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UNIHI-SEAGRANT-BB-89-02 TAXONOMY OF ECONOMIC SEAWEEDS With reference to some Pacific and Western Atlantic species Volume Ill Isabella A. Abbott, Editor Results of an international workshop sponsored by the California Sea Grant .. College in cooperation with the Pacific Sea Grant College Programs of . •.: Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington and hosted by Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego), August 1989. ',I .· •· . • A .. .. .... '\.• A Publication of the California Sea Grant College Report No. T-CSGCP-023 UNIVERSITY OF HAWA II AT MANOA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM 2525 CORREA ROAD, HIG 238 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96822 UNIHl-SEAGRANT-BB-89-02 Table of Contents Preface James J. Sullivan . ... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ....... .. ..... ..... .. .. ... .. ..... ... .. ..... .. vii Introduction Isabella A. Abbott . .. .. ... .. .. .... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ...... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ...... .. ...... .. .. .. ... ix Acknowledgments . .. ... .. ... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ... .... ... ... .. ...... .. xi Participants . ... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. .... ... .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..... ..... .. ... .... .. .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. xiii Section I. Part I. Sargassum Subgenus Sargassum Introduction Isabella A. Abbott .......................................................................................... Studies on the Malacocarpic Sargassum of China: I. Fruticuliferae J. Agardh Ts eng C. K. and Lu Baoren ............................................. ............. ................ 5 Studies on the Malacocarpic Sargassum of China: II. Racemosae J. Agardh Ts eng C. K. and Lu Baoren . .......................................................................... 11 Distribution and Variation in Sargassum polycystum C. A. Agardh (Fucales, Phaeophyta) Young-Meng Chiang, Ta dao Yoshida, Tetsuro Ajisaka, Gavino Trono, Jr. , Ts eng C. K., and Lu Baoren ........... ......................................... 35 The Genus Sargassum in the Philippines Gavino C. Trono, Jr. ... ..... .. ... ...... .... .. .. .. .. ... .. .... .. ...... .. .. ... .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... 43 On the Expression of Phenotypic Variability: Why Is Sargassum So Taxonomically Difficult? John A. Kilar, M. Dennis Hanisak, and Ta dao Yoshida ................................. 95 iii A Comparative Study of Sargassum polyporum from Ryukyu Islands (Japan) and S. polyceratium from the Florida Keys (United States) John A. Kilar, Tetsuro Ajisaka, Ta dao Yoshida, and M. Dennis Hanisak . .... 119 Notes on Two "Look-Alike" Species Between East and West: Sargassum polyporum Montagne from Ryukyu Islands in Japan and Sargassum polyceratium Montagne from the Caribbean Sea Te tsuro Ajisaka ......................................................................................... ..... 133 Section I. Part II. Sargassum Subgenus Bactrophycus Korean Species of Sargassum Subgenus Bactrophycus J. Agardh (Sargassaceae, Fucales) In Kyu Lee and Soon-Ae Yoo .. .............. ............ ............................ .............. 139 Section II. Gelidiales Introduction Isabella A. Abbott ....... .. .... .... .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. ..... ..... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ... 149 A Proposed Phylogenetic Scheme for the Gelidiales Richard E. Norris . .. 151 A Note on the Abs,�mce of Hyphae (Rhizines) in the Thallus of Gelidiella acerosa Forsskal Feldmann et Hamel (Rhodophyta) Ricardo A. Melo ... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ... 173 Separation of California Species of Gelidium and Pterocladia: An Evaluation of Vegetative Characters Joan G. Stewart ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .... ... 183 Section Ill. Graci/aria Introduction Isabella A. Abbott ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 193 Studies on Two New Graci/aria from South China and a Summary of Graci/aria Species in China Zhang Junfu (C. F. Chang) and Xia Bangmei .... ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. 195 Vietnamese Species of Graci/aria and Graci/ariopsis Nguyen H. Dinh . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... 207 Studies on Cylindrical Species of Western Atlantic Graci/aria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): G. cylindrica B0rgesen and G. blodgettii Harvey Suzanne Fredericq and James N. Norris ....................................................... 21 1 iv Section IV. Eucheuma Introduction Isabella A. Abbott ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... ..... ... 233 Typification of Eucheuma amakusaense Okamura Tadao Yoshida ............................................................................................... 235 Section V. Taxonomic Index .................................................................................. 237 v Preface James J. Sullivan Director, California Sea Grant College In 1984 , California Sea Grant first sponsored an international conference on the taxonomy of economically important seaweeds of the Pacific. The meeting was hosted by the University of Guam and arose out of an observation made to me by Roy Tsuda of that university. His point was that there would not be appreciable progress in seaweed aquaculture or marine natural products chemistry in the Pacific until the taxonomy of commercially interesting species was better understood. That point was underscored by an example offered by Isabella A. Abbott, of the University of Hawaii, who cited Graci/aria as one example of the importance to industry of proper identification of species. Of two Hawaiian species of Graci/aria, she noted, one provides three to four times better gel strength in agar than does the other. California Sea Grant funded the first meeting in cooperation with the other Pacific Sea Grant programs with the aim of meeting a particular need and with no notion of initiating a continuing series of meetings. In retrospect, this was naive given the enormous ignorance that prevails about warm-water Pacific algae. The group of systematists that assembled proved so dedicated, so enthusiastic, and so productive, and we received so much positive feedback from the worldwide scientific community concerning the great need for this work, that the Guam meeting evolved into a recurring series of meetings, held in 1986 , 1989, and, most recently, in Sapporo, Japan, in 1991 . As Dr. Abbott indfcates in this volume, the progress made at these workshops has been substantial, and we are pleased to have played a role in bringing together an international community of prestigious systematists to address this important problem. vii Introduction Isabella A. Abbott, Workshop Convener and Editor The workshop held at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (part of the University of California, San Diego) in La Jolla, California, in August 1989 attracted systematists from China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Chile, South Africa, Portugal, and several places in the United States (Washington, D.C., Florida, California, and Hawaii). It was the most international of the three algal systematics workshops, and in some ways our most successful in terms of making friends and sharing ideas as well as specimens. The workshop was dominated by the number of scientists (eight) working on the brown alga Sargassum; specimens of this alga took over every spare tabletop and all available floor space, making it necessary for some scientists to defend steadfastly their desk space for their own few specimens. The result of all this interest and activity is that Sargassum has the lion's share of papers in this workshop volume. Five taxonomists devoted themselves to Graci/aria and its relatives, and four to Ge/idium and its relatives. In addition, Dr. Yoshida turned in a paper on a poorly known species of Eucheuma, a red alga of great commercial importance in the Philippines. Workshop participants reviewed some of the papers in this volume, and other colleagues read others. As editor, I protected the opinions of the writers who did not have English as their first language; any changes that were suggested were carefully examined so that meanings were not inadvertently changed. Several papers had to be rewritten to make their content unambiguous. In order to make this workshop thoroughly international, it was necessary to respect the opinions and integrity of all and to make certain that each participant was able to make a contribution within the context of his or her own background, knowledge, and horizons. Fortunately, most of the participants could handle English passably, and those for whom English was not the primary tongue were certainly better linguists than were those of us who spoke only English. Despite the many contributions on Sargassum, the Sargassum specialists are only now beginning to understand the genus; they may soon be able to move from a "local flora" base to a regional, and perhaps Pacific, base. However, we must first examine the numerous "old" Pacific species and varieties in order to eliminate redundant and superfluous names and to refashion the classification scheme along more modern and more realistic lines. ix Because of editorial
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