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. Streqmlinimg the Government

. The l\lationa I Economy " New Dance Drama

.V

.* Portable sprinkler on the Inner Mongolian grassland Li Xiao/bng PUBLISHED MONTHLV IN ENGLISH. FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND cHrNEsE By rHE cHtNA wETFARE INSTITUTE tsoor.rc-' CHING LING, CHAIRMANI voL xxtx No. 12 DECEMBER 1980 Articles of the Month

CONTENTS Streomlining the Government Politics Mojor reshuffle of ronk" Good Start at Streamlining Governmenl ing officiols initiotes o New Leaders in the State 4 reform in the system ol stote Historic Congress Session 7 leodership, lts reo. sons ond oims. Brief Economy biogrophies ol newlv oo- pointed leoders, The Economy: Successes in 1980, Targets for jg8j I Poge 2 Main Economic Targets for 1981 (Chart) 14 Helps Backward Small lndustries 34 Saltwater Farming in the Penglai lslands 36 Chino's Economy in r980-81 Pureaucrats on Steody odvonce is the keynote, Results of reod- Culture ond Arts justment ond restructur- 'Flying ing so for, The situotion New Dance Drama: to the Moon' 21 now. Plons for next yeor. Foreign Literature Comes Back to 44 Poge 9 Dong Chensheng Folk Artist to Painter 46 Tomb Finds Tell -More about Ming Life 69 ScienceT Medicine Fudan U. Honors U,S. Physicist-A Heartfelt Reunion 28 'Flying to the Moon' Plastic Surgery in China 5B A donce dromo bosid on Youth two oncient ond much. loved Young People in 'Oil City' 16 legends. Morks" progress ond o new style lvliddle Schoo! Champions 40 in this lorm of stoge ort. Across the Lond Poge 2t Famed Temples Being Restored 30 The Laiyang Pear 52 The Temple-Girt Wudang Mountains 54 Ning Yong ond Fudon World's Biggest Tiger 62 The fomous Chinese-Ameri. Columns ond Speciols ron physicist, o Nobel Prize Chinese History XXVII winner, ond his links with o The Ming Dynasty:- 5 The Struggle for Territorial noted Shonghoi irnstituti'oon. So.vereignty Begins - 67 How he is helping Chino's reseorch lodoy, English History Society Founded 22 Poge 28 Chinese Cookery: Lion's Head Meatballs 13 Our Postbag 20 Children: Handicapped But Not Disabled 39 cartoons 53 Language Lesson 24 Bureoucrots on Triol Send-off 71

Front Cover: Chang'e, the Lady in the Moon (from new dance drama, see p. 21)

Editoriol Oflica: iVoi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino. Coble:,,CHtRECONii Bpijthg, Goncrol Disributor:: GUOJI EHUDIAN, p.c[, Fox 399, BeijiiE; ChT&. ood tart m& trea frnEm @Yeffffi em&

ZHENG STIE

Outgoing Premie,r Hua Guofeng with new Premier .

CHINA EECONSTBUOTS Ihe Fifth Session of ihe National People's Congress Photos bU Xinhua m.eeting in the Great Hall of ,the People in Beijing.

fr UtNn has begun to streamline also appointed three new vice- many which should be decided by \-, h". governmental machinery premiers and five new vice- administrators. As between the f or more efficient functioning. chairmen of its own Standing center and the periphery, it is now Starting with the last session of the Committee. evident that certain powers over- National People's Congress, the For a background to the aging concentrated in the national following steps are being taken. of persons in high posts, it will government should devolve io re- First, no longer, as in the past, be recalled that during the reuolu- gional governments. Concurrent wlll the first secretaries at all tionary wars the leaders of, the job holding and overcentralization. Ievels in country's leading the Communist Party and of the base experience proves, inevitably does party, the Communist Party of areas established previous to harm to democracy and to collec- China, hold concurent posts in the China's nationwide liberation were tive leadership in both the Party government at the same level a in their thirties or forties. Ten and the governrnent. It leads to practice which led to over-- years after the establishment of the bureaucracy and, even worse, to concentration of power. Second, major decisions taken arbitrarily holders of high government posts People's Republic they were still in the prime of life. At that time by individuals. For many years will in most cases be retired when China suffered from this; and over-age, Third, besides being the question of superannuation di.d not loom large, nor was there any especially from 1965 to 1976 when faithful to the Party line, new political provision made for it. the country was in leading personnel will be younger upheaval. After the fall of the gang of four and professionally capable in their The new situation in which in 1976, though such veteran own fields as required by the China striving to modernize revolutionaries were much older, is socialist modernization of the requires younger, capable leaders the problem for most was not re- country. with practical experience and pro- tirement reinstatement a In September, the National but after fessional kno-,vledge. These meas- period People's Congress, China's supreme of persecution and unjust ures are aimed at implementing organ of state power, accepted the and illegal exciusion from their collective Ieadership and abolishing resignation of Party Chairman Hua posts. To these posts they returned. the practice of Iifelong posts. poor Guofeng as premier and Party But owing to age and health The personael changes at this Vice-Chairman Deng Xiaoping as many persons were not as effec- Iast People's Congress were an vice-premier as well those tive as the situation required. - as initial step in a long-range policy. five other vice-premiers whose The second defect, the pre- Party leaders released from ages ranged from 71 to 79. Also valence of concurrent posts in the government posts will concentrate resigning were five vice-chairmen Party and government, meant that on tiandling the Party's internal of the Standing Committee of the power.tended to be overconcentrat- affairs, decide the line and policies Congress who were either ad- ed and the work load too great. of the Party and concern them- vanced in age or poor in health. Many a leader held several posts eelves with its ideological, political The move was proposed by at the same time, the reasoning and organizational work. The new the Communist Party Central being that this could give effect measures, it is expected, will help Committee. to unified leadership under the establish an effective government Zhao Ziyang is China's new Party. Party committees had the network from the State Council Premier. The People's Congress final say on all matters, including down to regional levels. D

DECEMBER' 1980 llew leaders in the $tate

(^t HINA'S premier new is Zhao ETOLLOWING are short biogra- \-r Ziyang, whose brief biography r phies of the five new Vice- is given below. Chairmen of the N.P.C" Standing ZIIAO ZIYANG Committee. Born in 1919 in Huaxian county, Henan province, Zhao Ziyang joined the Communist Youth Born in 1915 in Zhangzhou, League in March 1S32 and the Fujian province, Peng Chong Communist Party in February joined the Communist Youth q 1938. During the War of Re- League in 1933 and the Com- sistance Against Japan, he served munist Party of China in 1934. In Zb,ao Ziyatg as a county and prefectural Party the early 1930s he engaged in secretary in the Hebei-Shandong- underground Party work and Henan anti-Japanese base area. During the War of Liberation, helped lead the student movement deputy secretary of the Tongbai in the Zhangzhou area. area Party committee. During the War of Resistance Ifi 1951, he went to Guangdong Against Japan (1937-45), he held province to lead the land reform various positions in the base areas there. Later he served in the in southern . He served as South China Sub-Bureau of the regimental and divisional political Central Committee and headed commissar during the War of the Guangdong Provincial Party Liberation (1946-49). Committtee. He became secretary After liberation he was Party Peng Chong of the Inner Mongolian Regional secretary and mayor of Nanjing Party Committee in 19?1, later re- and First Secretary of the Jiangsu post turned to his old in Guang- Provincial Party Committee. dong, 1975 served as and after After the downfall of the gang First Secretary of the Sichuan f among other Provincial Party Committee and of our, he held, as China's Vice-Premier. posts, those of first Party secre- He was elected a member of the tary and mayor of Shanghai. 10th and 11th Party Central Com- He was an alternate member of xi mittees, and bn alternate member the Ninth and Tenth Party Central Zhongxun of the latter's Political Bureau. Committees, and is now a member Subsequently he became a full of the 11th Party Central Com- member of the Political Bureau mittee and of its Political Bureau and of its Standing Committee. and Secretariat.

Yang Shangkun Bainqen Erdini

.-.",,:,l,ti

CHINA BECONSTRUOTS XI ZHONGXUN Xi Zhongxun was an alternate took part in directing the Huaihai Born in Shaanxi province in member of the Seventh and Eighth Campaign, which was one of the 1913, Xi Zhongxun joined Party Central Committees and is decisive ones in that war. As the now a member of the 1lth. Communist Youth League in 1g26 Deputy Commander of the Third and the Communist Party 1g28. Field Army he helped direct the in SU YU He took part in the student forcing of the Changjiang River movement and, from 1930 to 1932 Born in Hunan province, in and capture of Shanghai. did underground Party work 1907, Su Yu joined the Com- From 1951 onward he served among soldiers in the Northwest munist Youth League in 1926 and successively as Deputy Chief and Army. Fr:om 1932 to 1936 he led the Communist Party of China then Chief of the General Staff the peasant movement and the following year. He partici- of the Chinese People's Liberation guerrilla war in Shaanxi and pated in the Nanchang Uprising Army and Vice-Minister of Nation- Gansu provinces. As Chairman of which established ttre Chinese Red al Defense. the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Area Army'in 1927 and then followed Su Yu was an alternate member Soviet Government, he directed Zhu De and to the Jing- of the Seventh Party Central the battles that smashed the first, gang Mountains to join with the Committee, and a member of the second and third encirclement forces there under Mao Zedong. Eighth, Ninth and Tenth C.P.C. campaigns launched by Kuomin- He held various posts in the Chi- Central Committees. He is now a tang troops against the area. nese Red Army and took part in member of the 11th Party Central He was secretary of a Shaanxi the five campaigns against Kuo- Committee, of the Standing Com- prefectural Party committee from mintang encirclement of the Cen- mittee of the Fifth National Peo- 1936 to 1943, and from 1943 to 1949 tral Revolutionary Base Area, ple's Congress and of tire Standing Deputy Head of the Organization Later under the most difficult Committee of the Military Com- Department of the C.P.C. Central conditions, he set up the guerrilla mission of the C.P.C. Central Committee and Secretary of the base in southern prov- Committee. Northwest Bureau of the C.P.C. ince and led guerrilla 'warfare , Central there for three Committee. With the 5.rears. YANG SHANGKUN famous commanders Peng Dehuai During the war against Japan, and He Long, he took part in he served in the New Fourth Born in Sichuan province in directing the campaigns to defend Army south of the Changjiang 1907, Yang Shangkun joined the Yanan and to liberate northwest (Yangtze) River and in northern Communist Youth League in 1925 China. Jiangsu province, and with Chen and the Communist Party of China After liberation, he served as Yi helped establish and expand in 1926, and took part in the First Secretary of the Northwest the resistance base areas in student movement in Sichuan and Bureau of the C.P.C. Central southern and central Jiangsu. He Shanghai in that period. From Committee, Head of the Propa- became commander and con- 1927 to 1930, he studied at Sun ganda Department of the Party currently political commissar of Yat-sen University in Moscow. Central Committee, Secretary- the first division of the New .A.fter his return to China in 1931 General of the State Council and Fourth Army after it was attacked he served as Secretary of the Vice-Premier. After the downfall by the Kuomintang in the South Party fraction the AII-China gang in of the of four he became Anhui Incident of 1941. Federation of Trade Unions and First Secretary of the Guangdong In the War of Liberation he Head of the Propaganda Depart- Provincial Party Committee and served as Acting Commander of ment of the C.P.C. Central Com- Governor province. of Guangdong the East China Field Army and mittee and helped organize and Iead the workers' moveyent and Aiping Huang Hua the movement against- Japanese aggression and for national salva- tion in Shanghai. He took part in the 1934-35 Long March and as an observer attended the (Tsunyi) Meeting which marked the turn to victory in the Long March and was a key point in Chinese history. He became Secretary of the North China Bureau of the Pa.rty Central Committee in-1937, organ- izing and leading the work in.the anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines in north China. In 1945 he became Secretary-General

DECEMBER 1980 of the Military Commission of the Party the following year. He took He still holds the latter two C.P.C. Central Committee. part in the activities of the Hui positions. After liberation he served as people to resist the Japanese in- An alternate member of the Deputy Secretary-General of the vaders and later became political Eighth Party Central Committee, Party Central Committee. From commissar of the Hui people's he is now a member of the llth 1978 onward, in Guangdong prov- cavalry regiment in the Shaanxi- Party Central Committee. ince he was Vice-Governor and Gansu-Ningxia Border Area. Dur- Second Secretary of its Party ing the War of Liberation he was IIUANG HUA Committee and Vice-Chairman of a member of the Nationalities Revolutionary its Committee, and Affairs Commission of that area Party Secretary and Huang Hua was born in Hebei Chairman of and helped defend it com- Revolutionary as province in 1913, and joined the the Committee in mander of a guerrilla unit. the city of Guangzhou. Chinese Communist Party in 1936. After liberation, he served suc- Yang Shangkun was a member He took part in the December 9th cessively as First Secretary of the of the Eighth Party Central Com- Student Movement in 1935 and mittee, and is norv a member of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Re- was once secretary of the PartY the 1lth Party Central Committee. gional Committee of the Chinese fraction in the Municipal Students' Communist Party, Chairman of Federation of Beiping (as Beijing the Regional People's Council, and BAINQEN (PANCHEN) ERDINI was then known). He went to the member of the Secretariat of the Northern Shaanxi Revolutionary Bainqen Erdini Qoigyi Gyain- I{orthr,r'est Bureau of the C.P.C. Base Area in the summer of 1936 cain, of Tibetan nationality, Central Committee. He is now ahd became an English interpreter was born in Qinghai province in Deputy Head of the United Front for the General Headquarters of 1938, In ,1941, through religious Work Department of the C.P.C. the Red Army and the Military procedures he was chosen as the Central Committee and Minister in Commission of the C.P.C. Central tenth reincarnation of Bainqen, Charge of the State Natiqnalities Committee. After 1938 he was one of the founders of the Yellow Affairs Commission. for a tirne the secretary of the Sect of Tibetan Buddhism: Yang Jingren is a member of Party fraction in the All-China At liberation in 1949 Bainqen the 11th Party Central Committee. Students' Federation. After 1944 Erdini expressed his hope for the he served as secretary and head liberation of Tibet at an early date. ZHANG AIPING of the information office on the He i'eturned to Tibet, the tradi- side of the Chinese Communist tional seat of his religious position Born in Sichuan province in Party at the Beiping Execu- in 1952. joined the 1910, Zhang Aiping tive Headquarters f or Military He has served in various posts Communist Youth League in 1926 on standing committees the Mediation. of and the Communist Party of China foreign First and Second National People's Head of the offices of in 1928. He took part in the affairs of the militarY control Congresses and in the leadership student and peasant movements of the Chinese People's Political commissions in , Nanjing between 1925 and 1929 and joined 1949 and Consuitative Conference. He was and Shanghai between the Red Army in 1929. After 1930, 1953. Delegate for political nego- First Vice-Chairman and Acting he served as Secretary-General of Preparatory tiations from the Chinese Peo- Chairman of the the Central Bureau of the Com- Committee Autono- ple's Volunteers Delegation in fdr the Tibet munist Youth League. He took part mous Region. Korea in 1953. With Comrade in the Long March. He is now a deputy to the , he attended the commander the National People's Congress and He was a in Geneva Conference on Indo-China held Honorary Prefrdent of the Chinese New Fourth Army and the Bandung Con- various other mili(ary posts in in 1954 and Buddhists' Association. ference in 1955, the latter as east and central China. He be- spokesman for the Chinese dele- came commander and political T;.lOLLOWING are short biog- gation. He was later a department commissar of the navy under the .f raphies of the three new Ministry of Fqreign East China Military Area Com- director in the Vice-Premiers. Ambassador to mand in April 1949 and helped in Affairs, Chinese Ghana, the United Arab RePublic YANG JINGREN founding the navy of the Chinese People's Li.beration Arrny. and Canada, and China's Per- Yang Jingren, of Hui nationality, After liberation he became Dep- manent Representative to the was born in Lanzhou, Gansu prov- uty Director of the National De- United Nations, Minister of For- ince, in 1918. He took part in ihe fense Industrial Office, Deputy ei.gn Affairs sinee 1976. student movement against Japa- Chief of the General Staff of -the Huang Hua was a member of nese aggression and in support of People's Liberation Army and the tenth Party Central Commit- the Xi'an Incident in 1936, and Deputy Director of the National tee and is now a member of the joined the Chinese Communist Defense Scientific Commission, 11th. tr

6 CHINA RECONSIBUCTS FOR YOUR REFERET{CE

Historie Gongress Session

o The National People's Congress People's Republic of China with l, tr'or. important laws adopted is China's supreme organ of Yie Jianying as chairman, Soong at the sessioh were: the Marriage state power. A session held from Ching Ling and as vice- Law which raises the original mar- August 30 to September 10 in chairmen and Ding Gtiangxun and riage age from 20 for men and 18 tseijing, marked by democracy 103 others as members" for women to22 arrd 20 respectively and many reforms, was attended o A resolution was adopted to and contains ,specific provisions 3,478 Concurrently by deputies. delete immediately from Article 45 concerning the equality of the People's Political the Chinese of the Constitution the wording sexes, marriage, the rights dnd Conference, an Consultative "speak out freely, air views fully, duties parents and children, important body for giving effect of hold great debates and write big- and unity and cooperation of matters concerning divorce to the character posters." (These China's nationalities, democratic were inheritance, etc.; the Nationality general parties and prominent personalities not categories but referred Law, which clearly stipulates that in various fields under the leader- specifically to f orms developed "no dual nationality is recognized ship of the Communist Party, held during the cultural .revolution for any Chinese national"; the a session attended by 2,055 which had proved to be harmful Income Tax Law on Joint Ventures mernbers. to genuine democratic expression.) with Chinese 'and Foreign In- o The congress appointed a new The article now reads in full: vestment which sets the tax rate premier, Zhao Ziyang, and three "Citizens enjoy freedom of speech, at 33 percent, lower than those in new vice-premiers and elected five correspondence, the press, as- any other countries; the Individual vice-chairmen to its Standing sembly, association, procession, Income Tax Law, under which in- Committee. It accepted the resig- demonstration and the freedom to come from wages and salaries in 'nations of Premier Hua Guo- strike." excess of 800 yuan a month shall feng, six vice-premiers, and five vice-chairmen of the congress Standing Committee. This was an Minister of Metallurgical Industry Tang Ke and Vice-Minister Ye Qiang (front row, third and fourth from left) answer questions from ileputies about importing initial step in reforming the metallurgical techniques and equipment. government leadership. o, The congress examined and approved the Report on the Arrangement for the National Economic Plans for 1980 and 1981 by Vice-Premier Yao Yilin, who is concurrently the Minister in Charge of the State Planning Commission, and the Report on the State Budget for 1980, the Final State Accounts for 1979 and the Budgetary Estimate for 1981 pre- sented by Finance Minister Wang . These reports contained down-to-earth assessments of .- achievements and shortcomings in the past, and of difficulties China may meet in future. They made public key figures on various matters, including the budgetary deficit. e The congress set up a committee for revising the Constitution of the

DECEMBEB I98O } ,

,.+d".

