DOCSLIB.ORG

Promoting the Use of Non-Custodial Sanctions in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Promoting the Use of Non-Custodial Sanctions in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Promoting the Use of Non-custodial Sanctions in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia Synthesis Research Report Tbilisi 2015 The Synthesis Research Report has been produced by Penal Reform International (PRI). The Report is based on research findings undertaken in South Caucasus countries to provide information on the existing situation with regard to current criminal justice policy, legislation and practice in terms of sentencing, use of imprisonment and alternative sanctions, mediation and diversion, length of custodial sanctions and their appropriateness, statistics, operation of parole boards and tackling criminal justice reform problems. The report was written by Mr. Martin Seddon, with inputs from country based experts: Anna Melikyan (Armenia), Ramil Iskandarli (Azerbaijan) and Lali Chkhetia (Georgia). This report has been produced within the framework of Penal Reform International’s project “Promoting the Use of Non-custodial Sanctions in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia”, with the financial assistance of the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Penal Reform International and can in no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of UN Democracy Fund. 1 PENAL REFORM INTERNATIONAL Promoting the use of non-custodial sanctions in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia INTRODUCTION Most countries are struggling to develop penal systems that combine justice for victims, safety for the public and rehabilitation for offenders. Increasingly the main challenges are to find effective ways to avoid unnecessarily holding mid-range offenders in prison while they wait for their trial; to develop community-based sanctions that will be a better alternative to prison sentences for these offenders; and to make better use of early release schemes if prison is inevitable. This report is part of a project that aims to increase further the use of these non-custodial approaches to the management of offenders in the three South Caucasus countries. It comments on the issues from three points of view: international approaches; the situation in each country; and recommendations for possible improvements. Statistical information for international comparisons has been averaged from data published by the Council of Europe (CoE)1 or the Confederation of European Probation (CEP). Scotland, Ireland and Austria were chosen for comparison. The project “Promoting the Use of Non-custodial Sanctions in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia” is funded by the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) and is being implemented by Penal Reform International (PRI). Support from the UNDEF has allowed PRI to provide some additional services to strengthen the delivery of alternative sanctions in the three countries of the South Caucasus. These have included organising working group meetings that bring together civil society representatives and academics; roundtable meetings for key stakeholders; regional conferences; training for probation staff; study visits to Georgia; production of items for the print and broadcast media; training for female and juvenile probationers; and commissioning proposals from law students. PRI is grateful for information and advice received from many organisations and individuals in the preparation of this report. In particular, we received invaluable help from associates in each of the three countries. Although it has not been possible to get comprehensive information for each of these countries we trust that the picture we present does justice to the achievements and enables further developments to be considered. PRI Office South Caucasus Region Tbilisi, November 2015 1 European Probation Service Systems: a comparative overview by Anton M. van Kalmthout and Ioan Durnescu 2 Contents 1. INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES 7 Community Sanctions and Measures 7 1.1 Alternatives to Pre-Trial Detention 8 1.2 Diversion from Prosecution 8 1.3 Pre-Sentence Report 9 1.4 Basic Probation Order 10 1.5 Community Service 11 1.6 Social Training Courses for Offenders 12 1.7 Restriction of Freedom 12 1.8 Parole 13 1.9 Further considerations 13 ORGANISATIONAL FEATURES NECESSARY TO DELIVER ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS 14 1.10 Accountability of the Probation Agency 14 1.11 Capacity to Deliver Alternative Sanctions 14 1.12 Types of Staff Required 15 1.13 Management of Alternative Sanctions Services 15 1.14 Logistics 15 1.15 Partner Organisations 16 THE STRATEGIC OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 17 1.16 Government Policies 17 1.17 Leadership of the Justice Sector 18 1.18 Support from Donors 18 1.19 Transparency 19 2. