Malaysian Statistics on Medicines 2015-2016
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Appendix a Common Abbreviations Used in Medication
UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM MASTERS THESIS Impact of Medication Grouping on Fall Risk Prediction in Elders: A Retrospective Analysis of MIMIC-III Critical Care Database Student: SRP Mentor: Noman Dormosh Dr. Martijn C. Schut Student No. 11412682 – SRP Tutor: Prof. dr. Ameen Abu-Hanna SRP Address: Amsterdam University Medical Center - Location AMC Department Medical Informatics Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam Practice teaching period: November 2018 - June 2019 A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medical Informatics iii Abstract Background: Falls are the leading cause of injury in elderly patients. Risk factors for falls in- cluding among others history of falls, old age, and female gender. Research studies have also linked certain medications with an increased risk of fall in what is called fall-risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs), such as psychotropics and cardiovascular drugs. However, there is a lack of consistency in the definitions of FRIDs between the studies and many studies did not use any systematic classification for medications. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of grouping medications at different levels of granularity of a medication classification system on the performance of fall risk prediction models. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III cohort database. We created seven prediction models including demographic, comorbidity and medication variables. Medica- tions were grouped using the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system (ATC) starting from the most specific scope of medications and moving up to the more generic groups: one model used individual medications (ATC level 5), four models used medication grouping at levels one, two, three and four of the ATC and one model did not include med- ications. -
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Trisindolyl-Cycloalkanes and Bis- Indolyl Naphthalene Small Molecules As Potent Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Trisindolyl-Cycloalkanes and Bis- Indolyl Naphthalene Small Molecules as Potent Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) Vorgelegt der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I Institut für Pharmazie Fachbereich für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg von Kaveh Yasrebi Geboren am 09.14.1987 in Teheran/Iran (Islamische Republik) Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Andreas Hilgeroth (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany) 2. Prof. Dr. Sibel Süzen (Ankara Üniversitesi, Turkey) 3. Prof. Dr. Michael Lalk (Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany) Halle (Saale), den 21. Juli 2020 Selbstständigkeitserklärung Hiermit erkläre ich gemäß § 5 (2) b der Promotionsordnung der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I – Institut für Pharmazie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Quellen angefertigt habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus Veröffentlichungen entnommen sind, habe ich als solche kenntlich gemacht. Ich erkläre ferner, dass diese Arbeit in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form bisher keiner anderen Prüfbehörde zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades vorgelegt wurde. Halle (Saale), den 21. Juli 2020 Kaveh Yasrebi Acknowledgement This study was carried out from June 2015 to July 2017 in the Research Group of Drug Development and Analysis led by Prof. Dr. Andreas Hilgeroth at the Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. I would like to thank all the people for their participation who supported my work in this way and helped me obtain good results. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Andreas Hilgeroth for providing me with opportunity to carry out my Ph.D. -
Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes with the Clinically Used Fluconazole: Comparison of Antifungal Activity and Therapeutic Potential
pharmaceuticals Article Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes with the Clinically Used Fluconazole: Comparison of Antifungal Activity and Therapeutic Potential Nevena Lj. Stevanovi´c 1 , Ivana Aleksic 2, Jakob Kljun 3 , Sanja Skaro Bogojevic 2 , Aleksandar Veselinovic 4, Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic 2,* , Iztok Turel 3,* , Miloš I. Djuran 5,* and Biljana Ð. Gliši´c 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovi´ca12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] (I.A.); [email protected] (S.S.B.) 3 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Veˇcnapot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, 18108 Niš, Serbia; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.N.-R.); [email protected] (I.T.); [email protected] (M.I.D.); [email protected] (B.Ð.G.); Tel.: +381-11-397-6034 (J.N.-R.); +386-1-47-98-525 (I.T.); +381-34-300-251 (M.I.D.); +381-34-336-223 (B.Ð.G.) Abstract: Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with clinically used antifungal drug fluconazole (fcz), . · {[CuCl2(fcz)2] 5H2O}n, 1, and {[ZnCl2(fcz)2] 2C2H5OH}n, 2, were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. -
The National Drugs List
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ESPGHAN/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases
CLINICAL GUIDELINES European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children in Europe: Update 2014 ÃAlfredo Guarino (Coordinator), yShai Ashkenazi, zDominique Gendrel, ÃAndrea Lo Vecchio, yRaanan Shamir, and §Hania Szajewska ABSTRACT Results: Gastroenteritis severity is linked to etiology, and rotavirus is the most Objectives: These guidelines update and extend evidence-based indications severe infectious agent and is frequently associated with dehydration. for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis in Europe. Dehydration reflects severity and should be monitored by established score Methods: The guideline development group formulated questions, systems. Investigations are generally not needed. Oral rehydration with identified data, and formulated recommendations. The latter were graded hypoosmolar solution is the major treatment and should start as soon as with the Muir Gray system and, in parallel, with the Grading of possible. Breast-feeding should not be interrupted. Regular feeding should Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations system. continue with no dietary changes including milk. Data suggest that in the hospital setting, in non–breast-fed infants and young children, lactose-free feeds can be considered in the management of gastroenteritis. Active therapy Received March 17, 2014; accepted March 19, 2014. may reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea. Effective interventions From the ÃDepartment of Translational Medical Science, Section of include administration of specific probiotics such as Lactobacillus GG or Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, the Saccharomyces boulardii, diosmectite or racecadotril. Anti-infectious drugs ySchneider Children’s Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, should be given in exceptional cases. -
New Insights Into the Effect of Amorolfine Nail Lacquer
Review article New insights into the effect of amorolfine nail lacquer C. Flagothier, C. Pie´ rard-Franchimont and G. E. Pie´ rard Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Lie`ge, Lie`ge, Belgium Summary Despite improvements in antifungal strategies, the outcome of treating onychomycoses often remains uncertain. Several factors account for treatment failure, of which the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antifungal are of importance. The taxonomic nature and ungual location of the fungus cannot be neglected, besides the type of nail and its growth rate. In addition, the biological cycle of the fungus and the metabolic activity of the pathogen likely play a marked influence in drug response. The presence of natural antimicrobial peptides in the nail is also probably a key feature controlling the cure rates. There are many outstanding publications that cover the full spectrum of the field. The purpose of this review is to put in perspective some facets of activity of the topical treatment using amorolfine nail laquer. The antifungal activity of the drug is likely less pronounced in onychomycosis than that expected from conventional in vitro studies. However, the nail laquer formulation should reduce the propensity to form antifungal-resistant spores and limit the risk of reinfection. Key words: amorolfine, antifungal, fungus, onychomycosis, spore. Topical treatments are often considered to be less Introduction efficacious than current oral treatments. However, some During the last 2 decades, the efficacy of treating topical formulations may provide effects that cannot be onychomycoses has been considerably improved by achieved by other treatments. In discussing the treat- the introduction of new generations of potent antifun- ment of onychomycosis, it should not be forgotten that gals. -
What Are the Acute Treatments for Migraine and How Are They Used?
2. Acute Treatment CQ II-2-1 What are the acute treatments for migraine and how are they used? Recommendation The mainstay of acute treatment for migraine is pharmacotherapy. The drugs used include (1) acetaminophen, (2) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), (3) ergotamines, (4) triptans and (5) antiemetics. Stratified treatment according to the severity of migraine is recommended: use NSAIDs such as aspirin and naproxen for mild to moderate headache, and use triptans for moderate to severe headache, or even mild to moderate headache when NSAIDs were ineffective in the past. It is necessary to give guidance and cautions to patients having acute attacks, and explain the methods of using medications (timing, dose, frequency of use) and medication use during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Grade A Background and Objective The objective of acute treatment is to resolve the migraine attack completely and rapidly and restore the patient’s normal functions. An ideal treatment should have the following characteristics: (1) resolves pain and associated symptoms rapidly; (2) is consistently effective; (3) no recurrence; (4) no need for additional use of medication; (5) no adverse effects; (6) can be administered by the patients themselves; and (7) low cost. Literature was searched to identify acute treatments that satisfy the above conditions. Comments and Evidence The acute treatment drugs for migraine generally include (1) acetaminophens, (2) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), (3) ergotamines, (4) triptans, and (5) antiemetics. For severe migraines including status migrainosus and migraine attacks refractory to treatment, (6) anesthetics, and (7) corticosteroids (dexamethasone) are used (Tables 1 and 2).1)-9) There are two approaches to the selection and sequencing of these medications: “step care” and “stratified care”. -
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug
pharmaceutics Review Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug–Drug Interactions of New Anti-Migraine Drugs—Lasmiditan, Gepants, and Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies Danuta Szkutnik-Fiedler Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Pozna´nUniversity of Medical Sciences, Sw.´ Marii Magdaleny 14 St., 61-861 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 30 November 2020; Published: 3 December 2020 Abstract: In the last few years, there have been significant advances in migraine management and prevention. Lasmiditan, ubrogepant, rimegepant and monoclonal antibodies (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and eptinezumab) are new drugs that were launched on the US pharmaceutical market; some of them also in Europe. This publication reviews the available worldwide references on the safety of these anti-migraine drugs with a focus on the possible drug–drug (DDI) or drug–food interactions. As is known, bioavailability of a drug and, hence, its pharmacological efficacy depend on its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which may be altered by drug interactions. This paper discusses the interactions of gepants and lasmiditan with, i.a., serotonergic drugs, CYP3A4 inhibitors, and inducers or breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. In the case of monoclonal antibodies, the issue of pharmacodynamic interactions related to the modulation of the immune system functions was addressed. It also focuses on the effect of monoclonal antibodies on expression of class Fc gamma receptors (FcγR). Keywords: migraine; lasmiditan; gepants; monoclonal antibodies; drug–drug interactions 1. Introduction Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by a repetitive, usually unilateral, pulsating headache with attacks typically lasting from 4 to 72 h. -