Foreign tliplomats and reporteN ai the s€ssion. Photos bg Xinhua

be taxed at progressive xate rang- before, more educated and profes- Huang Huoqing pointed out that, ing from 5 percent to 45 percent. sionally proficient. in 24 out of China's 28 major Since the salaries of Chinese ' Peng Zhen, Viee-Chairman of administrative divisions (prov* goyernment employees and work- the N.P.C. Standing Committee inces, municipalities and national ers of state enterprises are usually reported on the work of the Stand- autonomous regions) the pro- beneath the sum stipulated, the ing {' Committee. curatorates have brought more law will affect almost solely the President Jiang Hua of the than 10,000 cases, mostly against foreign or Chinese employees Supreme People's Court and government functionaries who working joint for ent'erprises with President Huang Huoqing of the infringed the law; and 477 cases Chinese and foreign investment. Supreme People's .Procuratorate concerning grave accidents due to The new marriage law will go into reported on work of these two negligence of duty, such as that of effect on January 7, 1981, the judicial organs. Jiang Hua re- the capsizing. of the offshore oil other three laws have been bind- vealed that, up to last June, of the rig Bohai No. 2. He also noted ing since their promulgation on 7.2 milLion criminal cases ad- great progress in the maintenance Septernb,er judicated 'But : 10, 1980. by courrs during the of law and order. juvenile In his speech Hua Guofeng, cultural revolution 1..13 million had delinquency, he revealed, still ac- speakilg as premier before va- been re-examined by people's counts for a big pe.rcentage . of cating the post, listed five major courts at various levels, that crimes committed. tasks in government work this 251,000 sent€nces involving 267,000 Throughout the .session the year and the next: They are 1. people proved to have been falsely deputies made criticisms and raised Draw up a long-term program; 2. or wrongiy accused have been re- questions with regard to govern- Reform the structure of economic versed, and that of this number 64 ment work. Leading personnel of management; 3. Eliminate bu- percert nationally (70 to 80 per- the ministries and departments reaucracy and. improve govern- cent in some regions) were false concerned gave answers and'ex- ment work; 4. Strengthen so- accusations or frame-ups on planations. Exerpts from the cialist demoeracy and the socialist charges of counter-revolution. The criticisms and questions by legal system; and 5. Ensure that people's courts, he said, now deputies were printed extensively the leading government personnel operate in accordance with norrnal in the press, which had not been ht alt levels are younger than legal procedures, the practice before. D

8 CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS The Economy: $uooes$es in 1980, Targets for l98l

ZHOU ZHIYING

REPORT on how e national producer of some major farm called for the commiss.ioning of economic plan f 1980 was products, and reduced or remitted 118 of these, but 128 projects were being implemented and what tar- taxes from poorer rural comfnunes actually commissioned" There was gets were being set for the plan and their subordinate units. AII an increase in the portion of the for 1981 confirmed that good pro- this has stimulated the peasants to total investment in capital con- gress has been made in carrying produce more and accelerated ag- struction allocated for housing for out the policy of readjustment, ricultural growth. In 1979, the workers and staff, for buildings restructuring, consolidation and gross output of agriculture (by and installations serving science, improvement of the economy pur- value) increased by 8.6 percent culture, education and public sued over the past year. The over 1978. Total grain output was health, and for city construction. report was submitted to the Third 332.12 million tons, 27.37 million It grew from 17.4 percent in 1978 Session of the Fifth National Peo- tons more than the excellent har- to 27 percent in 1979, ple's Congress held in Beijing in vest of 1978. The output of oil- August and September. seeds and meat increased substan- Life Has Inrproved For a considerable period in the State purchases of agricul- tially. The people's life has improved, past, there were many ultra-Left tural by-products have increased. In the countryside, per capita tendencies in economic work. Meat is no longer rationed, 'The the income of commune members lor Moreover, full account was not sluggish growth agriculture in their work in collective production taken of the lessons of past ex- which prevailed for many years averaged 83.4 yuan in 1979, a rise perience. Up till 1978 some quotas has begun to change. of 9.4 yuan over 1978. en- were unrealistically high, capital Priority is now given to light In the tire 11 years between 1965 and construction was undertaken on industry in the supply of raw 1976 it had risen by only 10.5 yuan. too large a scale and some projects materials, fuel and power, so its In the cities and towns, 9,030,000 were initiated without regard tor 1979 gross output value increased people were provided rnil.h job.s, overall balance. This finally by 9.6 percent over that for 1978. Wages of 40 percent of the work- brought latent or concealed econo- It exceeded the 7.7 percent increase were A11 mic dislocations out into the open. for heavy industry in the same ers and staff raised. wage and salary earners now re- Early in 1979 efforts were made '' period, a rare change in China's to readjust the relationship bei post-liberation industrial history. ceive in addition a monthly sub- tween the major sectors; putting In heavy industry a number of sidy to cover increases in the price greater stress on agriculture and enterprises producing high-cost, of nonstaple foods resull,ing frtirrr light industry and less on heavy poor-quality or unmarketable higher payments to f arm pro- industry. More funds were freed goods, or operating at a lbss; werq ducers. A system of rewards for for consumption and less put into closed, suspended operations, were more work universally introcluced accumulation in order to provide amalgamated with other units or in enterprises is also increasing in- needed stimuli f or sustained switched to making other products. comes. Last year's per capita pay econornic growth. Production of goods in oversuPply for workers and staff in stal,e-run was curtailed, while that of units averAged 705 yuani 61 yuan Agriculture and Light Indu.stry readily-marketable items rose. above the 1978 figure. We have had initial succmses in With more furlds used for con- As a result, the developrnent of curtailing overextended capital sumption, the rate of accumula- agriculture and light industry has construction and getting better re- tion dropped from 36.5 percent ot speeded up. A set of new rural sults from investment. In 1979, the national income in 1978 'co 33.6 policies has been put into effect. 295 large and medium-sized pro- pereent in 1979. This resulted The state has allotted more money jects in this category were sus- mainly from an increase in the and materials to agriculture, con- pended or postponed. On the other consurnption funds among both siderably raised prices paid to the hand, work on a greater number rural and urban population, (in. of much-needed but hitherto un- cluding expenditures on science, ZHOA ZIJIYING is a bureau head ot .finished large and medium-sized educatioh, public health and so- the National Planning Commission. projects was speeded up. The plan cial welfare). Also contrib-uting to

I}ECEMBEE 1980 it were the limiting of capital much to arouse the initiative of ties, of the enterprises and of the construction and economizing on these enterprises and the attention individual workers. 3. The ma- circulating funds. of their workers and staff to mat- terial interests of the workers Initial steps to reform economic ters of management, the market, linked with those of 'their management have also helped service and competition. Advances enterprise. enliven the economy as a whole. in output, quality and profit have Formerly there was too much resulted. Readjustment and Reform Results emphasis on centralized economic In the financial sphere, instead Better management and little flexibility of allocations being made, as pre- economic results have was allowed. This curbed the in- viously, from a large central fund been achieved by adjusting the relationships between itiative and enthusiasm of local ("eating from one big pot"), cen- sectors of enterprises and of the workers, the economy, introducing reforms tral and local authorities are being in 'management and hampered production and the made responsible for their own and consolidating enterprises. circulation of goods and funds. financial balances. This has Inappropriate policies for invest- strengthened the motivation of the In agriculture there had been overstress growing grain, ment, allocation of funds for in- localities to boost receipts and cut on ir- dustry, managernent of labor and down expenditures. respective of natural conditions. This has been overcome, as has distribution of income also held In foreign trade a start has been the tendency back the development of the so- made on a number of experiment- to expand agricul- tural capital construction without cialist economy. In the past year aI reforms, which now give ap- or so, new more regard to cost. AIso, in 1979, pro- and flexible poli- propriate powers to localities and cies have been pioneered. duction expenses took up a small- certain industrial departments to er share of the total earnings of engage in import and export trade, New Policies in Various Fields agriculture, resulting in further and allow them to retain a share savrng. During the first half of this of the foreign currency thus In industry, measures to econo- year experiments were made in earned. 'decision-making mize on energy have begun to giving added All these experiments give ef- show effect. Last year, with less powers to 6,600 industrial enter- fect to three principles: 1. Regula- than 3 percent increase in power prises whose aggregate output tion through planning combined production, gross industrial out- value accounts for about 45 per- with regulation by the market. put value rose 8.5 percent. In the cent of that of all China's state- 2. Account taken of the interests first half of this year, with only run industry. They have done of both central and local authori- a slight increase in the eupply of

Areas with gootl contlitions for growing grain, such as Friend- Priority wiII be given to €nergy saving in tho immetliato ship Farm below in far northerly Hellongjiang province, future, with technrical transformation, like electrification of will pioduce more, but less emphasis will be placed on grain a, pafi of the Xiangtan-Chongqing rail line, playing its role. in areas with poor conditrions for it. Liu Xionggang Hua Ai {',i

\ ,l fr

Modernization of agriculture witl concentraie on utilization of modern science. Xinhua porVer, value of production was the people in quantitY, quaiitY or for major f arm Products and 13.6 percent higher. variety of goods supPlied. In the reducing or remitting of the The turnover of circulating coal and petroleum industries, agricultural tax in Poor areas; funds has been speeded up. In owing to readjustments, the 2. Providing a large number of state-run commercial enterprises, growth rate of Production has new jobs and raising wages; 3. Al- clearing out the storehouse, im- slackened. Capital construction by lowing localities and ent'erprises provement of 'manageinent and localities or departments with to keep a percentage of their Pro- other measures cut down in 1979 local funds is still overextended. fits; 4. Increased aPProPriations by three billion the amount of im- Life is still very hard for the ,peas- for the development of agriculture mobilized funds as ants in some areas. The incomes and Iight industrY; 5. An increase circulating in compared to 1978. In the first half of scientific research workers, in national defense expenditure of 1980, it was seven billion less teachers, medical and government view of the constant threat from than in the same period last year. woikers, who do not have a bonus hegemonism; 6. RePaYment of Fixed assets which had been system, have increased little or not bick salaries and other finahcial idle are being put into oPeration' at all. For Some, the standard of aid to large numbers of PeoPle Those actually in operation ac- living has actually fallen. who had been persecuted bY Lin counted for 83.7 percent of the Biao and the gang of four. total investment in capital con- Budget Deficit Last year's deficit was covered struction in 1979, as comPared to from the surplus accumulated in yuan) 74.3 percent in 1978. State revenue for 1979 was previous years (8.04 billion Despite progress made, the prob- 110.33 billion yuan and exPendi- and an overdraft from the Peo- lems are still many,'Agriculture ture 12?.39 billion Yuan, showing ple's Bank of China (9.02 billion is still very backward in areas a deficit of 17.06 billion Yuan' yuan). FortunatelY, owing to the where economic development has This was because the amount col- great increase in retail sales of been slow for years and where na- Iected from the people was less, consumer goods and in urban bank tural conditions for farming are while state exPenditures grew. savings and to the unused funds not good. Light industry and Specific reasons included: 1. kept in reserve in bank accounts textiles cannot rneet the needs of Higher state purchase Prices the national overdraft was quickly

DECEMBEB I98O t1 In accordance with the plan, the total output value of industry and agriculture in 1980 is expected to ...:-::}i]t:i be 5.5 percent over that for 1979, :,i;' ,ft.-".{.'{'. Lil and another' 5.5 percent increase is projected for 1981. One shor.rld pause here to explain the drop in the industrial rate of growth fig- ures from the reported 14.3 per- cent in 1977 and 13.5 percent in 1978 to 8.5 percent in 1979 and an ffiffi-ffi#r expected 6 percent in both 1980 and 1981. In the years 1977 and 1978 things were still in confusion after the gang of four and exag- gerated figures were given, often including goods of unsalable qual- ity in the storehouses. Since 1979 when the economic readjustment r$'i- began, the speed in development it;;,.* ' has been solidly-based and truly Q i" .. :\ h reflected in the figures. The job now is to do sti1l better work in cur0ailing of overextentlect capital construction is enabldng rapid completion of the urgently oeeded Qinling Thermal Fower Flatrt in shian-xi province, whose readjustment and not put stress second stage is now unde'r construction, six years after the first stage rvas finisherl. on speed alone. Yao Zongyi Total investment for capital construction.in 1980 will be held made up, and did not require the noiogy, education, public' health, down to 50 billion yuan, about the issue of additional currency. urban constr-uction, environment- same as in 1979, and in 1981 it aI protection and labor protection. will be limited to 55 billion yuan. Tasks and Targets Overall consideration will be given The state budget for 1980 will to achieving feasible economic be six percent (6.4 billion yuan) The main economic task for 1980 results, and to increasing revenues. greater than in 1979 and budget and 1981 is to continue the policy With greater production in agricul- estimates for 1981 project 9.17 bil- of readjustment, restructuring, ture and industry, both the rural lion yuan. consolidation and improvement so and urban standards of living A favorable prospect is that na- as to bring about the coordinated should go up. tural population growth, which development of industrial and agricultural production and other undertakings. Specifically, the Greater stress on light industry means, among otlqer things, more TV sets. Tubes being tested above, all China-made, represent air improvernent in quality, with growth of agriculture and light capacity for 5,000 hours of service. Zhang Liuren industry is to be speeded up to supply consumer goods in comes- pondence to the rise in purchasing power. Greater efforts will be made to increase energy supplies, to improve communications service and the building industry, and to readjust produrction in the me- tallurgical, chemical and other heavy industries so as to better serve agriculture, light industry and the eeonomy as a whole. The scale of capital construction will continue to be strietly con- trolled, and efforts will be made to shorten the time of building so as to get more projects completed and into operation. Foreign trade and international economic exchange are to be expanded. More efforts wiII be put into science and tech-

12 CI{INA R,EOONSTR,UOTS was 1,17 percent in 1979 is expect- Technical transformations wiil ed to drop to 1 percent in 1981. center around saving energY. Pre- pgrations will begin next Year to Chinese Cookery Measures to Guarantee Plan renovate medium and low-voltage generating units whieh consume [ion's Head Meatballs To fulfill the plans for 1980 and too much coal. Machinery with pur- be 1981 successfully, the state is high energy consumption will (Shizituu) suing vigorous measures, the most modernized. Experiments will important of which are: begin with trucks next Yeer. We 1. In agriculture, to conscien- had gone into large-scale conver- 1 lb. minced fab Pork dried mushrooms, soaked tiously carry out the set economic sion oil fuel in recent Years 3 to sPring onion policies, respect the autonomy of without a full knowledge of our 2 inches tablesPoons dried shrimPs, decision in communes and bri- oil resources. Now we are eonvert- 3 gades, proceed from actual condi- soaked ing back to coal. slice ginger tions and use various forms of as- in the 1 4. Further readjustments 2rlz tablespoons rice wine (or signing responsibility to smaller are structure of heavY indrtstrY sherrY) groups or in some cases to projected, especially in the ma- must 2 tablespoons soya sauce households. However, all this chine-building industry. Part of departing from its ttl, teaspoons sugar be done without capacity is now idle, but at the principles state or collective Yz lb. hearts of rafe or cabbage the of same time some consumer goods ownership of the means of produc- 4 tablespoons oi1 are in short supply. This hinders 1 cup boiling chicken broth tion, and distribution according to harmonious develoPfnent of work done. And the 1 teaspoon salt the amount of the entire economy. The keY to must be made to improve Chop finely mushrooms, onion, efforts problem an active and sub management collectively- the is shrimp, and ginger and mix with in the stantial readjustment in heavy in- owned economy. meat. Add wine, soya sauce, salt dustry, especially machihe-build- in To enliven the rural economy and sugar. Cut the vegetable needs ser,ves. sideline production and local trade ing, as regards the it quarters lengthwise. ShaPe meat fairs are being fostered. On the Scientific research and the import into 4 balls. Heat oil until it principle suitability local of technology should be stepped smokes, add vegetables and stir to of to made conditions, there will be gradual up. Greater efforts should be coat with oil. Place meatballs on manufac- souP. readjustment of the agricultural to trial-produce and top of vegetable and add structure and distribution of pro- ture new-type machines and elec- Bring to a boil and simmer 15 urgent- duction, with overall arrangernents tronic products which are minutes. Serves {our. of for the development of forestry, ly required, highly efficient, animal husbandry and fishing. At high quality and low in energy- the same time, science and tech- consumption and cost of Produc- tion. Energetic efforts will also nology are to be energetically pro- the creAtion of more jobs through moted and popularized. be put into improving China's voluntary self

DECEMBER 1980 13 MAIN ECONOMIC TARGETS FOR I98I

Steel Motor vehicles

35 million tons 160,000

Cement Chemical ferti I izer

78 million 12.3 million tons tons Total industrial output value Cotton yarn 620 million tons 2.865 million tons 103.24 ,nn 101 .64

Electric powel 312,000 mil 2.6 million tons 104 kwh. 104 106 million tons 342.5 million tons 100 103

Grain

Cotton Total agricultural output value 2.55 million tons

100

Domestic retail trade + 220,000 million 107 .32

119.44 100 112.38 Foreign trade + 55,900 million

Wristwatches Sewing machines 23.6 million 8.6 million

Bicycles 14.84 million s

Estimated increase over 1980 Chart bY Fan KaiYe & oung People tm I[ ifi '

YOU YUWDN

ETORTY-FIVE kilometers south- big state plant Iife has not been made several technical innova- J- west of downtown Bei;ing lies all easy for these- young pc'

16 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Srr::e +t'ilte young people in "Oitr City"

ILan Zilai, Li Shuyun and daughter Anqi. Youth sports meet at the Qianjin Chemicatr Plant. Pltotos bt' Liu (')rcn love learning. As a boy he radio at lunch time. He uses time dreamed of being an explorer and on long bus trips to ponder tough prepared for it by reading up math probJ.ems. He advises, "Do on astronomy, geography, medi- your most dif ficult lessons cine, nutrition and wild animals, when you are still fresh." When Then he thought of a literary tired he turns to his special in- career and read widely in Chinese terests, like stamps. He heips with and foreign classics and contem- the hSrusework, but doesn't believe porary literature. His f ormal it should consume a great deal of schooling stopped at the end of time. For this reason the couple junior high school when he came bought a washing machine (still a to the factory. But on his mother's rare thing in China) shortly after advice he has combined his study they were married. If he can save with his work. concehtrating on two hours a day in the 40 years be- math, physics and chemist.ry. tween ages 20 and 60, it'l1 be like Spare-fiime tailor-designer Shi Zaiwang Now he is working on college-level three more years to his life, he prepares to cut out a garment for a texts, and learning English and reckons. Liu Chen Japanese. MODEI, HUSBAND He still reads widely but says tiorx. Life was hard there, but he he is willing to have literature A story current in the plant is enjoyed the collective living. The only as an avocation" He writes about how Han Zilai, Communist farm staff's efforts to conquer ice- only small items for the oil plant YoutJr League secretary of the bound earth and construct water paper. He is happy that because machine repair plant, once rushed conservation projects captured his of his scientific studies he has into a meeting of League secre- imagination, is did the loca1 peo- been able to make a contribution taries, all in a sweat and laden ple's ways of fighting the cold, to society in that field. "If you with bags of tomatoes, peppers, such as double-walled houses. He don't contribute, it's like not cucumbers and three paper cups of still talks about such things to his living," he says. ice-cream, which he parked in the friends. He also recalls warmly Though not an explorer, he refrigerator of the medical' de- the amateur theatricals the young stlll likes to visit spots of scenic and partment next door. They laugh- people put on for the peasants historic interest, and toured many ed, because doing such shopping is roundabout, and their apprecia- parts of China while he was still still considered by many to be the tion. Han Zilai's positive view of single. When he and his wife wife's job. "A model husband," his years in the countryside is not were married they took a trip to they observed. so typical these days. Shanghai and the scenic cities of Perhaps one reason Han Zilai In May 1972 he was chosen by the Changjiang (Yangtze) valley, and his wife Liu Shuyun have his farm to go to Qinghua still a rather unusual thing to do such a good relationship is that University, the country's largest in China. Perhaps one could say they were drawn together by a engineering college, in Beijing. As he assuages his passion for travel common desire for settied family he had only a junior middle with stamp collecting, which he life. Both lost their mothers when school education, he had great has done for 20 years. "He doesn't they were children. They live in difficulty with study, but through mind wearing patched clothes, but an apartment in the plant living hard work he managed to meet is willing to spend the price of a quarters for which they pay two the requirements. high-grade shirt for a single yuan a month, including rent, After graduation in 1976 he was stamp he wants," his wife says. water, electricity and gas. Han assigned by the school to do Youth Behind his apartment Zhang made most of the furniture him- League work in Oil City, which Tao has a small garden because self. Liu Shuyun is an electric he is still doing today. Since ef- "A few green things around make welder in the same plant where forts for modernization were you feel better". A new joy is his her husband is League secretary" stepped up after the fall of the small daughter. He was at the Since his work is less sttrenuous, gang of four, the policy has been hospital to catch her first cry on he irxists on doing most of the that peopJ.e with technical train- his tape recorder, and had his cooking and washing, while she ing should be working in related camera ready when her footprint does the more painstaking things jobs, so he hopes that some day was affixed to the birth certificate. like cleaning, mending and knit- he will be able to work in his Zhang Tao schedules his activi- ting sweaters for him. field, rnachine casting. One thing ties tightly in order to accommo- After junior middte school Han that worries hlm is that he got his date work, study and his other in- Zilai, as in line with the policy at schooling at a time when, due to terests. In addition to the eight that time, spent several years the gang of four, education was hours for work and six for sleep working on a farm run by on a very low level. He is con- (Pavlov said that isi"all an adult an army production corps in tinuing his studies in his spare needs, Zhang points out), he far northern prov- time, while still working hard at Iistens to Japanese classes on the ince. For him it had its satisfac- his Youth League job.

