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Société, Information Et Nouvelles Technologies: Le Cas De La Grande

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Société, Information Et Nouvelles Technologies: Le Cas De La Grande Société, information et nouvelles technologies : le cas de la Grande-Bretagne Jacqueline Colnel To cite this version: Jacqueline Colnel. Société, information et nouvelles technologies : le cas de la Grande-Bretagne. Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2009. Français. NNT : 2009PA030015. tel-01356701 HAL Id: tel-01356701 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01356701 Submitted on 26 Aug 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 UFR du Monde Anglophone THESE DE DOCTORAT Discipline : Etudes du monde anglophone AUTEUR Jacqueline Colnel SOCIETE, INFORMATION ET NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES : LE CAS DE LA GRANDE-BRETAGNE Thèse dirigée par Monsieur Jean-Claude SERGEANT Soutenue le 14 février 2009 JURY : Mme Renée Dickason M. Michel Lemosse M. Michaël Palmer 1 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie vivement Monsieur le Professeur Jean-Claude SERGEANT, mon directeur de thèse, qui a accepté de diriger mes recherches, m’a guidée et m’a prodigué ses précieux conseils avec bienveillance tout au long de ces années avec beaucoup de disponibilité. Mes remerciements vont aussi à ma famille et à mes amis qui m’ont beaucoup soutenue pendant cettre entreprise. 2 TABLE DES MATIERES Liste des tableaux et diagrammes p.11 Liste des acronymes p.13 INTRODUCTION……………..……………..……………..……………..………… p.15 PREMIERE PARTIE : L’EVOLUTION DE L’OFFRE TECHNOLOGIQUE……. p.20 Chapitre I- Les nouvelles technologies au cœur des infrastructures et du matériel ……………….. p.21 1. Transmission……………………………………………………………………... p.22 1-1 Notions de numérisation et de compression numérique……………... p.22 1-2 Compactage et compression du signal numérique…………………… p.24 1-3 Modernisation des supports de transmission filaire…………………... p.26 1-4 Evolution des réseaux sans fil…………………………………………... p.33 Les faisceaux hertziens………………………………………………… p.33 Le satellite……………………………………………………………….. p.34 La téléphonie mobile……………………………………………………. p.36 1-5 Les nouveaux modes de commutation………………………………… p.38 2. Les outils………………………………………………………………………….. p.39 2-1 L‟outil informatique……………..……………..……………………… p.39 2-2 Les récepteurs audiovisuels……………..……………..…………… p.41 2-3 Matériel périphérique……………..……………..…………………… p.41 2-4 Téléphonie mobile……………..……………..………………………. p.42 3. La réelle nouveauté : le multimédia, outil d‟accès multiple à l‟information… p.43 3-1 Le modèle de convergence selon Arthur Andersen………………. p.43 3-2 La convergence technique……………..……………………………. p.44 3-3 La convergence industrielle……………..……………..……………. p.46 3 3-4 La convergence des services……………..……………..…………. p.49 3-5 L‟Internet et la convergence parfaite……………..………………… p.50 Chapitre II ……………..……………..……………..……………..……………….. p.56 Grande-Bretagne : l’exploitation évolutive par les opérateurs de télécommunications ……………..……………..………... p.56 1. Réseaux fixes……………..……………..……………..……………..…………. p.56 1-1 BT……………..……………..……………..……………..………………. p.57 1-2 Cable & Wireless……………..……………..……………..……………. p.62 1-3 Les câblo-opérateurs……………..……………..………………………. p.63 1-4 Un nouvel environnement facteur de concurrence…………………... p.67 2. Les réseaux sans fils : la téléphonie mobile……………..……………………. p.69 Chapitre III ……………..……………..……………..……………..………………. p.73 Grande-Bretagne : l’exploitation novatrice dans l’audiovisuel…………… p.73 1. Adoption du numérique par la télévision……………..……………..………… p.74 1-1 La BBC……………..……………..……………..……………..…………. p.74 1-2 La télévision commerciale de service public…………………………... p.78 1-3 La télévision payante……………..……………..……………………….. p.83 1-3-1 La télévision câblée……………..……………..………………….. p.83 1-3-2 La télévision satellitaire……………..……………..……………… p.87 2. La radio numérique……………..……………..……………..………………….. p.90 2-1 La BBC……………..……………..……………..……………………….. p.91 2-2 Les radios privées……………..……………..……………..………. p.92 DEUXIEME PARTIE – EQUILIBRAGE PAR LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS…... p.94 Chapitre I ……………..……………..……………..……………...……………….. p.96 La première étape : La libéralisation et la création d’un environnement concurrentiel.…………………………………………….. p.96 1. La volonté politique d‟entrée dans l‟ère de l‟information.…………………… p.96 2. La démarche réfléchie et concertée : Commissions et rapports préalables p.98 2-1 Technologies de l‟information.……………..…………………………… p.100 4 2-2 Les infrastructures fixes.……………...……………..…………………... p.101 2-3 Les infrastructures sans fil.……………………………………………… p.105 2-4 L‟audiovisuel.