agent answers Illness, and a needfor inqufi lig-Fitscheduies and fares.Veri- missed connections, fies reservationsby phone, figuresfares, writes wheelchairs. cash payments orcredit card tickets, handles Working Conditions.The work involves con- sales. May check inpassenger's baggage, if the walking inside theair agent works atthe air terminalticket counter. siderable and a uniform and reservationscomputer terminal.Shift work is required Usestelephone must be worn. equipment. Wages. Wages arefrom $415 to $657 per Working Conditions.He works atdowntown orlWaTETroria-ITEM officesduring business if employed hours.Shift work is necessary, Oprtunities forAdvancement. Mayadvance at the airportticket cotmters. Must weara to ra Iié, superv sor,or chiTfcounter sales uniform. positions. Wages.Wages are from$375 to $650 per Requirements to Enterthe Job. The minimum month, plusadditional pay for lateshift work. age variesfrom 18 to 22 years.Graduation Advancement. He may ad- from high school is aminimum requirement. OpportunitiestcWger for service agent or Some businessexperience or additionaltraining vance office, or to in airline operationsat schools offeringsuch station agent,chief of the ticket courses aresometimes required.On-the-job a job onthe instructionalstaff, May also join be required towork at representative. Womenticket training is given. May the staff as sales the ticket counter inthe terminal, too.Foreign agents may becomeground hostesses.Superior air- considered for junior man- language ability ishelpful at international employees are often ports. Women only areemployed. agement training.

s, 411011.---

Al IMMMMMMI

Eastern Airlines photo

68 SKYCAP Nature of the Work. The Skycap helps as- seiTgeTr's Tif-thThirga-F,answers questions about departures, arrivals, and terminal facilities1 lie assists passengers to and from taxis, buses, and cars,lie may check in baggage at the terminal entrance, Working He works mostly indoors at the air terminal. Wears a uniform.Shift work is required. Lifts and carries heavy lug- gage and handles baggage hand carts in terminal. Wagls: Wages are from $325 to $415 per -iionth,plustips which could amount to as much as $10,000 dependir T upon the number of Delta Air Lines photo passergers using the terminal and the Skycap's Passenger agent htips unaccompanied young passengers, helpful, outgoing nature. Opportunities for Advancement. He may ad- orriWriperv sor of Skycaps is preferred. He must I ke to work with details or to a sales representative. and records, and by physicaLy strong. Requic2rnents to Enter the Job. Ahighschool graduate is 1:1-e-rerred.Minimum age 14 from PASSENGER SERVICE AGENT 18 to 21 years. Must like to help people and be physically strong.On-the-job training.One Nature of the Work. The Passenger Service airline fills this job from the ranks of ramp Agent Igewormal conditionspas- servicemen.At many air terminals Skycaps sengers needing special assistance, over-sold are employed by the airport rather than by the flights, missed connections, heavy passenger airlines. concentrations to expedite loading or unloading of passengers. He may also perform the AIR CARGO AGENT duties of ticket agent and supervise the ticket office and handling of air mail. Nature of the Work. The Air Cargo Agent receives air freight shipments, supervises load- Working Conditions. Wears uniform and ing and unloading, and keeps records. He handles works at the air terminal.Shift work is re- contacts with air freight forwarders and cus- quired.The variety of work is desirable tomers. feature of this job. Wa es.Wages are from $375 to $650 per Working Conditions. He works indoors in an mon office adjacent to the air freight terminal. Uses telephones and hand computers.Shift work is 1rttudvancement. This job required. leafs to a variernaanagera positions for qualified, dedicated workers. It is an excellent Wagcl.Wages are from $375 to $650 per basis for subsequent training in sales, custo- moiAH;Some agents earn as much as $11,400 mers' services, or flight operatior- depart- per year. ments. Opportunities for Advancement. He may ad- Requirements to Enter the Job. High school vance to the position of ramp service planner, graduation is a niinimum requirement. A thor- supervisor of air freight handlers, or to aposi- ough knowledge of flight schedules and ground tion on the air freight sales staff or air cargo services is necessary. On-the-job training is management staff. normally provided. He may be required to have a foreign language ability, if employed by an Requirements to Enter the Job. A high school international airline.Experience as a ticket graduate with experience in shipping operations or reservations agent is helpful.

69 4

Working Coniitions.He works in a downtown SALES REPRESENTATIVE office during e business hours, but has to hour" oppor- Nature of the Work. TheSales Representative take advantageof many "after customers and explains tunities to promo ehis airline by attending ,calls on prospective meetings and socialaffairs 'the advantages ofairline service for traveland business, vaca- chipment of cargo. Stimulates ,400 per : ion, and educationaltravel. Keep3 intouch with WagesWages are from $600 ;travel agencies,firms, and educationalinstitu- nth and lions with potentialfor airline services, Advancement. He may ad- with other airlinesto increase interlinesales. Opportunities for Ille may make hotelreservations for customers. vanêto flight and fareschedules is increase inresponsibilities andsalary.He A knowledge of job as "VicePreiident- I essential. might work up to a top Sales" Working Conditions. Heworks regular busi- Wears businessclothing while Remirements to Enter theJob. This is not ness hours. an entranclevel job, as vacancies arealmost making calls on customers. always filled by movingemployees upward waiis. Wages arefrom $500 to $1,000 per through the ranks. month. RAMP SERVICEMAN Opportunities forAdvancement. He may ad- (Interior of the Aircraft) valles manager. Nature of the Work.The Ramp Serviceman (Interior of the Aircraft)cleans the cabins Requirements to Enterthe Job. A college between trips. He vacuumsthe floor, picks up degree with courses inair transportation man- trash, washes lavatoriesand buffets, replaces agement is desired. Anapplicant who has com- headrests and pillow covers,folds blankets, pleted military serviceis preferred. Mustbe refills seat packets,refills drinking water sup- aggressive, show initiative,be versatile, per ply, and cleans thecockpit windows. sonable, and willing torelocate. The ability to express himselfforcibly yet tactfully is nec- Conditions. He worksat a fast pace essary.Foreign language maybe required by with cleing equipmentand supplies in cramped an internationalairline. Courses inpsychology, space with ateamofworkers. He mustcomplete public speaking, andsalesmanship are helpful., the job often with10 or 15 minutesallowed A small number of women areemployed as sales before the plane mustbe ready to load passen- representatives.On-the-job training is pro- gers. Shiftwork. Must wear auniform. vided.Note: Some airlineshire college students for training insales promotion during Wages. Wages arefrom $2.47 to $2.81 per summer vacationperiods. On their return tothe hour, with extra payfor late afternoonand campus theybecome "campusrepresentative" night shifts. for the airline,contacting the many studentsand faculty members to acquaintthem with the air- RAMP SERVICEMAN line's special service andholiday opportunities. (Exterior of the Aircraft) These part time jobsoften lead to full-time employment in sales positionsafter graduation of the Work. TheRamp Serviceman from college. (Exterior of the Aircraft)works on the exterior surfaces of the aircraft.He washes, polishes, touches up paint, andde-ices surfaces.He also works withchemicals toprevent corrosion DISTRICT SALES MANAGER of surfaces. Nature of the Work.The District Sales man-a ticket and reserva- work_ He uses sponges, ageFIThl charge o the city brushes, mops, andhoses.Works on scaf- tionssalesoffices in his area. Hemakes lift equipment to reach many contactswith people to promoteairtraffic folding or in special seats and cargo space. high places. Hausually works in ahangar but and sales of airline be required towork outdoors. Directs the activitiesof sales personnel. may sometimes

.44444441. 4,4 4,, Wages. Wages are $3.75 per hour, with extra payfarspecial shi

of *tad trucks, mobile The heaviest workschedules occur during night e -1 buses, messenger cars hours when most aircraft arenot in service. conveyors,cleaning equipment, aircraft Shift work is requiredand work is done fre- air conditioningsixi power cartsetc quently under pressureof time. Must wear a uniform. Nature of the Work.These employees drive equipment todaircraft and operate ma Wages. Wages arefrom $2.01 to $2.81 per chinery, loading andoff-Yowling food containers , hour, with extra payfor late afternoon and galley units, and otherkinds of equipment. night wafts. They attach anddetach emend air conditioning and power carts, morestairs, or drive em- RAMP SERMEMAN ployees' bus between airlinefacilities at the (Baggage and Air CargoHandler) airport. They are usually on aregular work schedule. Nature of the Work. TheBaggage and Air Cargo Handler loads andunloads baggage, air mail, air express, andair cargo shipments sh Drives baggage tow-carts,operates conveyors, on noisy fork lifts, fork trucks,ard other baggage and use extreme carein pos air freight handlingequipment. Operates ma- near aircraft chinery to sort and routebaggage and air cargo to and from variousflights. Working Conditions. Heworks outdotms on noisy, crowded ramps, inall kinds of weather. Does much lifting andmoving of baggage, mail sacks, and air expressshipments and pushing and positioning ofair cargo.Shift work is required and he must wear auniform. Wages.Wages are from$2.37 to $3.17 an hour, with extra payfor late afternoon and night shifts.

RAMP SERVICEMAN (Aircraft Fueler)

Nature of the Work.The Aircraft Fueler operates the fuelingequipment. He may drive a photo fuel truck, filling thetruck with aviationfuel and delivering it to the aircraft.Operates fuelhose Air co handlers operate of and pumps. air freight ioside the ow OPPORTUNITIES F R ADVANCE NT R RAMP SERVICEMEN Depending upon the size of the airline and agreements with employees' unions, ramp serv- elect= 'anairdvenzatle rmav icemen may become leadmen and supervisorsinent, and iiheet ancts1 744*. likistom rtit3+ of crews in their own work areas fuelers,pressure of lime. Shirt wicat morgfisa...7 cleaners, baggage and air cargo handlers, etc,. 1111110X7136 Maily tbe rtgrindo Or they may start at the lowest paying jobs such as cleaners and work up to higher paying itre !rum jobs, such as baggage handlers, drivers, and aircraft fuelers. With experience at a variety of ramp service jobs, workers with administrative abilities may be promoted to the job of a ramp planner. REQUIREMENTS TO ENTER THE JOB FOR RAMP SERVICEMEN High school graduate, minimum age years.Employees who drive trucks, buses, fork trucks, towing tractors, and sirailarequip- ment must have a driver's license and often a chauffeur's license as well.Good physical health and strength are required for baggage and air cargo handlers. Women are employed only for interior cleaning a aircraft. On-the- FOOD SERVICE ESIIPLOYBES job training is given when new equipment is put into service or when better methods of ac complishing a job are developed. Nature fof the CABIN MAINTENANCE MECHANIC ployees prepare recipes. A.77 (Not to be confused with Airframe and serring trmrs Powerplant Mechanic described elsewhere Place food in either in this GUIDE) rs for picktnp lye -40 al Caftan Siaet Nature of the Work. The Cabin Mainte ance Mechanic and paints interiors of air craft during periodic major overhaul; removes and installs carpets, seats, curtains, and bulk- heads; and re-upholsters seats. He overhauls busy, no and cleans electrical equipment in cabins, such uniforms must as lights, buffets, and coffeemakers. aue fru= v..444+ ts, ho sgpx lifiterasostr mrsti

72 .... He performs the duties usuallyassociated with an auto mechanic. Thenormal work-week is forty hours.

ENGINEER Nature of the Work. In line with his engineering specialty, the engineer worksclosely with aircraft manufacturers during thedevelopment of new models of airliners, tomake sure the requirements of the airline are met asto performance, cabin plan,interior decorations, extra equipment, etc. He also designsimprove- A ments to aircraft and to methodsof servicing and overhauling them. Working Conditions. He worksmainly indoors Imes and good housekeeping in aMOITIFETRITTiereli oftentake him to hangars and cooks must have pre- and maintenance shopsfor consultations and e. n food preparation.On-the- inspections. May travel frequentlyto aircraft ic b training given for all other kitchen manufacturing plants for consultation.He may workers be required to live in the areawhere the aircraft are being constructed;then he would travel to AMP PLANNER the airline headquarters. WbrL The Ramp Planner keeps MEI!: Wages are from$650 to $1,200 per aft and dispatches service month. lers, baggage handlers, aportunities for Advancement.He may be etc.Must know flight advanced to a job directing thework of junior engineers or might work up to atop job of Vice He works indoors at the President for Engineering orMaintenance. telephones, and teletype work is necessary.Works Requirements to Enter the Job.A college de- planners gree with a major in anengineering field related to air transportation isrequired. Previous ex- s are from$485 to $755 per perience and a graduate degree arepreferred.

es for Advancement.He may ad- positions on the flight opera- nt staff or on theadministrative AIRLINE MANAGEMENT TRAINEE rport director. Nature of the Work. The AirlineManagement business from the ts to Enter the Job.High school Trainee learns the airline ground up, with short termassignments and on- mum, age of 20 to25 years. Ex- departments, such ramp servicemanis usually re- the-job training in various job. as ticketing, air cargo,passenger service,and fs not an entrance level finance. The purpose of thistraining is to pro- well-rounded experience AUTO MECHANIC vide an employee with a and with good potential formanagement duties. ork. The Auto Mechanic serv- Working Conditions. Thetrainee works in a ound service equipment, such variety of situations ashe is moved from job rs, fuel and foodtrucks, towing indoors, but at times mployee buses. to job. Most work is done his assignment may requirehim to be outdoors. rking conditions. He works indoorsin a Shift work may also be required,depending gprage or outdoors onthe ramp, when required. upon his assignment.

73 Wqz.e.Wages are from $500 to $670 per more than 275,000 people. An add! fronal 30,000 môth people were hired in 1967, representing a 13 per cent increase over the previous year. One Opportunities for Advancement, He has ex- major airline alone needs a steady flow of ap- ce ent m=1-- vimcement to man- plicants over the next two years in the following agerial positions,in time. The educational employment areas: background required for his selection as a management trainee, plus his intensive on-the- Stewardesses 2,500 (and eypected to in- job training in many areas of airline operation crease) hold promise for many opportunities to above- Mechanics, Base and Line 2,300 the-average level jobs with the airline. Public Contact Personnel (reservations, passenger service, customer services, ticket Re 6uirements to Enter the Job. A college sales agents, etc.) 1,800 degree with a major in air transport manage- Flight Officers 800 ment is required.His college record must Professional and technical (engineers, pro- demonstrate leadership ability by participation grammers, etc.) 400 in sports or other student activities. Must be Dining Service Workers, clerical workers, willing to relocate. and all others 3,000 ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL To accomplish this hiring program and to take care of normal attrition, the airline estimates In addition to the jobs described in the fore- it will have to s reen, iiiterview, test, or other- going, airlineo employ thousands of reception- wise have contact with aLout 460,000 applicants ists, typists, secretaries, stenographers, mail before 1970. and file clerks, and computer personnel, as well Larger aircraft such as the jumbo jets carry- as peoplein managerial positions such as ing 300 to 400 passengers are scheduled to training, public relations, publications, finance, begin flying in 1969. Increases in sales forces personnel, and other kinds of work associated will be required to stimulate the sale of passen- with business and industry. Salaries paid ii,re ger seats and cargo space offered by these generally above the average paid by industry super-size aircraft.Flight kitchens will have and business. to be enlarged to provide more meals for increased numbers of passengers, and this will OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE require more kitchen workers. More person- The air transportation industry is young and nel will be needed to clean and service the vigorous.It is the fastest growing industry in larger aircraft within the allotted time. While the U.S. Over the past five years its growth computerization of reservations and ticketing has averaged 15 per cent.Its present rate of procedures may slow the rate of increase in the growth is three times that of the Gross National number of employees in these areas, replace- Product and twice the rate of the second fastest ments will be required to take care of normal growing industry electric utilities. From turnover and some additional workers will be 1955 to 1965, airline travel doubled in volume; needed toservice the expected increase in itis expected to double again in the next ten business. years. Present air cargo operations will triple This rapid growth provides unuoual oppor- by 1971. tunitiesfor employment, and esiiecially for recognition of employee ability with prospects Responsible sources a 1 predict continuation for rapid advancement.Airline employment of this upward, rapid growth trend a position policy puts the accent on youth.That policy, the airlines themselves support as, over the coupled with the practice of promotion from next ter: years, they will spend $18 billion for within the company, offers thousands of excel- new jet equipment and ground facilities to handle lent opportunities for ambitious young people the soaring volume of air traffic in the 1970's. who want to be associated with a glamorous, In 1966 theU.S. airline industry employed forward-looking, dynamic industry.