DECEMBER 1980 19 SPAEETIME DESIGNEB is an excellent example of how the P.R.C. can recover and improve by People used to wonder how it itself in so short a time. was that a woman worker in the POSTBAG The nationalities and history artieles chemical plant could appear in are of very special interest to me. such a,ttractive clothing. Gradually There has been very little taught in schools about Asian history I Preconceived Ideas Revised and the story got out, they were de- am Iearning more in each and every signed and rssue. made by her fianc6, After spending several days in your yes, page you Shi Zaiwang, a pharmacist at Oil beautiful country a few months ago Oh on 55 announced City's hospital. It's what he does your magazine helps me to relive some the initiation of Chino Reconstructs ii the Chinese language. I think it is an to relax in his spare time. He says of my experiences and reinforces my Iavorable impressons. Between excellent idea for the Chinese-American he just likes to see his friends and Chiao population Reconstructs and my subscription to the here in the U.S.A., to have publication family wear clothes that really fit Beijing Reuieu, I am beginning to another from P.R.C. in the and suit them. revise so many of the preconceived native language. A graduate of the middle school ideas I formerly had about China. Willard G. Sibus Auburn, N.Y., U.S.A. attached to Beijing Medical You probably already know that since our countries' relationship has College, was assigned Shi to woik changed (for the better) much more is More about China's New Plan in the hospital in 1976. Sundays being published in the U.S.A. about It wonld be helpful to see and read and holidays he goes his the People's Republic of China. The to about China's new plans concerning July issue of National Geographic parents' home in Beijing and the operation of its factories, stores and pursues Magazine has two beautiful articles his hobby. Shi says he your farms. AIso, could we learn more got about country and includes a about his start at tailoring while he supplementary Zhao Ziyang and his activities map of China showing in Sichuan province. was worki.ng in the countryside locations of Chinese ethnol.inguistic Could and before he was sent to the ho.spital" groups and there be some discussion origin, Then also, Mary- photographs of the giant pandas. He found a shirt with buttons too knoll, a Catholic foreign mission I think Re- magazine so highly of China troublesome, so for hot weather dedicated their entire July constructs that I asked our issue to pictures have designed one-piece sleeveless articles and about university librarian to add the maga- a China. collarless slip-on shirt. The peas- zine to our collection. I would like to see an article about George E. Hartman ants asked to some medicinal Iiked it and him of the herbs used by Cincinnoti, Ohio, U.S.A, sew some for them, and soon he the doctors in your country specifying was making many kinds of preparation and use. We have so Fron'L this issue on we usill haue much to learn from your culture. seoeral articles on economic plans clothing. Caroline Boniface made public at.lhe last People's The day I met them, his fianc6e San Simeon, CaliJorni,a, U.S.A. Congress and hout th,eA are being im- was wearing one of his creations, a plerrlented. - Ed. flowered one-piece short-sleeved Thank You, Dr. Subramaniam dress with a*full skirt and mod- Swamy Young People in Trouble erately low square neck. "She has In a letter forwarded to us by the I was much impressed by the story severaL others at home that I de- Chinese Embassy in India, Dr. Subra- "When a Young Man Gets into signed for her," he said, "but maniam Swamy, general secretary of Trouble" in your June 1979 issue. It the Janata pointed an makes easy reading, she's afraid to wear them, afraid Party, has out is well-edited and error-in the figure concerning China,s for which I extend my congratulations she'll look too 'different'." grain output over the past 30 years as to the author You Yuwen. From the They plan to be married soon. given in "Food Grain for China's Mil- legal point of view it can be seen as Shi has already made most of the lions" in our April 1980 issue. The well that in a fraternal country like furniture for their new hofne, in- article stated over the past 30 China efforts are being made to years, grain cluding a studio coqch (he tied all output has increased by get to know and help the offenders, 1.7 times to reach 315 million tons in and find out the reasons why they the springs himself), which was not 1979." Dr. Subramaniam Swamy com- committed crimes so as to find an ef- on the market at the time he ments, "This statement is incorrect be- fective way to correct their mistakes. started, and costs a great deal now cause it implies that the 1949 output In a case like this, because of collec- that it is. Shi has no plans was 1B5.3 million tons. This level was tive help and a fair attitude toward for going attained by China only in 1957 and not him, the young man was able to take into clothing design. in 1949." a correct road and continue his studies. Though he sometimes visits a His criticism is correct. According Seta Francisca Obispo Condor schoolmate who is a tailor and to the relcently published data" the total Linxa, Petu discusses with him patterns copied grain optput for 1949 was 113.2 million from magazines, he has never tons while that for 19?9 was over 332 Friendship Associations pdssed on designs million tons. So the output increased his to the cloth- by 1.9 times, not just f.?-Ed. Perhaps an occasional article on ing industry. He says he likes groups such as the USCPFA or your pharmacy and intends to con- Tangshan's Recovery after own Chinese Friendship Association (I tinue in it. He spends his week- Earthquake believe it is Youtie), would be enjoyed by your readers. I know that I would day evenings at the plant's re- Your articles in the'October issue like it very much. sidences for singles studying phar- were exceptionally good. The reports Sue Hess macy and English. tr on the Tangshan earthquake recovery Anilooer, Massachusetts, U,S.A.

20 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS sword and gives her tJre elixir and banishes her from earth to live for ever on the moon. Then Hou Yi learns that Pang Meng has tricked him, but it is too late. As he tries to pursue Chang'e, Pang Meng steals the magic bow and shoots him. Hou Yi pulls the arrow from his body and kills Pang Meng. Hou Yi dies, looking at the moon, where Chang'e is now lodged. Chang'e continues to live on in the palace on the moon, thinking of Hou Yi and her home.

A NUMBER of dance dramas in pany of the Shanghai Opera fI national style have been Theater. produced in China in recent years. The piece evokes the misty time Flying to the Moon, the most re- of China's neolithic age, par- cent. has been hailed as a ticularly through its decor. As breakthrough for its strengthened the play opens the people are use of the dance to reveal suffering from the scorching rays character and emotion as well as of ten suns in the sky. To get rain, simply advancing the story line. the sorcerer-chieftain Pang Meng Its contribution in this regard is is preparing to sacrifice Chang'e, the Snails, said to be exerting wide influence a viilage girl, to the Heavenly in China's dance circles" was Emperor. Hou Yi, the hunter from It N THIS work there are no created by the Dance Drama Com- heaven, arrives, shoots down nine T of the ten suns and saves Chang'e, I dances for pure entertainment: who he later marries. every. one serves to further the WU JIMEI is an editor of the magazine story or deepen the emotion. There Dance. The people acclaim Hou Yi, and Pang Meng is obliged to give up are a number of especially in- to him his scepter, the symbol of teresting scenes. As chieftain Pang authority. On the night of the Meng is carried on by the villagers wedding Pang Meng tries to steal with a great show of pomp, a Hou Yi's magic bow, but is dis- masked dance emphasizes the covered by Chang'e. He strikes her cruelty of the superstitious prac- unconscious. Hearing Hou Yi re- tices of the time. In the scene turning, Pang Meng devises a where Hou Yi sees Pang Meng scheme. He does a lover's dance dancing with Chang'e, thun- holding the unconscious Chang'e in derstruck, he staggers onto the his arms. Seeing this, Hou Yi stage: the psychology of the three thinks that Chang'e has betrayed is revealed in separate dances him. He considers killing her, but which blend into the whole, and is unable to because of his love in which the musical themes for for her. Since he had lost his im- each also interplay. In the Dance mortality when he married an of Tree Roots, dancers costumed as earthling, he had obtained the roots appear on stage, lift Hou Yi elixir of immortality which he and up and whirl him around, while Chang'e had planned to take, Now, the stage scenery also turns, dhang'e instead of killing her, he breaks his creating a view of the world as

DECEMBER 980 27 shadow boxing practieed in south excellent integration of words with China. The choreographers also music and their depth of feeling studied dance postures and move- and rich images, ments depicted in the murals of The chorgographers of ?l.ying to the Dunhuang caves, in China's far the Moon, Shu Qiao and Li Chong- west, dating from the Tang 1in, and the composer, Shang Yi, dynasty (618-907). were associated with the dance The music, which is considered drama The Dagger Soci.etg created highly successful, draws many of in the 1950s. Shu Qiao performed its melodies from the songs of the role of the heroine in the prem- \r-): Jiang Baishi, a Southern Song iEre performance, She is one of ,a dynasty (1127-1279) composer. His the founders of China's national- songs are characterized for the style dance drama. tr

Chang'e takes the elixir.

seen by Hou Yi, who in his remorse has got drunk. With the idea of preserving tradition and further developing it, the choreographers have drawn on many sources movements from the Chinese classic- dance, nationaL and folk dances, and ballet. , In Scene One, movements from the modern dance are used to depict the villagers dying of thirst under- the scorching suns. Hou Yi's movements shooting down the suns are taken from a style of Hou Yi kills Fang Meng, Drausings bg Zhao Ying

Tl HE Chinese Society for the olution, and the class struggle in r Study of English History was England in the first half of the founded at a meeting held last '19th century. This will help to June at Nanjing, sponsored by promote English history teaching Nanjing University, Beijing Teach- and research in China. er's College, Univer- At the meeting a constitution sity, Shanghai Teachers' CoIIege, was adopted and an 18-member English Shandong University, Sichuan council was elected, with a University and the Institute of vacancy reserved for a represen- World History of the Chinese tative from Taiwan, The council Flistory Academy of Social Sciences. invited Prof. Fan Cunzhong, vice- Attending the meeting were 66 president of Nanjing UniversitY, delegates from 34 universities, re- to be honorary chairman and Society search institutes and publishing elected Prof . Jiang Mengyin as organizations from various parts chairman, Qi Guogan and Cheng of the country. Thirty papers were Xiyun as vice-chairmen, and Wang Founded presented. Juefei as secretary general, all Discussions were centered associated with history depart- around three problems the Eng- ments in universities or the Insti- lish land-enclosure- movement tute of World History under the from the 15th century on and the Academy of Social Sciences. The struggles againqt it, the results and headquarters of the society will be significance of the Industrial Rev- in Nanjing.

22 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS '-ihi:trting the suns.

Chang'e and the hunter Hou Yi express their love in a duet. The hunter Hou Yi. Hou Yi shoots the evil chieftain Pang Meng who had set him against Chang'e.

The wedding celebration. Flying-to-the-moon dance by Chang'e. Pltotos h.y, Wtmg .Yinntitt Tiuniin Petro(hemicul Products Orders nL +l li* Are lcom

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Chino Notionql Ii9ht lndustriol Products lmport & Export Corp., Shonghoi Bronch 128 Huqiu Rood, Shonghoi, Chino Cobles: INDUSTRYSHANGHAI Telex: 33054 INDUS CN Fudan U. llonors U.S. Physicist - A Heartfelt Reunion GU CHAOHAO

F ARLY this year the mathema- China, never failing to visit Fudan. our findings in foreign journals if I / tician . president of His suggestions to Premier Zhou possible. He invited me to work Shanghai's , con- about research in basic theory got in his institute at the State Uni- ferred an honorary professorship a response at Fudan, and his pa- versity of New York at Stony in contemporary physics on Chen per on gauge theory given in Bei- Brook for a time. Ning Yang, the Chinese-American jlng in 1972 was reported. at Fudan In that period, how€ver, his Nobel laureate. Professor Yang too. I taught the theory in my hopes could be only partially rea- responded by speaking of his deep Modern Physics Discussion classes, Iized. I was not able to go to Stony feeling f or the university, in and the next year Professor Yang Brook until several years l.ater. words we knew to be more than delivered the paper himself in our Our papers, even with the illusJri- the usual courtesies required on university hall, Where the seats ous name of C.N. Yang as the such occasions. were fully occupied by admiring principal investigator, could be The physicist's Iate father, Yang and eager listeners. published only in the Fudan Wirzhi, had been a professor at Professor Yang had hoped,,while Journal and Scientia Sinica, jour- Fudan, where he trained China's at Fudan, to talk with the students nal of the Chinese Academy of first generation of modern mathe- about their education. The embar- Sciences. During the cultural rev- maticians. After Chen Ning '"r,ent rassed leadership tried to cover up olution, research in basic scientific to live in the , father the fact that even our third-year theory was politically suspected, and son met several times abroad, students at that time knew nothing and before Professor Yang's inter- and Chen Ning returned to China about quantum mechan-ics, but the vention we had been able to do it for the first time in 1971. As a deception could not be mai.ntained. only privately, as a hobby. His harbinger of restored scientific ex- In 1974. Professor Yang again scientific eminence and his status changes between China and the came to Fudan and proposed to do as a maior link between the United United States, his visit was of great research with young and middle- States and China gave us some significance, and he was received aged professors of the mathematics confidence, but in 1974 it was still by Premier Zhou Enlai and Chair- and physics departments; as a re- not advisable to push things too man Mao Zedong. sult of the work of professors Su far. He came to Fudan and asked to Buqing and , the meet his father's old friend Su Bu: Fudan faculty had the advanced Yang with Fudan Colleagues qing at a time when the univer- mathematics necessary f or the sity was- dominated by followers of work, It is, of course, a well-known the gang of four. The universi.ty I was one of about ten members story how Prof. Yang, with his authorities, unable to refuse so of the research group, which met close colieague Prof . Tsung Dao eminent a guest such a simple re- with Professor Yang for several Lee (see China Reconstructs Sept. quest, permitted the meeting, and hours every other day. He ex- 1979) proposed the theory of non- Professor Su conducted the visitor plained his theory of the interac- cohservation of parity (the prop- on a tour of the campus. Professor tion of electrons and protons and erty of mirror-image symmetry) Yang's display of respect, defying reviewed the mathematical tech- that won them the Nobel prize in the close watch kept on Professor niques required to investigate it, physics in 1957. Later on, while Su, warmed the old man's heart raising questions for further re- considering the inner symmetry and encouraged the other faculty search. He was surprised, I think, among nuclear particles and some members as well; it was a whisper that we not only understood his aspects of quantum electrody- of spring breeze. theory but could also make sup- namics, Yang and another co1- In each of the following two plementary suggestions. After ten league, Mills, put forth the gauge years, Professor Yang returned to sessions at the blackboard, we got theory of non-Abelian (non-com- two new results, and Professor mutative) groups. This is now GU CHAOHAO is professor of physics Yang suggested that we keep at it, known as the Yang-Mills theory. at Fudan University in Shanghai. stay in touch with him, and publish It was one of the cornerstones upon

28 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Prot'. Su Buqing (left) confers prolessorship an honorary on Dr. chen Ning yang (center!. Wang Ztjin

which a unified theory of the Since 1974 Professor Yang has U.S., wherever he goes weak to lecture and the electromagnetic in- kept his colleagues at Fudan in- he takes some time to talk with teractions was developed by formed of every bit of progress in the Chinese Glashow, students and listen to Weinberg and Salam. this work, He has also given lec- their problems. He prepares per- This new achievement helped the tures and papers each time he has sonally for every group of Chinese three physicists to win the Nobel come to Fudan, greatly improving scholars that visits Stony Brook prize in physics in 1g?g, and has our owrr work, so that we have and helps to arrange their itiner- quickened the pace toward the been able to make some original aries" The "sister" relationship be- final goal of particle physicists, contributions to the study of the tween China's Anhui province and which is to unify all four working Yang-Mills Theory. Our people the State of Maryland in the east- forces among material particles have already obtained dozens of ern U.S. is largeiy due to his ef- the electromagnetic, weak, strong- new results. forts. He devotes a great deal of and gravitational forces in one Scientific Exchanges his energy and almost half his theory, the grand - working hours to these pursuits. unified theory of yang particle physics. Contact between Professor Professor Yang has offered This has been and Fudan many hoped f or ever s_ince Einstein,s University became valuable proposals for the develop- more frequent after 19TT. farsighted creation in 1916 of the At his ment of Chinese science, improve- general urging, a regular exchange pro- ment of our theory of relativity, in gram educational system, which between Fudan and. Stony and strengthening of our scientific he tried to unify the electro- Brook magnetic and gravitational was set up, and another pro- exchanges with foreign countries. forces. fessor and were The Yang-Mills Theory I able to work in During the time that ihe gang of has not his in.stitute there for more than only become a key to exploring the four was in power he suggested a year. At Stony Brook he was of mysteries of sub-atomic part.icles, that Chinese scientists emphasize great help to us both personally but has also attracted basic theory and have more con- the attention and professionaily. On his of farsighted mathematicians. recom- tact with scientists abroad. Re- In mendation, two graduate students the course of cently, however, he has advised us this work in physics, from Fudan were admitted to Professor Yang to put more emphasis on applied deduced the theory Stony Brook's mathematics depart- of connections science and technology, which is of fiber bundles ment. As soon as they arrived, more a theory mathematicians - in conformity with our pre- the had Professor Yang talked with them, been able to work sent needs. out only after encouraged them and constantly In response Iong years his to Su Buqing's of research in topblogy. monitored their progress. He or- remarks induction Moreover, Yang proposed at the cere- an equa- ganized a foundation to support mony, Chen pointed tion the mathematicians Ning Yang had not more and more Chinese going out that China has thousands of thought of previously an equa- abroad for advanced study, and got promising young people in scien- tion now regarded as- being on a scholarships for Fudan students tific fields. If their initiative is plane with the Maxwell equations from several American universities. governing brought into full play, he said, electromagnetic oscilla- Fudan is not of course the exclu- China will make invaluable tions and the Einstein con- equation sive beneficiary of Professor tributions to the culture of the concerning gravitational fields. Yang's interest in China. In the 21st century D

flECEMBER 1980 29 The o1d 5O-foot Pagoda which was built by a Ming dYnastY prince no longer exists. But the two huge ginko trees here are stiu increasing in size and majestY' lamed Beiiing TemBles The two streams that once fed the "Dragon's Pool," are now without water since coal mining operations at Mentougou have caused them Being Restored to dry up. The emperors Kang Xi (1662- 1722) and Qian Long (1736-1795) were visitors here, and it was in REWI ALLEY the Kang Xi Period that the temple was overhauled, and had its name changed to Xiu Yun Si. Local folk however called it Tan rF the gang of four Khan, devoted herself to a life of HE lunacy of Zhou Si, a name that had survived I Lin Biao destroyed a vast prayer sins of and to atone for the from early daYs, when monks from amount of China's artistic legacy. her father, cutting off her hair Hunan province came here be- especially, be- Buddhist temples, and living as a nun until she died. tween the years 1'127-79 A.D' Tan- came playground where groups a She was buried in the temple area, zhou was the old name for Chang- destructive youth smashed and of where a forest of pagodas stlll sha, capital of Hunan. the new situation looted. With stands over the remains of Past the 1976, which started at end of abbots and saints" Until modern T N modern limes the name of this surveys were made to see what times, portrait used to hang I sanctuarv has reverted to its could be retrieved for the people her on the wall of the GuanYin chaPel. {irst one, Tan Zhe Si, the temPle and their guests from abroad. In the old days before libera- Chinese visitors and tion, many A young worker reconstructs a alestroyed lemple statue' foreign guests to Beijing (Peking) would travel by rail to Changxin- dian or Mentougou and then take donkeys for a four-hour ride to two of the most ancient o{ Beijing's temples, Tarr Zhe Si and Jie Tai Si. Last summer. a tour brought us to the valley where golden temple roof s give streamlined beauty to the mouth of a heavily wooded valley, which stands out in sharp contrast io the bare hilLs around, so long denuded of their cover. Most of the building re- pairs had been completed. Young artists were at work :"e-/ creating the few images needed to give life to the halls. One genera- tion pulls down. and then comes a new one that puts thlngs together again. The figures they create are reaL works of art. In the ha11 up the hill at the rear of the bigger structures, the library, the hall of ordination, and others, is one con- secrated to the Guanyin, goddess of mercy. Here Miao Yan, daughter the Yuan ;'s" of the first emperor of "oi,''a 1 dynasty, better known as Kublai

x

REWI ALLEY, New Zealantl eclucator, author and poet, has liverl anil worked in China for over 50 years.

30 Vierv of Tan Zhe Si"

Stone fish gong. The archway at the entrance. The ancient rare tree in the monastery yard.