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN GEORGIA 20 2.1 Methods in Georgia that are alternatives to Pre-Trial Detention 20 2.2 Diversion from Court Proceedings 22 3 2.3 Pre-Sentence Reports 23 2.4 Basic Probation Order 24 2.5 Community Service in Georgia 27 2.6 Social Training Courses 29 2.7 Restriction of Freedom 30 2.8 Parole 32 2.9 Further Considerations 36 ORGANISATIONAL FEATURES OF ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS IN GEORGIA 37 2.10 Accountability of the Probation Agency in Georgia 37 2.11 Capacity to Deliver Services 37 2.12 Types of Staff in the Probation Agency in Georgia 38 2.13 Management of the Alternative Sanctions Division 38 2.14 Agency Logistics in Georgia 38 2.15 Partner Organisations 39 STRATEGIC OPERATING ENVIRONMENT IN GEORGIA 40 2.16 Policy commitment by the Government of Georgia 40 2.17 Leadership in the Justice Sector in Georgia 42 2.18 Support from Donors 42 2.19 Transparency of Penal Services in Georgia 43 3. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN ARMENIA 44 3.1 Alternatives to Pre-Trial Detention 44 3.2 Diversion 47 3.3 Pre-Sentence Reports 50 3.4 Basic Probation 52 3.5 Community Service 56 3.6 Social Training Courses 59 3.7 Restriction of Freedom 62 3.8 Parole 63 4 3.9 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS 69 ORGANISATIONAL FEATURES OF ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS IN ARMENIA 70 3.10 Situation in Armenia 70 3.11 Capacity to Deliver Alternative Sanctions 70 3.12 Types of Staff 71 3.13 Management of Alternative Sanctions Services 71 3.14 LOGISTICS 71 3.15 Partner Organisations 72 STRATEGIC OPERATING ENVIRONMENT IN ARMENIA 73 3.16 Policy Commitment by the Government of Armenia 73 3.17 Leadership of the Justice Sector 74 3.18 Support from Donors 74 3.19 TRANSPARENCY 76 4. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN AZERBAIJAN 78 4.1 Pre-Trial Detention 78 4.2 Diversion from Court Proceedings in Azerbaijan 82 4.3 BASIC PROBATION ORDER 86 4.4 COMMUNITY SERVICE (KNOWN AS ‘PUBLIC WORKS’) 89 4.5 Offending Behaviour Programmes 91 4.6 Restriction of Freedom 92 4.7 PAROLE 92 5. PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPING SERVICES 97 5.1 Developing Alternatives to Pre-Trial Detention 97 5.2 Developing Diversion Schemes 99 5.3 Introducing Pre-Sentence Reports 99 5.4 Introducing Probation 100 5.5 Proposals for Introducing Community Service 102 5.6 Developing Social Training Courses 103 5 5.7 Recommendations for Restriction of Freedom 104 5.8 Recommendations for Developing Parole 104 5.9 Restorative Justice, Juvenile Offenders, and Female Offenders 106 ORGANISATIONAL FEATURES NECESSARY TO DELIVER ALTERNATIVE SANCTION 106 5.10 Organisational Accountability 106 5.11 Sufficient Capacity to Deliver 107 5.12 Types of Staff Required 108 5.13 Management of Services 108 5.14 Logistics 109 5.15 Partner Organisations 110 STRATEGIC OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 110 5.16 Government Policies 110 5.17 Recommendations concerning leadership 111 5.18 Donors 112 5.19 Transparency 112 6.CONCLUSIONS 114 Georgia 114 Armenia 115 Azerbaijan 115 APPENDICES TO THE REPORT 117 6 1. INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES Community Sanctions and Measures This section describes the main ways that can be used to avoid custody as an offender moves through the system from initial arrest until the sanction has been completed. 1.1 Alternatives to Pre-Trial Detention When a court needs further time to complete dealing with a case it must decide whether the defendant can be released or should be held in custody. The main concerns are whether the defendant will commit further crime, fail to attend a future hearing or interfere with further enquiries. It is generally accepted that pre-trial detention should be reserved for the highest risk offenders. Negative long-term consequences can arise from holding people unnecessarily in such prisons, and separating them from family and other positive influences at this time of crisis in their lives. Long periods of isolation and exposure only to other people with similar criminal attitudes appear to increase the likelihood of an eventual custodial sentence and recidivism. A range of non-custodial methods can be used to ensure that people accused of crimes can be safely released while they wait for their cases to be decided. In rising levels of security these methods are: • Recognisance. This is a simple, solemn promise to keep the requirements and is the main method in low-risk cases. The court can attach specific conditions to this release such as remaining in employment or avoiding alcohol • Bail. This is a stronger form of restraint in which the accused must pay money to the court if he or she fails to keep all the requirements of release. • Surety. This is where an individual who knows the accused person promises to ensure s/he fulfil the requirements of the court. This individual must be prepared to pay money if the person fails to keep to the requirements. • Curfew. In more serious cases the person can be ordered to be at a specific location for set hours each day (possibly with electronic monitoring). • Bail Hostel. The defendant can be required to live at a special hostel supervised by the probation service. 