74 WHLRE TO OBTAIN FURTHER INFORMATIO About Airline Careers.Be sure to be as sped as possible when making each request.)

Air Line Dispatcher's Assoc. The Dispatcher,..Airline Safety and Economy 243 W. Maple Ave. in the Jet Age. Boaleidescribing the job of Vienna, Virginia 22180 an airline dispatcher. Free. Air Transport Association Career t.__Iq2_,q,w_iththe Airlims. A brief 1000 Connecticut Ave., N.W. summary. Includes names and addresses of Washington, D.C. 20036 U.S. scheduled airlines. American Airlines Key to An Exciting Career. Booklet discussing c/o General Office Supervisor-Personnel emp oyee qualificationsfor pilots, steward- 633 Third Avenue esses, mechanics, reservationssales per- New York, New York 10017 sonnel, manager trainees, data processing personnel, engineers and clerical employees. Free.

American Airlines Visibility Excellent Opportunities Unlimited. Attn: Manager, Executive Recruitment et_iscussF5MWlagement-traineeiT)- 633 Third Avenue portunities. Free. New York, New York 10017 Careers iiislii_a_ph_22L_a, No. 125B. 25 cents. P. O. Box 135 Airline Ticket A ent No. 191S. 15 cents. Largo, Florida 33540 Air ine C erical jo s, No. 43B. 25 cents. Chronicle Guidance Publishers Air Transportation Occu ations. No. 380. A Moravia, New York 13118 4-page occupational brief covering various airline careers. 35 cents. Dispatcher (air trans.) No. 267. 4-page brief --aiscussfttg worEaliirline dispatcher. 35 cents. National Air Carriers Association Brochure listing names and addresses of sup- 1625 Eye St., N.W. plemental airlines. Free. Washington, D.C. 20006 Pan American World Airways Career Information. Discusses employment Educational Service opportunities with PAA with summaries of Pan Am Building training and experience required. Free. New York, N. Y. 10017 Supt. of Documents Occu ationalcfor Civil Aviation. U.S. Government Printing Office Bulletin 1450-96. 15 cents. Washington, D.C. 20402 United Air Lines Join the Friendly Skies of United MrLines. A Employment Office booklet describing entry job classifications, O'Hare Field Station - P.O. Box 8775 benefits, qualifications, etc. Free. Chicago, 111. 60666 CLASSES OF UNITEDSTATES COMMERCIAL AIR CARRIERS

There are nine generally recognized classesof operators in the air transport industry of*el:hilted fstatus.13tesectissii- fications are used by the Civil AeronauticsBoard in connection with the economicregulation oftlleindusayandmader the Federal Aviation Act are based largely onthe scope of operations authorized orallowed Jyynitaraiirt. Cleasistilkw to Seven have certificatesof convenience and necessity authorizingthem to conduct .r4iniliafty atiuduled lettAiints, 1, The Domestic Trunk Carriers include thosecarriers 45. The International and r41oil Oars-tem i;n4Tir which presently have permanent operatingrights U.S.-Flag air carriers opetaftng 3iensften tfhetr.triiste within the continental United States. There are cur- States and foreip2 3:011ntritS =Our dim= ra*r^graP_,anal rently eleven trunk lines, most of which operatehigh- over into:n=1=Z %men.flome atIdlese =rem" crtrr, density traffic routes between the principaltraffic cen- duct operations 13erween int -riixo a:martins 3mii same ters of the United States. are extensions ofdomestk=unlelirwsimoieoratil the Carilibean and no 44:12deS1 and Mamaii. National American 1Cazetirmat Northeasti Alaslrai Braniff International American 9)acrIc3razditern-r. Continental Northwest Braniff International Tan Iamtetten Delta Trans World Canlbean Atlantic Trans eratolizzan Eastern United Delta TTEIIN'lrestria Western Eastern alwa National western . 2. The Domestic Local Service Carriershave, with one laperate="natialhrs¢scogy- carriers, 7. The All-Cargo Carriers exception, been certificated since 1945. These ..;press and anal luttween "alesixaated =ass traffic ing freight, thirteen in number, operate routes of lesser in the U.S., and in one case= :12:e Carriblazarlarral between Jensity between the smaller traffic centers and another to Eturpe. these centers and principal centers. Aerovias Stul Americana 3 5ilyingirgrr Allegheny North Central 1 Airlift International Seilmel:M12±10. Bonanza % Ozark Pacific To Central * S. Supplemental Air Carriers. Ariansrdarrrartersumw Frontier * Piedmont holding certificates issued lar r±be Ctific ourrizins Lake Central Southern thun tcerform passenger and ccargontharter =wawa , Mohawkl Trans-Texas 1 supplementing .thelatthdea=wine cal dike caccfacotteti West Coast 1 To route air oarriers. As selliEzoit 2,2507.,:flarateurare such companies. Statistical (data 021 dime =items" nue 3. The Intra-Hawaiian Carriers operate betweenthe sev- not included herein. eral islands comprising the State of Hawaii. 9. Intro-state Air Carriers. A. T.lassialaiircaafieusvema- Aloha Hawaiian lag as intra-stare =unman I:antral" s, wane aspeurfinns are Prnited 10 1112 2TeS dhe3mstransuffungar- 4. The Intra-Alaskan Carriers provide servicewithin the ricalar state, and whose coperartusaufhuirtyiisgataxerii State of Alaska. by the Aviation -or Tsanspoztafion Blond tnICIratuil elf thar state. Statistics gar SUS c rzarp atee an= lin- Alaska Coastal Northern Consolidated clnded io this Layars. Cordova # Reeve Aleutian Wein Air Alaska 10. Others. Among 'other Tames si cope:suns ate diedir Kodiak taxi operators ann air ireiglisluvcardens..4Sirne- Howard J. Mays 2* 3 Western Alaska ators are a class of air carrier;ruzerafingTsjiirtaii up to a gross weight of2,alTgx2a 3. The Helicopter Carriers presently operate between air- wide variety of passenger =Tor CICRIXD aransynarafettc ports, central post offices, andsuburbs of New York, services, .-with no =mescal* Tucell moues. Air ErnEilat Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Originally forwarders Ilse r.lassed as dir anal certificated as exclusive mail carriers they now fly pas- engaged in the asserallyatudi:onsadationotEfccagpfhr sengers, air freight and air express,in addition to U. S. transportation by a Zizect air =ter-- 121ene orme ail:- Mail. proximately 320 forvmtders calpeteitt%n lanteif Chicago Helicopter Los Angeles Airways interstate and foreign and coverseascenmmem. Satett:6- Airways 3 New York Airways cal data for 'these groups of =ries ore mot iisdhad San Francisco & Oakland HelicopterAirlines 4 herein.

'Also certificated to provide trans-borderservice. 3 Scheduled services zeurporaray=spended. 2 Certificated nommail carriers. 4 Certificated to carrypersons,properryandatutTattase.. * Central and Frontier have merged underthe name FRONTIER AIRLINES ** Western and Pacific Northern have mergedunder the name WESTERN AIRLINES .5 Approval for merger among Bonanza,Pacific, and West Coast Airlines into AIR VESTispending 44- Alaska and Cordova have merged under the nameALASKA AIRLINES CHAPTER SIX

Airline Stewardesses orStewards

GENERAL INFORMATION 2. Inflight Duties a. Distributesreading material, pil- Stewardesses, or flight hostesses, and stew- lows, and blankets to passengersrequesting ards are employed to make the airline passen- them. gersr flight as comfortable and as enjoyable as b. Serves refreshments and meals to passible. The majority of those hired by U. S. passengers and crew. airlines are stewardesses; therefore, this de- c. Gives first aidto tmcomfortable or scription will concentrate on informationfor ill passengers. and women..It skald be noted, however, that the d. Answers passengers' questions duties and working conditions are substantially assures the apprehensivetraveler. the: same for stewards as for the stewardesses. e. Takes special careof unaccompanied The opportunities for employment are small for children. stewards as only some international airlines f.On air shuttle flights, sellstickets. employ young men as stewards.Foreign air- g. Copes with emergencyconditions. lines employing stewards normally hire their h. Announces arrival of flight, time on awtr nationals. the ground before departure, etc. .Stands at cabin door and bids passengers goodbye. Nature of the Work. Thechief duties of a stewardess are as follows: 3. Postflight Duties I.. Preflight Duties a. Makes necessaryreports such as a.. Attendspreflightbriefings by the minor medication given to passengers,lost captain, to learn about expectedweather condi- and found articles, cabin and equipmentcondi- tions, special passenger problems,etc. tions needing attention, and numerousother b. Checks passenger cabin andgalleys matters that may require reporting. before passengers board to see that allsupplies, b. If requirerl by the airline, maydo equipment, and food are aboard andin place. some housekeepingchores such as folding Greets and directs passengersto blankets, wiping off the buffets,straightening their seats, assists mothers with youngchildren, curtains, etc. and the elderly or handicapped. d. Helps passengers stow handluggage In addition to flight duties,stewardesses are and coats. sometimes called upon to makepublic relations e.. Checks seatbelts and observance of appearances forthe airlines during Career "No smoking" signs. Days at high schools, atUnited Givers Fund f. Makes announcements over public campaigns, at sales meetings,conventions, and address system regarding weather, altitude, es- other goodwill occasions. timated flight time, etc. g.. Demonstrates useof safety equip- Working Conditions. Astewardess' regular ment place of work is in the passengercabin of an

77 and wear it while onduty, The uniform is made to measure, and isdesigned by top names in the fashion world tolook like a coordinated, stylish wardrobe, ratherthan a work-a-day uniform. Usually a small monthlyallowance is given by theairline to cover cleaning and v upkeep of uniforms. The stewardess' inflightduties require her to be on her feet most ofthe time, She frequently works at top speed toaccomplish all the tasks that must be done within thefew hours of flight. At times she must servemeals and pour coffee under rough or uncomfortableflying conditions She must deal pleasantlywith all kinds ofpeople, United Air Lines photo some of whom canbe most annoying andde- World's first airline stewardesses-1930. manding. Depending upon her seniority,she may be airliner. She flies from 80 to 85hours a month. under the direction of a seniorstewardess, or In addition, she hasabout 35 hours a month she may direct the work of ajunior stewardess. ground duty.She must be present for the cap- She may be required to giveelaborate service tain's briefing at least an hourbefore flight to a small number offirst class passengers, time.At the end of the flightshe has reports or lesselaborate but substantialservice to a to complete.Her total monthly workingtime, larger number of tourist-classpassengers. in most cases, is determinedby agreements Mere the Jobs Are. Stewardesses areem- between the airline and her union. ployed by every airline and arebased, or "dom- iciled", at major stations alongthe airline's The stewardess' workingday has irregular routes and at the airline'sheadquarters city. hours and is determined bythe flight to which In general, stewardesseswork out of major she is assigned.If her flight leaves at 5 a.m., airline centers such as NewYork, Los Ange- she is expected to reportto her captain by les, Miami, Chicago, SanFrancisco, Denver, 4 a.m.The maximum numberof flying hours Atlanta, Washington, D. C.,Kansas City, Bos- per day isalso set by union agreementand ton, Detroit, and Seattle. to 16 hours.Under this ar- ranges from 12 Wa es and Benefits.The starting base sala- rangement she canaccumulate her maximum $441 per hours rather quickly, and soher flight assign- ries range rom 1 per month to the month, giving month, depending upon thesize of the airline ments are spread out over and (in most cases) unionnegotiations. Maxi- her consecutive days off.Over a year's time, $320 to $720 this averages about 156days off, not counting mum basesalaries range from partial days off beforeand after trips.(The average officesecretary has 96 daysoff and full working days therest of the time.) The stewardess frequentlyworks at night and on weekends and holidays,when travel is heavy. She may choose (orbid for) flights, but her final assignment is determinedby her seniority. The longer she isemployed, the higherher seniority, and the morelikely she is to work on the flights of her choice. Her flight assignmentsusually require overnight stays in cities awayfrom her home base. Under these circumstancesshe is given a travel accommodations and allowance for good hotel Faustino photo meal expenses, transportation,and incidentals. Classroom study occupies a majorportion of stewardess Stewardesses are required tobuy a uniform training courses.

78 After sue- per month. Salaryincreases are given at regu- 0ortunities for Advancement. intervals. cessfu y comp eting t e training course,the new lar six-month and/or twelve-month stewardess begins work on a probationbasis for Usually a basic guaranteedmonthly salary six months.During this time she is on call to is paid for a minimumnumber of flight hours work on extra flights or as areplacement for ranging from 65 to 85,depending upon union stewardesses who are ill or on vacation.Her agreements.For every hour flownabove the work is observed and directed by asenior stew- minimum guarantee, extraincentive payments ardess. In time, she can become aSenior Stew- are made on anhourly basis. For example, a ardess, directing other stewardesses onher stewardess may be paid theguaranteed $325 flight.Also, she may work up to theposition for 70 hours of flight, butif within the month of Supervising Stewardess, StewardessInstruc- she flies 77 hours, she willreceive an additional tor, or Chief Stewardess. Whenevershe resigns $4.50 an hour for each of the sevenhours flown as a stewardessshe may be considered for po- above the minimum of 70.Stewardesses on in- sitions as a reservations or ticketsales agent, ternational flights usually earnhigher salaries or work in publicrelations, or personnel re- than those on domestic flights. cruiting, depending upon herqualifications fox' these positions. The majority of stewardesses arerepresented Advancement as a stewardess israpid as the by one of the following unions: turnover is high. The averagestewardess re- Air Line PilotsAssociation/Stewardess within two years and Steward Division signs for various reasons As- entering the job. Her experience as asteward- Air Line Stewards and Stewardesses for numerous jobs where con- sociation, International ess qualifies her Transport Workers Union of America,Air tact with the public is involved. Transport Division Lie t_g r ermasUe rthe Job. Phyi1iEntry is19-27 A stewardess has the samebenefits that other years; Height5'0" to 5'9"; Weight in propor- airline employees enjoy such aspaid vacation tion to height; Vision20/20 correctable with and sick leave, free travelfor herself and im- contact lenses that can oe worncomfortably for mediate family, paid medicaland life insurance, twelve hours or more; Goodphysical health and retirement plans, credit unions,employee sug- the ability to pass a thoroughphysical examina- gestion plans with cash awards,and reduced tion; Flawless complexion,good posture, even air fares on other airlines.With the time and teeth, pleasant smile, andnatural hair style. low fares at her disposal,she can afford to vacation almost anywhere inthe world. In 2. Personality:Poised, mature, emotion- addition, the stewardess enjoysthe good opinion ally stable, outgoing, and a goodconversationa- of the general public wholooks upon her as an list. attractive, mature personality with aglamorous 3. Marital Status: Singlegirls are over- job. whelmingly preferred, but a fewairlines are beginning to accept widows and divorcees provided they have no children and canqualify t otherwise. A few airlines willallow stewardesses to retain theirjoh if they marry after they have passed the probationperiod. 4. Education: High schoolgraduation is a minimum. Most airlines prefer at leasttwo years of college orbusiness experience involving public contact.Many stewardesses are college graduates. 5. Other: Good English usageis required. A clean and wholesomerather than a glamorous appearance is desired.Airlines with interna- American Airlines photo tional routes usually requirefluency in one or more foreign languagessuch as French, Spanish, Living quarters for stewardess candidates. and German.