"Floating Cup" Pavilion. Photo.s bt Liu Chett of the "Clear Pools and Wild Mulberry." The "wild mulberrY" is really a species of oak. Once a very big tree stood at the entrance to the temple. This tree was canonized by imperial edict, and became a kind of Patron saint of the Qing (Manchu) dYnastY. Trees in various places in China, as in most of the ancient world, were often considered to be the home of tree spirits, who would be ProPi- tiated at suitable times, just as the forebears of todaY's Christmas tree were in EuroPe. But this Tan Zhe Si tree was the onlY one that was officially noted, and thus honored in China. It has now fallen, and in its Place a young oak tree has been Planted, standing on the left side of the present entrance arch waY. Tan Zhe Si has regained its beauty even before the few Prin- cipal buddhas have been restored in all their quiet magnificence" The forest behind, with its manY walnut, chestnut, date and Persim- mon trees, shows well what could be done with aII the bare hills around a fine lesson in useful Dagoba Photos by Zhou Youma afforestation.-

E1ROM Tan Zhe Si, we went on stayed here cften, and has left to air and dry out the sutras stored -f for six kilometers to Jie Tai poems engraved on tablets, some in their libraries. Si, the "Ordination Terrace Tem- of which remain. There is a fir In 1888, when Prince-Regent ple" set high on a hillside at the tree which when struck, on the Gong retired from office, he took head of a long valley that goes trunk with the hand, starts to up residerrce here. After his death down to the plains. Originally it wave its branches. On a stone near the temple was often used as a was called Hui Zhi Si (Wise As- it, this emperor wrote, and I summer resort for the diplomatic sembly Temple) built in the Wude translate: corps and foreigners in Beijing, period (618-626 A.D.) of the Tang A pine whose branches mooe being divided up lnto flats. Then dynasty. During the Liao dynastY os one's hand. strikes the for many years it was a very pop- (916-1125) a f amous monk Fa trunk; ular place with visitors. Chun lived here. His ashes are in a thing monks here shora Alter iiberation it was largely one of the pagodas that rise up aisitors converted to be a worker's sana- from the side of the cliff outside as strange; then when yau torium. But all its hi.storic f ea- the encircling wa1). of the temple. shout tures and images were preserved. Over them spread the branches of from the temple doun thd They finally suffered almost com- the sleeping Dragon Pine, a most ualley, plete destruction during the cul- beautiful tree. Other famous trees a th,ousand echoes return, so tural revolution when the whole on the terrace include an enormous does place was left a deserted wreck. white pine. Nearby is the big one ask just u:ho orders these Now workers are putting them square ordination platform called things? back into order, estimating that the the "Xuan Fo Chang" (Place of task will take them at least two Choosing Buddha) where each year 'i\TOt far of.[ is a peak called Ji years to carry through. In the novices were ordained. Il m Feng (Peak of Joy) under middle of the construction site, one This templs went through re- which once stood the temple of Ji of the temple bells, cast in the Jing pairs in 1441, in the Ming period, Lo Si, companion to Jie Tai Si. Tai period (1450-1456) of Ming, and then in 16BD the Emperor Each spring the monks of the two hangs from a tree. At the moment Kang Xi had it put into order once temples would gather by a spring it is being used to summon work- more. The Emperor Qian Long that r.:a.s situated between them, ers engaged on reconstruction; E

DECEMBER T98O .r.) Liu Qingying (right), a veteran textite worker from Shanghai, passing on he,r skill to Tongshan county workers"

timony, manganese, coal, quartz and other resources as well as bamboo, timber, ramie and rushes, and abundant water power re- sources an estimated 360,000 kilowatts.- "But," says Cao Ye who heads industrial development there, "we were short of funds and our technology and management were backward." After studying the problem, it was decided to ask for help from Shanghai, that large and old industrial city advanced both manage- Jli -32 in technology and ment. An agreement was reached with the Shanghai department of industry, which began dispatching trained people to . Since July 1979 it has sent 205 engineers, technicians and veteran workers -from 70 factories to help out in 53 factories in Xianning. Shanghai Fle!ps Technical Aid What then happened can be seen trom ti-ie plant, built in 1977 by the Shuangxie People's Commune to Backward Small Industries process ramie fiber" It was one of HUO BOLIN Hong Yunzhang (center) speaks on adminis- tration to the workers in a Jiayu couoty die plant. 6[)NE of the problems in China's \-/ economy today is: In the past decade many places built industries to utilize local raw materials or supply local markets with goods, But often these plants were technically backward, and the goods they produced were of poor quality, or even unsaiable. This was once true of the Xian- ning district, consisting of seven counties south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River in Hubei province, It was considered an indr.rstrially- backward area. As a result of help from Shanghai factories in only a year, the Xianning district has made a striking advance, so much so that it has achieved nationwide notice. The hills of the district hold a multitude of riches: copper, an-

IIUO BOLIN is an invltcil correspond- ent for China Reconstructs.

34 CHINA RDCONSIBUCTS several ramie plants, Paper mills Shanghai lamp plant helped set master their craft quickly. Al- and china factories, built in Xian- up a production line, imProve together 429 oI them were trained ning with the idea that plants equipment, establish a system of as apprentices by their Shanghai should be near sources of raw personal responsibility for parts elders. And 437 workers from materials. As the work was done processing and assembly and gen- Xianning have been sent to unlts by more or less handicraft meth- erally improve the technical pro- in Shanghai Ior training. ods, the yarn was poor in color cess. After management got on In a year, the workers from and tensile strength. With big track, quality improved markedly. Shanghai improved or set up a unity aid on the horizon, the local The plant's products won first total of 72 production lines ln government decided to invest prizes at a national comPetition. Xianning, besides making 194 im- more money. In the latter half of provements in technical processes 1979 workers from Shanghai's Train Apprentices and 1,3?1 suggestions for ration- Nationatr Cotton MilI No. t helPed alization. The Shanghai P).ants the ramie mill install a high- Coming to Xianning county in have sold the Xianni.ng Plants, at and pressure cooker and combination July 1979 Liu Shikun and seven cost, 255 pieces of equiPment acid washer for degumming, a keY other workers from Shanghai given them 368 sets of technlcal process in ramie manufacture. The found that the looms in its Cotton data. Now 49 plants in Xiannin5J plant's output increased from 5 MiII No. 1 were just like those in have established a regular rela- tons per month in 1979 to 13 tons their own Shanghai Plant, but tionship with 55 similar ones in in 1980. Its production of 53 tons produced 22 meters Iess cloth Per Shanghai. A few have entered for the first half of 1980 was sold shift. This was because half the into agreements for more detailed to Japanese and West German total 260 workers and staff were programs of long-term aid. over buyers, new and had had insufficient as much as ten years. tr As a result of these improve- training before going on the job. ments in its ramie mill, the Atter consulting with the Plant Shuangxie commune has more ieaders and experienced workers earnings to distribute to its mem- on how to improve management 'and bers. Average income increased and production technologY from B0 yuan in 19?8 to 119 yuan how to set up systematic technical in 1979. The wages of the factory training, the Shanghai workers workers also went up by a big began giving one or two lectures a margin. The commune plans to week, with technical demonstra- expand its area under ramie from tions on the various jobs. 200 to 330 hectares, and the factory "We'vs always taken it as our to add looms for producing ramie duty to support the industrY in iabrics. other p1aces," 52-year-old Liu himself had Introduction of more advanced said. In the 1960s he equipment or techniques has helP- been sent by ihe Shanghai citY government ed many other plants increase pro- to cotton Yarn Plants and duction and consequently to ex- in Yunnan, Hunan, Fujian provinces. pand. Production capacity of the Anhui Xianning's Xianning County Nail and Wire Twenty-seven of young workers were chosen to be Plant went up from 400 to 2,000 the Shanghai tons annually, and workers from apprentices of Peo- ple. Liu Shikun told them his own 40 120. In the past year such to He had started as an aP- plants district as whole story. in the a prentice maintenance worker in a have taken on 1,300 young people Shanghai cotton mill at the age of who were previously walting for 16. In old China, master workers work. were reluctant to pass on their techniques. Improved Management Liu learned many things simPlY by watching carefully when the Poor management was the prob- master didn't know it. He didn't lem in a iocal electrical goods have enough time to practice but factory operated by Puqi county. stealthily got to work earlY or It was run like a handicraft work- stayed late at night to do so. It shop. It made ballasts, or current took him four years to master the stabilizers, fluorescent lamps, basic maintenance work. Help given by Zhou Jian (righi) irn- for proved the manufacturing process and but no lamp manufacturer wanted Liu's story inspired the Young quality of current stabilizers, made in to buy them. Workers from a Xianning apprentices to try to Fuqi county. Photos bg Li Yilang

DECEMBEB T98O 35 ffimffi tr.Filflmirtg'in the Pmmgfrmffi ffimHmmmds

Fishinei of Tuoji [sXanil.

rffi-l}IE 50,000 pcople of the Penglai ed for 65 percent of last year's in 19?0, continued for the next six ll- Isiairds olf the north coast of 23,000-ton marine products. years. Now six hillocks that once the Shandong peninsula seem to bounded the channel seem to have have been fishenfolk since time Kelp Cultivation been spirited away: they have been in.rmemoriatr. Certainly since the Xiaohao village on Island scooped into the sea to lock the 12th century', when Qin a temple, to excels at cultivating kelp. Its current. In all, 460,000 cubic the sea godCess vras at which built fisherfolk began this undertaking meters of rubble were dumped to the fisirermen sacrifice used to in 1958 by clearing out a loch and form a breakwater four hundred before going Now out. the islands transplanting into it kelp seedlings meters long and 23 m. high to have taken on a new occupation- from the sea. The first-year re- create a new fishing harbor and saltwater farming of edible sea- ground. -weed, sults were disappointing and the nurturing scallops, abalone and sea people felt they had to explore the cucumirer.s, process of growth more deeply. Eattle Elements quiet with ttre The coves of the leeward One day they noticed that kelp side of ll-re trenglais, an 18-island plants entwined on the upper part Marine cultivation involves fre- archipelago, provide encellent of a rope grew better than those quent buffeting by the elements, cond'ition.s for raising marine further down. This made them as the Xiaohao viliagers were re- planls ancX these valuable'marine realize the value of sunlight and mi.nded last year. Just as they anirna,ls. The irregular coastline they devised a way to grow were preparing to reap a good and nurnerous inlets and crooks seaweed on frames closer to the provide shelter and an abundance surface of the water, which en- of algac for the latter to feed on, sured seedlings a uniform amount Applying fertilizer in A preliminary survey has found of light. The next year's yield the edible I(eIIr traot. that thr: archipelago has approxi- doubled, reaching 37 tons per rriately 2,00{) hectares of water hectare of water. suitahle for aquacuJture. A view Xiaohao village's success inspired of the islands from the air today the people on other islands. Four reveals pir-:ts of water crops amid hundred meters off Tuoji Island is the rolling sea. They are lined an islet which was only a resting place for seagulls in flight. A uru * { with ror.vs of wooden struts, their *d 4-t glass fioats glistening in the sun, swift current sweeps between the arrd the sea is turned a deep brown island and the islet and planting color 1.i're seaweed. of kelp in this area seemed out of by trailing question. Cultivatecl marine harvest account- the To overcome this difficulty, the people decided to drop huge rocks across the chamel SIJ&T CI]I,,1.NGW/EN, the sou of a Fenglai nslamds fisnaerrnam, mow works in loca! to link the two islands and create govermnment *here, a breakwater. The project, begun

,1t} ffiF{INA RECONSTRUCTS t980 rNDEX CHINA RECONSTRUCTS I98O INDEX

lssue Is sue No. No.

GENERAL First U.S. Woman in Beijing Opera Elizabeth Wichmann I The Military Service System in China (Do You Frank Coe Ma Haide (Dr. George Hatem) 10 Knorv?) a Joris Ivens: Master Filmmaker. and China China's Merchant Nlarine Zhou Yanjin 11 Situ Huimin 11

CULTURAL EXCHANGE POI,trTICAL Two weeks with the O1d Vic Ying Ruocheng 2 Local Government in China (Do You Know?) 1 Performances from Abroad 2 Democratic Parties Find New Role Tan Manni 2 Ancient Drama, New Friendship Greek The Democratic Parties (Summary) 2 National Theater Zhao- Jian .) Rer;t.rlutionary Committee of the Kuomintang Yehudi Menuhin in Beijing Han Li 4 Interview lvith - Tan Manrui 'Teahouse' Goes to Europe (Lao She's play) The Democratic League and Chinese Intel- Uue Krd.uter lectuals - Intelview with Prof. Wen Jiasi Colorado's Young Songsters in China Wei Xiutang He Lingyun, Wang Anyi B Eiecting County People's Deputies PerformerS from Abroad Tan Aiqing 10 Zeng Shuzhi 2 Foreign Literature Comes Back to China Vi/ang Guangmei and Her Children Yan Qing 6 ' Cheng Dai,ri 72 Lir, Shaoqi -- Justice Finally Done 6 l'or Indocl:ina Refugees; Homes and Work Zeng Shuzhi o NATIONALITIES Our Four-Hour Stop in Taiwan Li Furong I At the Tomb of Sun Yat-sen* Hao Minggao 11 Kazak Ballad Festivalx Liu Chen The Jinuos China's Newest Nationality* Streamlining Gover:nment Zheng Shi 12 - New Leaders in the State t2 Zhi Eriang 2 Historie Congress Session 12 Tibet's Potala Palace* Ou Chaogui ., Sketching and Splashing with the Dais INTERNATIONAL Wang Shuhua New Year's Day Among Minority Peoples (Zhuangs, Miaos, Li, Chuang Winter Thaw Anniversary, Sino-II.S. Re- Shuis) -.- lations Normalization- China's Smallest Nationality (Hezhens) Liu Zhongpo 5 Sam.uel and, Hel,en Rosen A Tibetan Comes Daua Tsering 6 After Thirty Years, I Visit China Home From Pairing Among Naxis Mars Schmit (Luremburg) to Mariage the Wu Zeli.n 7 'China Reconstructs' in My Classroom We of the Hani Nationality* Wang Zhengfang I Shirleg Deane The 'Lusheng' Music-Maker for the Miao Reminiscences of Chinese-American Friendship People - Yi Su I Su Kaiming Present Policies for Tibet (interview) 10 Agnes Smedley- An American Who Loved China The Art of the Uygur Cap* Zhu Ning 11 Li. Ling Dali, the Bai People's Ancient Glory Remembering Anna Louise Strong Zhi, Eoiang, Ma Yao 11 lsroel Epstein, Elsie Cholmeley 6 Teaehing in China Ruth and Herb Gamberg 6 English Fighter in Chinese Peasant War (A..F. RELIGION Lindley) Zhang Haipeng In a Catholic Church in Beijing Wei Xi,utang I * With Color Photos China's Religions (Do You Know?) 5 *2- Issue Issue No. No. puchu Buddhism in China Zhao 7 Reform of a Young Delinquent You Yuu:en I The Monastery Island of Putuoshan* Young People in 'Oil City' You Yuusen 12 Wei Xiutang 7 My Muslim Brothers and I Al-Hajji Muhammad INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORTATION AIi Zhang "lie o Muslims and Mosques o More Oil from More Fields Speaking as a Chinese Christian K.H. Ting I Oil Discovered Under South China Sea (photos) 1 SOCIAI, Shipbuilders of Three Generations Jie Wen 1 Light Industry Exhibition Qiu Jian 2 Delinquent Back from the Brink (} Huge Yanzhou Coal Base in Shdndong* Rescue at Sea Nan Haiuen 4 Jin Ruousen o Solving China's Population Problem Developing Shenzhen* Liu Xueqtang 3 Wang Naizong New International Airport for Beijing* Eamily Planning in Nangong County Liu Hongfa 4 Sun Xiaofen 4 Liaohe Oilfield (photos) 4 In the Cultural Palace of the Nationalities* Shashi Readjusts Its Industry Zeng Shuzhi 5 Ch,eng Dengke, Liu HongJa 4 Life and Love of a People's Policeman Zhao YL 5 Three Newly-Promoted Engineers Lu Zhenhuo 4 A Legal Consultant's Office Zeng Sltuzhi o Land of SiIk and Sericultr.rre Li Yiren 5 China's Law Courts (Do You Know?) 6 Developments in China's Silk Manufacture" China's Bicycle Explosion* Lizhang ? Lu Xie Hongsheng 5 Newspaper for Peasants Yan Liu o High Building with Short Ladders Dalian Reform of a Former Delinquent YouYuwen o Rolling Stock Plant Xia Zhengquan- 5 About Housing in China Today* Solar Energy in China Gong Jianye 5 Fang Jinggen, Chen Rinong q Using Geothermal Resourcesx Fang Jingen 6 The 'Square Courtyard' of Otd Beijing First Geothermal Heat in Beijing Rong Yen I Xia Dianquan 6 New Rural Homes Liu Chenlie I China's 'Bicycle Explosion'* Ln Lizhang 7 A Family in the Academic Tradition China's Building Materials Industry Tan ,Aiqing I Song Yangchu 7 After World's Worst Tangshan Rises Quake New Materials for Home Building Shan Ya 7 Anew (four stories) 10 China's National Economy in 1979 (chart) 7 Dragon Boat Festival Rong Lie 10 'Rare Earths'Abound Wu Ji.ayi 10 Bureaucrats on Triai (Bohai No. 2 affair) Oil from South China Sea Zeng Di.ngqian 11 Tang Zh,ongpu L2 Shanghai Helps Backward Small Industries Huo Bolin 12 WOMEN AND CHILDREN AGRICULTURE Tribute to a Colleague (Gu Shuxing) Dlsie Cholmeley The Fat-Tailed Sheep of Xinjiang* I Go to School Too Wen Hongmei Peng Xianchu 1 Lightening the Load for Working Mothers The Grape Harvest Peng Xianchu 2 Tan Manni Prawns Move House Lu Zhenhua 3 She's Chief Engineer of the Shengli Refinery Beijing Duck: From Farm to Tablex Ougang Caittsei .) Ltu Cher,Lie 4 Girl Footballer.s 4 Land of Silk and Sericulture Li Yiren 5 The Year 2000 in Children's Minds* Yu Feng 6 How Hybrid Rice Was Developed in China Xiao Hui and IIis 'Army' 10 Liu Chenlie 5 A Handicapped But Not Disabled Child t2 China's Crop Resources Xu Yuntian, Chen Jian 6 Turni.ng Desert into Fertile Fields YOUTH Chen Rinong 7 A Green Great Wall 7 Delinquent Back from the Brink Prime Teas of China Wu Juenong I Teen-agers Help Observe Eclipse Tangerines of Xuefeng Chen Zhengusen I Zhang Jingming 6 How Jiangsu Advanced Its Agriculture Chinese Youth Today Zhong Peizhang I Zhao Mi.ng 11 Young People Tell Personal Plans PoIl at Flexible Farm Policies Spur Output and Shanghai Shipyard - Income Chen Rinong 1l -3- Is sre lssue No. No,

Rural Trade And More 11 TRAVEL AND TOURTSM Saltrvater Farming- in the Pengiais Sun Changuen 12 Excurstoning out of Beijing Ltu Hongla 2 New International Airport for Beijing* Liu Hongfa 4 HORTICULTURE ANd WILD LIFE 0n the Tourist Ship 'Kunlun'x You Zhengtoen 5 Tourists with a Difference (opthalmologists, The Black-Necked Crane* Wang HuoxLn telecommunications) 7 The Pomegranates of Lintong Llu Shuyue, Zhang Dongshun The Macaques of Hainan Isiand 5 ECONOMIC The 'Elm-Leaved Mei Blossom' Flower of Price Policy Spring* Chen- ZhunAu o China's Environmental Protection Law South China Tiger Bred in Zoo (color photos) 6 China's (Extracts) , The Lotus, a Very Chinese Flower* Chen Jungu 7 the Ou Geping 2 The Day Lily Comes Back Home Long Yagi, I Protecting Environment China A Thousand Giant Pandas I UN Environment Activities in Li Jinchang China's Wildlife Yesterday and Today Should China's Economy Be Managed? - Wen Huanran, He Yesheng 10 How (debate) The Chinese Dove Tree Chen Junyu 11 Aiding Overseas Investors in Guangzhou Xian Zi'en (Do You PL,ACES What About Ownership in China? Know?) J Food Grain for China's MiLlions Wen Rong 4 Grottoes of Bingling Monastery 1 From Capitalist to Socialist Trade Leader Treasures and Wonders of Wuyi Nlountain (Liu Jingji) Tan Manni Xia Wei 2 Sun Yefang, Indomitabie Economi-st of , Hero* .Tomb He Jr'anii.ang 6 Chang Shaowen 3 Xue Muqiao Innovative Economist Survey of the Huanghe River: Chen Rirong 3 - Qiu Jian 10 Birthplace of Confucius* Long Shan 4 Qufu - The Economy: 1980 Successes, 1981 Targets Exploring the 'Roof of the World' Surt Hongli,e 5 Zhou ZhtYing 12 Exploring an lJnsurveyed Gorge (Tibet) Zu Yuting, Guan Zhihua 6 Golden Whip Rocks* (Hunan) Zhang Jiaqi, 6 CULTURE AND ART Along the New Turpan-Korla Railway (Xinjiang) I New" Start for Literature and Art Three Visits to Beidaihe* Fan Jilong 7 : 'I Place My Hope in the Young City on the Water* I Generation' '1 Storied Baidi- Town* Tang ZhongPu 8 Zhou Yang: On the Hundred Flowers Visit to the Xisha Islands* Tang Zhong'pu 9 PolicY 1 Historic Guanzhong P1ain Shi Nianhai I Xia Yan: Difficulties and Prospects 2 Dali, the Bai Feople's Ancient GlorY Yang Hansheng: Rebirth of AII-China Zhang Zihai,, Ma Yao 11 Federation of Literary and Art Circles 2 Travels from Lhasa to Xigaze The Beijing Library Si Bo 1 Chen Chuanyou,, Zu Yuti,ng 11 Lanterns Made of Ice* Zhang Shui.cheng 1 Temple-Girt Wudang Mts.* Tu Zhengming L2 A Cartoon Eilm and Its Designer* ('Nezha') Beijing Temples Restored* Rewi Alley 72 Huang Mi,aozi Along the Silk Road Dance Drama* Wang Xi, Liu Qingxta CITIES SERIES Hu Jieqing Talks About Her Husband Lao She (two parts) Xingzhi 3,4 Harbin Metropolis of the Far Northx Airport Decor Revives Mural Form* Bu Wen' 4 - Li Jiang J 'Soul of the Nation' Sculpture (Color photos) 4 Shaoxing City on the Water* Zhi Exi.ang 8 Kites* 4 Chengdu:- Cuitural Shrines, Famous Food Introducing Three New Stars* (films) Wen Bin 5 Tan Manni 10 Homecoming of Pianist Fu Tsong* Tan Ai.qing 5 Ningbo, Port with an Ancient Culture* Painter of the Snowbound North* (Yu Zhixue) Zhi Eri.ang 11 Bao Wenqi.ng -4- Issue No. "ijlj