7 In some jurisdictions probation staff give advice to courts about the level of restraint necessary. 1.2 Diversion from Prosecution Research in European countries has shown that, in the case of less serious crimes, better results can be obtained if the offender is dealt with informally rather than being convicted and sentenced in a public court.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In-Depth Review of the Investment Climate and Market Structure in the Energy Sector of the REPUBLIC of ARMENIA
    In-depth review of the investment climate and market structure in the energy sector of THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ENERGY CHARTER SECRETATIAT 22 January 2015 In-depth review of the investment climate and market structure in the energy sector of THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ENERGY CHARTER SECRETATIAT 22 January 2015 About the Energy Charter The Energy Charter Secretariat is the permanent office based in Brussels supporting the Energy Charter Conference in the implementation of the Energy Charter Treaty. The Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects were signed in December 1994 and entered into legal force in April 1998. To date, the Treaty has been signed or acceded to by fifty-two states, the European Community and Euratom (the total number of its members is therefore fifty-four). The fundamental aim of the Energy Charter Treaty is to strengthen the rule of law on energy issues, by creating a level playing field of rules to be observed by all participating governments, thereby mitigating risks associated with energy-related investment and trade. In a world of increasing interdependence between net exporters of energy and net importers, it is widely recognised that multilateral rules can provide a more balanced and efficient framework for international cooperation than is offered by bilateral agreements alone or by non-legislative instruments. The Energy Charter Treaty therefore plays an important role as part of an international effort to build a legal foundation for energy security, based on the principles of open, competitive markets and sustainable development. The Treaty was developed on the basis of the 1991 Energy Charter.
    [Show full text]
  • CHANGING SKILLS for a CHANGING WORLD Understanding Skills Demand in EU Neighbouring Countries
    CHANGING SKILLS FOR A CHANGING WORLD Understanding skills demand in EU neighbouring countries A collection of articles CHANGING SKILLS FOR A CHANGING WORLD Understanding skills demand in EU neighbouring countries Edited by ETF experts Anastasia Fetsi, Ummuhan Bardak and Francesca Rosso. The contents of this collection of articles are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ETF or the EU institutions. © European Training Foundation, 2021 Reproduction is authorised provided the source in acknowledged. Cover design: Bording & Article 10 PDF ISBN 978-92-9157-729-3 doi:10.2816/069224 TA-06-20-200-EN-N Acknowledgements Against the background of significant global transformations, this publication aims to advance the debate on understanding skills demand in transition and developing countries. It was supervised and edited by Anastasia Fetsi, Ummuhan Bardak and Francesca Rosso from the European Training Foundation (ETF). The project was made possible by the active contributions of a number of researchers and experts from many partner countries, as well as from the ETF, who drafted the articles for this collection. They are: Branka Andjelkovic´ (Serbia), Mircea Badescu (ETF), Ummuhan Bardak (ETF), William Bartlett (UK), Michael Cross (UK), Anastasia Fetsi (ETF), Fraser Harper (UK), Tanja Jakobi (Serbia), Eva Jansova (ETF), Bilal M. Khan (China), Aleksandar Kostadinov (North Macedonia), Maja Kovacˇ (Serbia), Mike May-Gillings (UK), Cristina Mereuta (ETF), Ghia Osseiran (Lebanon), Blagica Petreski (North Macedonia), Marjan Petreski (North Macedonia), Siddhartha Raja (World Bank), Eyal Ronen (Israel), Francesca Rosso (ETF), Jelena Starcevic (Serbia), Cornelia Suta (Belgium) and Pirita Vuorinen (ETF). The ETF would like to thank all the contributors for their valuable inputs.