79 .1*

:A114.

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mob

United Air Lines photo when they College coeds return to school after ing a summer as stewardesses. Jobswith the airline will be waiting for them graduate.

Airlines have varying standards.If an appli- guago, air traffic control, cmergencyand safety cant is not accepted by oneairline, her qualifi- procedures, first aid, airline routes andregula- cations may still be accepted byanother. Girls tions, serving methods, and a host ofother de- who are interested in the careerof an airline tails related to their work and to the airtrans- stewardess should contact several aircarriers. port industry in general.The most popular course is personalgrooming where the students ppportunities for Training.Airlines operate are advised aboutmakeup, hair styling, posture, stewardess training programs on acontinuing and weight control.Board, room, and school basis, or as needed. The largerairlines have supplies are provided free, or payments are elaborate stewardess colleges withcampus-like made to cover these costs. Free air transpor- facilities and a carefully chaperonedboarding tation is provided from thetrainees' homes to school atmosphere. Among theairlines, train- the school.The dollar value of stewardess ing periods range from twoweeks to six and a training can be as much as $2,000 perstudent. half weeks (the average is fourweeks). Train- ees learn aboutthe theory of flight, the parts Some private schools offer stewardesstrain- of an airliner and their functions,airline lan- ing that may give a candidate someadvantage.

80 However, airlines will insist that such trained needed just for replacements. Additional stew- candidates still need to complete the airlines' ardesses will be required each year to serve on stewardess training program. Therefore, it is new aircraft added to thefleet or to serve on advisable for the candidate to check with the the jumbo jets joining the airline fleet within the airline of her choice for its policy regarding next two years.These huge new planes will prior training.(See below for the locations of require up to 14 stewardesses per flight instead airline stewardess training schools.) of the usual three or four today.The NAEC survey also revealed that the32 responding airlines' hiring schedules range from a total of Outlook for the Future. Based on a survey 10,400 stewardesses to be hired in 1968 to just completed by the National AerospaceEdu- 13,100 in 1970.In 1975, one major airline ex- cation Council, 32 responding U. S. airlinesin- pects to have 9,000 stewardesses on itspayroll, dicated that the median length of employment or double its presentnumber. They plan to is 21 months, reflecting the strenuouswork train 3,300 annually. and the demands for constant travelassociated with the occupation of stewardess. Thedemand The airlines now interview about 25 girls to for stewardesses is expected to continuebe- find one promising trainee. Hundredsof thou- cause of an annual turnoverof about 27 per sands of young women will have to answerthe cent of the 18,000 stewardesses currently em- stewardess recruiter's call to fill the expected ployed. Five thousand stewardesses a year are job openings in the years ahead.

LOCATIONS OF U.S. AIRLINE STEWARDESS TRAINING SCHOOLS (Based on airlines responding to NAEC's Stewardess Surveyof October 1967) Airline Location Alaska Airlines Seattle, Washington Allegheny Airlines Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Aloha Airlines Honolulu, Hawaii American Airlines Fort Worth, Texas American Flyers Airline Ardmore, Oklahoma *Bonanza Air Lines Phoenix, Arizona B Tonto International Dallas, Texas Capitol International Airways Wilmington, Delaware Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Georgia Eastern Airlines Miami Springs, Florida Frontier Airlines Denver, Colorado Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu, Hawaii Lake Central Airlines Indianapolis, Indiana Mohawk Airlines Utica, New York North Central Airlines Minneapolis, Minnesota Northeast Airlines Boston, Massachusetts Northwest Orient Airlines Minneapolis, Minnesota Overseas National Airlines Jamaica, New York Ozark Air Lines St. Louis, Missouri *Pacific Air Lines San Francisco, California Pan American World Airways Miami, Florida Piedmont Airlines Winston-Salem, North Carolina Purdue Airline Lafayette, Indiana Reeve Aleutian Airways Anchorage, Alaska Saturn Airways Oakland. California Trans International Airlines Oakland, California United Air Lines Chicago, Illinois Universal Airlines Seattle, Washington Western Airlines Los Angeles, California Wien Air Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska *Approval of a merger among Bonanza, Pacific,and West Coast Airlines into AIR WEST is pending. NOTE; Thirty-two airlines responded toNAEC's stewardess survey; 31 are listed above and one airline ''aribbeanAtlantic) does not have a stewardess training school.

a , _ Be sure to be as specific ERE TO OBTAINFURTHER INFORMATION ut airline careers. possible when makingeach request.)

information about stewardsand ir Line PilotsAssociation/Steward and For general Stewardess Division stewardesses. 5th St. and CiceroAve. hicago, Ill. 60638 about stewards and and Stewardesses For information r Line Stewards stewardesses. Association 05 W. WackerDrive, Suite 1219 Chicago, Ill. 60606 airlines and theiraddresses. Air Transport Association List of member 1000 Connecticut Ave.,N. W. Free. Washington, D. C. 20036 Career booklet. WingYour Way to a Carer AmerIcan Airlines talks. vritidir) Air ines-- General OfficeSupervisor--Personnel American Airlines. Free. 633 Third Ave. New York, N. Y. 10017 Career brief. Mri1neStewardess. No. B-16R. Careers 25 cents. Box 135 Largo, Florida 33540 Occupational brief. AirplaneStewardess. No Chronicle GuidancePublishers Moravia, New York13118 4135 cents Opportunities with Pan Pan American WorldAirways, Inc. Free brochure. Job Personnel Office Am. Pan Am Building New York, N. Y. 10017 Occupational brief. MrlineStewardesses. Science ResearchAssociates 259 E. Erie St. No. 120. 40 cents. Chicago, Ill. 20611 about airline stewardesses. Transport Workers Unionof America General information Air Transport Division 1980 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10023 Reprint from In enueMa azine, "Airline Trans World Airlines Hostess: A Job in theC ou s". Free. 605 Third Ave. New York, N. Y. 10016 Personnel Office Free brochure. intejestin laceErLiAerestin United Air Lines people, a more interesting you. Box 8775 O'Hare International Airport Chicago, Illinois 60666

82 CHAPTERSEVEN

Aviation Careersin Government

GENERAL INFORMATION provision is tnade for peiodic pay increases based on an of performance. A major source of aviation careers lies in With acceptable Ievl of competence, the wait- jobs with federal, state, and local government ing period of adv.ancement to steps 2, 3, and 4 agencies.Local government agencies (county is one year; Steps Z, 6, and 7 is two years; or city) usually are related to airport opera- 8 9, and 10 is three years. The present tions and jobs in this category are described Federal Civil Serrim classified pay rates for elsewhere in the GUIDE. the General Scbe(kleare mbntained in the tables on page 85. Civil aviation careers in the federal government for both men and women are fotmd within Foriy hours constitutes a normal wo the Department of Transportation, Federal Avia- Additional payment is made for shift tionAdministration;theCivil Aeronautics volving duty between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. , and for Board; and in a growing number ofotherfederal work during Sundays and holiftys. Merit pro- departments and agencies. Civilians are also motions are awarded under provisions of a employed in aviation jobs by the military serv- Civil Service roved merit promotion plan. ices.All of these aviation jobs come under the Federal Civil Service, and wage scales are de- Most federal employees under Civil Service termined by Congress, which, from time to participate in a very lberal retirement plan. time, raises the pay levels to bring them in line Employees earn from 13 to 26 days of paid with comparable jobs in private business and annual vacation, depending upon the length of industry.Salaries for Federal Civil Service service, and 13 days of paid sick leave each employees are established into two chief cate- year.Health insurance, low-coet group life gories: General Schedule (for those employees insurance, credit tmion service, and compensa- who perform administrative, managerial, tech- tion and medical care for Wary on the job are nical, clerical, and professional jobs and who other benefits offered. are paid on an annual basis) and Trades and Labor, formerly "Wage Board", (for those em- The largest number of aviation jag found 5 We's who perform jobs associated with the within the federal government. is with the Federal trades and crafts and who are paid wages on an Aviation Administration (FAA) of the Department hourly basis). of Tranvortation.The FAA, with a total of : 45,000 employees, is charged with the Most Federal Civil Service employees in the administration and enforcement of all federal aviation field are covered by the General Sched- air regulations to assure the safetyofairtrans- ule and their salaries vary according to their portation. The FAA also promotes, guides, and grade level (GS-1 through GS-18). Within each assists the development of a national system of of the grades provided in the General Schedule, civil airportsThe FAA provides pilots with

83 imemias

taitsr0 tramitios- Air traffic control towers, centers, and flight service stations assist pilots fromirghtplanar* flight informatIon from flightplanning to 1R2 week in FA& off to landing. radio, radar Major career fields within FAA are:airtraf and other deribes ixammnalcigazr..Skii; fie control specialists, electronictechnicians, -work is 2mvol Ear& oft,..541ittrxemoutst aviation safety officers, pilots,and engineers. ble, at sap fan gimeg =aging i113- Descriptions of these FAA careersfollow. stnctions o airt lee gptc03224 ktikt*nr Stillen0213 ItEMMIMEA. 4.12011alg landings of Mad* jalbeffelfil duties a.re rotated amplog staff after corny AIR TRAFFIC CONT OLSPECIALIST (FAA) locetam. Art Intel atFAAairoort traffic control tower hour or Iwo icon= at blow airp. orts sant %WM& ssageeciL Nature of the work. TheAir Traffic Control Tenslon tDftj as 'traffic staxasim, es- Specialist at FAA airporttraffic control towers pecially o tomilitissas meow flows as smoothly as pos- traffic staóks i meat ;pose directs air traffic so it albatigsposafdre. les- sible.He gives pilots taxiingand takeoff in- some raief . lea structions, air trafficclearances, and advice dar Pee:rale= tames based on informationreceived from the Weather darkness as wenAs wattamexastaels- Bureau, air route trafficcontrol centers, aircraft pilots, and other sources.He transfers control of aircraft oninstrument flights to the Where the Zia.; Awe exclOtars 41,50M- Air Route TrafficCenter (ARTC) controller controllen; faisport ectritrua 11:9364 rivizattif when the aircraft leaveshis airport control 338 ( s 1.29Saiy se:summed area and receivesfrom ARTC control of air- Cat craft on instrument flightsflying into his airport control area. Heoperates runway lighting the systems and airporttraffic direction indicators and prepares reports onair traffic and commim- ications. He must beable to recallquickly reg- meet istration numbers ofaircraft under his control, their types and speeds,positions in the air, and also the location of navigationalaids in his area per year.rilmees are and distances between them. jobs.. atiglest getatU for ataitgancasitirg psei-

_ DE AL CIVIL SEVICE CLASSIFIED PAY RATES(G NEHAL SCHEDULE)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 $4,910 $3,902 $4,028 $4,154 $4,280 $4,406 $4,532 $4,658 $4,784 4,245 4,382 4,519 4,656 4,793 4,930 5,067 5,204 5,341 4,615 4,764 4,913 5,062 5,211 5,360 5,509 5,658 5,807 6,489 5,161 5,327 5,493 5,659 5,825 5,991 6,157 6,323 7,239 5,751 5,937 6,123 6,309 6,495 6,681 6,867 7,053 7,982 6,137 6,342 6,547 6,752 6,957 7,162 7,367 7,572 7,777 8,309 8,534 8,759 G37' 6,734 6,959 7,184 7,409 7,634 7,859 8,084 9,106 9,352 9,598 7,3134 7,630 7,876 8,122 8,368 8,614 8,860 10,475 0,064 8,323 8,592 8,861 9,130 9,399 9,668 9,937 10,206 8821 9,115 9,409 9,703 9,997 10,291 10,585 10,879 11,173 11,467 12,555 9,657 9,979 10,301 10,623 10,945 11,267 11,589 11,911 12,233 14,135 14,517 14,899 TT451, 1 843 12,225 12,607 12,989 13,371 13,753 17,557 13,507 13,957 14,407 14,857 15,307 15,757 16,207 16,657 17,107 19,537 20,065 20,593 15,841. 16,369 16,807 17,425 17,953 18,481 19,009 23,308 23,921 10,404 19,017 19,610 20,243 20,856 21,469 22,082 22,695

982 21,681 22,380 23,079 23,778 24,477 25,176 25,875 26,574 =788 24,581 25,374 26,167 26,960 111101101MNRIONOMmx11111. provids for increases in pay, to the ratesindicate4 above, July 1, 1968 and July 1,1969.

FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICEINCREASES ABOVE-THE-SCALE PAYRATES FOR DiGINEERS, CERTAIN PHYSICALSCIENTISTS AND MATHEMATICIANS

PER ANNUM RATES 10 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 $8,913 $7,425 $7,611 $7,797 $7,983 $8,169 $8,355 $8,541 $8,727 9,622 9,827 7,982 8,187 8,392 8,597 8,802 9,007 9,212 9,417 10,559 10,784 8,984 9,209 9,434 9,659 9,884 10,109 10,334 axe. 11,320 9,352 9,598 9,844 10,090 10,336 10,582 10,828 11,074 9106 11,820 12,089 668 9,937 10,296 10,475 10,744 11,013 11,282 11,551 12,643 12,937 291 10,585 10,879 11,173 11,467 11,761 12,055 12,349

Correspanding statutory rates: GS-S.-Tenth; GS-6-Tenth; GS-7-Tenth; GS-8-Eighth; GS-9-Seventh;GS-10-Sixth.