Foreign Dramas on Chinese Stage Yan Zh.enfen 5 Exploring an Unsurveyed Gorge (Tibet) A Young Composer's Ups and Downs (Shi Zu Yutzng and Guan Zhihua 6 Guangnan) Tan Aiqing 6 Using Geothermal Resources Fang Jingen 6 A Toast (song) 6 The Abacus in the Calculator Age 'Star' Amateur Art Exhibition* 6 Yin Changsheng 6 Taiwan Literature Meets Mainland Readers 'Electronic Abacus' 6 Bi.ng Hang, Cong Peiriang First Map of China's Deserts 7 Guan Sushuang Artist of Beijing Opera* Gathering Point for China's Scientists - Bao Wenqing 7 Interview with Prof . 7 The Art of Seal Carving Gu Xi t - and Ancient Rockets Xu Huil"in 10 Blended Clay Porcelain Hou Tingjun 7 Travels from Lhasa to Xigaze New Film on Evolutiont Bei Ke o Chen Chuaruyo?, and Zu Yuting 11 An Ancient and Vital Style of Painting* Fudan University Honors U.S. Physicist (meticulous brushwork) Liu Lingcang o (Chen Ning Yang) Gu Chaohao lZ 30 Years of China's Esperanto Magazine Lu Chuanbiao 8 Marvels Done in Dough Tan Manni. I MEDICINE Painter Situ Qiao as I knew Him Shen Congwen I Atlas of China's Malignant Tumors to Aid Situ Qiao and His Works Wen Qing I Research* Li Junyao 5 New Plays About Taiwan Xiu Tang 10 Medr.cal Netps: Occupational Diseases Sur- Peasant Paintings from Shanghai's Outskirts veyed; Battle Against Endemic Goiter; Wu Tongzhang 10 New Pharmacopoeia Committee 'l Anguo Zheng Jtnsheng I The 'Guqin' Age-old Musical Instrument - "Medicine City" - Li Xiangting 10 Chinese Medicine Through French Eyes The Woodblock Prints of Mo Ce* Mq Ke 11 E. Lafontaine and L. Leger I Village Songs and Dances Sun Shengjun 11 Ancient, Imperiai Pharmacy Now the Peo- Dream of the Half-Room Study (calligraphy) ple's (Tongrentang) - Tan Aiqing 11 You Xiguan and Liu Hongfa I Reform of the Written Language Du Songshou i1 New Hands for Accident Victims Yu Dacong 10 Shen Congwen and His Book on Ancient New Hope for Handicapped Children Costume Wang Yacha and Wang Xu 11 Xzmen Lusha 11 Foreign Literature in China Cheng Dairi" L2 Piastic Surgery in China Zhang Disheng 12 Dance Drama: 'Flying to the Moon' Wu Jimei 72 Dong Chen-sheng Folk Artist to Painter SPORTS - Jiang Feng t2 China Returns to the International Olympic Committee EDUCATION China's Sports in 1979: Progress and Gaps* Yan Shiri,ong The TV Tube China's Biggest University Taiwan's Team in the Fourth National Games* 1 - Hong Minsheng , Hong Yonggu Winter Sports in Jilin (Color photos) , Qinghua University Today Qian Xun 5 , College Days Wang Youqin I Olympic Plans Higher Education Today Chen Su I Veteran Coach Wants Taiwan Athletes to How Work-Study System Operates in One March with Mainland Wei Xi.utang 3 Province Wang Yousheng I Qigong Exercises Ji Wen' 4 English History Society Founded 12 Young Forester Hercules; A 'New Weapon' for Chinese Women's Lang Ping and, Fu Xipeng 5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Chinese Athletes at Winter Olympics* 6 Wrestling in Ancient China Recalled Yi, Shui. 7 Chinese Scientists in New Research on the Pigeon Fanciers in Shanghai Ping Yuan 7 Structure of Matter Zheng Zltipeng 1 International Invitational Tournaments: New Observatory in Yunnan (photos) 3 New Faces in Table Tennis;

Shi Fengshou and His Calculating Method World-Class Volleyball ; Cai Bian 3 Sharpshooters Meet Exploring the 'Roof of the World' Sun Honghe 5 Yan Shiaiong, Ji. Wen and Chen Kejing I Solar Energy in China Gong Ji.anye 5 Football in Ancient China Xu Diankui I -5- Issue Issue No No.

World Alpinists Head for China's Hills XXIII Ming Dynasty: I Politics and Shi Zhanchun 10 Economy - Jiao Jian o Bridge in China Zhou Jialiu end Jiang Honglin 11 XXIV Ming Dynasty i 2 Foreign Relations Middle School Champions - Jiao Jian I Zhang Jingming and Ton Aiqing lZ XXV Ming Dynasty: 3 Culture and Science - Jiao Jian 10 XXVI Ming Dynasty; 4 Rise of Manchus ARCHEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY and Peashnt Wars - Jiao Jian 11 XXVII Ming Dynasty: 5 Struggle for '[er- The Lufeng Ape Skuil ritorial Sovereignty Begins- Jiao Jian 12 Xu Qinghua and Lu Qingwu Archeological Briefs: Tomb of a Tangut Em- peror; Puppet and Game from Ancient LANGUAGE CORNER Graves Lesson Cruising on the Huangpu 1 Filty Years of Paleoanthropology in China 13: River l,esson 14: Visit to Yu Garden 2 Zhang Senshui 4 Lesson 15: Shanghai Children's Palace 3 Glimpses of Song Dynasty Theater Yi Shui 4 Lesson On Nanjing 4 China's Bronze Age Exhibition in the U.S. 16: Road L,esson 17: Sun Yat-sun Mausoleum 5 Ma Chengyuan 5 Lesson 18: The Changjiang Bridge at Nanjing 6 Delving into Taiwan's Past Chen Yongping 6 Lesson 19: Going to the 'l Did Chinese Buddhists Reach America 1,000 Theater Lesson Years Before,Coh.lmbus? Fang Zhongpu 20: The Great Wall I Tomb Finds Tell More About Ming Life Lesson 21 : Imperia). Palace I Lesson 22: Liulichang Street 10 Yi Shui 12 Lesson 23: A Farewell Dinner 11 Lesson 24: Send-Off 12 HISTORY DO YOU KNOW? Tomb of Yue Fei, Song Dynasty Hero* Chang Shaotoen Local Government in China 1 Reminiscences of Premier Zhou by a Retired What About Ownership in China? 3 Pilot Bian Rengeng 4 China's Re).igions 5 Controversy over Confucius Pang .* Pu Chi.na's Law Courts 6 Land of Silk and Sericulture Yiren Li Military Service System in China 7 English Fighter in Chinese Peasant War (A.F. Lindley) Zhang Haipeng 7 The People'.s Commander-in-Chief Zhu De STAMPS OF NEW CHINA Memorial Exhibition - Tat Hang 7 Wrestling in Ancient China Recailed Ye Shui 7 Thirtieth Anniversary Commemoratives 1 Football in Ancient China Xu Diankui o Fourth National Games; Manchurian Tiger; Historic Guanzhong Plain Shi Nianhai q Great WalI 2 Gunpowder and Ancient Rockets Xu Huilin 10 Taiwan Landscapes; Writers and Artists' Congress; Railway Construction; Norman Bethune; China's Thriving Agriculture 3 TIISTORY SEBIES Yunnan Camellias; International Archives Week 4 XVI Song Dynasty: 1 - Northern Song, Liao Pilgrimage to the West; Painted Faces of and Xia Jiao Jian Beijing Oflera 5 XVII Song Dynasty: 2-Uprising and Re- Philately in China Zhao Wenyt, I form in Northern Song Ji.ao Jian 100th Anniversary of Stalin's Birth; Natl. XVIII Song Dynasty: 3 - Jin Conquest and Conferenc.e, Chinese Scientific and Tech- Southern Song Jiao Jian nical Assn.; International Working XIX Song Dynasty: 4 - Northern and Women's Day; 13th Winter Olympics Southern Song Culture Ji,ao Jian (on insert) 7 XX : 1 Mongol - Conquest and Year of the Monkey; Afforestation; Mail Economy Jiao Jian Transportation; Stop Smoking (insert) 8 XXI Yuan Dynasty: 2 Social Contradictions Lenin Commemorative; Kites; Kerplunk ! Lead to Eall - Jiao Jian (insert) I XXII Yuan Dynasty; 3 - Foreign Relations, Philately in China Zhao Wenyi I Science and Culture Ji,ao Jian Paintings of Qi Baishi (insert) 10,11

-6- Iss ue I ssue No. No.

Guilin Landscapes; China Exhibition in U.S.; Liu Shaoqi with Soong Ching Ling and his Capital Airport; Sika Deer (insert) I2 wife Wang Guangmei in the early 1950s 6 China's'Bicycle Explosion' ,l FOOD Listening class of English students, Bei jing University o Beijing Duck from Farm to Table* Rare species of sea cucumber, Xisha Island.s I Liu Chenlie 4 Harvesting Sugarcane 10 Succulent Oysters of Zhuhai Lai Tiantian lr Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing r1 Shaoxing's Rice Wine: Connoisseurs' Delight Chang'e in 'Flying to the Moon' 12 Dai, Erkang 8 Inside Front Photos: Sesame Candy and Its Origin Xiao Tong 11 Altay Mountain pasture, Xinjiang, 1 Jade-Girl Peak, Fujian's Wuyi Mountain 2 CHINESE COOKERY Aerial view of Harbin .) Lianhuachi (Lotus Pond) Duck Farm 4 West Lake Vinegar Fish ,, Z}l.ang Fei Temple, Sichuan province. 5 Fried Oysters (Zha Sheng Hao) 4 Golden Whip Rocks, Hunan. 6 Sweet-and-Sour Pork (Gulao Rou) 6 Daming Temple, Yangzhou. 7 Winter Melon Cup (Dong Gua Zhong) (,o Daguanlou Tower, Kunming o 'Carrying Pole' Noodles (Dandanmian) 10 Island radar I Lion's Head Meatballs (Shizitou) 12 Pavilion Overlooking the River Park, Chengdu 10 Oh, the Taihang Mountains, Taihang Waters 11 COVEB PICTURES Portable sprinkler, Inner Mongolian grasslands tz Back: Front: Newlyweds Going to See the Bride's Parents Dragon dance, Fourth National Games 1 (papercut) 1 Three schoolgirls of the Jinuo nationality 2 Skating'rink in Beijing 2 Yingniang, heroine of 'Along the Silk Road' D Gulangyu Island at Xiamen (traditional Nezha Stirs Up the Sea 4 painting) 3 Aesop 5 Spring Song (traditionai painting) 5

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-7 -

harvest of kelp, the surrounding sea was suddenly overspread with ice floes. They closed in relent- lessly from all directions on the marine farm and threatened to smash the struts. An emergency squad of 20-some volunteers was recruited from among the village youth. They valiantly manned a dozen sampans to form a cordon across the narow passage leading to the kelp ground and kept out the ice. But before they could catch their breath, a second surge of floes bore down on thenr. Just in the nick of time some old fishermen suggested that the struts be stripped of their glass floats and weighted down with stones so that they would sink deep into the water and not be crushed by the ice. ,q,11 the villagers, young and old, went into action, carrying stones from the Seallops, sea cucumbers! prawns and abalone. hill. They toiled late into the night despite the freezing cold until all 300 hundred rows of gleaming French windows houses event when the creatures succeed* struts were submerged. Kelp can- aquariums fitted out with coastal ed in fertilizing and hatching. not live in a state of deep sub- rock and aquatic plants for ex- To provide a suitable mersion artificial foi long, so as soon as periments with the various kinds habitat for the young animais, the danger was over they had to raise of sea life. It started back in 19?2 Iab workers analyzed the plants the struts again. But they got a as a makeshift lab on the beach growing in sea water" They dived bumper crop kelp. of with a borrowed microscope and to great depths to scrape the mi* 26 ceramic vats to serve as hat- croorganisms from the rocks on the Valuable Marine Animals cheries. Four of the young peo- seabed, a nourishing food for the ple were assigned the task of get- young sea cucumbers. After two A rugged upland trail along the ting sea cucumbers to spawn and years they had a lot of sea cucum- southern coast ol Tuoji Island hatch in _cultivation. It was a big bers, the largest 23 centimeters leads to an area reserved for rais- thrill when the young fisherman long, weighing 24A grams and ing scallops, sea cucumbers and on duty one July night a month looking like a prime specimen for abalone. An attractive T0 square later found the sea cucumhrs breeding. meter laboratory building with spawning, and an even bigger (Continued, on p. 72)

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Handicapped But Not Disabled

ZH.{NG JINGMING

Lr OUR years ago Ge Lijun was a The boy's teacher, Li Baorong r lively and mischievous ?-year.- led me to the classroorn and show- old boy. He liked to swim and to ed me Ge Lijun's homework pa- climb trees. taking young house- pers. The neat but vigorous sparrows or eggs out of nests" One strokes amazed me. Could they day, walking along a road, he really have been written with a heard the chirping of sparrows in pen held in the boy's teeth? Li ex- a nest atop a utility pole. Over- plained how Ge Lijun had trained joyed, he started to climb the pole, himself : '('" #"it stu: A *h but touched live W* a wire and re- When Ge Lijun was B the school - rt ^*_ #& ,3. Hrr * ceived a strong shock that knocked broke its rule and enrolled -L .tl -4." him" -,4 -)' 'iP" fm him to the ground. In consideration of his condition, ;'''.-i$'*F' His life was saved, but he lost the teacher allowed him not to do his right arm and left forearm. written work. But the boy wisely Last summer I visited Ge Lijun rejected Ge Lijun is writing. "Give my regards this concession, believing to the children at the Moshikou primary School of the whole world,, that "you can't study anything well written by the handicapped boy, in west Beijing. It was recess time if you can't write"" At first he when I arrived and the pupils attempted to hold a pencil between were playing point- al.l outdoors" the stump of his left arm and his spirit." The slate was hung on a ing to some boys playing soccer. chest, but failed. Then he , tried wall in their home. After three the director Zhang of the dean,s holding the pencil in his teeth. He months practice, Ge Lijun was office of the school told me that wrote a poor hand at the begin- able to write in this way. and also Ge Lijun was among them. What ning. To erase an error was such to screw the cap off a pen and surprised me even more than the an effort that his face streamed open his books and pencil bsx with fact that he can play soccer was with sweat. He was a littie dis- the stump of his arm. that he took second.place in the heartened. But his teachers and But he rarely took part in phy- 50-meter dash (6.2 seconds) and classmates encouraged him, and sical activities duri.ng recess. His another second place in the broad his father wrote a motto on a jump (3.85 meters) in the school,s slate: physicaliy teachers and classmates took the "A handicapped join ,.summer games. boy need not be handicapped in initiative and invited him to them. Now Ge Lijun participates enthusiasticaily. Gelijun is playing chess with his classmates. In a recent test, he got a 99 in arithmetie (out of 100) and 97 in Chinese, and was cited as a "triple- A pupil" of the school and the dis- trict. (The triple-A includes keep- ing fit, diligent study, and social responsibility). "I owe all this to my teachers and classmates," he said when I offered my congratulations on his aceomplishments. He does get help from his teachers and class- mates. Every morning, for instance, j ; when he arives at school, his classmates . .si vie with each other to help him arrange his things at his tri ,desk. The concern ol his teachers :. q' and schoolmates, he says, has moved him deeply, and he has vowed to study still harder and become an engineer when he u grows up. T

DECDIIBER I98O 39 fiAiddle Schoal Chompfons

ZIIANG JINGMING ANd TAN AIQING f\NE thousand five hundred sports and at 13 she placed first she asked to be taken on bike to \-/ young athletes selected from in the juvenile 800-meter and the training ground. among China's 60 million middle 1500-meter runs in a district In April 19?8 the 15-Year-old school students comPeted at the sports meet. Encouraged, she girl topped the Zhejiang Province Second National Middle School practiced more rigorously. She adult record for the 1500-meter Games Iast August in TAiYuan, kept a photo of Panduo, a Tibetan run and since then has taken capital of Shanxi province. In mountaineer who got to the sum- f irst place in this event nine five days of competition these mit of Qomolangma (Mt. Everest), [imes in nationa] or international youngsters, 12 to 18 Years old, telling herself that one day she competitions. broke 26 track-and-field records would accomplish something sim- Last June when she was comPet- set in the First Games in 1973 and ilar1y impressive. ing in the 1500-meter run finals at seven world records set in the In September 1977 she was en- the Fourth World Middle School Fourth World Middle School rolled in the provincial sPorts Games in Turin, a thunderstorm Games in Turin, last June. school, an after-class institution descended on the stadium' Guo and forged ahead, Nobuo Usugi, who came to Chi- with specialized facilities. But her Qin stayed calm leading her rivals from 11 other na as an obseiver at the Games the track she all first time out on took the gold medal and as head of the Japanese con- sprained her right ankle and the countries. She with a time of 0:4:41.0. tingent in the Sino-JaPanese doctor prescribed three months' juvenile said, track and field meet, rest. A coach helPed her work good see so many healthY Zhang Yingbo, Discus Thrower "It's to out a plan of exercises she could and well-trained Young athletes National Their spirit of do in bed. The foot hurt badlY but Just after the Second in China. Per- As School Games a Sino- in competition is Guo Qin .stuck to the Plan. Middle sistence around, Japanese juvenile track anetr field admirable." soon as she could walk

Runner Guo Qin Enthusiastic fans applaud a winner. Wano Xinm.in Guo Qin led the Pack in the 1500-rneter run until the 1200- meter mark when a taller and aP- parently stronger girl flashed past. Startled, Guo Qin summoned her last energies and charged to the finish line first. When rePorters "..* * t. a$ congratulated this girl who seem- w'. ed so dashing on the track, she .?:* fumbled with the gold medal she had just received and said shYlY, "I didn't do well enough todaY. I'll try to do better." Guo Qin was born in a small a southern town. Even when she was three or four, her Parents, a truck driver and a housewife, couldn't keep her inside the house, In primary school she took to

ZHANG JINGMING ANd TAN ATQING are staff reporters for China Be- constructs. CHINA BECONSIRIJCTS 40 Finals of the 1O0-meter dash in the Second National Middle School Games-

Shanghai high-jumper Wang Tiemei in the finals.

Guo Qin, National Games gold medalist, on the 1500-meter run.

Broad-jumper Zheng Zhijia breaks the World Middle School Games record with a jump of 7.37 meters. Guo Qingxian (1), Li Shufen (2), Yu Xueqing (3) and Fang Zhihui (4), top winners in the javelin throw, each of whonr Lrettered the Workl Middle School Games record of 46"5 meters set by a French girl.

Fan Haitang of Guangdong takes first place in the pole vault. Shot put charnpion Zhang Yingbo (left) and Japanese shot putter Tatsuii Hirai.

China vs. Japan in the 1{'tr meter low hurdles.