    [Show full text]
  • “South Asia: Demographic Dividend Or Deficit?" and “The WHO Health
    Half a decade since the onset of the Great Recession, the Asia-Pacific region continues to anchor the global economy, but its rate of economic growth remains subdued compared to the pre-global ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY OF ASIA THE PACIFIC financial crisis period. It is also showing signs of strain, as uncertainty and crisis deepen in the United States and the euro zone. More importantly, the Asia-Pacific region’s growth path continues to leave behind hundreds of millions and to put unsustainable pressure on the natural resource base. The 2013 edition of the Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific argues that macroeconomic policies can play a key role not only in supporting the economies of the region in the short term, but also in reorienting the region towards a more inclusive and sustainable pattern of development. By carefully designing short-term support measures, it is possible to sustain growth as well as address long-term structural issues. As an illustrative example, the Survey 2013 estimates, for a number of Asia-Pacific countries, the public investment needs required to deliver a package of policies to sustain growth and to promote inclusive and sustainable development. The policy package comprises a job guarantee programme, a universal pension scheme, disability benefits, increased public health spending, universal school enrolment and universal access to modern energy. The Survey finds that most countries can finance such a package without jeopardizing macroeconomic stability, although least developed countries would also require global partnership and development cooperation. The analysis underlines the need to move forward the regional development agenda from a discussion on the future we want to the means of implementation to realize that future.
    [Show full text]
  • Armenian Foreign Policy Agenda for 2014-2015 Повестка Внешней
    Armenian foreign policy agenda for 2014-2015 Повестка внешней политики Армении 2014-2015 гг. Yerevan - 2014 Ереван - 2014 1 UDC 327(479.25) Повестка внешней политики Армении 2014-2015 гг.: Анализ экспертов Аналитического центра по глобализации и региональному сотрудничеству (Ереван, Армения). – Ер., “Эдит Принт”, 2014 – 240 стр. This book is published by the Analytical Centre on Globalization and Regional Cooperation (ACGRC) with support of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The views expressed in the book belong to the ACGRC experts and may differ from the official position of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Книга издана Аналитическим центром по глобализации и региональному сотрудничеству (АЦГРС) при поддержке Фонда им. Фридриха Эберта. Точка зрения, выраженная в данном издании, принадлежит экспертам АЦГРС и может не совпадать с официальной позицией Фонда им. Фридриха Эберта. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Analytical Centre on Globalization and Фонд им. Фридриха Эберта. Regional Cooperation www.fes.am Аналитический центр по глобализации и региональному сотрудничеству www.acgrc.am ISBN 978-9939-52-833-5 © ACGRC, 2013, www.acgrc.am 2 Armenian foreign policy agenda for 2014-2015 Table of contents Introduction .......................................................................................... 4 Policy recommendations for 2014-2015 Armenia in international organizations: UN, OSCE and CoE ........ 7 European and Euro-Atlantic integration/Relations with the EU and NATO/New situation in Armenian-EU ties in the framework of the Eastern Partnership
    [Show full text]