85 asional (journeyman) airtraffic control spe- the training period they areassigned to a tower alist in the tower is GS-12($11401 to $14,899 for on-the-job trainingunder close supervision r year). for six months.Permanent assignment as an assistant controller followssuccessful completion of training.The FAA conducts upgrading Opportunities for Advancement.Promotion training programs forcontrollers from time to mom trainee toig er grs as assistant time.It takes at least3-1/2 years on the job ontroller and professional controllerdepends to become a profe..n3onalcontroller. Training on the employee'sperformance and satisfac- in air traffic control maybe obtained in the ry achievement inhis training program. In- military serv14e and many militaryair traffic cases in grade (withaccompanying increases controllers take jobs with theFAA after they salary) are fairly rapid, but gradesabove leave the service. 5-12 are for positions of watchsupervisor, taff officer, and chief. During the first year, Outlook for the Future.In line with predic- e trainee-controller is onprobation and then tions for continued rapidgrowth of all sectors e may advance from positionsbacking up pro- of aviation, the need forair txaffic contrullers essional controllers to primary positionsof will continue to rise.More airports will have esponsibility. It takes a trainee-controller the required amount of airtraffic to qualify for om 3-1/2 years(minimum) to about six years air traffic control towersand additional tower f experience to reach the professionallevel. controllers will be needed to staffthem.An rofessional controllers are seIectudfor re- increased Gmphasis on providing themaximum earch activities with FAA's NationalAviation amount of safracy deviceswill result in continued Facilities Experimental Center atAtlantic City. requirements for controllers. Some are also selected to serve asinstructors at the FAA Academy atOklahoma City. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLSPECIALIST (FAA) Requirements to Enter the Job.He should be at FAA Air RouteTraffic Control Centers at-Tarsi :--72-7ear able to obtain a Second ClassFAA medical certificate.He Nature of the Work. The AirTraffic Control must be free from colorblindness. One of the Specialist at FAA Air RouteTraffic Control following is also required: Centers gives pilotsinstructions, air traffic clearances, and adviceregarding flight condi- Four years of collegewith a bachelor's tions along his flightpath while flying the fed- degree. eral airways. He usesflight plans and keeps Three years of responsiblework experi- track of progress of allinstrument flights from ence. point to point within hisCenter's control area. Instrument flight rating. He transfers controlof aircraft on instrument Air traffic control facility rating. flights to the controller inthe adjacent Control Airline dispatcher certificate. Center when the aircraftleaves his Center's FAA navigator certficate. control area. He also receivescontrol of flights Experience as an air trafficcontroller in entering his area ofresponsibility from adjacent the military service. Centers. He estimates thetime of an aircraft's arrival over a navigation fixand maintains rec- Applicants must also pass a two-hourwritten ords of flights under hiscontrol. test and a personal interview duringwhich alert- ness, decisiveness,diction, poise, and concise- Working Conditions.Air Route controllers ness of speech areevaluated. A small number work at AA Air RouteTraffic Control Centers of women (40) are employed presently asair forty hours a week, usingelectronic computers, traffic controllers at Control Centers.Few oc- radio, radar, teletype machines ,telephones, and cupations make more rigid physicaland mental other electronic communicationsdevices. Shift demands upon employees than thatof an air work is involved. They work insemi-darkness, traffic controller. and unlike the tower controller, neversee the aircraft they control except astiny "blips" of Opportunities for Training. Traineesreceive lighton theradarscope. In areas of heavy siii-iciFiggistruction at a regional traffic, work is demanding. Registration numbers of all aircraft undercontrol must be re- training location or at theFAA Academy in types, speeds, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Aftercompletion of called quickly, as well as

86 flying along the Federal Ai Controllers at an Air Route TrafficControl Center keep track of planes

professional controllers depends uponthe em- distances betweennavigational aids and points along the federal airways ployee's performance andsatisfactory achieve- for hundreds of miles ment in his training program.Increases in in his control area. grade (with accompanyingincreases in salary) are fairly rapid,but grades above GS-12 are Where the Jobs Are.FAA employs 7,617 r positions ofwatch supervisor, staff officer, controllers at 27 Air RouteTraffic Control and chief.During the first year, thetrainee- Centers located throughoutthe nation. Centers controller is on probation andthen he may are usually found near amajor city but outside advance from positions backing upprofessional the control area of theclosest major airport. controllers to primary positionsof responsibility.It takes a trainee-controllerfrom 3-1/2 Wages. The starting gradeis GS-6, at $6,137 years (minimum) toabout six years of experi- per year.Trainees are paid while learningtheir ence to reachthe professional level. Promotion jobs.The highest grade for anoperating pro- to a position as air trafficcontrol programmer fessional (journeyman) airtraffic control spe- is possible.Professional controllers are se- cialistat the Centers is GS-12($11,461 to lected for research activitieswith FAA's Na- $14,899 per 3tear). tional Aviation Facilities ExperimentalCenter at Atlantic City. Some are alsoselected to serve Opportunities for Advancement.Promotion as instructors atthe FAA Academy at Oklahoma to-hlaer grades as assistant controllers and City. r

Ai Controllers at an Air RouteTraffic Control Center keep trackof planes flying along the Federal

professional controllers depends uponthe em- distances betweennavigational aids and points along the federal airways ployee's performance andsatisfactory achieve- for hundreds of miles ment in his training program.Increases In in his control area. grade (with accompanyingincreases in salary) are fairly rapid,but grades above GS-12 are Where the Jobs Are.FAA employs 7,617 for positions of watch supervisor,staff officer, controllers at 27 Air RouteTraffic Control and chief.During the first year, thetrainee- Centers located throughoutthe nation. Centers controller is on probation andthen he may are usually found near amajor city but outside advance from positions backing upprofessional the control area of theclosest major airport. controllers to primary positionsof responsibility.It takes a trainee-controllerfrom 3-1/2 Wages. The startinggrade is GS-6, at$6,137 years (minimum) toabout six years of experi- per year. Trainees arepaid while learning their ence to reachthe professional level. Promotion jobs. The highest gradefor an operating pro- to a position as air trafficcontrol programmer fessional (journeyman) airtraffic control spe- is possible.Professional controllers are se- cialistat the Centers is GS-12($11,461 to lected for research activitieswith FAA's Na- $14,899 per 3sear). tional Aviation Facilities ExperimentalCenter at Atlantic City. Some are also selectedto serve Opportunities for Advancement.Promotion as instructors atthe FAA Academy at Oklahoma to-FiliFiaagra e s as assistantcontrollers and City.

87 Requirements to Enter the Job. He mils ders pre able to pass a physical examination and he mus ance to ol be free from color blindess. One of the follow on request. ing is also reqLred: broadcastseather along flight paths; Four years of college with a bachelor's instructions baween 13,0fotralems degree. sists pilots in eine Three years of responsible work experience. searches for Instrument flight rating. Air traffic control facility rating. Airline dispatcher certificate. FAA navigator certificate. Experience as an air traffic controller in the military services. Applicants must also pass a two-hour written test and a personal interview during which alert- Where the Jo' ness , decisiveness, diction, poise, and concise- Stations are found ness of speech are evaluated. A small number throughout the o of women (21) are employed presently as air the country.About traffic controllers at Control Centers. Few oc- cialists are employed. cupations make more rigid physical and mental demands upon employees than that of an air Wages. The traffic conk 'oiler. their jobs. ihqxtunities for TraininE Trainees receive Service 6 ti:TIT4e-eks of instruction at a regional train- per year) ing location or at the FAA Academy in Okla- homa City, Oklahoma. After completion of the training period they are assigned to trainee positions for on-the-job training under close supervision for six months. Permanent assignment as an assistant controller follows successful completion of training.The FAA conducts e up-grading training programs for controllers a Com from time to time. It takes atleast 3-1/2 years Watch Siipervisor on the job to become a professionalcontroller. ity--the top administrator 21 Outlook for the Future.In line with predic- further upward step, it Sewpotitistns,, tions for continued rapid growth of all sectors grade levels, are availarle um EAL16 alma offittes, of aviation, the need for air traffic controllers with administrative az% will .ontinue to rise.As airports generate Flight Service Stations greater volumes of air traffic, and as emphasis diction. on providing the maximum amount ofsafety grows, there will be a continuing requirement for additional controllers at Air Route Traffic must be able to pass Control Centers. However, automation of pro- One of the following is cedures will offset the increase in warkload, and this will affect the number of controllers Threeyears DIX needed at the Centers. Air traffic 13 Airline dispatcher (certificate. FAA navigator Oeltifinalde. FLIGHT SERVICE SPECIALIST (FAA) Experience in air trailfic molting at FlightServiceStations Apes. 2-1/2 years sir/ Nature of the Work.The Flight Service Specialist at FAA Flight Service Stations ren- lso pass a two-hourwritten Whe e Job Federal A Administration employsabout 7,500 electronic interview during whichale rt- technicians work -veness, diction, poise, andconcise- technicians in field offices or"sectorsrattered all over peech are evaluated. Asmall number is located at theFAA's OM are employed presentlyat Flight the country. Some work National Aviation FacilitiesExperiment Center, Stations which is engaged inelectronic research andde- The number of Flight velopment projects increase Specialists Is not expected to The entrance level startsat GS-5 jobs in o of air traffic control Wages. Stations will serve ($5-,5rper year).Additional cost-of-living employment, Flight Service allowances are given toemployees working at larger areas with ttii:eater use of long dis- "hardship" locations, such as inArctic regions tance telephone andother communications devices. Even though thenumber of opportunities and at Pacific Ocean sites. Specialists is not for lobo as Flight Service 22m.tunities for Advancement.The employee expected to increase greatly,those jobs that are traffic con- has opportunities to progressto higher grade ,wailable are stepping stones to air levels depending uponthe complexity of his trol careers in FAA-operatedairport control supervision received or Traffic Control Centers. duties, the degree of towers and at Air Route exercised, and the growingknowledge and skills used in the performanceof his work. Super- visory positions areavailable at sector, area, and regional offices.Promotion to managerial jobs at FAA headquartersoffices is .possible LE RONIC TECHNICIAN(FAA) Requirements to Enter the Job.Age eighteen Nature of the Work, TheElectronic Techni- Experience and education and maintains electronic is the minimum age tan (FAA) installs or training inelectronics (a knowledge abasic equipment required foraerial navigation, com- electronic theory and relatedmathematics, tunications betweenaircraft and ground scrv- transmitters and receivers, useof test equip- tes andcontrol of aircraft movementsto assure troubleshooting and circuitry in the air and smoothlyflowing air traffic. ment, techniques of radio, computers, analysis, use of tools, andinstallationpractices) olves work with radar, are required. Thegreater the degree ofeduca- mmunications systems,and other elm- the higher the entrance vices at airports andalong the network tion and/or experience, level.Applicants must have had aminimum airways. It includes preventive experience of the kinds andamounts indicated maintenance (inspectionof equipment, meter in the table below foreach grade.Excess reading, replacement ofdeteriorating parts, "Specialized" experience may becredited as adjustments, etc.) and correctivemaintenance "General" experience. Some typesof civilian (troubleshooting, repair andreplacement of for Electronic techni- or militaryeducation, related to the option malfunctioning equipment). which application is made, maybe substituted cians may also specializein design, develop- for the specialized everiencerequirement. nent, and evaluation of newtypes of electronic must show an ability equipment for the federalairways. In addition, the applicant Conditions.They usually work out aysTecgiffEal Field Office with other GENERAL SPECIALIZED EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE TOTAL whose work is directed by a super- Yaws The office frequently islocated at an GRA E Yam Yews which the office and the equipment for 0 3 responsible is within a 30 or40-mile radius GS-5 3 GS-6 3 of the airport--in controltowers, air route 4 GS:1 3 1 traffic control centers flightservice stations, or 4% GS-8 3 1% in open fieldsand even on remote mountaintops. 5 be performed outdoors Gsa 3 2 Some of the work muut 3 3 6 n all kind.sof weather. Forty hourscomprise GS-11 & 12 a regular workweek, with shift work andweek- end work rotated.

, rk without supervision and to write reports. AVIATION SAFETY OFFICER ust be able to pass a physical examination MANUFACTURING INSPECTOR (FAA) d he must be free from color blindness. A imician may, in connection with the perform- ce of his regular duties,be required to drive Nature of the Work. The Aviation Safety Offi- vernment-owned automobile or truck. cer, ManufacturingInspector (FAA) checks to see that the design,-materials, and methods of Oppori.unities for Trainin .Basic training is producing civilian aircraft, aircraft engines, e tec nicaanvocational schools systems, and equipment are according toFed- ffering courses in electronics. Upon assign- eral Aviation Regulations safety standards and ment to an FAA sector office, the newemployee that the finished products are airworthy.He undergoes a short period of on-the-job training works with aircraft manufacturing engineers to familiarize him with FAA equipment ancipro- from the blueprint stage through the entire manu- cedures.As developments in the field of elec- facturing process; supervises activities of FAA- tronics are rapid, the employee is expected to designated inspection representatives; and par- keep abreast of new devices, systems, and pro- ticipates in civil aircraft accident investigations. cedures.Technicians usually receive three to four months of instruction in any one year on new Working Conditions. He generally works in- developments at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma doors in aircra t manufacturing plant offices on City. The Academy offers correspondence a forty-hour week basis.Considerable travel courses to support their technical trainingef- is required and the duty headquarters or station forts and many of these correspondence courses may be changed from time to time. are prerequisites to assignment foradvanced courses at the Academy. The technician receives Where the Jobs Are. Manufacturing inspec- his regular salary and a subsistence allowance tors are employed wherever there are major while in training at the Academy, Basic training aircraft, engine, propeller, or aircraft com- and experience for FAA employment may also be ponent manufacturing plants producing civil air- obtained during active duty in the military serv- craft, or at FAA district, area, and regional ices. office locations throughout the nation. WEIgailThe entrance level is GS-9 and the AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN (FAA) starting salary ranges from $8,054 to $10,475 per year, depending upon theapplicant's ex- Technicians appointed for airborne instru- perience and education and upon an evaluation mentation duty may be required to fly in gov- through personal interview of his fitness to as- ernment aircraft for data collection or engineer- sume varying degrees ofresponsibility. ing purposes. Applicants should indicate ontheir applications their willingness to fly. Basically, Opportunities for Advancement. Manufactur- the requirements and salau scales are the same ing inspectors receive in-grade promotions at as for the Electronic Technician. regular intervals upon continued acceptable work.If they demonstrate managerial skills, they may become Section or Branch Chiefs. Some inspectors are also assigned as instructors at the FAA Academy. a Requirements to Enter the Job. Three years of general experience working in any of the major phases of manufacturing aircraft, engines, Nob. or propellers, plus two to three years of specialized experience gained by technical supervision over production or quality control in the production of civil aircraft, engines, propellers or major aircraft assemblies aro required.A varying number of years of study in aeronautical, production, or industrial engineering may be substituted for an equal number of years of general experience or for a lesser amount of specialized experience, Currency oftechnical skills of both of the previously mentionedDistrict and knowledge are essential tomeet job entry offices, These are located throughoutthe country.Six international Field Officeshave the requirements. same functions as the FSDO's Opportunities for Trainin . A collegedegree in aeronautica , production, orindustrial engi- Viagm The entry level is 05-9 and the start- neering is the best preparationfor entry jobs ing salary ranges from $8,054 to$10,473 per at higher levels. Technical orvocational school year.The entry level depends upon previous training in various trades associatedwith air- experience and educational background. craft manufacturing (drafting, sheetmetal work, air conditioning, electrical system,etc.) leading _aportunities for Advancement.He enters to jobs in aircraft manufacturing cangive mini- employment as an Aviation Electronics Inspector mum backgroundand experience. An orientation and is given eithei: a five-weekindoctrination period of training is given to all newemployees. course in genqrai aviation orair carrier elec- From time to time, retrainingis required as tronic maintenance, depending upon hisspecialty. new developmentsinaircraft, engines, and He receives ingrade promotions atregular inter- equipment appear, vals upon continued acceptable work.Outstand- ing inspectors may be promotedto the next higher level with increased responsibilitiesand salary.If he demonstrates managerial ability he may become a section orbranch chief, He AVIATION SAFETY OFFICER may also become aninstructor at the FAA AVIATION ELECTRONICS INSPECTOR (FAA) Academy. Im of the Work, The Aviation SafetyOffi- Re uirements to Enter the Job.Three years cer, AviationElectronics Inspector (FAA) exam- of geneiil experience resulting incomprehen- ines compliance with airsafety rules relating sive knowledge of repair,overhaul, and inspec- to airworthiness, adequacy,and proper operation tion of electronic equipment forairline, military, of communications and electronicnavigation or general aviationaircraft; or experience In equipment aboard aircraft.He may be an= installing and maintaining aircraft commtmica- carrier electronics ins ectorworkingonly with tions equipment, are required. Also twoto three airlines or supp iers oairline electronics years specialized experience as anadministra- equipment; or a general aviation electronicsin- tor or supervisor havingresponsibility for the spector working with generalaviation repair airworthiness of electrical and electronic equip- stations and their suppliers.In each case, ment of either an FAA-certificated aircarrier, whether an air carrier or a generalaviation and FAA-approved radio repair station, orat a electronics inspector, he also checksthe com- military base. College level study inelectrical, petency of repairmen working onelectronic radio, or electronic engineering may besubsti- equipment, oversees FAA examinationsfor cer- tuted for some of the general experience.The tification of repairmen, and participates in acci- longer the years of experience, thehigher is dent and violation investigations. the entry grade and accompanying salary.Dur- ing interviews, the applicant'spersonal charac- Working Conditions. His jobrequires consid- teristics aro evaluted to determine hisfitness erable travel, as inspections,consultations, and to contribute to safe air travel andthe safety investigations must be made atairline overhaul goals of the FAA. and maintenance bases, atgeneral aviation repair stations, equipmentmanufacturing plants, or at the scenesof accidents. He works a basic Opportunities for TraininE Basic trainingin forty-hour week in airline and generalaviation electronics and communications systemsat a hangars, repair shops, and offices.Change of technical or vocational school is the minimum. assignment from one duty station toanother is College level work in electrical,radio, and electronic engineering is preferred.. Orienta- required as staffing demands. tion courses aro given to all newinspectors. Where the Jobs Are. Inspectorsoperate out Further training at the FAA Academy orat a of 27 Air Carrier DistrictOffices, 77 General manufacturer's service school is required as Aviation District Offices, and 4 FlightStandards new developments inelectronic equipment and District Offices (FSDO) which are acombination methods demand.