Pltoto; b_t Lfang )'iittit, meet was held. The top two discr.rc Coach Zhang, nearly 50 and in throwers attracted the attention of poor health after a serious illness, ;:, the crowd: one was Tatsuji Hirai, calted Zhang Yingbo to his horne a'16-year-old Japanese who had and worked out a training Plan: won the discus title at the Japa- AIt year lound, Zhang Yingbo nese National Games; the other would bike to school at five o'clock was Zhang Yingbo, a 1?-year-old in the morning for exercises, go Chinese who won first place in the back home for breakfast and re- place turn to school for class; after discus throw and second in go the shot put. class, he would to the sports school. Zhang Yingbo comes from an The linals of tbe women's jave'lin throw. He made steady progress, and educated family in Hebei province. Liu Quanju at middle school competitions last His father is art editor of a city year and again this year he won newspaper and his mother a mid- the discus throw" His best throw dle school teacher. He was in- has been 61.52 meters. Zhang terested in the arts as a result of rates high in his studies too. In his father's influence, and was 1978 he finished junior middle also quite athletic; he was always school urith the highest grade chosen by his school.mates to average in his class. Last June, represent- them in distance throw shortly after he returned from events. At 13 he took part in the Italy, he took the entrance exam discus throw in a district sports for the Beijing Institute of Physi- meet. Although he did not win, cal Culture and passed it easilY. his tall, strong physique drew the attention of Zheng Bingzhong, a One School, Two Teams coach at the Baoding municipal Middle School No, 2 of Puning sports school. county, GuangCong province' was In 1975 Zhang Yingbo began his the only school whose boys' and training course at the sports girls' teams both got to the basket- school. Every day, before and af- ball finals of the Second National ter classes at his regular middle Middle School Games. The girls school, he practiced throwing, were lockeC in a tight match with sprinting and weightlifting. the stronger and taller chamPion

Women's basketbalt malch. I-iu Quanitt

Shanghai team until Shanghai pulled ahead in the last 45 seconds. winning 82*79. Basketball is verY PoPular in Puning couRty, the birthPlace of many overseas Chinese and the game is played by peoPle from all walks of life. The Middle Schoo1 No. 2 piayers have grown uP in this atmosphere. Chen Lanjie, 15, a mainstay of the girls' team comes from a basketball familY' Her father, a basketball coach, and her rnother, a pharmacy clerk, played on the county team when they were young. Chen Lanjie remembers being taken as a child to see her mother plaY in the stadium. In primary school the little girl started to mimie her mother with a small rubber ball. Middle School No' 2 is one of the Coach and basketbal! players from Puning Middle School No.- 2, Guansdons province. tivoii fi"^i1. key schools in Puning county!

DECEMBEB T98O 43 highly regarded for both its academic quality and its sports program especially its basket- ball team,- which has been in first place among the county middle Foreign Literntrxre schools for many years. During the cultural revolution, sports activities virtually stopped and the school's playing grounds were Comes Bac$r to 0hina plowed for potatoes and rice. Not until 1977, along with other educa- tional institutions all over the country, did l\{iddle School No. 2 CIIENG DAIXI return to normal. The county allotted money to repair the sports grounds. Physical education teachers Xu Weiwr,r and Chen Qin- hong were appointed to teach the nURING the ten-year havoc pides take readers back to the 1,800 students in the school's 29 Ll r,ry6sg[f !y Lin Biao and early flowering of human history classes and coach the basketball thg gang of four, foreign literature. and culture. teams. whether past or contemporary, Dante's Dixine Comedy helps As southerners, the team mem- was banned as "feudal, bourgeois them perceive the dawn of a new bers are generally shorter than or revisioni.st." It could not be age br:eaking through the murky those from north China. But they studied, translaied into Chinese, skies oI the rnedieval Europe. have greater staying power, are sold in bookshops or openly From Shal

44 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS creative peak of the 19th cerrtury. Wh.om the BeII Tolts and The Chinese. They include Metamor- and was closely connected rvith Old Nlan and the Seo. The phosis, The Castle and The Trial. life. New Chinese editions have story "The Killers" in the Heinrich Bcil1, noted contemporary collection of American short appeared of the works of the major writer of West Germany, is also stories is among his early exponents of these schools. Among becoming ones. It reveals the cold and known in China. The them are Byron. Dickens. Thack- ruthless relations between men Foreign Literature Publishing eray, the Bronld sisters. and under capitalism through a House has put out a collection of Thomas Hardy o[ Britain; Gogol, description of the inner world of his short stories including "Der: Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov and tu'o would-be murderers. Another Zug war Punktlich", "Die Ver- Turgenev of Russia; Hugo, Balzac, item is The Pearl" by John Stein- lorene Ehre der Katharina BIum" beck, who Nobel ZoIa of France and others also won the and 14 others. Prize. It was written soon after books comprising The main the Second World War. His most Originating in France in the Balzac's monumental .series Lo powerful work, Gropes of Wrath, early 50's "the theater of the Comed,ie Humaine are now availa- had been translated in China much absurd" quickly became pop ble in Chinese. some in [wrr earlier. ular in the western world. translations or more. Les lllusions Jack tondoo's Loue of Life was Now available to Chinese readers Perdues and Les ,Secrets rle La a tavorite of Lenin's. It expresses are such examples as Samuel Princesse de CadignarL bring tcr the perseverance and strong will Beckett's Waiting for Godot, E,a- our readers a new 1u"1,'1 rrI Bitlzar's t.ith which seekers for gold fought gene lonesco's The Chairs, The (ealism. .Formerly they saw r,vith nature in frigid Alaska, Bald Prima-Donna and Harold Balzac's novels only as works of Writings on the life sf the black Pinter's The Birthday Party. exposure. Now they know trow he people of fhe United States have Literature is a mirror of each could give praise where it was a prominent place in world litera- age. The modern literature of the deserved. ture" This collection includes two west reflects contemporary social stories by the internationally- trends there, directly or indirectly. U.S. Literature It.eturns renowned black writers W.E.B. This is one reason why we in China DuBois and Langston Hughes and translate, print and study them. For a long period, China's another by A. Du Pont. We still Basically, our aim is to promote readers were out of contaet wi.th t'emember DuBois's inspiring visit mutual understanding and friend- U.S. literature. After" 1978 when to China in 1958. ship between the Chinese people the two countries re-established and those of the countries of origin formal diplomatic ties the People'"s Contemporary Works of these varied works. tr Literature Publishing House te- In the past 30 years very little issued Walt Whitm an's Lea'--es of has been done in China to intro- Gross and Mark Twain's T'h.e. duce modern western literature Aduentures of Tom Sawyer and and especially "modernist" litera- Th"e Aduentures oJ HuckLeberrg ture. This has changed in the past Fr,nn. 'It also put out a colleetion two years. World Literature, a of 24 short stories by 21 noted U.S. bimonthly that has now resumed writers. An inclusion that makes puhrlication, has printed short Chinese readers feel close to Mark stories and excerpts from novels Twaip. is "Goldsmith's Friend by noted contemporary American Abroad Again", an epistolary tale writers like Saul BeIIow, Joyce that vividly portrays the plight ot Carol Oates and Isaac Bashevis the Chinese workers in America Singer. The Foreign Literature and breathes author's profound the Publishing House is preparing sympathy toward them. Most of editions of Irwin Shaw's Rich the other selections portray the Man, Poor Man, shorl stories by complex life of American society Isaac Bashevis Singer and Ernest in our own century from different Gains's The Autobiography of angles and artistic approaches. Miss Jane Pittman. Chinese readers are f amiliar From the German, some works with the books of Nobel Prize by Franz Kafka, one of the found- winner Ernest Hemingway - in- ers of the western modernist cluding A Farewell to Arms, For school will soon be available in .DECEMBEB T98O 45 Dong Chensheng -Folk Artist to Painter

JIANG FENG

shadow puppet show-q, open-air specialized in flower painting in performances at temples or mar- the gongbi (meticulous brushwork) ket fairs Dong never missed a style volunteered to teach young show. After- five or six years of Dong his skill. Dong was also in- this his father and teachers for- terested in the shadow puppet bade him to go to the opera and shows popular in the T T was in 1962. if I remember Qinhuangdao paint; the father was not suc- area; he cut figures and scenery I correctly, thal I saw some to out cardboard instead the drawings of battle scenes at an ex- cessful and didn't want the boy of of regulation donkey skin and per- hibition in the National Art Ga1- following in his footsteps as a painter formed these shows for children Iery. I was impressed by the vivid- of little repute. Ignoring young After watching some animated ness of the characterizations, the their warnings, Dong often opera house to films, he started to create stories inspired conceptions, the practiced sneaked out to the slake his thirst for entertainment. "Mother Hen", "Brother Dog'', technique and the rugged, powerful" and- "Firing at Japanese Planes" brushwork. The name of the artist" And when his father was out he would steal into the studio work- among others drew them on Dong Chensheng,' stuck in my paper - shop, Iock the door behind him, rolls of and unreeled them rrrind, and when China Recon- Iike movies. and .work midnight. structs asked me to write this ar- until Dong was fifteen when the Jap- Just across street from the ticle. I was grateful for the oppor- the anese were defeated in 1945. His workshop was a lithographic print- tunity to become further acquaint- father abandoned painting for the ed with the man and his work. ing shop for whose books Dong's relative security of carpentry, and father drew illustrations. There Dong had to give up his school- The Second Generation were no fees for this work, only ing and go in with him, sawing some gifts from the iithographer Dong Chensheng's father was a Iogs into boards and sometimes at the end of the year, and when folk artist in Qinhuangdao, Hebei r,vhitewashing and painting doors province. who specialized in paint- Dong's father finally recognized and window-frames for merchants" ing gods, buddhas, and characters his talent he Iet the boy do some This went on for two years, but As just give from operas. In the Iate 1930s, at of the book illustrations. Dong couldn't up his in- the age of sevenn the boy began Dong's skill approached that of terest in art. paint his father, he took over all the Making use of every spare min- to frequent opera houses and painted opera figures from memory, like work for the lithographer. In ad- ute, the boy characters from Strange Tales of Liao Zhar, his father. He got to know the dition, he painted movie posters. (also known as Strange Tales manager and players of a Beijing and soon won a reputation in his Jrom a Chinese Studio) on pieces of opera troupe and was given the small town. glass, which he framed and sold. run of the opera house, which be- People advised him to get came a second home to him. What- Broadening His Scope a good teacher and studY art, ever was being performed around Dong had a wide range of ar- 1947, age of town Beijing opera! local opera, so in at the - tistic interests. At one point, an 17, he rvent to Beijing to seek artist who drew charcoal sketches admission to the Fine Arts Acad- JIANG FENG is one ol the pioneers ol came to teach in Qinhuangdao, but emy. But he was not permitted the Chinese revolutionary woodcut Dong could not afford the tuition even to sit for an examination. movement sponsored by Lu Xun, He and so tried to teach himself by Having spent all his savings, he is now chairman of the Chinese His 6,rtists Association, and president of the copying the man's work. Also in returned to Qinhuangdao. Ceniral Academy of Fine Arts. this period, an old local artist who father died that year. The onlY

46 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS L

"On the Autumn River" (Beijing opera) The Monkey King in "Making Havoc in freaven". (Beijing opera) *

t!

I':t .'i

"Lady of the Luo River" tl X1" igL r,tl *, Wl ffi

"Girls of the Aini Nationality Dance in the Moonlight,, Z}rangFei, a character from Beijing opera. {+ t-4 l,P b ;*x ,b# n! "l 'z:_t-

4..

"Gypsy Dance" work he couid find was an occa- ficiently subtle; in large battle his ease and skill in this field re- sional low-paying job doing movie scenes his compositions are not main undiminished. Moreover, posters and other graphics. compact enough. deeper understanding of the char- Qinhuangdao was liberated the Through long years of painstak- acters and plots has honed his next year and Dong joined the ing work Dong Chensheng has powers of projection. so that his People's Liberation Army, where come to realize that confidence recent portrayals outclass by far he was first assigned to a trans- without, humility invariably leads those done in his younger days. port unit. In 1950 he was trans- to artistic stagnation. For this In these paintings he does Iittle ferred to the army press, where reason he frequently asks others embellishing. He believes that he has been an alt editor ever to point out shortcomings in his since the stage figures are already since. pictures, in the conviction that highly stylized and quite different this will spur him to further from people in real life, good por- progress. trayals can be done simply by ''frained in the P[,A A fertile imagination of course depicting them with only a little At the press, he drew illustra- plays some part in his ability to refinement or abstraction and ap- tions f or newspaper mastheads, draw or paint without live models, propriate stress on their physical books, movi.e posters, book jackets, but more important are his love and spiritual peculiarities. and other media, all based on bat- tor and close observation of life, a His favorite Beijing operas are tle themes. Most were sketches vast accumulation of mental im- The Maid. Who Feigned Madness but he also did ,some painting. pressions, good grasp of the laws (Yu Zhou Feng) ar^d The Drunken He paints assiduously, and has and techniques of character por- Beautg, and he sees the dance produced close to ten thousand trayal, his erudition in the art of movements of the actors as "sculp- finished works in the past two painting - Chinese and foreign, tures in motion". He believes that decades - not to mention innu- ancient and modern - and his ex- 'opera characters can be painted merable sketches. His rise as an ceptional industry. These are also well only if one studies the art of outstanding and well-regarded the sources of the rich flavor of Beijing opera in its entirety, in- artist must be attributed largely lite in his works, and the fgunda- cluding singing, recitation, acting to this tireless work. tion of his personal style. and acrobatics; at the same time His work in a newspaper office he holds that sole attention to any has fostered qualities that stand Unique Opera Portrayals of these aspects will result in dia- him in good stead as an artist. He grammatic representations of no draws a lot, and does it quickly. Dong Chensheng is highly ac- great artistry. He does not resort to live models, complished in Chinese traditional Modestly, Dong says his current but draws almost exclusively from ink-and-wash painting, but I was paintings are still in the tentative memory, no matter how many astonished when I found that he and imitative stage" I am con- figures the picture contains or also excels at depicting charac- vinced, however, that his paintings how complex the scene. As a mat- ters from operas. He had done of Beijing opera characters have ter of fact, he could hardly have many such portrayals before he reached the point where they ap- executed those swift-moving, joined the army, but did none for peal to both refined and popular highly mobile battle scenes were nearly thirty years thereafter. In tastes which is why they are so he not able to draw upon visual recent years he has returned to widely- acclaimed. This is the most images committed to memory over these themes and last year did delightful feature of his art, an the years. more than 300 pieces on Beijing oirtcome of the realism that imbues His projeetion of figures is ac- opera. It is gratifying to see that his works. n curate, agile and flexible; work- ing from memory, he is able to sketch most vividly the form, movements and expressions of his characters and in a very short time put together a well-integrat- ed composition with a clear-cut theme. But he is not complacent. His work could be irnproved, he declares, if he had more time to spend on composition, character poltrayal and tableau treatment. Indeed, due perhaps to excessive haste, his work shows certain shortcomings: His figures, al- though vivid, lack stability; their movements are dashing but insuf- The Drunken Beauty (Beijing op€ra)

'DECEMBEB T98O 5l The Laiyang

Pear

LIN XIGUO

-&;

Commune memhers ol the Luergang Brigade grading Eears. Zhao Rulji

Li Shu Wang, King ol the Pear Trees, produced 750 kg, of pears in l9?9. f I SHU WANG, King of the Pear Zhao Rutii I t Trees. stands half-buried in the sandy soil of Laiyang countY on the Shandong Peninsula, where it was planted some 300 years ago. Though its trunk is underground, .fi^ the branches, spreading over an area the size of a basketball court, produced 750 kg. of pears last year, more than three times as much as 30 years ago. Hundreds of winters have stripped off some *i,ut of its bark, but in recent years the peasants have been graftiag one- year-old saplings onto the ancient hulk to improve the circulation of nutrients. Pruning and artificial pollination have also helPed improve the yield. The Pear Tree King reigns over 67 hectares of pear trees in the tuergang Orchard of LaiYang county, 50 km. north of the Yel- Iow Sea. Last year the countY produced 2?,500,000 kg. of the succulent, yellow-skinned Laiyang pear, and this falL's harvest was expected to be even better. The villages of Luergang, Fafang, and Taozhang along the Wulong River are the PrinciPal growing areas for LaiYang Pear, a

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS delicacy offered to guests in skill of the growers plays a vital table to the orchard, about whether Chinese homes. and also popular part. Veterans of these oichards some old branches needed to be abroad. It's also favored for.'its know the tree intimately; to get replaced, they decided to settle the extract, used in preparations for better fruit and higher yields, matter scientifically. They tagged the relief of coughs and sore pruning and trimming have been some new branches and some of throats. raised to an art. the old ones, waited a year, and In the spring, pear blossoms when the new branches bore more cover the whole region, giving life Agronomy Network fruit than the old ones, the father to an ancient poem that observes was convinced. A thousand pear trees bloom Laiyang county has established a Wang was also responsible for A sheet of snotu. research office with a dozen the virtual elimination of the or- Along the creek a smoky technicians. Each commune and chard's most serious pest, the larva haze brigade also has its amateur re- of the Oriental fruit moth. The Shrouds the roillortts, search gioup. Information is local people used to say that "nine Local lore holds that the pear shared within the network, which out of ten pears are worm-eaten, was introduced into Laiyang 300 now comprises several thousand and the other carries a black scar," years ago from Renping county, peasant technicians and veteran a reference to pear blAck-spot 200 km. to the west. But in the growers. During slack season each disease (Venturia pyrina). In 1961, brown sandy flats along the Wu- winter, the technicians run train- Wang went to work on this prob- long it flourished as nowhere else. ing classes for pear growers; lem. He lived and slept in the The loose texture of the soil pro- during the growing season, orchard for days on end, spending vides good ventilation to the roots, meetings are held to exchange in- many sleepless nights observing and the high concentration of mica formation among the growers. the life-cyc1e of the moth. At last, reflects sunlight, giving a boost to Wang Peiyang, 48, is a well- Wang and his fellow workers the photosynthetic process. Ground known technician in Laiyang figured out how the pest could be temperature rises as quickly by county. Three generatiors of his controlled. Now, with a combina- day as it drops at night, aiding the family have been pear growers. tion of pesticides, insect traps, and retention of carbohydrates" Both he and his father are avid the breeding of trichogramma, a Natural conditions, however, are experimenters; after arguing f or fly that feeds on the moth's eggs, not the only explanation for the several days, from the orchard to 95 percent of the crop survives in excellence of the Laiyang pear. The the dinner table and the breakfast good condition. tr

Cortoons

Safeiy Belt Ying Tao

E

Pleaso leavo I littlo roon for me. Before anil After the Swim (on Dollution) Zhuang Xilong Wang Dozhuong

DECEMBER 1980 53 "Waterfall of Clouds", one of 'the main sighls" Yin Doolu

THE WUDANG MOUNTAINS railway station at Shiyan to the weighing half a ton. This hall i.s I I are one of China's scenic main peak. reached by traversing two others, I wonders soon to be opened to a winding gallery chiseled in the 1 tourists. This famous range, cliff and a flight of spiraling stone Daoist Buildings stretching for 400 kilometers, steps. Made entirely of gilded rises northwestern part copper, it rests on a granite in the of Daoism, a religion developed Hubei province by foundation and is the largest of its and overlooks the the Han people (China's rnajority Hanjiang River, a major tributary kind in China today 5.5 meters nationality) stems from the ancient high and 5.8 meters- wide. The of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. worship of gods and nature. It Its main peak. 1,600 meters roof is decorated with iifelike above arose toward the end of the described Iions, monkeys. deer and. cranes. sea level, was by Eastern Han dynasty in the 2nd ancient scholars as pillar The structure is so well mortised "a century, and acquir€d a wide that the inside remains still propping up the sky", hence the air following in the Ming dynasty even during a gale. name Peak". "Heavenly PiIIar (1368-1644). In 1411 the Ming In the hall's center is a seated Around and seeming to lean it, emperor Cheng Zu put 300,000 statue of the Heavenly Emperor toward are many lesser peaks. it, artisans and soldiers to work on a Zhen Wu, the main Daoist deity. Distributed are among them huge project in the Wudang Around him stand f orrr other magnificent temple buildings of Mountains an ensemble includ- statues-a boy servant, a maid, the Daoist f aith, constructed 500 ing 46 temples- and halls, ?2 grotto and the "fire and water generals". years ago. shrines, 39 bridges and 12 pavilions These bronze images are decorated In the past this scenic spot was and terraces. The job took six with gold. Realistic and grace.tul, inaccessible to most people because years to comflete. It cost the im- they are among China's most of poor transport facilities. Now perial treasury a sum equivalent to famous sculptures, the new Xiangfan-Chongqing rail- the tax receipts of 13 provinces way passes the northern foothills, for the same period. Scenery and a road is being built from the Most magnificent is the Golden HaIl constructed on the pattern The sceRic attractions of the fU ZHENGMING is one of the chlefs of a building in the Imperial Wudang Mountains are legion: ol the publicity tlepartment of the Shiyan Municipal Party Committee in Palace in Beijing. Surrounding it they are officially listed as its 72 Hubei province" is a wali of stone blocks. each peaks, 3S cliffs, 24 ravines. 11

54 {:E$INA &E]C$N$T'RUCTS Golden Hall on the mairr peah. Bronze statue of Emperor Zhen Wu, a Daoist deity, in Golden Hall.

Turtle and snake in bronze, said to syrnbolize Emperor Zhen Wu and the Wudang Mountains.