……………………………………………………………… p.107 3. La réforme des marchés des télécommunications : Libéralisation et concurrence dans les télécommunications.………………………………….. p.115 3-1 Premiers changements : fin du monopole.…………………………….. p.115 3-2 La mise en œuvre d‟un marché concurrentiel.………………………... p.117 3-2-1 Fin du duopole et ouverture des marchés sur les réseaux……. p.117 3-2-2 La boucle locale.…………………………………………………… p.120 3-2-3 Les communications par satellite.………………………………... p.121 3-3 Evolution des infrastructures de télécommunications en autoroutes p.122 de l‟information : le Livre blanc de 1994.……………………………….. 4. La diversification dans l‟audiovisuel .………………………………………….. p.125 4-1 La nécessaire créativité – Mise en place du câble, du DBS, p.126 diversification des programmes, création de Channel 4…………. 4-2 Indispensable diversification des chaînes de télévision : nouvelles p.129 technologies, nouveaux programmes………………………………… 4-3 Evolution des participations dans les médias………………………… p.132 4-4 La progression de l‟audiovisuel vers le numérique…………………... p.134 Chapitre II.…………………………………………………………………………... p.137 La deuxième étape : L’adaptation du cadre de régulation…………………. p.137 1. Inadaptation de la régulation à l‟ère du numérique.………………………….. p.137 2. Les instances de régulation avant la réforme.………………………………. p.140 2-1 L‟Oftel régulateur des télécommunications.…………………………... p.140 2-1-1 Statuts et activités de l‟Oftel.……………………………………… p.140 2-1-2 Relations entre l‟Oftel et les opérateurs.………………………… p.147 2-1-3 Relations entre l‟Oftel et l‟ITC.……………………………………. p.151 2-1-4 L‟Oftel et Internet.………………………………………………….. p.151 2-2 Régulation de l‟audiovisuel.…………………………………………….. p.152 2-2-1 L‟ITC.……………………………………………………………….. p.155 2-2-2 La Radio Authority.………………………………………………... p.161 5 2-2-3 La Broadcasting Standards Commission (BSC) .……………… p.163 2-2-4 Le Conseil des Gouverners de la BBC.………………………… p.163 2-3 Autres instances de régulation.………………………………………… p.164 2-3-1 Le DTI ministère du Commerce et de l‟Industrie.………………. p.165 2-3-2 Le ministère de la Culture, des Médias et du Sport……………. p.165 2-3-3 Instances de régulation de la concurrence.……………………... p.166 3. Création du régulateur unique : l‟OFCOM.……………………………………. p.167 3-1 Etudes préalables.……………………………………………………….. p.167 3-2 Les engagements de Tony Blair.……………………………………….. p.172 3-3 L‟adaptation de la régulation aux nouvelles conditions de transmissions de l‟information…………………………………………… p.174 3-3-1 Raisons & objectifs du gouvernement.…………………………... p.176 3-3-2 Statut d‟OFCOM.…………………………………………………… p.178 3-3-3 Compétences d‟OFCOM.…………………………………………. p.178 4. Vers l‟autorégulation.……………………………………………………………. p.181 4-1 Le cas d‟Internet.………………………………………………………… p.183 4-2 L‟allègement de la régulation des réseaux et de l‟audiovisuel……… p.186 4-2-1 La régulation des infrastructures…………………………………. p.186 4-2-2 L‟allègement du processus d‟autorisation……………………….. p.186 4-2-3 Réductions des obligations et augmentations des interdictions dans l‟audiovisuel…………………………………………………... p.187 4-2-4 Régulation de l‟accès dans l‟audiovisuel.……………………….. p.188 4-2-5 Régulation de la concurrence.……………………………………. p.188 4-2-6 Assouplissement des règles anti-concentration.……………….. p.189 TROISIEME PARTIE : INNOVATIONS ET PERFORMANCES DANS L’USAGE.……………………………………………………………………………. p.192 Chapitre I : Initiatives gouvernementales pour favoriser l’usage massif des NTICs p.194 1. Création de programmes de familiarisation aux nouvelles technologies….. p.194 2. Implication des services gouvernementaux.…… ………………… . 6 p.197 3. Améliorations dans la vie quotidienne.………………………………………… p.198 3-1 Les démarches des administrés facilitées.……………………………. p.198 3-2 Les entreprises encouragées.………………………………………….. p.200 3-3 Le consommateur protégé.……………………………………………… p.201 3-4 L‟éducation et laculture visées.…………………………………………. p.201 4. Mutation dans l‟organisation des activités professionnelles.………………... p.206 4-1 Le télétravail encouragé.………………………………………………… p.206 4-2 Des emplois crées.……………………………………………………….. p.208 Chapitre II : l’ère de l’information dans les milieux professionnels……… p.209 1. Facteurs d‟implantation.…………………………………………………………. p.209 1-1 Des réseaux de télécommunications performants et bon marché….. p.210 1-2 Du matériel accessible.………………………………………………….. p.211 1-3 Un personnel opérationnel.……………………………………………… p.212 2. Les nouveaux outils de la télécommunication et de l‟information dans les entreprises.………………………………………………………………………. p.213 2-1 L‟ EDI.……………………………………………………………………… p.213 2-2 Courrier électronique, e-mail et Intranet.………………………………. p.214 2-3 Vidéoconférence.…………………………………………………………. p.216 3. Avantages de l‟utilisation des NTICS pour
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