91 AVIATION SAFETY OFFICER 2,()Atm_ n_j...U.imiyLtancernAd ea.He enters employment as either an air carrier mainte- MAINTENANCE INSPECTOR (FAA) nance inspector orgeneral aviation maintenance inspector and is given a five-week indoctrination course on his specialty. He receivesin-grade Nature of the Work. The Maintenance Inspec- promotions at regular intervals upon continued r (FAA) checks compliancewith air safety acceptable work. Outstanding inspectors may be ules relating to maintenance of aircraft, in- promoted to the next higher level with increased eatingmaintenanceprocedures, methods, responsibilities and salary, If he demonstrates are parts stock, employeetrainingprograms, nstructional materials, maintenance manuals, managerial ability, he may become a section or tc relating to airframes, engines, propellers branch chief. He may also become an instruc- nstruments, and related equipment. He maybe tor at the FAA Academy. n air carrier maintensceii_AmS..or working only with airlines, making inspections of air- v_i_A'ments to EiM7the Job.The entry craft, engines, propellers, instruments, etc., lcFrequlrcs gee years experience analyzing mechanical reports and records, su- in the maintenance and repair of airframes, pervising FAA-designated airframe and power aircraft engines, aircraft components and re- plant examiners, and checking the competency lated subassemblies, and two years special of airline mechanics.Or he may be a general experience.For the air carrier maintenance avi_gon intlance insmcle overseeing ins ector, this two-year special experience must maintenance procedures of general aviation be gained as a superintendent, assistant super- aircraft and checking the training of aviation intendent, general foreman, shop foreman, chief mechanics.He inspects airworthiness of air- inspector, or maintenance supervisor in connec- frames, engines, propellers and componentsof tion with the maintenance of large transport aircraft as well as repairs, alterations, and aircraft, including maintenance or final assem- general maintenance. He also inspects aviation bly inspection of airframes, engines, propellers, mechanics training schools and repair stations, instruments, and related accessories. This ex- and gives examinations to student mechanics perience must be with a scheduled or large non- applying for FAA certificates. Both air carrier scheduled certificated U.S. airline, with air and general aviation maintenance inspectors transports operated by the military services, or participate in accident and violation investiga- with general aviation aircraft operated under the tions in their respective fields. same standards and procedures used by certificated airlines.For the _general aviation main- Working Conditions.The job requires con- tenance inspector, the two-year special exper- siderable travel, as inspections, consultations, ience must Include experience gained as a and investigations must be made at airline supervisor of aircraft and engine repair and overhaul and maintenance bases, at general overhaul, foreman a an aircraft and engine re- aviation repair stations, equipment manufactur- pair shop, or mechanic responsible for final ing plants, or at scenes of accidents. He works approval of aircraft or engine major overhaul in airline and general aviation hangars, repair and repair.For both air carrier and general shops and offices, for a forty-hour week. Change aviationmaintenanceinspectors,additional of assignment from one duty station to another years of special experience are required to is required as staffing demands. enter at a higher GS-level. College level study in engineering, business administration, or law Where the Jobs Are. Inspectors operate out may be substituted for some of the required of 27 Air Carrier District Offices, 77 General general experience. Aviation District Offices, and 4 Flight Standards District Offices (FSDO), which are a combina- Opportunities for Training. Basic training as tion of both of the previously mentioned District an aviation mechanic in atechnical or vocational offices. These are located throughout the coun- school is a starting point.College level work try.Six International Field Offices have the inaeronautical engineering or aeronautical same functions as the FSDO's. maintenance is preferred. Inservice training for air carrier inspectors is required at the FAA iwaeL, The entry level is GS-9 and the start- Academy on systems and equipment of various ing salary ranges from $8,054 to $10,475 per airline aircraft from time to time. For general year. aviation inspectors, training is necessary at FAA REGIONAL AND AREA BOUNDARIES

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air carrier airmen intervals in aircraftalteration, electrical sys- supervises FAA designated and auto pilots, engines, examiners. The generalaviation operations in- tems, instruments, spector is guided bythe Federal Aviation Regu- etc., and as newdevelopments in aircraft, en- aviation pilots and gines, and equipment appear.Additional train- lations relating 'to general pilot training--includingtesting of pilots (both ing is also necessary asthe employee progresses observance of flight and responsibility. written and flight tests), to higher levels of ground instructors andflight training schools, and supervises FAA-designatedpilot examiners. Both types of inspectorsparticipate in accident AVIATION SAFETY OFFICER and violation investigationsin their respective OPERATIONS INSPECTOR(FAA) areas. requires con- Nature of the Work.The Operations Inspec- HatiE&Conditions. The Job compliance relating to siderable travel, asinspections, consultations, tor (FAA) administers and investigations mustbe made at airline basest pilot competencyand training and investigates facilities, or at the scenes accidents and violation cases.An air carrier at general aviation deals with airline pilots of accidents.He works in airlineand general operations inspector offices. Forty hours and co-pilots, flightengineers, navigators,radio aviation hangars and dispatchers. He checks constitutes a normalwork week.Change of operators, and aircraft assignment from one dutystation to another is their continuingability to perform theirJobs through inspection, examinationsand tests, and required as staffing demands.

93 Requirements to Enter the Job. Threeyears' geie7473cperieliaTis-751Eiflirco-piiot in general aviation, airline, or military aviationis required. For the air carrier operations inspector, the requirements inc u e special experience as a pilot or co-pilotin positions providing broad and intimateknowledge of operational requirements, facilities, prac- 0 tices, and procedures of flyinglarge multi- engine air transports or helicopters(either airline or military) or a high performance Jet. In addition, a valid commercialpilot's license, with multi-engine and instrument ratings, is necessary plus he must possess or be eligible for an air transport rating.In place of some years of general experience, variouskinds of ex- The general aviation operations inspector gives written exami- perience may be substituted such as that of nations to general aviation student pilots. chief pilot of an airline, a designated pilot ex- aminer, supervisor of flight operations for an airline, or a number of qualifying FAA Jobs, such as Facilities Flight Check Pilot, FAApilot, Where the Jobs Are. Inspectors operate out etc. For a general aviation operations inspector, of 27 Air Carrier District Offices, 77 General the specialized experience (oiii1FThree years) Aviation District Offices, and 4 Flight Standards must be as a flight instructor or flight test District Offices (FSDO), which are a combina- pilot, air carrier or business aircraft pilot, tion of both of the previously mentioned District aerial applicator ("crop duster"), or aerial offices. These are located throughout the coun- photography pilot, charter flying, or any other try.Six International Field Offices have the full-time professional piloting duties. Various same functions as the FSDO's. substitutions for flying may te made if the applicant has been P chiel flight instructor for a 3p_g2E1._ The entry level is GS-9 and the start college or univrarsity-operated flight school, ing saIy ranges from $8,054 to $10,475 per chief pilot for an airline or business fleet op- year. eration, or if he has been an FAA facilities illortunities for Advancement. He enters flight check pilot, flight test pilot, or super- eniffoyment as either an air carrier operations vising instructor.He must also hold a valid inspecWr or general aviation operations inspec- commercial pilot certificate with single engine, tor and is given an indoctrination course of four multi-engine, and instrument ratings and a flight to six weeks.Air carrier o orations insc- Instructor certificate with an airplane rating. tors' beginning responsiities are !imited to Some college study may be substituted foryears examinatIons and inspections of individuals. of general experience for either thn air carrier As he moves upward he assists a "principal or general aviation operations inspector.He inspector," then he may move up to a position must also have a Second Class FAA medical of a principal inspector, who is responsible for certificate. the certification and surveillance of specific airlines.The work of the beginning :general Opportunities for Training.Flight training aviation operations inspector is limited to ex- may be obtained in the military service orat aminations and inspections of certificates of in- private or university-operated flight schools for dividuals.His next upward step is to assist a private and commercial pilot licenses, multi- "principal inspector" who is responsible for engine, and instrument ratings. the certification ard surveillance of suchopera- tions as fixed base operators, air taxi operators, flying schools, etc. The highest jobs in the field FACILITIES FLIGHT CHECK PILOT (FAA) are those of District Office Supervisors. Nu- ning, developing, executing, and evaluating gen- Nature of the Work. The Facilities Flight eral aviation operations programs on a regional Check Pilot conducts in-flight inspections of or nation-wide basis occurs at FAA head- ground-based air navigational facilities to de- quarters. termine if they are operating correctly. He

94 pilots multi-engine aircraftspecially equipped as a certificated as a flying electroniclaboratory on day and et pilot, inspector night flights both under visual andinstrument airline or general flight rules, recording andanalyzing facility aviath leyer Andy maybe performance, and reporting potentialhazards substituted wral experience to air navigation. He assists inaccident hives- He must have a FAA medical tigations by making special flight testsof any certificate and persodically FAA navigational aids involved. Hemaintains physical examinations to maintainemplo liaison with aviation interests regardingthe in- this lob. stallation, operation, and use of air navigation facilities. Opportunities for Training ruction may be obtainedfrom private or university operated flight schools or fromthe military Working Conditions. His Job requiresconsid- erlibTe"77-5517717lights cover not only the service federal airways but also areaswhere navigational aids are located. The basicwork week FUGHT TEST PI F consists of forty hours. Nature of the Work. The Flight TestPilot (FAA) checks the airworthinessof aircraft Where the Jobs Are. He works outof Flight through inspection, Meat testing, andevalua Inspection Field Offices andFlight Inspection tions of flight performance, engineoperation District offices scattered overthe nation. and flight characteristics of eitherprototype aircraft or modifications of productionaircraft start- and aircraft components that arepresented for Wart.e.L. The entry level is GS-9 and the FAA-type certification,lie swervises FAA- ing salary ranges from$8,054 to $10,475 per designated flight-test representativesand par- year. ticipates in investiplions of accidentsand vio- lations of the Federal Air Regulations. ortt...22Eivancent. An employee enters as a trainee, thenadvances to the job Working Conditions. He flies new typesof of second-pilot on an in-flightinspection of air aiferaft .ti,-r'14),ft, of conditions totest navigation facilities. The next step isthat of their performance. Considerable travel is re- Supervisory Airplane Pilot who supervisesthe quired and duty station may be changedfrom flight inspection crew and evaluatesand reports time to time as eircwnstances require. findings on navigation systems. Thetop jobs, located in Field offices, are thoseof Supervisors, Where the Jobs Are. The jobs arelocated responsible for the overall program accomplish- in areas where aircraftmazztfacturing plants ment of the Field offices.If assignedto a Flight are situated, chiefly, inCalifornia, Washington Inspection District Office, theemployee can ad- Missouri, MarylatA Texas, Kansas,Florida, vance throughsecond-pilot to Airspace and Pro- New York, etc(See chapter on aircraft manu- cedures Specialists responsible fordeveloping facturing.) instrument approach, terminal, and enroute air traffic procedures or he may move upto become Senior Flight hispector andAircraft Commander, supervising flight crews and results of inspection missions.Supervisors of the District Offices are the top jobs. Opportimities for Advancement. The Flight Requirements to Enter the Job. Three years Test Pilot may progress to branch chiefposi- general experienó e. as a pilot or co-pilotingen- tions in the engineering ormanufacturing areas. eral, air carrier, or militaryaviation is re- An administrative post with respect to all FAA quired. One to three years specialized expe- flight test pilots at FAA headquarters or, per- rience as a professional pilot orco-pilot in haps, an assignment with the National Aviation flight instruction, flight testingof airmen, or Facilities Experimental Centerthe research other full-time professional pilotduties is also and development arm of FAA may provide required.He must hold a valid commercial opportunities for an administrative flight test pilot license with multi-engine and instrument engineering job

95 Itspilissau_as t Enter theJob. Three years f general experience as apilot or co-pilot in ny civilian ormilitary major aircraft opera on is required.Also required is one to three ears of specialexperience in the aircraft 'inufacturing industry or inthe military or civil service of the FederalGovernment as a flight test pilot, aeronauticalengineer, or flight test engineer. Thespecial experience mu.,t include engineering flighttesting of experimental types of aircraft orthe solution of technical engineering problems at aprofessional level. generating He must have experience inobtaining and eval the buildim uating flight data related toflight performance, a, wide variety flight characleristics, engineoperation, and volves car other performance detailsof the prototype or amd modifications of production aircraft.Experi- and ence as in instructorin engineering flight power gene testing of aircraft is also required.The higher truck. entry grades require completionof a flight test pilot course, such as amilitary flight test school or the FAA flight testpilot course. College study in aeronautical,electrical, electronic, or mechanical engineering,mathematics or physics maybe substituted for some of the lie general experience requirements.Hemustbave outlying a First Class FAAmedical certificate, plus 1,500 to 2,000 hours of flighttime, a commer 'Where abe JobsAxed Sudo jams 30eNsettrest cial pilot license and single engine,multi- all areas of dibe Ezuto Flew*Witco ste tra-gis engine, and instrument ratings.He must pass lancU; that EAglat-=farivitieusel physical exams at regularintervals to retain aids and air Jed awns his job. are slim:tell

t_ftportunities for Training.Flight training periesee sad the prey wiffT.dvanced training at a militaryflight test jobs are Soule& Foe. emattanie. .,/z IOW 13tg* the military service. school may be obtained in /bey =tree V= $74.-11.10per insegg. Flight training throughcommercial pilot's license withappropriate ratings may beobtained from private or school-connectedflyingschools and institutes. A college degree inaeronautical engineering with flight training ispreferred.

GENERAL FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT REPAIRER (FAA) Nature of the Work.There are a number of employees classifiedunder the "Trades and Labor" wage schedule.These employees per-

96 3. Theieotronic Engineer isconcerned with designing improvedelectronic navigational aids and communications systems.lie may design, develop, modify, or overseeinstallation, calibration, and maintenance ofground and airborne electronic equipment.He recommends locations of aids. 4. The Mechanical Engineeris concerned with the design ofgasolrici-za diesel power plants for standby powergeneration in case of emergencies. He is alsoconcerned with heating, ventilating, andair-conditioning equipment at FAA installations.Some mechanical engineers check out suchthings as the performance engines, fuel systems, cinginzer obrvec atr flow patterns createdby a of new types of aircraft made plane in a rmoke tunnel. and fire detection devices. 5. The Civil Eineer involvedin the airports program deals with abroad range of ENGINEERS airport desig.., construction,and maintenance matters. FAA involvement inthese matters ation, The AA, as well as the is in the area of providingadvice and guidance and Space Administration to civil airport developers,with particular em- of Defense, employs engi- phasis on airports developedwithFederal specialties to work on research and grants-in-aid. problems in aviation, such asV/ ry short takeoffand landing) aircraft, nic transport, aircraftsound, the Working Conditions. He worksat a desk in hypersonic al rcraft, and new equip- an engineeringlaboratory, or outdoors conduct- vices to increase aviationsafety. ing or observing testsof equipment during a Iso provide guidance in airportde- forty-hour week. Travel may berequired as the ion, operation, and maintenance. engineer consults with aircraftand engine manufacturers and with suppliersof all kinds of equipment related to his engineeringspecialty. the Work The facilities,devices, with state and city needed by the FederalAviation He may travel to consult work require officials who need federalfunds for building to carry on its or improvingairports and to military bases of a number a engineering spec- where equipment is tested.

ceteronautical) En.ineer Where the Jobs AreEngineering jobs are deIopar interprets,and administers sa ety located at FAA headquarters,district, and re- relating to airworthiness ofaircraft gional offices, at NASAheadquarters and cen- cessories. He analyzes andeval- ters, and at certainmilitary bases scattered tutes designs, sets up test pro- throughout the nation. cedures, observes tests, andfurnishes engineer- He deals with iag =Mae tomanufacturers. 2.1) GS-5 ($5,565 to $7,239) toGS-11 suck probtems as vibration,flutter, stability, ($9,657to$12,555)are beginningsalaries, contra, weight and balance,aerodynamic char- depending upon previous experienceand educa- acteristics.. etc.. tional background. The Llectricat Engineer dealswith power tupptirr distribution, and standby power genera- Opportunities for Advancement.Promotion tion required for the operationof air naviga- is normally from within,with periodic in-grade `donal aids.. He is also involved inthe design increases for acceptablework and grade level and evaluation of airport and runwaylighting promotions for outstandingaccomplishment and and electrical, equipmentaboard aircraft. managerial responsibilities.