  • Female Workforce Participation in Armenia: Evidence from Enterprise Survey by Lili Sahakyan
    Female Workforce Participation in Armenia: Evidence from Enterprise Survey by Lili Sahakyan This research has been implemented in the scope of Manoogian Simone College, financed by the Manoogian Simone Foundation (MSF) and in cooperation with AUA and the Armenian Government. Female Workforce Participation in Armenia: Evidence from Enterprise Survey by Lili Sahakyan Female Workforce Participation in Armenia: Evidence from Enterprise Survey Submitted to American University of Armenia Manoogian Simone Research Fund (MSRF) In fulfillment of the MSRF grant on “The issues of female economic inactivity in Armenia: a microeconomic analysis of supply side factors of women’s participation in the labor market” topic. By: Lili Sahakyan Supervisor: Dr. Gayane Barseghyan Yerevan 2020 ii Female Workforce Participation in Armenia: Evidence from Enterprise Survey by Lili Sahakyan ABSTRACT Using the dataset of the Enterprise Survey in Armenia (2013) by the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, this paper is to study the relationship between the female workforce participation and enterprise performance in Armenia. Accounting for survey weights, the regression analysis showcases a positive, robust but insignificant relationship between the presence of at least one female top manager in the top management team of the enterprise and its annual sales growth rate. Moreover, a t-test for mean comparison reveals that there are no significant differences between female-managed and male-managed enterprises on the perception of business obstacles and various performance, business climate, firm characteristics, and quality and innovation indicators used in the regression analysis. This study aims to grab the attention of Armenian employers and employees as well as to engender further policy implications.
    [Show full text]
  • Creators of the Black Sea Security Have Been Kept in Prison for More Than a Year by the Kremlin
    HAPPY BIRTHDAY! D. SHTYBLYKOV CREATORS OF THE BLACK SEA SECURITY HAVE BEEN KEPT IN PRISON FOR MORE THAN A YEAR BY THE KREMLIN O. BESSARABOV Founder - the Center for assistance to the CONTENTS geopolitical problems and Euro-Atlantic cooperation of the Black sea region studies Foreword 3 NOMOS (Sevastopol) REVIEW OF THE SITUATION WITH POLITICAL PRISONERS 5 OF THE KREMLIN Analytical magazine is registered Situation of the human rights in the temporaly in the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea Licence KV No. 12341-1225PR and the city of Sevastopol (Ukraine). Fragments 9 of the Tematic Report, Office of the United Publisher - Centre for Global Studies Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights «Strategy XXI» (Kyiv) In focus: Occupied Crimea Bohdan Yaremenko, Tetiana Huchakova, Andrii Klymenko, Olha Korbut, Yurii Smelianskyi 14 Language - Ukrainian and English MILITARY BUILD-UP OF CRIMEA Olga Skrypnyk, Irina Sedova, Contacts: Vissarion Aseyev, Aleksandr Sedov 34 Centre for Global Studies Strategy XXI MILITARIZATION OF SOCIAL LIFE 51 Shchekavytska Str., of. 26, IN CRIMEA Kyiv, 04071, Ukraine In focus: Polish vision of Trimarium Tel: +380 44 425 41 62 P. Żurawski vel Grajewski 39 TRIMARIUM: A VIEW FROM THE NORTH Web-site: www.geostrategy.org.ua In focus: China’s ‘Belt & Road’ E-mail: [email protected] M. Filijovic, V. Martyniuk 50 THE BLACK SEA REGION IN CHINA’S ‘BELT & ROAD’ INITIATIVE In focus: Turkey in the Black Sea region EDITORIAL BOARD: H. Zamikula 60 SECURITY POLICY OF TURKEY AND ITS impacT ON THE BLACK SEA REGION Mykhailo Gonchar, Acting Editor In focus: South Caucasus R.