Jiuliancleng (Path of Nine Turns), rhe only way up to Heavenly Pillar Peak. Dragon Head trncense Burner, where many people once fell to their.leath.

Nanyan, one of tbe 36 cliffs in the Wudang Mountains. Pltor,,, hy \ u Cltrttqli,rtt eaves, 3 ponds, I springs, 10 pools, the end of the Ming dynasly, built main peak, i:hat is, all except the 9 wells, 10 rocks and g terraces. up his army here. The ruins of "Jiang Peak" (0bstinate Feak) The rnost spectacular of all is Laoying Temple, burned by Li's which refrised. Inf uri.ated, the Nanyan (Southern Roek). Set on forces before they were forced to emperor Zhen Wu stormed a1 it, a steep cliff just below the main retreat, still stand at the foot of "Since you refuse to lean, I'11 have peak, it f eatures a temple the mountains" 3,000 l:airs piucked from your building Nanyan Hall carved In 1856, during the Qing body every year." And in fact out of the- living rock, in -imitation dynasty, peasant insurgents from dui'ing the yearly pilgrimages in of the customary wooden archi- Hubei and Henan provinces known the past, 2-3,000 branches of trees tecture. In front of it, carved at as the Bed Turbans entrenched on the peak were cut to make the tip of a stone beam protruding themselves in this . place, An walking sticks, each carved ,at one over the edge of the cliff, is a inscription chronicling their end intr: a dragon head. Today, dragon with an incense burner on suppression by the Qing govern- their manufaCture siill adds to the its head. A Daoist abbot in ment is engraved on a rock at income of the local people. ancient days, so goes the story, Nanyan HaII. In another iegend, the emperor' predicted good fortune for anyone In our own day, the Chinese Zhen Wlr, tired of meditating who burned incense here. Nine out Red Army fought here. In 1931 alone in the mountains to attain of ten devotees who tried it siipped the Third Red Army under its immorl,a-lity, decided to go back to and fell into the chasm below. famed commander (later marshal) the world of men. On hi-s way Now the dragon head is enclosed He Long marched northwestward down he came upon an old woman with iron chains to prevent this from Honghu Lake in Southern beside a weli, grinding away at a from happening ever again. Hubei to the Wudang Mountains. thick iron bar. "What are you The road to Nanyan is lined It set up its headquarters in Zi doing?" Zhen Wu inquireC. with fantasticaliy-shaped rocks Xiao Gong (Purple Cloud Temple). "Making a needle for my embroi* and sheer ciiffs. Birds sing in the A wall nearby still bears its dery," she replied. Seeing Zhen trees. Streams murmur in the slogans: "Unfold the Land Rev- Wu's astonishment, the old gullies. When spring comes, olution!" and "The Red Army Is woman actually an incarnation azaleas carpet the mountains; in the Army of the Workers, Peabants of a Bodhisattva- or Bucldhist the autumn, maple leaves turn the and AII Other Poor People!" saint smiled and said, "With slopes into a sea of flaming red. perseverance,- even an iron bai: Fines grow stubbornly from Legends can be ground into a needle." crevices in the rocks, some taIl and Chastened, the emperor went back straight, others lhrusting out at an The Wudang Mountai:rs are to his meditation in the mountains. angle or trailing like vines. One rich in tales and legends. One The well can still be seen today. variety called "Greeting Visitors" tells of the origin of a local A buiiding nearby houses a bronze stretches out , its branches like a handicraft product called the staiue of the old woman hold::ng hospitable host offering his hand "dragon head walking stick". It an iron bar and smiiing at visitors. to guests from afar. goes like this: All the peaks of the That oid woman's words have These mountains have been 'range lean respectfully toward the become a proverb in China. tl described as "Nature's treasure- house of rnedicine". Around Nanyan in particular, many Fumu Hall in the Purple Cloud 'Iernple" In 1931 it was ihe headqua,rters s? the excellent medicinal herbs grow. Third Bed Army under He Long. Yu Chengjlart China's great physician and pharmaeologist Li Shizhen (1518- 1594), after searching the country north and south for the mandrake, finaily found it here. Of the 1,800 medicinal ingredients listed in his Ccmpendtunz of Materia Medtca, over 400 are found in the Wudang Mountains.

X{istorical Sites

Because of its strategic position, this range has often been used as a base by revolutionary forces. The peasant leader Li Zicheng (1606-1645), who rose in revolt at

DECEMEEB g8o dicai endeavors. However, the few hundred plastic surgeons we have now are a very small number in proportion to the overall PoPu- lation, and each of them bears an enormous work load. But long and varied experience has honed Easftie wtrger Em hina their professional talents and brought China's plastic surgery to the world's front ranks. In some ZE{ANG DTS}IENG respects it has made unique contributions.

Surgery for Burns EDLASTIC surgery was almost restore, at least partially, the func- organs lost ,L unknown in pre-liberation tion of tissues and At present, final-stage Plastic China. What little was done was through burns and other injuries. and reconstructive surgery for Iimited to cosmetic oPerations In tissues and external organs burn patients makes uP a large such as those for double-fold (eyes, ears, nose, etc.), form and proportion of the work. In MaY, nose bridges In eyelids and higher function are closelY related. 1958, the Guangci HosPital (todaY performed by a few Private Prac- many cases, if the Plastic surgeon the Ruijin HosPital) attached to fashionable rich, titioners for the cannot restore form reasonablY the Shanghai No. 2 Medical CoI- and to repair hareiiPs and cleft well, restoration or reconstruction in China the lege drew much attention palates in children. In Past of function is imPossible. saviqg the life of years, and guidelines that and abroad by thirty however, Plastic It was with these patient, named Caikang, reconstructive surgery has rnade surgery a Qiu the new China's Plastic with burns on 90 of his considerable advances. stePs To- Percent took its first forward' (23 percent- were 3rd degree the 50s China trained her ward the end of the 40s and the body In Since then, Chinese me'' small grouP of sur- 50s, China went burns). first Plastic beginning of the achieved geons, numbering about halt a wars, the dical personnel have through two fairtY big recoveries of dozen. By the 60s their ranks had Liberation War and the war in truly remarkable patients even larger burn increased to 30 or so. TodaY there Korea. These left a large number with are several hundred such sPecial- wounded with deformed or surfaces and in a worse conditron of the Beijing has a hos- missing noses, ears, eyes, upper and than Qiu Caikang, bringing ists in China. in- pital of plastic surgery; and a lower jawbones, and extremities, country to a leading Position number of large hosPitals else- all requiring complicated plastic ternationally in this fieid. heals, con- where have instituted depart- surgery for PhYsical and mental After a major burn ments devoted to it. It the Shang- relief. The foundations of new tractures and deformation of the hai No. 9 Peop\e's HosPital, for China's plastic and reqonstructive patient's face, hands or other Parts instance, a 7-storY building for surgery were laid in the course of of the body Iead to Poor PhYsiolo- plastic and reconstructive surgery treating these sufferers. Since gical functioning and imPaired is going up. It wiII have modern then it has constantlY develoPed, appearance. Victims require fur- operating rooms dnd laboratofies to become one of the most out- ther treatment by plastic surgeons and wards with 200 beds (three standing and fruitful of our me- to reduce deformitY and restore times the number of beds now available for plastic surgerY in this hospital) and will become Chi- na's newest center for treatment, instruction and research in plastic surgery. Cosmetie operations are done in China today, but hold a minor position in her plastic surgery as a whole. We believe that the specialty should serve two Pur- poses: First, to correct external de- formities of the human body and, A patlenf before and after to plastlc surgery for a deforneil secondly and more imp-ortant, eyelld in Shanghai No. I Peo- ple's Ilospital: ZHANG DISIIENG, L noted plastic surgeo& is director of the Shanghai No. I P€oDle's Hosllital.

L:"

58 1 .$i

series plastic ir_ of complex opera- tions. Function recovery was fair- 's* ly good in both hands. The patient ",e is now able to grasp, pinch, write, and use tools. Since then, early sear excision and skin grafting has become rou- tine with us. Practice has shown that this can prevent tendon and muscle atrophy and joint deforma- tion, and restore hand function more satisfactorily.

l:..r Repairing Facial Deformities Striking results have also been obtained in recent years in the correction of deformities of the eyes, ears, nose and mouth. To give one example: Patches of black nevi (moles) actually a sort of accumulation- of pigment in the skin sometimes grow on the upper- and lower eyeiids. These are extremely disfiguring and, if too large, obstruct the suf- ferer's vision. In the past surgery for this affliction, which involves Plastic surgeom Zhang Disheng operating. excision and repair, was perform- ed in two stages and often took several months to complete, Now function as far as possible. The "Claw hand" is a complication surgeons at the Shanghai No. 9 development of burn treatment resulting from severe burns on the Hospital have developed a new has pushed China's plastic surgery back of the hand coupled with im- procedure: excision and repair in to higher levels. proper initial treatment. The one stage. OnIy one week of hos- In application of skin grafts and patient's hand is deformed by con- pitalization is required and results surgical treatment of contractures, tractures, the fingers cannot be have been highly satisfactory, as a rich store of experience has thus extended, and function is almost in the lnore than ?0 operations. been built up. Medical personnel entirely lost. In the past, in China An international journal of oph- at the hospital attached to the as elsewhere, surgeons used to thalmology published in Switzer- Xi'an No. 4 Army Medical College wait a y-ear or more after the land carried, in April 1978, the fuII sucessfully pigskin have rxed wound healed before performing text of a thesis written by these grafts instead homografts (tis- of plastic operations: earlier surgery surgeons, with an editorial note sue transplants from one human was generally considered inadvisa- describing it as a high attainment being to another) to cover early- possibility ble due to the of the in ophthalmic plastic surgery. stage wound surfaces in patients scar hyperplasia (ex- developing A deformity often seen in the with extensive burns. cessive overgrowths). During the plastic surgeon's clinic is the ab- For patients with very little long wait, however, tendon and normal skin left, the Ruijin Hos- muscle atrophy and joint defor- sence of the nose. Nose reconstruc- tion, a complicated surgical pro- pitai and the No. 9 People's mation would inevitably .set in, , Mospital has used large homo- adversely affecting recovery of cess, often used to require more grafts inlaid with small autografts function. than one operation. In February from the patient's own scalp to In 1974, when a cadre at the last year, the Shanghai No. 9 repair large wounds after late- Shanghai Automobile Factory sut- Hospital and the Capital Hospital stage surgery to remove contrac- fered burns resulting in "claw in Beijing published papers almost tures. This has solved problems hands", surgeons at the Shanghai simultaneously on a new and fast- arising from insufficient supply of No. 9 Hospital decided to break er surgical technique for recon- the patient's own skin for auto- with conservative thinking. Eive structing the nose. The method grafts, arousing a good deal of months after the wounds healed used in Shanghai consisted in interest among our colleagues they excised the scar tissue, ap- raising a flap of skin, together abroad. plied skin grafts and performed a with blood vessels, from the sub-

1980 DECEMBEB 59 ject's forehead, turning it 180 de- ta1 in Shanghai made imProve- Changsha and Xi'an are anasto- grees, and then drawing it down- ments on this ancient method. mosing (joining) capillaries and ward through a subcutaneous Pas- They designed an electric oven nerves under surgical microscopes, sage at the bridge of the nose. large enough to accommodate the with excellent results in the treat- This method has already been used limb. Treatment.was effected bY ment of a wide range of condi- in more than 30 cases, with a suc- heat radiation, which could be tions. Free grafting of skin flaPs cess rate of 96 percent, The Bei- adjusted to the l'evel of tolerance is replacing the conventional jing variant differs from the of each patient. One hour of heat method, used over several decades, Shanghai one only in that the flaP treatment was given everY daY for of transplanting pedicled (stem- of skin is taken from one side of twenty days. After each treat- med) flaps or tubes of skin in the forehead instead of the center. ment elastic bandages were bound grafts. This has shortened the Eoth methods not onlY take much tightly around the limb. After time of treatment and cut down iess time, but are less exPensive. two or three such courses, the limb the number of operations requir- became softer to the 'touch and ed. MicrosurgerY is being em- toes to re- Traditional Treatment more supple and graduallY de- ployed in transplanting free for Elephantiasis creased in size. In Particular, the place missing fingers, in incidence of the skin disease erY- transplantation of muscles to rem- In Western medical literature, sipelas in these patients fell edy paralysis of the facial nerves, the treatment recommended for sharply. Formerly, some of them and in transplanting Part of filariasis-induced elphantiasis of would suffer from shivering fits, the greater omentum (a fold of the leg consists in the main of ex- high fever and inflammation of the peritoneum) to cover missing cising the excess skin and subcuta- the limbs, characteristic of erysi- sections of the scalP or cranium. lleous tisstte and then grafting pe1as, once or twice every month. Since early t977, the Shanghai skin onto the wound. This method After heat treatment, the frequen- No. 9 People's HosPital has been is not very satisfactorY, however, cy dropped to once or twice a Year, using free transplants from the and some cases to nil. jejunum (a portion of the small and the condition is likely to recur. in .treatment O1d Chinese medical books de- The non-surgical has intestine) to replace missing or scribe a treatment used as far back already been used on more than blocked esophagi (gullets). as the 13th century: First, fire- 1,000 elephantiasis cases. Most of Missing or blocked esoPhagi are wood was burned in a brick stove' them have shown varying degrees a result of surgical removal f or due acci- After the fire died out the Patient of improvement. This ancient cancer, or of burns to inserted the affected limb into the treatment has entirelY rePlaced dental swallowing of chemical siove and kept it there until the surgery in China, and its eurative substances. Replacement with a bricks cooled. This was to be done properties and principles are un- section of the intestine is a good once a day. In 1963 a practitioner der study. way of deaiing with such cases. of traditional Chinese medicine at But the operation is best done a countlr hospital in Fujian Prov- - Microsurgery with microsurgical techniques, in ince reirived this treatment and order to join as many as Possible used it successfully on a number Microsurgery is finding increa- of the mesenteric blood vessels of of patients. singly wide application in China's the jejunum with those in the Beginning in 1964, plastic sur- plastic surgery. Plastic surgeons in patient's neck and thorax, to geons in the No. 9 People's HosPi- Shanghai, Beijing, ShenYang, guarantee that all the transplants survtve.

Microsurgery. Photos by Liu Dingchuan Cosmetic SurgerY In the ten years of the cultural revolution beginning in 1966 cos- metic surgery was banned and many plastic surgeons were criti- cized for having performed such operations. Now, PeoPIe are tak- ing a different view of the matter. I personally see no reason whY lt'e should not do face lifting, eYelid reconstruction and similar cos- metic operations on actors, so as to give them more Years of stage youth. Since we still have few specialists in this field, their ser- vices are limited to film and stage performers for the time being. !

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'*el'*,Hl&} DECEMBER I98(l 61 Horld's Biggest liger

MA YIQING

rn HE Northeast China Tiger, one Thickly-padded paws enable it to The tigress's period of PregnancY -!- of China's rare animals, is the move about almost soundlesslY. It is 105-112 days, and she bears 2-4 world's largest extant member of swims well, but cannot climb trees. cubs at a time. A new-born cub the tiger familY. Weighing as Its normal range of activitY is be- weighs 1.2-1.8 kg. and measures its much as 320 kg., it has a magnifi- tween 20-25 km., dePending on the only 32-40 cm. long (without cent body and is fierce and fearless. season or the available game. Gen- tail, which is about 14-16 cm. long). Black horizontal striPes on its erally speaking, it is more exten- It nurses for 5-6 months, during tigress is especially fe- f orehead slightlY linked in the sive in winter than in summer, which the center, resemble the Chinese char- and for the male tiger than for the rocious. In the wild state, the acter "E" (king) which is whY female. frequency of litters is everY 3-4 it is called "the king of animals" The Northeast China tiger feeds years. In the two or three Years in China. White whiskers, long on live prey; it will not touch car- that she stays with her cubs she and wiry, bristle from its upper lip. rion. It hunts mainlY such hoofed does not mate. Its heavy fur and thick subcu- animals, like the wild boar and Tigresses raised in zoos, how- taneous fat make the animal im- deer, and in summer it eats some ever, have borne cubs annuallY, pervious to sub-zero temperatures. berries, After lying in wait for its and one in the citY of in Only when the snow lies more than prey, or creeping uP stealthilY, it Heilongjiang province had two 50 cm. deep on the ground are its pounces suddenlY and sinks its litters in one Year. to movements slowed. teeth in the victim's neck to Pre- A female cub takes 3-4 Years the forest, this vent escape. A tiger can eat 30 kg. reach sexual maturitY, and a male A denizen of of magnificent beast lives mostlY of meat at a meal. Then, sated, it even longer. Since the life-span China tiger, accord- among the coniferous and broad- may go for days without food. the Northeast is from 20 to 22. Ieaf tree.s on rugged mountain Not a social animal, it lives ing to zoo records, lair. But years, a tigress can 10 to ranges. Other favorite haunts are alone and has no fixed Produce with her cubs until 15 offspring in her reProductive areas overgTown with tall grass a tigress lives enough to take care of period. The high mortalitY rate where game is they are big and thickets P1enti- China cubs, few of which and rock- themselves. The Northeast among tiger ful, or mountain ridges have no definite survive to maturitY, is an imPor- strewn flats. It hunts at night, and tiger seems to the region's tant reason f or their small is most active at dawn and dusk. mating season. In mountains most of the mating numbers. takes place between Decrmber Recent surveys have shown that MA YISING is the heatl of the Anlmal and March the next Year' At such only 300 or so Northeast China Resources Department at the Natural beast can tigers survive in a natural state' Resources Institute ol Ileilongilang times the roars of the province. be heard two kir. away. I{alf of them live in the moun-

CHINA RECONSTBUGIrS 62 tainous regions of Northeast China, the rest in the Maritime Territory and Khabarovsk Frontier Region of the U.S.S.R., with a few more in northern Korea. Yet toward the end of last century such tigers were distributed over vast territory beginning west from the region around Lake Baykal and extending through the Outer Hinggan range eastward to Sakhalin Island and southward to the Yanshan mountains and the Korean peninsula. The area they inhabit has shrunk drastically over the past 50 years and the number of tigers has dwindled: during the last decade they have become extinct in the Greater Hinggan range. In recent years, the people's government has be- gun to pay attention to the protection of China's rare wildlife, including the Northeast tiger. Its relevant directive calls for "more protection of resources, active breeding and raising, and rational hunting and utilization". These measures help both to protect the Northeast China tiger directly and to maintain its food supply. Nature preserves for it have been set up in the heart of the Lesser Hinggan range and the Changbai mountains. The recently promulgated CriminAl Code decrees penalties for hunters of rare animals in violation of state regulation. n

Three tiger cubs of the same litter in the llarbin Zoo.