97 Re u'rements to E terthe Job. AB.S. degree Requirements to Enter the Job. engineering is required, orfour years of General Specialized chnical engineering experienceand training Experience Experience Total at provides technicalknowledge equal to that Grade ssessed by a graduate engineer.None to 2 Years is required GS-4 1% Years % Year three additional years of experience OS-5 2Years 1 Year 3 Years dependinr upon entry grade level. GS-6 2Years 2 Years 4Years GS-7 2Years 3 Years 5 Years Opportunities for Trainin .Engine e ring 2Years 4 Years 6 Years training may be o Mined rom collegesoffering GS-6/12 engineering field. courses in the specialized Opportunities for Trainin .The Technician may stu yhls specia ty at a vocational or technical school,junior/community college, or a four-year college. ENGINEERING AIDES OR TECHNICIANS Nature of the Work.Depending upon his specialty, the Engineering Aide orTechnician OTHER PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES(FAA) assists engineers by draftingengineeringplans, performance tests, The FAA also requiresthe services of pro- conducting efficiency and fessional people other thanengineers. Aviation making c alculationsp setting uplaboratory equip- function and ment and instruments,and preparing technical medicine isa most important His 21.1yAcians who have chosenaviation medicine reports,specifications, and estimates. medical work is like that of techniciansdescribed else- as a specialtybeyond their general education are employedby the FAA in limited where in this GUIDE. numbers. These physiciansstudy such things desk in as the effectsof flying on the humanbody, Working Conditions. He works A a above certain altitudes, an engineeringlaboratory or outdoors conducting the need for oxygen of equipment.The basic eeffects of fatigue on pilotperformance, or observing tests vision and hearingstandards, the tension and work-week is forty hours.Travel may be re- associated with the airtraffic quired as the Technicianconsults with aircraft stress factors with suppliers of controller's job, and the standardsof the various and engine manufacturers and classes of medicalexaminations required for all kinds of equipmentrelated to his engineering of flight crews. specialty. He may travel toconsult with state pilotsand other members federal funds for and city officials, who need professions are represented building or improving airportsand to military A wide scope of tested. in FAA. Theseinclude Airport Safety Spec- bases, where equipment is ialists, Urban Planners,Economists, Mathe- maticians, Statisticians,Program Officer s, Where the Jobs Are. TheJobs are located Budget Analysts. at FAA's National AviationFacilities Experi- Management Analysts, and mental Center at Atlantic City, atNASA head- The FAA requires logisticsupport for all quarters and centers, andat certain military estab- the nation. its programs,particularly in the area of bases scattered throughout lishment, operation, andmaintenance of air $7,239) to GS-12 navigation and trafficcontrol facilities.Per- Wages. GS-5 ($5,565 to sonnel plan and manage programsfor the es- ($11,461 to $14,899) arebeginning salaries, facilities, acquire depending upon previousexperience and educa- tablishment and installation of real and personal propertyneeded to establish, tional background. operate, and maintainfacilities, and provide all aspects of property andmateriel manage- Opportunities for Advancement.Promotion such within, withperiodic in-grade ment. To do s.FAA employs personnel is normally from as LogisticsProgram Planners andManagers, increases for acceptablework and grade level inventory and Supply promotions for outstandingaccomplishment and Real Property Specialists, Managers, Procurement Analysts,Contracting managerial responsibilities.With additional Officers, and Pur- training, Technicians may advanceto Engineer Specialists, Transportation positions. chasing Clerks.

98 77.acayalim4s1INar The FAA also employs lawyers to writefed- eral aviation regulations, to interpret them,and to represent the FAA in legal controversies. It employs many other kinds of workersfound in business and industry such as accountants, public information officers, librarians, photog- raphers, and supporting personnel such as re- ceptionists, secretaries, typists, office machine operators, mail room clerks, and data computer programmers and operators. Inaddition, the FAA operates two federal airportsinth, Washington, D.C. area and employs runway, building, and ground maintenance personnel as well as an airport administrative staff.(See "Careers at Airports" described elsewhere in this GUIDE). US. Kw Force photo An air traffic controller in the military servke can qualify for a similar job with the FAA when he Imes the senice. NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD Department of Transportation The National Transportation Safety Board accident investigators interview victims and There are many aviation career opportunities witnesses, examine aircraft parts, instruments in the military services for enlisted menand and engines, maintenance and flight records to officers, both men and women. 'he Air Force determine the probable cause of airplane acci- of course, offers the greatestnumberof training dents. and employment opportunities to fly as apilot or to work as an aviationmechanic, air traffic CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) controller, electronic teehnician, flight nurse, or meteorologicaltechnician, to name a few. The Civil Aeronautics Board is another fed- Navy and Marine aviation also have their eral agency concerned with aviation, partic- counterpart jobs to those in the Air Force. ularly commercial air transportation.It em- Army aviation is mostly connected with opera- ploys lawyers to develop regulatiols, to make tion and maintenance of helicopters awlsub- decisions about airline routes and fares, and sonic light planes and requires flight crews to represent the U.S. in some kinds of interna- and ground service people and weathermen, to tional airline legal discussions. The aviation support its aerial operations. Many ofthese lawyers receive a general law education, and military aviation jobs fit the serviceman for after passing their bar examinations begin their similar jobs in civilien life, if he chooses to special practice in aviation law.The CAB leave the service. For example, flying officers also employs economists and statisticians who released by the military services, especially the gather and interpret statistics so decisions Air Force, have constituted the major source can be made about changes in airlinefares, of supply of airline pilots in recent years. An Air Transport Association survey revealed routes, and services. that about 65 per cent of all airline pilots employed as of June 30, 1966 had had their prin U. S. MILITARY SERVICES eipal training in the military services. The U.S. military services are large employers of civilians for jobs in aviation, such as aviation mechanics, engineers, technicians, OTHER FEDERAL GOVERNMENT and general office workers such as secretaries DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES and typists.These civilian jobs come under the Federal Civil Service and employees do Many other federal government departments many of the same kinds of work and receive bureaus, and agencies operate aircraft to carry the same wages and benefits as their counter- on their work moreeffectively; for example: parts in the FAA or other federal government the Fish and Wildlife Service a the Department departments and agencies. of the Interior uses airplanes to make wildlife

99 census; theDepartment of Agriculture sForest Service uses aircraftto check on aerial forest spraying contracted tocommercial operators, or to oversee forestfire-fighting procedures; the Immigration andNaturalization Service of the Department of Justice usesaircraft to track down people enteringthe U.S. illegally; and the U.S. Coast Guardoperates aircraft for search and rescue purposes.Although pilot and mechanic jobewithin these agencies are comparatively few in number,they are mentioned to complete thefull picture of aviation career opportunitieswithin the Federal Civil Service. Pilots for these federalgovernment agencies fly aircraft to transportoffice staff members and supplies, performaerial surveys, make wildlife census, etc., asrequired by their particular government office.They fly in single or multi-engineaircraft during day 4,19 night, day, hour to-hour o bsri as required, and overall kinds of terrain in castswarmings, and adrift ato all kinds of flyable weather. operators, and airlines.ale conditions ,evected at The jobs are basedthroughout the country tions, and enroute forecasis. wherever the departmentoperations require. Pilots must have from1,200 to 2,500 flying His main tasks involve hours experience, includingextended cross eteorological data country flights overland and/or water during rvations and instruments. which they perform their ownnavigating. They station he may carry on al must be able to pass aFirst Class or a Second such as: making outside Class FAA physical examination everysix or reading and moo twelve months, respectively. Theannualsalary struments, checkit ranges from GS 9($8,054 to $10,475) to GS 12 via a teletype machine*,limy ($11,461 to $14,899), depending uponexperience plotting the weather. 2nd educational background. notifying and advising ested parties. Al cialize in one or U. S. WEATHER BUREAUMETEOROLOGISTS to some eAent upon TECHNICIANS to plot the weather AND METEOROLOGICAL He sends forecasts Aviation is one of thelargest consumers of to Flight ServioeStations, weather information.Flight and weather are offices, airports, and dio lather so interrelatedthat many people in aviation weather information4 look upon the weather man as amember of the personally when assistingthe 03aui aviation team. Thus themeteorologist deserves up a flight plan. at least some mention in anydiscussion of vocations in aviation eventhough his functions Working Conditions. atwsolifs ardloism. sac- entirely for the benefit of tinTi517 stiandilw at map taidir-wilt& worits are not, of course, and =harts.. ale mitt* crura: the aviation community. on weather maps from weatherinstrumentssuciaas_ammuraerers,. Nature of the Work. In general,the meteor- thermometers, barcnneiens,theollatvs, *mil- ologist who works most closelywith aviation ometers, radiosondes,weather ere is an operationalor synoptic,meteorologist He is able to operate rmtnrnt (as contrasted to themeteorologist working in times, he may be reguired theoretical or applied meteorologicalresearch). for short periods, He is the forecaster whoprovides the day-to- ments and making -observitticms.33L- :raw work

100 the station or with othermeteor- uire ntsme nter the Job. One of orological technicians at a following two is required: airport Weather Bureausta.- rivate, business, andairline 1. A full course of study,eadino a bach Uy works a forty-hourweek. elor's degree in an accreditedcollege or uni ired when weatherconditions versity, which has included orbeen supple ft work is requiredwhen a mented by 20 semesterhours in meteorology open 24 hours aday. He may be (including 6 semester hours inweather analysis relocate to fill staffingrequire- and forecasting, and 6 semesterhours in dy- another station. namic meteorology); and inaddition, differential and integral calculus and 6semester hours in Where the Jobs Are. Thelargest employer college physics; or of- FWo mment meteorologists isthe C`r 5.. Weather Bureau,Some 1,900 Weather Bureau meteorologists work atapproximately At least 20 sem n 300 stations scatteredthroughout the 50 states, accredited co c in Puerto Rico, in Arcticregions, at Wake as included 6semester hours in weather island, and at other Pacific Ocean sites.Major analysis and forecasting,and 6 semester Weather Bureau stations are locatedat airports in dynamic meteorology;and in addition near large cities. Asmaller number of Fed- ferential and integralcalculus and 6 semester eral. Ckwernment meteorologistswork for the hours in college physics;plus additional ap Air Force? Navy, Army, theFAA, NASA, and propriate education ortechnical experience the C`,. S. Forest Service. (Meteorologists em- which when combinedwith the education pre- ployed by the airlines havebeen treated in scribed above will total 4 yearsof education another section of this GUIDE.) or educationand experience. Thispreprofes- sional background mustbe of such quality that it provides a body aknowledge and abilities The Weather Bureaualso employs meteoro- comparable to that normallyacquired through logical technicians to assistmeteorologists. of a MI coarse of for this positii r& are the successful completion Most of the job vacancies study described in pa.ragraph1 above. filled by applicants whohave received their technical training duringactive duty in the armed forces. Themeteorological technician performs semi-professionaland scientific work, unive calibrating and usinginstruments for taking ology or equlvalent, various kinds of measurements,observing, re- major in meteorology.Training as a meteor- cording, computing, processing,classifying, and olezical technician is obtainablewhile on active disseminating weather data.Most technicians duty with the armed services orat some junior are. employed inmeteorological research rather colleges or technical institutions. than in synoptic meteorology. Wages. The salary rangesfrom an annual Outlook for the FutureThe science of tarting grade of GS-5 ($5,565to $7,239) to a meteorology is expanding antiwith it increased G4.5-15 ($16,404 to $23,921).The startingsalary occupational opportunities.The Weather Bureau nd position is determinedby the amount of expects to hire atleast 100 meteorologists education and experience. with a BA degree each yearto fillnew positions and vacancies. Opportunitiesfor military ca- and com- ties for Advancement.Promotion reers inmeteorology are excellent ability, work petent militarymeteorologist officers are given es depends upon advance degrees at gov- ce, and uponopenings in jobs atthe opportunities to receive ernment expense.At present the numberof es, In-gradepromotions are made degrees in meteor- basis of experienceand satisfactory qualified students obtaining in ology are fewer than cansupply future expected ce of thejob. With an increase Although the demand is small, so comes increasedresponsibilities as as- demands. chief of a weather station or few are entering theoccupation that job op- sistant chief or portunities are alwaysavailable for the qualified region.A. few high leveladministrative jobs are available asvacancies occur. applicant.

101 qualify for FAA-operated control towersand STATE AVIATION JOBS increased airport landing systems, Thiswill Almost every state has an Aeronautics De- require larger numbers of air trafficcontrollers partment or Commission that consistsof a and technicians to service and maintain addi- small number of aviation-minded menand tional equipment. The expected growth inthe women usually appointedby the Governor to production of aircraft will call for ir,nreases make policies about aviation activities within in the number of safety inspectors,both at the the state. They are not considered employeer. production level and at airline overhaul bases as they are paid only expensesconnected with and general aviation repair stations. The increasing number of general aviation andairline their attendance at meetings, pilots implies a larger number of safetyof- The Department of Aeronautics, however, em- ficers dealing with flight instruction,flight ploys some or all of the employeeslisted on schools, certification of airmen, and pilot pro- ficiency. The expected increase in electronic page 103 devices aboard aircraft also will demand more safety inspectors.It is reasonable to conclude Frequently employees have dual responsibili- that the outlook for all job categories in the ties, especially when the staff is small. Quali- Federal Aviation Administration (with its pri- fications and requirements for these various mary mission that of aviationsafety) will be jobs are determined by state law; however, favorable over the next decade, and the re- the top level employees (safety officers, field quirements for pilots for other federal govern- service representatives, and engineers) must ment agencies is expected to increase 10 per- have experience and training in their specialty. cent, and for aviation mechanics, 30 percent. Most all employees working under statecivil service enjoy retirement plans, social security, The future of civilian aviation careerswith the low cost group insurance, and medical service, military services is somewhat uncertain asde- In most cases, Department employeeswork out mand is responsive to world conditions.The of the office in the state capital. best predictions indicate an increase of atleast 5 per cent per year over the next ten years, OUTLOOK FOR AVIATION CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN GOVERNMENT Employment in aviation at the state government level is almost certain to show an upward The projected growth of air travel increases trend as aviation activities within the states the need for improved and accelerated aviation growmore airports,enlargement of existing safety devices and practices. For example, with airports, more air traffic, greater numbers the growth of air travel, additional citieswill of pilots, etc.

00* WNW

Va. Dept. of Aeronautics photo Virginia students make orientation flights in state.owned aircrafta popular aviation education programof the State's Department of Aeronautics.