    [Show full text]
  • Caucasus and Moldova
    2012_CIC_4_Peacekeeping_FM_qxd.qxd 8/7/13 3:33 PM Page 72 4.2 Caucasus and Moldova Increased clashes between Azerbaijan the conflict, focusing instead on issues of and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh became press freedom and justice. a growing challenge in 2012, while the stale- As clashes broke out over Nagorno- mate between Georgia and its breakaway terri- Kara bakh in the early 1990s, the former So- tories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia contin- viet republics of Moldova and Georgia suc- ued. In contrast, some positive developments cumbed to secessionist wars. Despite various were observed in the Moldova-Transdniestria cease-fire agreements, the conflicts remain dispute, where actors showed a new willing- unresolved. ness to cooperate on settling the long-standing Despite their inability to politically solve conflict. the conflict, the Russian-led Joint Control Commission Peacekeeping Force (JCC), the OSCE mission, and, since 2005, the EU Bor- Background der Assistance Mission (EUBAM) assisted in At the close of the Cold War, Armenia and Azer- preventing renewed outbreak of violence be- baijan were drawn into a war over Nagorno- tween Moldova and the Transdniestria region Karabakh. Populated by an ethnically Armen- after a cease-fire was reached in 1992. ian majority, this region within Azerbaijan In Georgia, the UN deployed military ob- unilaterally declared independence in 1991. servers to the secessionist region of Abkhazia, Fighting stopped by and large with a cease-fire while the OSCE had a presence in Tbilisi that agreement in 1994, but the territorial dispute engaged with both South Ossetia and Abkhazia. has yet to be settled.
    [Show full text]
  • Atoyan, G 2016.Pdf
    EIA AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT DECISIONS IN ARMENIA GAYANE ATOYAN Diploma in International Relations, Yerevan State University, 1996 Master of Comparative Legal Studies, American University of Armenia 2007 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Newcastle Law School Newcastle University July 201 0 ABSTRACT Environmental Impact Assessment Law was adopted in Armenia in 1995.The Law has a mission to control environmental decision- making in the country and comply with the international treaties and conventions ratified by Armenia. The recent rapid developments of environmental hazards in Armenia have raised a concern whether the existing Law is meeting the needs of the country and its citizens. The comparative doctrinal research has been conducted to question the legal provisions, implementation and compliance of the RA EIA Law with International Environmental Treaties, which Armenia is a Party. The comparison of the existing RA EIA Law with similar laws in European Union and the USA was necessary to assess the instrument’s best practice to find out the errors and make possible recommendations for improvement of the environmental governance in the country. In the process of the research work, the RA EIA law was amended in 2014. Therefore, the research had a chance to compare both legal texts and assess their similarities, differences and positive development of the Law. The comparative analysis of all mentioned instruments revealed existing deficiencies of the RA EIA Law and provided further improvement and development recommendations as an outcome of this unique and unprecedented work. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am expressing my sincere gratitude to all the people who were part of my life in the process of my PhD studies during last 5 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing the Post-Soviet Armenian National Habitus: the Armenian Genocide and Contested Imaginations of Armenianness
    Constructing the post-Soviet Armenian National Habitus: The Armenian Genocide and Contested Imaginations of Armenianness by Sevan Beurki Beukian A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Alberta © Sevan Beurki Beukian, 2015 Abstract Armenians around the world commemorated the centennial of the Armenian Genocide in 2015, underscoring how compelling it is to consider contemporary expressions of their identity in relation to collective traumatic memory. This study examines the impact of the collective memory of the Genocide on the discursive shifts in Armenian national identity from 1988 until 2013. Inspired by Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and critical discourse analysis, the theoretical framework of the dissertation links national habitus to the literature on collective memory and trauma and gendered constructions of the nation state. The main research question guiding this study is: How is ‘Armenianness' constructed in the period 1988-2013? A secondary research question examined is: Has the dominant discourse on ‘Armenianness’ shifted or changed in this period, and if so, how and why? This study identifies four main pillars of Armenian collective identity in the contested construction of the discourse of ‘Armenianness’: 1) the place of women and constructions of femininity; 2) the 1988 movement in Armenia; 3) diaspora-homeland relations; and 4), Turkey- Armenia relations. Using discourse analysis to analyze 48 semi-structured interviews conducted in Armenia and Karabakh in 2011 and other ‘texts’ such as government documents, speeches, videos, and documentaries, the case of Armenia is examined not only horizontally across time, but also across several issues that shape the political and social environment of post-Soviet Armenia.
