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The Comparison of Total Phenolics, Total Antioxidant, and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of Korean Sargassum Species

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The Comparison of Total Phenolics, Total Antioxidant, and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of Korean Sargassum Species Hindawi Journal of Food Quality Volume 2021, Article ID 6640789, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6640789 Research Article The Comparison of Total Phenolics, Total Antioxidant, and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of Korean Sargassum Species Su Hyeon Baek,1 Lei Cao,1 Seung Jin Jeong,2 Hyeung-Rak Kim,1,2 Taek Jeung Nam,3 and Sang Gil Lee 1 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu Busan 48513, Republic of Korea 2Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu Busan 48513, Republic of Korea 3,e Future Fishers Food Research Center, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu Busan 48513, Republic of Korea Correspondence should be addressed to Sang Gil Lee; [email protected] Received 4 November 2020; Revised 21 December 2020; Accepted 6 January 2021; Published 18 January 2021 Academic Editor: Muhammad H. Alu’datt Copyright © 2021 Su Hyeon Baek et al. .is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sargassum species, a group of marine brown algae consumed in Asian countries, have shown various health benefits, such as improving the conditions of cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and hypopigmentation. Also, these benefits are associated with their phenolic content and strong antioxidant capacities. However, the antioxidant capacities of different Sargassum species had not been thoroughly explored and compared. .us, this study aimed to compare the total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, total antioxidant capacities, and anti-tyrosine activity of eleven Sargassum species harvested off the Korean coast. .e results revealed that the total phenolic content (from 20.57 to 88.97 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (dw)), flavonoid content (from 22.08 to 82.33 mg quercetin equivalent/g dw), anti-tyrosinase activity (from 13.30 to 126.30 mg kojic acid equivalent/dw), and antioxidant capacities of the 11 Sargassum species had wide ranges. Among them, S. miyabei Yendo and S. hemiphyllum showed the highest total antioxidant capacities while S. miyabei Yendo exhibiting the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. .e highest anti-tyrosinase activity was seen in S. fillicinum and S. yendoi. Sargahydroqunoic acid and sargachromanol, two alga-derived meroterpenoid compounds with strong antioxidant activity, were detected and quantified in S. miyabei Yendo and S. serratifolium. Our findings guarantee further investigation of the health benefits of Sargassum species and maximize the commercial usage of these species. 1. Introduction Sargassum species inhabit shallow water and coral reefs throughout the world. Asian countries have a long history of Seaweed farming cultivates and harvests seaweed for a food consuming Sargassum species. .e nutritional assessment source and non-food usage. According to the World Fish- showed that Sargassum contains a diversity of bioactive eries and Aquaculture, global production of farmed sea- compounds, including vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and weeds increased from 13.5 million tons in 1995 to over 30 dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides. .e million tons in 2016. Sargassum, family Sargassaceae, order known health benefits of Sargassum species include reducing Fucales Kylin, class Cyclosporophyceae, is one of the eight the risk of chronic diseases including obesity, types of genera that provide the majority (96.8%) of the world cancers, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegeneration diseases [3]. seaweed aquaculture production in 2018 [1]. With 361 Endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) have critical taxonomically accepted species, Sargassum is considered one physiological functions, such as signal transmission and of the richest genera among the large brown seaweed [2]. defense against external substances. However, excessive 2 Journal of Food Quality generation of ROS can cause oxidative stress which con- 2.3. Total Flavonoid Content. Total flavonoid contents were tributes to the development of various chronic diseases, such measure by the slightly modified Zhishen, Mengcheng as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [4]. Along with method [8]. In a 96-well plate, 25 μL of samples was mixed antioxidant enzymes, dietary antioxidant intake is essential with 160 μL of distilled water. 7.5 μL of 5% sodium nitrite for the physiological redox balance [5]. Compared to the (NaNO2) was added to this mixture. Five minutes later, 10% widely studied fruits and vegetables-derived antioxidants, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) was added. Another 6 minutes algae are less acknowledged as a potent antioxidant source. A later, 50 μL of 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was pipetted growing body of evidence shows that algae can synthesize a into designated wells. After mixing, the absorbance was great variety of primary and secondary metabolites with measured against a blank at 510 nm with UV-spectrometer. strong antioxidant capacity, including carotenoids, phenolic Five milligrams of quercetin was dissolved in 80% methanol compounds, and vitamins [6]. and then diluted to 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/ml as standards. Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme that functions as a Total flavonoid contents were expressed by mg quercetin rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of melanin, critical for equivalent (QE)/g dry weight (mg QE/g dw). undesired browning of fruits and vegetables and skin pig- mentation [7]. Screening and development of effective ty- rosinase inhibitors are of great importance for their 2.4. ABTS Radical Scavenging Assay. Antioxidant activity applications in the cosmetic and food industries. was measured using a group of assays. ABTS radical scav- To the best of our knowledge, the nutritional facts of enging assay was slightly modified from the van den Berg different Sargassum species had not been thoroughly method [9]. In brief, 1.0 mM of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopro- compared. Large quantities of different species of Sar- pane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was mixed with 2.5 mM gassum grow along the shores of South Korea. Here, we 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) dia- analyzed eleven species collected off the Korean coast by mmonium salt (ABTS) in 100 mL of phosphate-buffered the Marine Bio-Resource Information System (MBRIS) solution (PBS). .e mixture was heated in a water bath at ° in 2018, including S. hemiphyllum, S. coreanum, 75 C for 30 min to generate ABTS radical. After the ABTS S. horneri, S. confusum, S. siliquastrum, S. miyabei Yendo, radical was produced, the radical solution was filtered S. serratifolium, S. filicinum, S. micracanthum, through 0.45 μm PVDF filter. .e ABTS solution was diluted S. macrocarpum, and S. yendoi. By analyzing and com- with PBS to make the absorbance at 734 nm between paring their antioxidant ability, phenolic and flavonoid 0.650 ± 0.020. Four microliters of diluted Sargassum species contents, and anti-tyrosinase activities, we want to samples was pipetted to 196 μL of the ABTS radical solution. ° provide information for their use in human and animal .e mixture was incubated at 37 C for 10 min. .e decrease nutrition. By measuring the total phenolic content, total in absorbance at 734 nm was measured after 10 min. .e flavonoid content, antioxidant capacities, and anti-ty- antioxidant capacity of Sargassum species was expressed rosinase activity of 11 species of Sargassum inhabiting in as mg vitamin C equivalent (VCE)/g dry weight. Korean coast, this study tried to present a nutrition spectrum of Korean Sargassum species and provide in- 2.5. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. .e DPPH assay was formation for optimizing Sargassum culture based on carried out according to Blois, M. S. method with a slight their nutrition density. modification [10]. Briefly, 7.89 mg of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) was dissolved into 80% (v/v) aqueous 2. Materials and Methods methanol to make the concentration to 100 μM. Subse- quently, the absorbance of DPPH radical solution was ad- 2.1. Sample Preparation. Eleven standardized Sargassum justed as 0.720 ± 0.020 with 80% methanol at 517 nm. Five μL extract powders (50 g of dried Sargassum sample was of diluted Sargassum species sample was mixed with 295 μL extracted with 10 volumes of 70% ethanol) were officially of DPPH solution. .e decreased absorbance of the sample obtained from MBRIS. For analysis, 10 mg of Sargassum and radical solvent mixture between sample extract and the extract powders were dissolved with 1 mL of 80% radical solution was measured at 510 nm after reaction for methanol. 30 min in a dark room at room temperature. 80% aqueous methanol was used for the reference instead of samples, and vitamin C was used to make a standard curve. .e DPPH 2.2. Total Phenolic Content. Total phenolic amount was radical scavenging capacity of Sargassum species was measured by colorimetric assay with Folin & Ciocalteu’s expressed as mg VCE/g dw. reagent. Ten µL of appropriately diluted samples was mixed with 130 µL of distilled water in a 96-well plate. Subse- quently, 10 μL of Folin & Ciocalteu’s was added. After 6 min 2.6. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. reaction, 100 μL of 7% Na2CO3 solution was added. .e Ferric reducing power of Sargassum species was measured absorbance of the mixture at 750 nm was measured after using slightly modified Benzie and Strain`s method [11]. 90 min incubation in a microplate reader (ALLSHENG, FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 10 volumes of acetate Hangzhou, China). Total phenolic content in Sargassum buffer (300 mM, pH 3.6) with 1 volume of 10 mM TPTZ species was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g (2,4,6-tri[2-pyridyl]-s-triazine) solution, 1 volume of 20 mM dry weight. of FeCl3 solution, and 1.2 volume of distilled water. .e Journal of Food Quality 3 FRAP reagent was kept at 37°C until use.
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