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Download and 2 Mbps of Upload American University Washington, D.C. 20016 © COPYRIGHT by Fernanda R. Rosa 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To Dona Flor. GLOBAL INTERNET INTERCONNECTION INFRASTRUCTURE: MATERIALITY, CONCEALMENT, AND SURVEILLANCE IN CONTEMPORARY COMMUNICATION BY Fernanda R. Rosa ABSTRACT This dissertation addresses the inherent social and political impacts engendered by the materiality of the internet and the societal dynamics of infrastructure. With a focus on the information circulation infrastructure of the internet, this is a study of internet governance and design. Specifically, this dissertation makes a first effort in internet governance scholarship to examine governance by internet exchange points (IXPs). It aims to illuminate sociotechnical aspects of IXPs, and reveal the controversies behind them and the social, political, and public values at stake. For that, the research focuses on the significance of IXPs in terms of three pathways: the rights’ vectors of interconnection deployment, the infrastructural interdependencies between the global North and global South, and the search for bodies in the making of surveillance through internet infrastructure. Guided by science and technology studies (STS) and actor network theory (ANT) as methods to unveil power relations in loco, and decolonial and feminist studies to build on epistemologies of the South, this dissertation uses qualitative methods, such as ethnography of infrastructure and code ethnography, to investigate primary data, along with quantitative methods to analyze secondary data. The methods involve the analysis of 1) the merging of four IXPs datasets; 2) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) data of the largest IXP in the global South, ii IX.br São Paulo; and in the global North, DE-CIX Frankfurt; and 3) ethnographic data collected in Brazil, Germany and Mexico. The contributions are made along six chapters. In Chapter 1, previous works on IXPs in network engineering are examined, and the dissertation’s theoretical framework, methodology and methods are presented. Chapter 2 shows how Tseltal and Zapoteco communities, in Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico, are infrastructuring their wireless networks to reach the larger internet, and how the very moment of network interconnection becomes key to understanding the role of internet infrastructure to challenge and co-produce societal values. Chapter 3 examines the development of the first IXP in Mexico City and reveals how the narrative of potential social benefits from an IXP are not realized in a market of low telecommunications and internet competition. Consequently, it exposes the resultant disparity and lost link between an IXP embedded in commercial values and the need for internet access by indigenous communities, distant, not only territorially, from that IXP. In Chapters 4 and 5, the global North and the global South are analyzed symmetrically in the IXP ecosystem, in order to make visible both the consistent concealment of the South in the study of internet infrastructure and how illuminating its role leverages our public understanding of internet interconnection politics. Specifically, these chapters rebut the paradigm of “free flow” of information revealing that, instead, the internet is marked by a one-way flow in which giant IXPs in the North benefit from both their common interests with big content delivery networks and the lack of infrastructural resources in the South. Finally, Chapter 6 explores how an IXP becomes an instrument of state surveillance by showing the dynamics of the German state to collect data through DE-CIX, exploiting the design affordances of this giant IXP. By unveiling a case that makes explicit the manufacturing of the iii “turn to infrastructure to control information” involving public and private actors, the chapter problematizes the extraterritorial effects of a global North country jurisdiction. It also reframes data packets to be conceptually understood as potential information and the virtualization of our bodies that traverse the information circulation infrastructure of the internet attracting the interest of opportunistic actors. The conclusions make recommendations and suggestions for future studies. This dissertation moves IXPs to a different “mode of existence,” beyond the ones sustained by network engineering scholarship. It touches on key and urgent contemporaneous communication issues, and seek to bring theoretical, empirical and methodological contributions to internet governance policy and scholarship. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many, both human and non-human, to whom I am grateful during this Ph.D. journey. This dissertation would not be conceived as it is without the inspiring discussions focused on media, technology and democracy that professors, students and colleagues engendered at American University’s School of Communication (SOC) classes and workshops, and the Internet Governance Lab events. At AU, I am especially grateful to Patricia Aufderheide and Kathryn Montgomery for their wisdom and mentorship; to Ericka Menchen-Trevino, Filippo Trevisan and Malini Ranganathan for helping me to envision the future; to Derrick Jefferson and the AU library system—incredible fellows, to Jean McGee for knowing everything, and to Teal Wrocklage for being always attentive to our needs at SOC. Ideas are just ideas if they are not cultivated. I would not conduct this research without the support and guidance of Laura DeNardis. Beyond her scholarship, her motivating feedback and her respect for my background, choices and passion was the fuel that I needed along the process. In-person and remote meetings, e-mails soon after my voice messages, and letters of recommendations always delivered on time, no matter what, were indications that I was never alone and that I should “keep going,” as she used to say. I am also grateful to Aram Sinnreich, with whom I worked as research assistant, teaching assistant, shared panels, and from whom I learned a lot. Nanette S. Levinson and Virgilio Almeida gave me the privilege to work with them and were inspirations during the whole path. Ethnography research is not only exciting, but it is dependent on numerous resources and supporters. I am grateful for the American University Doctoral Student Research Award in 2017, the Google Policy Fellowship in 2017, and Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs and Carnegie Corporation of New York Research Award in 2016 and 2017. Also, v during my field research, I had the privilege to get to know many fantastic people infrastructuring the internet. For their invaluable support, I thank especially Alvaro Arroyo, Francisco Badaró, Hans Ludwing Reyes Chávez, Tiago Gonçalves, Humberto Morales, Felipe de Jesús Santos Salazar and Acaxao Tecnología’s team, and Julio Sirota and for their time, patience and interest in person as well as through continuous conversations on WhatsApp, which facilitated greatly this research work. In the field, I cannot say thanks enough to Thiago Bomfim and PoP-BA’s team, Carlos Casasús and IX.mx’s team, Hartmut Richard Glaser and NIC.br’s team, Mariano Gómez and Colectivo Ik'taK'op’s team, Osvaldo Martínez, Joaquin Yescas Martínez, Dennis Jair Mendonza and Antonio Moreiras and IX.br’s team. Thanks also to Klaus Landefeld and Thomas King from DE-CIX and team for pivotal conversations, and Jon Hjembo, from Telegeography, Arnold Nipper from PeeringDB and Bill Woodcock and PCH’s team for timely support. For sharing their knowledge and also introducing me to key people, I thank Alexandre Barbosa, Peter Bloom and Rizhomatica’s team, Loreto Bravo (Maca), Jane Coffin, Néyder Darín, Vagner Diniz, Luiz Fernando García and R3D’s team, Erick Huerta, Francesca Musiani, Alejandra Carrillo Olano (Janis) and Hugo Zylberberg. Thanks also to Gato Viejo and all the participants of the worskhop “Charlas con el Diablo” at Rancho Electrónico for the learning and motivation. For contributing with their expertise, professionalism and generosity, I thank Carolina Israel, Daniel Ribeiro and Carol, Diego De la Selva, and Patricia Harriman. Diego was responsible for making the German language more accessible to me beyond Google Translate, and Patricia was the first to read this dissertation and make sure it was as clear and accessible as possible, keeping the influences of my Portuguese native language under control. vi A special thanks to Zuleika Arashiro, Gustavo Azenha, Marcela Bauer, Juliana Coelho, Emiliano, Carlos Freire and Gabi, Luísa Abbott Galvão, María Elena González, Marcia Heigasi, Olga Khrustaleva, Dennis and Leta Kopp, Eliza Kwon, Fabio Lyra, María Luisa Morales, Laura Moutinho and Paulo, Paula Orlando, Patricia Pavanelli and Marcel, Thais Piffer, Juliana Moraes Pinheiro, Fernanda Prado, Maria Teresa Rocco, Leonardo Rocha, Caroline Sampaio, Agneris Sampieri, Ada Siqueira, Glaucia Peres da Silva, Laura Tresca, Mauren Turcatel and Rodrigo, and Diego Vicentin, Lili and Tomás for their incredible support during this journey. Friends from the Rede de Pesquisa em Governança da Internet and the Brazilians for Democracy and Social Justice were true sources of inspiration during the whole time. Thanks also to Mauricio Acuña, Ana Cristina Baldrez and Moacir, Fatima Batista, Ully Busoni, Carlos Carvalho, Marcia Cavallari, Daniella Diniz, eLNebu, Mauricio Garcia, Malu Giani, María Alvarez Malvido, Andrea Melloni, Telmila Moura, Vera Ligia Toledo and Gildardo Juárez Vega. I could not forget how grateful I am to all my public-school teachers and university professors who taught me the most fundamental things
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