Comparison of Efficacy of Combination of 2% Ketoconazole
Open Access Original Article Comparison of Topical Treatments in Pityriasis Versicolor Pak Armed Forces Med J 2018; 68 (6): 1725-30 COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF COMBINATION OF 2% KETOCONAZOLE SOLUTION WASH AND TOPICAL 1% CLOTRIMAZOLE WITH TOPICAL 1% CLOTRIMAZOLE ALONE IN CASES OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR Ayesha Anwar, Naeem Raza, Najia Ahmed, Hyder Ali Awan* Pak Emirates Military Hospital/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi Pakistan, *King Abdul Aziz Naval Base, Jubail, Saudia Arabia ABSTRACT Objective: Comparison of efficacy of combination comprising 2% ketoconazole solution wash plus topical 1% clotrimazole versus topical 1% clotrimazole alone in management of patients with Pityriasis versicolor. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Dermatology department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Oct 2016 to Apr 2017. Material and Methods: Sixty patients of Pityriasis versicolor, both male and female were included in study. Diagnosis of Pityriasis versicolor was made clinically and confirmed microscopically by examining skin scrapings for fungal hyphae. Patients with concomitant systemic illnesses or those who had received anti-fungal in last three months were excluded from study. Random number tables were used to allocate patients to the two treatment groups. Group A received 2% ketoconazole shampoo twice per week for four weeks plus topical 1% clotrimazole twice daily application for 2 weeks. Group B received only topical therapy with 1% clotrimazole cream applied twice daily for 2 weeks. Assessment of treatment efficacy was done by clinical examination of patient and microscopy of skin scrapping for fungal hyphaedone at baseline and at end of study (4 weeks of treatment). A negative clinical examination and negative skin scrapping for fungal hyphae was considered effective therapeutic response. -
The Management of Common Skin Conditions in General Practice
Management of Common Skin Conditions In General Practice including the “red rash made easy” © Arroll, Fishman & Oakley, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus Reviewed by Hon A/Prof Amanda Oakley - 2019 http://www.dermnetnz.org Management of Common Skin Conditions In General Practice Contents Page Derm Map 3 Classic location: infants & children 4 Classic location: adults 5 Dermatology terminology 6 Common red rashes 7 Other common skin conditions 12 Common viral infections 14 Common bacterial infections 16 Common fungal infections 17 Arthropods 19 Eczema/dermatitis 20 Benign skin lesions 23 Skin cancers 26 Emergency dermatology 28 Clinical diagnosis of melanoma 31 Principles of diagnosis and treatment 32 Principles of treatment of eczema 33 Treatment sequence for psoriasis 34 Topical corticosteroids 35 Combination topical steroid + antimicrobial 36 Safety with topical corticosteroids 36 Emollients 37 Antipruritics 38 For further information, refer to: http://www.dermnetnz.org And http://www.derm-master.com 2 © Arroll, Fishman & Oakley, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus. Management of Common Skin Conditions In General Practice DERM MAP Start Is the patient sick ? Yes Rash could be an infection or a drug eruption? No Insect Bites – Crop of grouped papules with a central blister or scab. Is the patient in pain or the rash Yes Infection: cellulitis / erysipelas, impetigo, boil is swelling, oozing or crusting? / folliculitis, herpes simplex / zoster. Urticaria – Smooth skin surface with weals that evolve in minutes to hours. No Is the rash in a classic location? Yes See our classic location chart . -
Antifungals, Topical
Therapeutic Class Overview Antifungals, Topical INTRODUCTION The topical antifungals are available in multiple dosage forms and are indicated for a number of fungal infections and related conditions. In general, these agents are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis, onychomycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and tinea versicolor (Clinical Pharmacology 2018). The antifungals may be further classified into the following categories based upon their chemical structures: allylamines (naftifine, terbinafine [only available over the counter (OTC)]), azoles (clotrimazole, econazole, efinaconazole, ketoconazole, luliconazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole), benzylamines (butenafine), hydroxypyridones (ciclopirox), oxaborole (tavaborole), polyenes (nystatin), thiocarbamates (tolnaftate [no FDA-approved formulations]), and miscellaneous (undecylenic acid [no FDA-approved formulations]) (Micromedex 2018). The topical antifungals are available as single entity and/or combination products. Two combination products, nystatin/triamcinolone and Lotrisone (clotrimazole/betamethasone), contain an antifungal and a corticosteroid preparation. The corticosteroid helps to decrease inflammation and indirectly hasten healing time. The other combination product, Vusion (miconazole/zinc oxide/white petrolatum), contains an antifungal and zinc oxide. Zinc oxide acts as a skin protectant and mild astringent with weak antiseptic properties and helps to -
List of Union Reference Dates A
Active substance name (INN) EU DLP BfArM / BAH DLP yearly PSUR 6-month-PSUR yearly PSUR bis DLP (List of Union PSUR Submission Reference Dates and Frequency (List of Union Frequency of Reference Dates and submission of Periodic Frequency of submission of Safety Update Reports, Periodic Safety Update 30 Nov. 2012) Reports, 30 Nov.