    [Show full text]
  • European Union Foreign Affairs Journal
    European Union Foreign Affairs Journal eQuarterly for European Foreign, Foreign Trade, Development, Security Policy, EU-Third Country Relations and Regional Integration (EUFAJ) N° 02– 2016 ISSN 2190-6122 Contents Editorial ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Cyber Security in the Eastern Partnership States - The Example of Moldova Natalia Spinu ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Security and Hybrid Threats: EU strengthens response and wants to include also third countries ............ 10 OSCE Peacekeepers for Ukraine?............................................................................................................... 14 Belarus at Crossroads Marek Dabrowski ............................................................................................................................................... 16 Belarus: A Repressed Economy .................................................................................................................. 36 27.02.2016 – One Year since the Assassination of Boris Nemtsov ............................................................ 40 Don’t Forget Azerbaijan’s Political Prisoners Rebecca Vincent .................................................................................................................................................. 42 The Four-day
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Market Statistics in the European Neighbourhood Policy-East Countries 2020 Edition
    Labour market statistics in the European Neighbourhood Policy-East countries 2020 edition COMPACT GUIDES Background information This short guide presents the latest data available for the European Union (EU) and the European Neighbourhood Policy-East (ENP-East) countries concerning the labour force. The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was initiated in 2004. The main objective of the ENP was to avoid the emergence of dividing lines between an enlarged EU and its closest neighbours. The ENP is complemented by regional and multilateral cooperation initiatives, for example, the Eastern Partnership. On 18 November 2015, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European Commission jointly presented a ‘Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy’ (SWD(2015) 500 final) which underlined a new approach for the EU in relation to its eastern and southern neighbours, based on stabilising the region in political, economic, and security-related terms. There are currently 16 neighbours within the ENP, of which six in the East, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Data shown for Georgia exclude the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia over which Georgia does not exercise control and the data shown for Moldova exclude areas over which the government of the Republic of Moldova does not exercise control. The latest data for Ukraine generally exclude the illegally annexed Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol and the territories which are not under control of the Ukrainian government. For this reason tables and figures providing a time series of data for Ukraine have a footnote indicating a change in coverage.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Marriage in Armenia (Overview)
    Child Marriage in Armenia (Overview) If I had this knowledge [before], I would never have married at that age. I made my life harder than it could have been. Investing in girls, —Child spouse developing their social Child marriages and economic assets, Early or child marriage is the union, whether official or not, of two persons, at least one of whom is under 18 years of age.1 By virtue ensuring they have access of being children, child spouses are considered to be incapable of giving full consent, meaning that child marriages should be considered a violation of human rights and the rights of the child. to education and health In Armenia, rates of child marriage are very low. However, child marriages occur in some remote marzes (regions)2 of the country, services, and ensuring and are more common among some minority ethnic groups. Child marriage is a gendered phenomenon that affects girls and boys that they can postpone in different ways. Overall, the number of boys in child marriages around the world is significantly lower than that of girls. Girl child spouses are also vulnerable to domestic violence and sexual abuse marriage until they are within relationships that are unequal, and if they become pregnant, often experience complications during pregnancy and childbirth, as their bodies are not ready for childbearing. Upon marrying, both ready; all this means boys and girls often have to leave education to enter the workforce and/or take up domestic responsibilities at home. greater dignity for women. Various international treaties, conventions, and programmes for action address child marriage.
    [Show full text]