102 STATEAVIATION JOBS

Nature of Work Annual Salary Range Name of Job $10,0004181000 Promotes aviation in his state,administers state aviation Director regulations, represents his state atregional or national meetings, and directs thestaff of the Department of Aeronautics. duties. $ 815004141000 Assistant Director Assists the Director in his operation of the Director's $ 6W004 9,500 Administrative Asit. Handles the detailed routine office. required, for example to take $10,000 Pilots Fly state-owned aircraft as the State Governor to meetings.(Note: some Departments who do not employ pilotsrequire the Director, his assis- tent, or some otherstaff member to assume pilotduties, when necessary.) aviation interests within the $7,000413,000 laid service repre- Is in direct contact with state. May be called uponto explain proposed or new sentative flying rules, help with aircraftsound problems, or aP sist with an aviation educationproject. $5,000412,000 Maintain financial records of thedepartment and gather Accountants and movements, registered statisticians flight statistics about aircraft pilots, accidents, hoursflown/ etc.

jobs. $3,50047,500 Stenos, clerks and Carry on routine office typists $6,600416,000 Civil, electronics, radio andother engineering speciali . Engineers ties involved in planningairports and improvements to airports, installing andsupervising air navigational aids operated by the state. $51000410,000 Assist engineers in their work(draftsmen, etc.). Engineering Technicians (aides) aviation regulations. $6,000415,000 Aeronautical Inspectors Check compliance with state education policies of the Department. Aviation education Carry out aviation Cooperate with schools in aerospaceeducation programs. officers Are responsible forpublication of newsletters,releases, Publications and other information ofinterest to pilots, airport $5,400412,000 editors operators, and fixed baseoperators in the state.

such as conduzting weathersemi-) Safety officers Promote aviation safety, nars and othersafety-type meetings for pilots. )

aircraft. ) Aviation mechanics Service and maintain state.owned Search out surplus federal governmentproperty that might ) Surplus property ) officers be useful to state aviation.

103

Ase in government, (Be sure WHERE TO OBTAINFURTHER F RMATIO about aviation careers to be as specific aspossible when making eachrequest.)

Free, Air Traffic ControlAssociation General information. 525 School St Washington, D.C. 20024 Airways Engineering Society General information. Free. 1346 Connecticut Ave.,N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Career American MeteorologicalSociety The Challenge of Meteorology. 45 Beacon St, OF)por-TtTui Boston, Mass. 02108 Meteorologt No. 5-84 Careers Career Summary. 15cents. Box 135 Air Traffic Controller.No, 117B. Largo, Florida33540 Career Brief. 25cents.

Chronicle GuidancePublications Inc. Occupational Briefs: 13118 _MitamlsgaiNo. 143. 35 cents. Moravia, New York Meteorological Technician.No. 422. 35 cents. General information onFAA Job opportuni- Federal AviationAdministration ties. Specify particular careerinterert (air Office of Personneland Training technician, etc.) Dept, of Transportation traffic control, electronic Washington, D. C. 20590 Specialist Interagency Board of U.S.Civil Service Air Traffic Control Examiners for Washington,D. C. Announcement No.WA-7-39 1900 E St., N.W. Sept. 19, 1967. Free. Washington, D. C. 20415 Meteorolo 1st. AnnouncementNo. 346B Oct. 27, 1964. Free. Free. Recruiting services ofthe Air Force, Literature on aviation careers. Navy, Army No. 345. Science ResearchAssociates Air Traffic Controllers. 259 E. Erie St. Occupational Brief. 40 cents. Chicago, Ill. 60611

104 CHAPTER EIGHT

Airport Careers

4. Surveyingfuture needs of theairport GENERAL INFORMATION and makingrecommendations. and making required be a cleared grassystrip of 5. Keeping records An airport can reports. level land, or anelaborate complex ofthousands roadways, build- 6. Setting up theairport budget. of acres of ground, runways, 7. Promoting the useof the airport. ings, parking lots,equipment, and serviceswith supervising employees re- of a small 8. Training and the number ofemployees equal to that sponsible to him. city.About 3,800 of thenation's approximately 10,000 airports areattended (that is, theyoffer Depending upon the sizeof the airport, he at least a minimumof daylight service)and they may or maynot have one or moreassistants range in servicefromone providing justaviation such as an assistantdirector, engineer, con- gasoline and a cokevending machine to oneof- troller, personnelofficer, maintenance super- fering thousands of itemsand services required intendent, and supportingoffice workers, such by the air travelerand by the airlinesand op- as secretaries,typists, and clerks. erators of generalaviation aircraft. Airports may beprivately owned by alone If he is self-employedas a smallairport operator who carries onall the functionsof his operator, he probablyalso operates anaircraft airport with orwithout assistants, orby agroup repair station, sellsaviation fuel, givesflight of private investors.Or an airport maybe lessons, and offers airtaxi or charterflights owned and operatedby a city, county,regional, in addition to operatingthe airport. governmental authority. or inter-state Working Conditions.He works in anoffice building at the airport. AIRPORT DIRECTOR usually in the terminal Has regularoffice hours exceptin times of May be requiredto travel to Nature of theWork.Airports are usually emergencies. airline tenants or to operated by a director ormanagerresponsible settle agreements with either to the ownersof the airport or tothe confer with state andfederal airport officials. He has been If he operates a verysmall airport, he may local governmentauthorities. station, described as a"mixture of aviation expert,real work long hours inhis aircraft repair elec- giving flying lessons,and making charterflights. estate operator,construction engineer, much of his time isspent out- tronics wizard,management genius,and politi In such cases, such activities as the doors.In many cases,the airport director is clan".He is involved in and would be in- following: a part ofthe local government enforcing airport rulesand volved in official meetingsand communityproj- 1. Making and those concerned withaviation. regulations. eets, especially supervising maintenance 2. Planning and Where the Jobs Are,Attended airports exist programs. from one in leases with airport tenants, in every state ofthe union, ranging 3. Negotiating the District ofColumbia to 327 in Texas.Most such as aircraft repairstations, terminal con- airiiorts are in California, cessionaires, andairlines. of the attended

105

-t served by airlines.He must showleadership [Florida,Illinois, Indiana,Michigan, Missouri qualities, tact, initiative,ability to get along New York, Ohio,Pennsylvania, and Texas. Air- good judgment. lines serve approximately540 airports, while with others, and the remaining 3,200attended airports are used Opportunities forTraining.Numerous uni- solely by general aviationaircraft. Scheduled vcrsitie-s offer coursesand degrees in airport jet service is provided143 American cities,with administration, publicadministration, business 20 more expected toreceive similar service administration, andaeronautical or civil engi- by 1970.About 300 of the airportshaving air- neering. Someof these universitiesalso offer line service have airtraffic control towers. Right training which,in conjunction withair- port administration courses,would give the 31aggsand E.3ej_lefqtAnnual wages range from applicant a generalknowledge of aviationand about $8,500 for theairport manager at a gen- the airport's role inthe community. eral aviation airport to$40,000 for the director of a major internationalairport.In general, Outlook for the Future.The predictions for the benefits of theairport directorregarding large increases in thenumber of airline pas- and sick leave, social sengers, air cargotonnage, and tilf, production such items as vacation the security, and retirementplans are comparable and use of generalaviation aircraft over and industry. next decade will havetheir effects on airports. to those in business Existing airports willbe enlarged.(In 1967 aportunities for Advancement.Unless the alone, bond issues forthe improvement and operator is a private ownerand is self-em- construction of airportfacilities totaled more than $515,000,000.) Moreairports will receive ployed, the job of an airportdirector is not an fleet entry level job, but is opento those with expe- airline service.As the general aviation grows, more airportswill blossom with fixed rience and training.An airport director may these additions to the better himself by moving to anassistant direc- base operators to service larger airport. total number of aircraftin use. More airports tor's job or director's job at a will come into existence astowns without air- Also he may move upwardto a commissioner industry, will be- of airports, if the city orcounty has more than ports, trying to attract new concerned come aware ofindustry's increasing insistance one airport, orto a state-level job facilities near plant sites. with state regulationof airports.Job oppor- on airport tunities are often involvedin political activities The pmsent heavy airtraffic at many large and appointmentsfrequently are made onthat airports, creating landingand take-off delays, basis, especially if the jobdoes not come under may brirg aboutthe construction of anetwork civil service regulations. smalle 7 "satellite" airportsto service general aviation aircraft andhelicopters that will Requirements to Enter theJob.Directors take the air travelers toand from the major of airports with airlineservice usually are re- airport for their long-haultrips. college degree in one ofthe quired to have a All this growth willprovide many additional following areas: airportmanagement, business director and mem- administration, publicadministration, or aero- opportunities for the airport nautical or civil engineering.He also is re- bers of his supportingstaffs. quired to have had experience asa director or assistant at an airport.Directors of small airports may qualify in somecases ifthey have only a high schooldiploma, but usually must OTHER CAREERS AT THEAIRPORT and three to fiveyears' have a pilot's license Helps the direc- experience in severalkinds of jobs associated Assistant Airport Director. fixed base tor carry out hisresponsibilities and may be with airport servicessuchas a employees, airport operator, superintendentof maintenance, or in charge of maintenance director. equipment, airport tenantrelations, or any of assistant to the airport the other kinds of workassociated with an air- must be familiar with port. His salary will varyaccording to the size The airport director of the airport -- from$6,600 to $13,600. Again, state and federal airregulations (especially airport, require- those pertaining to airports),zoning laws, legal depending upon the size of the procedures, use of ments for the job ofassistant director range contracts, public relations from a high school diplomato an engineering airport equipment, the properhandling of air- airports re- craft, and airline operations,if the airport is degreeThe larger metropolitan

106 U.S. CIVIL AND JOINT-USE AIRPORTS, HE SEAPLANE BASES ON RECORD WITH F

Total Location facilities /Weems CoriTkossi Ailiores

Total ...... 10,015

Total United States

Alabama 120 120 le Alaska ************ 607 441 /5 Arizona ****** ******** 189 185 Arkansas 125 124 0 9 California 669 516 143 35 Coloradt 000000000000000 175 163 12 Connecticut ********* 75 49 17 Delaware 19 19 0 District of Columbia 3 2 1 Florida. ****** . 279 254 Georgia ******** 171 109 2 Hawaii OOOOOOO .******* * *X. 46 Idaho 163 161 3 Illinois 446 424 37 Indiana ...... 156 155 0 Iowa 228 226 1 Kansas 266 265 1 Kentucky 62 so 2 Louisiana ...... 219 176 17 Maine f ...... * ...... 138 89 6 Maryland 81 70 10 Massachusetts 116 85 22 Michigan 250 242 1 Minnesota ...... *el* 256 228 1 Mississippi 157 157 Missouri 264 259 1 Montana 188 187 3 Nebraska 264 263 1 Nevada 76 75 New Hampshira ...... 44 37 New Jersey ...... 132 100 25 New Mexico 124 2 New York ...... V 332 281 23 North Carolina 181 180 1 North Dakota 178 178 Ohio 384 381 2 Oklahoma 201 200 1 Oregon 173 109 A Pennsylvania 443 410 27 Rhoda Island 11 11 0 South Carolina ...... 100 98 0 South Dakota 104 103 1 Tannassaa ...... 100 100 0 TIMM ...... 4* 881 856 22 Utah ...... 88 67 1 Vermont ..*e10040004 38 36 1 Virginia ...... 136 128 7 Washington 198 182 Watt Virginis. .. . Alf 47 46 Wisconsin ******** 223 208 1 WYOMing 019110401 9009 1;44 84 82 2

Outsida UM. 25 Puerto ilk° *sowtorai. 3 Virgin Islands.44 11 4441//* 2 South Pacific Islands .4......

FAA identifies Dulles International Airpon as being located in D.C. 0* Figura from AIRPORT SERVICES MANAGEMENT MAGAZINE. Sept. 1967. 1A-14at Note: In Alaska, 281 airports and in Hawaii, 8 airports, are served by intra,statecarriety.

107 quire three to sevenyears of everience atair ports served by a numberof airlines. Engineer. Plans improvements anexpansion of the airport,Checks on plans submitted by architects and contractors, oversees construe tion handles real estate and zoning problems administers Federal Aid to Airports programs, and directs maintenance of runways, taxiways, hangars, tminal buildings, and grounds. Engi- -.MON neers ar mployed mostly by larger airports and a degree in engineering, plus three to seven years of experience in hisengineeringspecialty are required. Other Eloyees on the Airport Dir Staff, per orm the usua duties o Airport beacons aft 511011 iXes anleaZWPOICIAVIar, careers:controller, secretary, and salaries, qualifications, andtraining o portunities are the same as for otherworkers in these areas of employment. Ai rt Serviceman. Works under the direction of t e airport manager or engineer.Maydo one or more of thefollowing jobs: Fills holes, levels low places and bumps on runways and taxiways. Cuts grass on airport grounds andmain- tains shrubbery. Operates snow removal equipment. Services runway lights, replacing defective Fixed Mese ogoeraitOrWEE194.1 lamps and fuses. operator is2. WitailLs= timatselfs Maintains electrical service on airport, tiOn g3rOdlleis Orsertiots atn arzamer. paints buildings, and does general car- employ - x two le 2231 pentry work on small repair jobs. hundred Ivorkers. sue ow =re the folloixing serricealtrnift2Litfriate,eogitise Large airports employ workerswho specialize -and/cr iiistrumest repaiitie; Melt 2Eir in one of the foregoing jobs, forexample: airtaxi serrice 041 alaster aikerefe aelef port electrician.Many trades and crafts are ireraft fuel gaitriti4 mud etiaeir:or needed at the airport, althoughsmall airports andior mostriitistJac. usuallycontractfor required maintenance. Training for such jobs,qualifications, wages, ie opportunity for advancement, and union agree- tors, and ments are the same as forother workers in size and tile trades and crafts. palms aiave bettlu SL.2fely_Er_iiployie.ltMany airports with air line service maintain fire-fightingand crash me rescue equipment.This provides employment work of for small numbers of trainedfirefighters and lion rescue workers, someof whom may be responsible for the inspection of firehazards on the airport premises and for reportingviolations of airport fire regulations. Terminal Concessionaires. Airportterminals provide services for air passengerssuch as restaurants, newsstands, gift and bookshops

108

, vote- to his business. Withoutassis- services offered by most FBO's.They will con- robab y spends long hours everyday tinue to be offered in increasingvolume as the rt, general aviation fleet increasesin numbers. Airports presently unattendedwill gradually entfally an entrepreneur, offer various services to thegeneral aviation nereased business and in- pilot.Airports now havingFBCos as tenants upon his owninitiative and ability will be adding FBO facilities.Predictions for with changes in aircraft,aircraft opportunities as a fixed baseoperator are very services, The variety of activi- optimistic over the next 15 years,especially if he can engage as an F130 offer the FB0 can attract customerswith an efficient, e of stability inincome. orderly, and accommodating service. to determine just what arethe Lineman. The fixed base operatoremploys to become a fixed base operator. linemen or ramp servicemen who greetarriving rest in aviation and training as aircraft, guide them to parking spots,assist hanicarebasic. A pilot's license pilots to tie down their aircraft,and perform but would give him a greater the familiar duties of a "gas stationattendant" the many functions of an F330, filling the tanks with gas, checkingthe oil, emp- with pilots who may help his tying ash trays, vacuuming theinteriors, washing ommercial pilot's license he the windshield, and reporting tothe owner signs is FBO income with airtaxi of incipient trouble, such as oilleaks. sr and with aflight instructor's "ye flight lessons. Sometrain- Linemen are usually young menin their teens fness administration wouldalso be who are interested in aviationand begin their business opera- aviation careers building upexperience with ing up an efficient aircraft under the guidance of afixed base operator. They are usuallypaid an hourly rate operator has a bright future. and often work part timeafter school hours, on aviation fleet numbersabout weekends, and summers. Withtheir earnings By 1980 this figure is expected they learn to fly or to take up anaviation me- ut 315,000. All theseaircraft chanic's trade. The lineman's job isbasic and ,parts, accessories, andregular leads to many aviation careers,especially those and overhauls. They will need associated with airportadministration, a fixed nu Aircraftservicing and main- base operation, aviation mechanic,professional Instruction, and fuel are three pilot, or air traffic controller.

to be as specific WHERE TC ) TAM FURTHER INFORMATIONaboutairport careers. (Be sure possibfe when making each request.) Association of Airport Airport executive information. es Dr..W DA. C. 2003 Career summary.Airport Superintendent Manager. 15 cents.

n TradesAssociation Information about Fixed BaseOperators, Connectic ut Ave. agrungtort C 20036 Scienee Research Associates Occupational brief. AirportManagers. 250 E.. Erie St. No. 271. 40 cents. Chireagry, far 60611

109 CHAPTER NINE Careers AviationEducation andOtherAviation-Related

2. Severalgeneral aviation aircraftmanu- AVIATION EDUCATION facturers have an aviationeducation staff who produce classroommaterials to assist teach- Aviation education is arelatively new develop- education materials field of education. Aviationhas ers andgeneral aviation ment within the to interestprospective pilots, aswell as to had so manysocial, political, economic,and flying knowledge and technological impacts onsociety that manyedu- help pilots improve merits a skills. cators realize thestudy of aviation 3. Civil AirPatrolUSAF headquarters place in the curriculum.Whether as enrich- professional educators, reading or in anelementary employs a staff of ment material in who direct thework of aviationeducationists school geography class,whether as a high school publish aviation science or as a vo- at regionallocations, and who elective course in aviation booklets, texts, andinstructional materials cational educationoffering such asaviation for use in schoolsand for the use ofCAP mechanic, aviationeducation has beenincluded local curricula. cadets, who, underthe direction of in an increasingnumber of schovl CAP leaders, learnabout aviation. High schools areoffering for giciencecredits aeronautics commissions school courses whichqualify 4. Some state aviation ground employ aviationeducation specialistswho students to take theFederal AviationAdminis- advising for the private pilot's work with theschools in the state, tration written examination curriculum directors,participating in state license. Some highschool courses includeflight aviation education private pilot's license. teachers' meetings and training leading to a workshops, and/ordistributing aviationedu- For many yearsaviation educationworkshops cation materials toteachers.Some state have been held oncollege and university cam- aeronautics commissionsprovide orientation puses tointroduce elementaryand secondary flights for studentsin state-ownedaircraft. school teachers to theworld of flight andits 5. At the federalgovernment level, theFed- applications in theclassroom. Some colleges eral AviationAdministration has asmall staff include a special divisionwithin of educators who arenot only workingwith and universities administrators on ele- the university toteach airport management,air teachers and school transportation management,airport services, mentary, secondary,and collegelevels, but and courses to preparestudents as professional also with theeducation of generalaviation employ teachers them abreast of newdevelop- pilots.Private schools also pilots, keeping them to who instruct in numerousaviation career sub- ments in aviationand encouraging training, airline ticket- maintain theirproficiency in flight.They jects such as stewardess flight ing and reservations,aviation mechanics,and hold flight clinicsfor both pilots and avionics technicians. instructors and prepareand distribute educational materials.They assist in aviation A number of agenciesoutside the public and education workshopsand are consultedby private schools areinvolved in aviationeduca- curriculum directorswho wish to incorporate tion to varyingdegrees and with varying em- some degreeof aviation educationin the phases: curriculum. 1. Several majordomestic and international information about with a professional lt is not possibleto supply airlines employ people salaries and benefitsfor people in aviationedu- education background toproduce and distrib- with students educational mate- cation, but generallythey are commensurate ute to teachers and those of educatorsin other instructionalareas. rials thout commercialair transportation; and even amaster's degree in to speak toteachers' groups andworkshops; An A.B. degree of these educational materials at education is aprerequisite to many and to exhibit their positions. Often aprivate orcommercialpilot's teachers' conventions.

110 license and flight instructor's rating is re- Aviation writing (aviation editors for news quired, especially when teaching ground school papers, feature writers foraviation peri- courses and flight training. odicals,reporters, authors of aviation books) Aviation education has a future especially at Flight safety research (through such organiza- the secondary level and at the college level in tions as the Flight Safety Foundation, Inc. teachertraininginstitutions where student and The Daniel and Florence Guggenheim teachers and workshop participants learn about Aviation Safety Center at Cornell University) the world of flight and its applications to many Aviation museums school subjects. Trade, p.,:ofessional and industrial aviation organizations such as the Air Transport Asso- OTHER AVIATION-RELATED CAREERS ciation, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Aerospace Industries This GUIDE has treated in varying degrees of Association, National Business Aircraft As- detail the major aviation career fields.It is sociation, Air Line Pilot's Association, Na- impossible within the scope of this GUIDE to tional Aeronautic Association, and many discuss an exhaustive list of aviation-related job others) opportunities such as: Aviation medicine Aviation law Many of the people employed in these areas Aviation insurance are basically physicians, lawyers,insurance Aviation publishing (trade journals, news- salesmen, writers and publishers, and adminis- papers, periodicals, manuals,charts, books, trators who have specialized knowledge and ex- etc.) perience in aviation.

WHERE TO OBTAIN FURTHER INFORMATION aboutaviation education and other aviation-related careers. (Be sure to be as specific aspossible when making each request)

Aerospace Medical Association Flying Physicians Association Washington National Airport 332 S. Michigan Ave. Washington, D. C. 20001 Chicago, Illinois 60604 Airlires Medical Directors Association Lawyer-Pilots Bar Association e/o United Air Lines, Inc, 518 Market Street John F. Kennedy International Airport Camden, New Jersey 08102 Jamaica, New York 11430 National Aerospace Education Council Association of Aviation Psychologists Room 616, 806-15th St., N 5108 26th Ave., S,E. Washington, D. C. 20005 Washington, D. C. 20031 National Real Estate Fliers Association Aviation/Space Writers Association 716 Market Street e/o Ralph H. MeClarren Knoxville, Tennessee 37902 100 Old York Rd. Jenkintown, Pa. 19046 Your State Aeronautics Commission Civil Air Patrol Headquarters Your local School Superintendent Attention: Deputy Chief of Staff Aerospace Education and Training Your State Superintendent of Schools Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112 Index to Occup Itions adm nistrative and supportpersonnel teorology aircraft manufacturing, see"Aircraft Manu tall facturing Careers" physics airline, 74,75 physiology government 98-99 psycholo airport 108 technician, scienoe agent 35, 36, 37 38439/0 air cargo 69 draftsman 21443,44 passenger service,airline 69, 74 technical illustrator -10 reservations, airline 21,67, 74 raft repair station twrattarz$4),E0 station, airline 66 AIRLINE CAREERS ,63-a, M-FIV ticket, airline 21,68,74,75 administrative and supportpxsomell741,= airborne electronic technician90 air cargo agent {19 air cargo agent 69 air cargo handler 232613 air cargo handler 23,26,71,72 aircraft fueler 22; aircraft fueler 22, 71,72 aviation education al AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURINGCAREERS 33-44 auto mechanic 24,73 administrative and support personnel9 33 35 baggage iiandler 24720 36,39,40,42 cabin maintenanee mechanist72, aviation education 110 cleaner, aircraft interior22,071c=exactor engineer 10,33,35,36,37,389 4 142,43 44 23, 704 72 aeronautical 37,43 eo-pilot, lst officer 15,444714535$15itip'a aerospace 38,43,44 district sales 113anager ceramic 43,44 driver 22,71,72 chemical 38,43 44 engineer 24,73474 civil 38,44 flight dispatcher +I 75 electronic 33 flight engineer, Ind electrical 38,44 54, 55, 564 74 industrial 38,44 flight instruaor 4G-4 SO mechanical 38,44 food service metallurgical 38,44 ground hostess 23,Tib nuclear 33 management trainee production worker 29, 33, 34 35 36, 37,38 39 meteorologist c3 40,42 passemer service assembly and installation 6, 7, 9, 34,43 pilot or capt3inn- flight check-out 34 74 inspecting and testing (quality control)6,7, radio operator, ground*D 10, 34 ramp planner 23,73 machining and tool fabrication 4,5, 34 38 ramp serviceman22-234770-4.... 40 reservations agenLM4V414 maintenance 34 sales xvresentative materials handling 5, 34,40 schedule coordinator #fti; metal processing (other than sheet-metal) skycap 4,5,8,9,34 station =rawer cr agent PS model builder 8, 38 steward 7742 protective and custodial 35 stewardess 24-25, 77-412 sheet metal 4,34,40 teletypist 24,.67 scientist in the following fields: 33-41 ticket ageM21,6 aerodynamics 33 NIRPORT CAREERS avionics 33 director 1I5-1K asitt *matt=MI& ceramic 33 engineer 10.13 chemistry 33, 38 fixed base 4verator iiairoraftavaarstation cryogenics 33 108-109 mathematics 33, 38,44 liner= 19-20 293.99

112 repairman 17,57 w employee 108 unlicensed 57 -ceman 29,108 aviation safety officerFAA) 28 108 tower 27, aviation electronicsinspector 91 control specialist, control 92-93 center 30,86-88 maintenance inspector "Aircraft Manu- manufacturing inspector 90-91 aircraft mfg. see operations inspector 9394 -ng" mechanic, airline 23, 73 baggage handler 22,71,79 VIATION CAREERS INGOVERNMENT 83-104 administrative and supportpersonnel 98, 99 cabin maintenancemechanic, airline 72 airborne electronictechnician 90 Flight Engineers" air traffic controlspecialist, control tower co-pilot, see "Pilots and 27,84,86; center 30, 86- 103 aviation education officer110 director, dept. of aeronautics aviation safety officer:aviation electronics driver, airline 22,71,72 inspector 91; maintenanceinspector 92- 90-91; op economist 98,99 03; manufacturing inspector ) 89-90 erations inspector 93-94 electronic technician (FAA engineer ector, state dept. ofaeronautics 102,103 "Aircraft u- nomist 99 aircraft manufacturing, see ylectronic technician (FAA)27, 89-90 facturing Careers" neers 97-98 airline 24, 731 74 service representative 103 airport 108 rvice specialist 28, 88-89 government 97-98 ities and equipment repairer96 women 10, 11,24, 37 e "aviationsafety officer" above production, see "Air accident 90 factory workers, aircraft inv craft ManufacturingCareers" women 9, 12 ation 100,103 (aircraft repair station) gIst 28,100-101 fixed base operator .alr traffic control e99; aviation 108-109 tech- flight dispatcher 65, 75 mechanic 18, 57,58,99; electronics flight engineer, see"Pilots and Flight Engi- nician 99; engineer 99 neers" ysician 98 flight instructor 13, 30;airl.46-47,56 pilot 100,103; facilitiesflight check 94-95; traffic control) 28 15,99 flight service specialist (air flight test 95-96 military 88-89 safety officer 103 airline 23, 72, 74 statistician 90,103 food service employee technician, engineering98;meteorological101 AVIATION EDUCATION ANDOTHER AVIA- general fa Miles and equipmentrepairer (FAA) TION-RELATED CAREERS 110-111 96 aircraft manufacturing 110 airlines 110 hostess, ground 26 stewardess 24-25, 74, Civil Air Patrol 110 77-8 Federal Aviation Administration110 state aeronauticscommission 110 inspector: aeronautical 1 3;aircraft manufac- teacher 29,110 turing 6 , 7, 10, 34; aviationelectronics (FAA) VIATION MECHANIC(INCLUDING REPAIR 91; maintenance (FAA)28,92-93; manufac- MAN) 16-21,30$ 57-62 turing (FAA) 90-91; operations(FAA) 93-94 airframe and powerplant (A&P) 17,20, 57 installer, aircraft mfg. see"Aircraft Manufac- airline 17,18, 30, 57, 581 62, 74 turing Careers" apprentice 204 58, 59 investigator, accident 99 general aviation 16, 17,19, 57, 58 government 58,100,103 23 ,74 military 18, 57,58,99; civilian mechanicsk,r, kitchen employee, airline 99 radio, radar 17 lineman 19-20, 30,109

113 machinist, see"Aircraft Manufacturing Ca- safety employee, airport108 reers" safety officer 103 73,75 sales anagement trainee, airline salesman, airplane 29 materials handler 5,34,40 sales engineer, aircraftmfg, 33 mechanic 57-62 sales representative,airline 70 auto 23,73 schedule coordinator, airline66 aviation 16-19; in government100,103 "Aircraft Manu- cabin maintenance 72 scientists, aircraft mfg., see women 18 facturing Careers" meteorologist, airline 65; ingovernment 28, 100- meteorologist 28,100-101;airline meteorolo, 101 gist 63 ilitary, air traffic controller99; aviation me- serviceman, airport 29,108 chanic 18,57,58,99;electronic technician sheet metal worker, see"Aircraft Manufactur- 99; engineer 99, pilots 99 ing Careers" skycap 69,108 model builder 8,38 station manager, airl ne 66 statistician 99,103 agent, airline 69,74 steward, airline 77 passenger service STEWARDESS 24-251 74, 77-82 PILOTS AND FLIGHTENGINEERS 13-16,45-56 agricultural 46-47,51,55 airline co-pilot or 1stofficer 15,46-47,53, teacher 110 55,56,74 technician airline flight instructor 46-47,56 draftsman 11,43,44 airline pilot or captain15,16,46-47,52,53, electronic 58, (FAA) 27,89-90 54,55,56,74 engineering, see "AircraftManufacturing Ca- air taxi 14,46-47,49 reers"; in government, 98 charter 46-47,49 meteorological 99,101 commercial 46-47,50,55 science, see "AircraftManufacturing Ca- corporate 13,46-47,49 reers" facilities flight check (FAA)94-95 technical illustrator 40 ferry 14,51 teletypist, airline 24 flight engineer or 2ndofficer 15,30,46-47, ticket agent, airline 21, 68,74, 75 53,54,55,56,74 flight instructor 13,30,46-47,48 welder, see "AircraftManufacturing Careers" government 94-96,100,103 women's careers helicopter 14,50,55 administrative and supportpersonnel, see military 15,99 listings "Aircraft ManufacturingCareers ", patrol 14,50 "Airline Careers", and"Aviation Ca- test: airline 46-47;experimental or engineer- reers inGovernment" ing 46-47,52; government95-96; production aircraft manufacturing 9,12 46-47,52 airline ground hostess 22,68 production workers in aircraftmanufacturing, airline reservations agent21,67,74 see "AircraftManufacturing Careers" air traffic controller 86,88,89 aviation education 110-111 aviation mechanic 18 cabin maintenance mechanic 72 radio operator, airline 66 22,70,72 ramp planner,airline 23 cleaner of aircraft interior engineer 10,11,24,37 ramp serviceman,airline 22-23, 70-72 23,72 74 air cargo handler 23 food service employee, airline aircraft fueler 22 flight instructor 13,30,46-47 baggage handler 22 military 99 driver 22 nurse, industrial 9 ramp serviceman(lineman) 19-20,30,109 pilot, ferry 14 repairman, aviationmechanic, see "Aviation sales representative, airline 70 Mechanic" stewardess 24-25,74,77-82 reservations agent, airline21,67,74 technician, draftswoman 11 riveter, see "AircraftManufacturing Careers" teletypist, airline 24,67

114 NATIONAL AEROSPACE EDUCATION COUNCIL

Room 616 806 15th St.N.W. Washington, D. C. 20005