[Veighing a Jhree-week-otal tiger oub. Xu WanUu

DECEMBER T98O 63 ffiutrGaruorats on Trial

TANG ZHONGPU

r[tHE Bohoi No. 2 was a 37-mil- a day. I{ow had it happened that area" Liu Xue, chief of opera- I lion-yuan off-shore oii rig this great machine and 72 lives tions on the rig, radioed several imported from Japan in 1973. could be destroyed by a winter messages recommending safetY When it went down in Bohai BaY wind? precautions, but these were ig- in 1979, killing 72 of the 74 Per- nored by bureau officials. Where sons aboard, the disaster was at- .{,n' Extra ^A'ssignment specifications called for three tributed to unexpectedly high tugs, Bohoi No. 2 had been Pro- winds. Now, the accident has By October 20, 1979, Bohai No. 2 had completed its work for the vided only one. been shown to have been caused had not even been year, somewhat ahead of schedule. The rig which by criminally bad management in made fully seaworthy because of officials On November 19, a Vice-Minister the oi1 industry; four quickly the rush was capsized and sank have been sentenced to ordered the rig moved as Prison as possible to a site 117 nautical at 3 a.m. on November 25, 1979. terms, Minister of Petroleum the miles away, where it was to drill Song Zhenming, Minister of and a Industry has been fired, a standard well by the end of Petroleum Industry, reported to Vice-Premier has been officialtrY December. An assistant chief the State Council that the rig had reprimanded. geological engineer in the Oceanic gone down in a gale of 80 knots. Perhaps more importantly, the Petroleum Exploration Bureau re- The Oceanic Pbtroleum ExPlora- investigation and trial of those ported back to the ministry that tion Bureau leaders sPeciouslY responsible has set off an animat- the assignment was impractical: observed that just as peoPle had ed national discussion. The leaders Because of expected severe winter died in the war of liberation, so of the Oceanic Petroleum Explo- weather and the rig's inability to some were bound to die in the ration Bureart displayed little withstand ice it had been design- struggle for the four moderniza- regard for the safety of the work- ed for southern- seas and the tions" ers in their charge. One observer fact that it would take longer- than Most of the workers, and at their trial noted that many in- the allotted time to dig a standard especially the families of those dustries have been led by people well. The engineer suggested post- who had lost their lives, were not who are without technical com- poning the work until spring. quite so certain that the accident petence, especially in new fields, But leaders of the ministry re- had been unavoidable. Aware and whose style of management peatedly said the decision couldn't that the bureau had cut corners involves mass campaigns rather be changed in principle, that if before in its haste to fulfill Pro- than sound operational practices, the work was not in fact com- duction quotas, they demanded and that this will have to change pleted by the end of December an investigation. Some wrote 1et- if the modernization campaign is they would then decide what to ters to Workers' Dai.l,Y, and others to succeed. do next. Thus, Bohai No. 2 reported their concerns to the AII- I spent three days and nights would have to be towed to the China Federation of Trade Unions aboard the Bohai No. 2 a few new location and the well drilled and the State Bureau of Labor. years ago and was impressed with within 40 days. According to reg- the crew's apparent skill at han- ulation, the staff of a rig must Investigations Start dling the advanced equipment. be notified 15 days before it is Before it capsized, the rig had scheduled to move so they can On January 22 of this Year, a drilled 19 wells totalling some prepare it for towing. Bd Bohai team of investlgators organized 50,000 meters, four of which were No. 2 was given only four days' by the Tianjin Federation of producing crude for industrial notice, and the rig was taken in Trade lJnions, the State Bureau use at rates as high as 1,000 tons tow dangerously unprepared. of Labor, the public Prosecutor's Weather stations in Tianjin, office, the Bureau of Public were Security and other units arrived IANG ZHONGPU is a stafl reponter for Shandong, and Hebei China Becoustructs. forecasting strong winds in the at the headquarters of the Oceanic

64 OIIINA BECONSTRUCTS Petroleum Exploration Bureau, but issuing orders in violation of of the bureau; Wang Zhaozhu, the Ministry 'of Petroleum In- establishqd regulations. This his deputy; Zhang Dejing, deputy dustry threw up many obstacles to brought prolonged applause from general dispatcher of the bureau; their investigation. Song Zhen- the employees" The ministry and and Lin Yongzhi, the tugboat ming hurried to the bureau to bureau groups agreed to work captain. affirm that it had indeed been a with the Tianjin group and come AII 1,200 seats in the special natural disaster; he even request- up with a single report. courtroom of the Tianjin In- ed that the State Council designate Investigation disclosed, among termediate People's Court were the sunken Bohai No. 2 "a heroic other things, that Minister Song filled when the trial started. The oil rig." The ministry dispatched had lied about the weather. Re- judicial function in China is col- secret group .to a fact-find.ing try cording instruments aboard a rig legial; in this case the bench was to find evidence to support its only two nautical miles from the composed of three judges and already-annouaced conclusions. spot where Bohai, No. 2 went down four assessors, or jurors a uni- Tfre exploration bureau also set showed that, far from blowing at versity physics professor,- an up a fact-finding group, with 80 knots as Song had c),aimed (a engineer from the harbor Wang Zhaozhu, deputy leader of force-l1 gale), the wind had administration, a harbor pilot, the bureau, at its head; as later actually been 45 to 55 knots (force and the deputy head of the educa- investigation and the public trial B or 9). It was further determined tion department of Tianjin would the show, Wang himself was the that the tugboat had not sent Shipping Company, person most directly responsible out an immediate SOS, did not The presiding judge, Jin- for the accident. Wu determine the sunken rig's bear- yong, after introducing his as- The Tianjin joint fact-finding ings, and failed to lower its gl'oup, however, proceeded with sociates, the prosecutors, and the lifeboats to rescue the crew. defense attorneys, asked the de- its own investigation, gathering group On April 21, the combined fendants whether they wished to information from the workers and appealed to the public prosecutor challenge any of the judges or as- staff of the bureau. to investigate and fix the respon- sessors on grounds of having per- In March, all three groups made sibility for the accident. After a presentations at a meeting attend- formal investigation, the pro- sonal interests in the case. None ed by 1,200 bureau employees. secutor scheduled a public trial did, and the trial proceeded wittl indictment, Wang Zhaozhu spoke on behalf for August 25. the reading of the of the bureau's Party committee, which presented the State'b case using slides against the four men in detail. to buttress his.argu- The Trial ment that the rig had fallen Although the defendants had victim to nature. Pan Changyou, The prosecutor preferred charges admitted their guilt, several i"epresenting the Tianjin group, of dereliction of duty against witnesses, including the two blamed the bureau leadership for four men:'Ma Jixiang, director survivors of the Bohai No. 2 and

1'he Tianjin Iniermediate People's Court tries the ,,Bohai No. 2" casc. sentence: Ma Jixiang, Wang Zhao- zhu, Ztrarrg Dejing, and Lin Yongzhi were sentenced to Prison for terms of four Years, three years, two years, and one Year, respectively. At this writing, the defendants have appealed their sentences to a higher court and are awaiting a new trial.

Significance of the Cdse Tlne Bohai No. 2 case has shaken the whole nation and, it is hoPdd, will have far-reaching effects on 1 Chinese industrial rnanagement and on the spirit with which the people approach the camPaign for '. ':.,.: ''#l'\ the four modernizations. u. After the trial, a Tianjin textile worker said she thought the "tremendouslY congress verdict would Guo Xilu, petroleum engineer and a deputy to the National People's heighten the morale of the (first Ieft). ipeaks on the "Bohai No. 2" disaster during its recent session. Peo- Qi TieYan ple." "This trial is aimed at the bureaucrats," she said. "PeoPle a spokesman for a Panel of mari- the audience became restless and are afraid of bureaucrats and time experts aPPointed bY the began to whisper its disagreement. hate them too. It used to be that prosecutor, wer€ called to the The prosecutor rejoined that of bureaucrats who broke the law stand to testify, and the prosecutor course the Prime resPonsibilitY r:sually got off scot-free and we ana the four defense attorneYs Iay with the leadershiP of the couldn't do anything but get argued at length over the de- Ministry of Petroleum IndustrY' angxy. Now this kind of Problem proPerlY." f endants' culpabilitY. In such and it was for preciselY that rea- can be handled a case, the Public triaL serves son that the minister had been A scientist who attended the two important functions: It removed from his Post. But, he trial agreed. "For many Years is a form of Public education said, the defendants bore their quite a few leaders in charge of the 1,200-seat courtroom own direct responsibility as well. economic work used to do -thusand it is a means of determin- They had paid no attention to management bY resorting to mass ing- the approPriate sentence to scientific management; theY had campaigns instead of scigntific be imposed. bureau's own reg- methods. Experience has shown ignored their with Defense Attorney Dong Shikai, ulations; they had refused to re- that recklessly dealing representing Ma Jixiang, argued of the workers economic construction cannot spect the oPinions good results. The that although the accused could had disregarded their safetY. bring about and Bohai, No. 2 has made not shirk responsibilitY for the Their misdeeds had brought great tragedy of realize that smooth Progress accident, the real culPrits were harm to the countrY and to the us f our modernizations will those in the Miqistry of Petroleum people, he said, and stern in the Punish- impossible if the influence of Industry who had ordered in- ment would be a warning to be production disregard of the ultra-teft line in industrY is creased in other bureaucrats in similar situa- conditions and who had over- not eliminated." of the bureau's tions. A vice-maYor of Shanghai, also ruled the objections themselves oil Finally, the .accused an observer at the trial, - i;aid it geological engineer. Offshore TheY all exploration was still in its in- addressed the court. had been "of universal an$, great fancy in China, Dong said, and adknowledged responsibility for significance on the ecbnomic the defendants had been given the accident and said theY would front," a demonstration of the responsibilities for which their take it as a profound lesson. TheY necessity to "improve the leader- training and experience had not asked for an oPPortunitY to ship." prepared them. Even so, Dong redeem themselves through meri- The Ministry of Petroleum In- argued, Ma Jixiang had made torious service. dustry called an emergen-ql meet- important contributions to China's The hearing had taken about ing last sumrner of the leaders of oil development, and the court three hours. Seven hours later, all petroleum enterPrises in the should take this into account in the court was reconvened and the country to consider the lessons of forming its judgment. At this, presiding judge announcd the the Bohai, No. 2 disaster'. tr cHrNA BECONSTBqCTS 66 C}lINESE HISTORY - )()(\III The Ming Dynasty 5 - The Struggle for Territorial Sovereignty Begins JIAO JIAN

T N the 16th and 17th centuries, from Manchu troops. In 1661 he earl3r death at age 39, his descend- r covering the last years of the crossed the strait with 25,000 ants continued to promote the Ming dynasty and the early years troops and 350 warships and land- economy and culture there. of the Qing dynasty, the Chinese ed on the western coast of Taiwan. The QinB government took over people fought many battles to Within a year the Dutch strong- Taiwan in 1683, making it a pre- safeguard their northeastern re- hold, Fort Lollandia, had surren- fecture under the coastal province gions and southeastern coaSt dered and the invaders were of Fujian. This tightened relations against European invaders. forced to leave. and exchange between the island Zheng Chenggong set up prefec- and the mainland with the result Taiwan: Seized and Recovered tural and county administrations that Taiwan developed more quick- and promoted agriculture. Taiwan ty. This had an advantage for In the 16th century European became a refuge for all who re- China's sea defenses. colonialists, beginning their ex- fused to submit to the Manchus. pansion in Asia, started to harrass Zheng also encouraged peasants to Tsarist Russian Invasions China's southeastern coast seeking come from the mainland to open While the Manchu army was plunder and trade. In 1553 the Por- up land. He distributed hoes, busy consolidating the Qing tuguese occupied Macao; 1624 in plows, sickles and oxen to the dynasty's power north China, the Dutch invaded Taiwan from in Gaoshans, the native people of troops from Tsarist Russia moved its southwestern side and built Taiwan who had previously farmed north- (now down from the north into the city of Chichian Anping). without them, and got Han east China. Tsarist Russia was Two years later the Spanish, who peasants to teach the use of them. originally a purely European coun- had already invaded and colonized He also set up schoois. After his try whose borders had not touched the Philippines, occupied Jilong and Danshui (Tamsui) on northern Taiwan. War ensued between the Zhcng Chenggong Recovels Taiwan. a Chinese iraditional painting. Spanish and Dutch with the result that the Dutch chased the Spanish away and took possession of the entire island. The colonialists Ievied heavy taxes on the loca1 farmers, who were Hans, China's majority na- tionality, and on the minority peo- ples, who were mainly hunters. Dutch traders kidnapped them in large numbers to sell in Java as slaves. The Taiwan people revolt- ed many times against the Dutch. The Dutch Iasted only 38 years in Tgiwan. They were driven out by troops leci by Zheng Chenggong (1624-L662, known in western lit- eratuie as Koxinga from the name Guo Hsingya by which he was known in Fujian province). He was a general under the Ming dynasty. When the Manchus oc- cupied north China and set up the Qing dynasty, he held out against them in Xiamen and Jinmen (Amoy and Quemoy) islands. He made several attempts to win back the Changjiang (Yangtze) valley

DECEMBER T98O 67 as scouts in the Russian-held areas. The fierce attack that fol- lowed breached the Rwsians' bat- tlements. After heavY casualties the Russians surrendered, but when the Qing trooPs- had with- drawn, seized the town again. Brass cannon used against Tsarist Russian invasion. Later In 1686 Emperor Kang Xi order- the words "Ever-Victorious General', were carved on lt. ed another expedition. For six months his troops besieged the in- vaders, cutting off the water suP- on China's. After the 16th cen- The Qing government demand- ply and bombarding the citY dailY tury it started expanding eastward, ed that the Russians withdraw with cannon. The Russian com- first across the UraI Mountains to their troops and negotiate. In- mandant was killed. FinallY the occupy immense Siberia, then stead, they reinforced their army I\arist government agreed to set- down into China's northeast. at Aksha and stepped up their tle the border question through There had been frequent incursions military expansion, arrogantly negotiation, which resulted in the south of the Outer Hinggan Moun- declaring that "the Chinese gov- first Sino-Russian boundary trea- TreatY 1689. tains (called by the Russians the ernment should become tributary ty, the Nipchu of Under provisions, areas north Stanovoy Range) into the valley of the Tsar." its to Outer Hinggan Mountains the Heilong River, and of the established As soon as Qing dynasty ruIe and west of the Gorbitza and the a headquarters at .A.ksha. Mean- over north ehina was secure! Ergun rivers were accorded to while other Russian forces crossed Emperor Kang Xi (1662-L722) Russia. The treaty stipulated that Lake Baikal and marched east- launched a counter-offensive. the valleys of the Heilong and ward to take regions around Nip- After personally inspecting the Usuli rivers, including Sakhalin chu (Nerchinsk). Both areas had northeast frontier, in 1685 he sent Island, belonged to China. The been under control of the Chinese troops to dislodge the Russians Russians agreed to withdraw their gov'ernment. The aggressors plun- from Aksha. The people living troops from Aksha, and the Qing dered sable furs, raped and burned. along the Heilong River helped government agreed to give uP ter- They were resisted by Qing troops build fortifications, post stations ritory held by China east of Sak- and the local inhabitants of dif- and boats and to transport grain halin Island and around NiPchu on ferent nationalities. and fodder. Some of them acted the east side of Lake Baikal. tr

68 CHINA BECONSTEUSTS Miniature guards slationeil in the alcoves of the tomb of Frince Zhu Yuelian outside Chensdu.

Tonnb Finds Tell Mone Ming Life About Warrior Iigurine'

YI SHUI 34.? meters. From beginning to end one passes through the flrst gateway, court, second gate- robbed front A NUMBER OF tombs dating 1949. Although it had been way, main court and main hall, fI 1pe6 the Ming dynasty (1368- several times, it sti[ contained middle court and back hall. On 1644) have.b€en excavated in re- some artif acts. Most interesting either side oI the main and middle cent years. Artifacts in them, now are 500 well-Preserved glazed courts are alcoves. Two annexes being studied, will enrich knowl- pottery figurines. The miniature flank the back Part of the middle edge of Ming life. statues are positioned about the court. In one of the rooms are as real at : full-scale tomb rooms much three big iron vats connected Chengdu Underground Palace guards would have stood. Three the bottom with an iron PiPe. TheY rows of them stand in alcoves in were lamps, and still contain res- Ming rulers are famous for the the main court. The first consists idue of the oil and wicks. Iarge, elaborate tombs theY built of grooms, a second row of figures Among the artifacts remaining for themselves, each a veritable with gongs, drums, an ancient in the tomb are a wooden seal, palace. Indeed, this and underground type of hua jiao horn, and Pen- iron helmets, iron bows given chest lac- is the name the'best-known nants, and. a third row of wamiors broadswords, a wooden tomb of the with of them, Ding Ling, broadswords, shields and quered in red and Painted (1573-1620), in the with a emperor Wan Li "In frorit of the gold dragons which north of Bei- bows and arrows. ts, set of 13 Ming tombs rows of fade ritual tablet, ia ! jing. but lesser main hall stand two more ed i Not only emPerors, warriors in and a royal crowrr of the imPerial familY as very martial-looking members in condition. i well, had palatial tombs. In one armor and helmets, sPears hand. In addition, there are two of these, Prince Zhu Yuelian' Song Painting in Tbmb eldest son of the Prince of Shu, groups comprising 330 figurines of was buried in 1410 outside Cheng- about 30 centimeters high in the Zhu Tan, Ming dYnastY Prince capital oi Sichuan middle court, RePresenting the Lu (present-daY Shandong Prov- du, Province of which was under his father's juris- grand procession of a guard of ince) must have been a Person most diction. The tomb lies at the'south- honor when the Prince went out, more refined tastes than of ern foot of Fenghuang Mountain each group surrounds a miniature other Ming princes. The tombs mainlY funeral 5.5 kilometers north of the citY' pottery coach with six horses' the latter contain gold, and Excavated in 1970, it is the larg- It has three parts of barrel-vault objects of silver, Pearl est princely tomb opened siuce construction with a total iength of jade. But in,Zhu Tan's tomb were 69 DECEMBEB 1980 Wootlen figurlnes representlng s guerd of honor from Zhu Tan's tomb.

Brocade robe from Zhu Tan's tomb.

f o',rnd books, paintings and an- brocade robe, jade belts and jade bloom symbolizing the coming tiques. One of the paintlngs is from gui ritual tablets, all indicating the of spring- has been a popular the Song dynasty (960-1279). It rank oI the occupant. theme of papercuts- in south China portrays hollyhocks and butter- at least since the Ming dynasty. flies on a silk fan 24.3 centime- First Ming Scalpels Found This is proved by such a design ters hrgh. A poem on the back by The tomb of a physician of the on a folding fan found in a Ming Emperor Gao Zong (1 107-1187) of Yuan-Ming period, who died in tomb in Jiangyiir county, Jiangsu the Southern Song dynasty in his 1411, has provided medical equip- province. From an account book own calligraphy verifies the period ment, including surgical instru- in the same tomb, it can be as- of the painting. Since reiatively ments whieh will be helpful in sumed that the fan was buried in few examples of Song painting studying the surgery of the time. the year 1515. have come down to us, it will be The tomb is in Jiangyin county in The papercut is placed between a valuable addition to material for Jiangsu province, two layeis of a folding fan. The study of Song art. The instruments include scissors. fan, 27.3 cm. high, is made of tlvo The tomb yielded another paint- tweezers and two scalpels. One Iayers of floss-silk paper which on ing on silk, a landscape in gorgeous of the latter, 16.7 cm. long and in the surface is dark brown flecked colors, and another of white 1o- the shape of a willow leaf, with with gold, without any design. tuses done in the gong bi (meticu- a 4-cm. edge was apparently used When held to the light, however, lous brushwork) style by Yuan for making large horizcntal inci- it reveals the inserted papercut. dynasty artist Qian Xuan (c, 1239- sions. The other, 1L.3 cm. long trt is a fine example of Ming work, 12e9). with a thin, sharp point, was with the sturdy branches and life- Prince Zhu Tan's tomb, consist- used for small vertical incisions or like bird done in simple, clean ing of a front and back chamber for removing necrotic tissue. Books Iines. D together measuring 20.6 meters in frcm the later Qing dynasty (1644- Iength, is located at the southern 1911) describing Ming dynasty sur- foot of Jiulong Mountain in Zou- gery mention such instruments, Held up to the light, folding fan'from xian county, Shandong province. but these are the first to be found. a Ming tomb iu Jiangsu province re- veals papercut decoration. Also found there were seven The tomb also contained a books in 21 volumes printed irr the porcelain pot with four holes for Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) and a steam treatment, a lJ.ong-Spouted 121-cm. zither of black tung wood porcelain ewer, a brush with a dating from the year 1164. The horn handle, wooden pots and priqce died in 1389. Other funeral horn rods used in massage and objects include wooden figurines of bonesetting. men and horses, miniature coaehes, 460-Year-Old a board and pieces for the game Papercut of wei qi and other more typical The design of a magpie perched items, such as ,a crown, hats, a on the branch of a plum tree in l 70 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Lesson 24 Send-off

( in f.-frl ,l-fi. *lt, ,t ito'l r-€ k + &n?w *4,1 r6n qing dlto <.lUn4Aa flng HuA lilvdutuAn l4idiro Sh6udii wiribi. QitA foreign Oiher people please to (Canada visit China tourist group come to Capital currency. tsE.) It,?rft ,f+,9 ilr.rh,849 xiiixi -TlL"Yixiir. Jichlng, qich6ng hui eu6') xi[xiting while' Airport, start out (to) retum country') lounge rest a ll' th*'| *",ftt * hrJ F.- 'flF tE az it *, 4'l &x zutr de shi nl - trin Wdng: Qtng xiin diro HIiguEn bin MIIi: Wdmen Yi Marie: We ride is which flight Wanlr Please first (go) to customsgothrough -( ilut +*" f6iji? sh6uxir. plane? Procedures. +. AlJ -( i4 iQ /\. 'l,i('fl] *t tt lv' *P F?.. ilu F k ttr r.ff, ilt' fi t Zhdngguf Minhdng de fCiii' HliguEnr6nyudn:' Nimen h6o! Qine bl hirzhio, iipido Wdng: Shi Wang: Is CAAC Plane' Customs person: You well! Piease passport' plane ticket -K fiv +{E+ +t\ -frn+t e31, ttct24o4" fr-h" jiisiinyi, fEijihiro Orsilingsi. he shEnblrodlin gEi w6 kirnYikin' hdngb[nhiro plane number 2404' and declaration give me (to) have a look' flight number 931, €a rtl6l k 2t ,ko {E*r, ith. CrshiYi diln. kdn' Qif6i shijifln shi Shimisi: Qing Take off time is 21 hours' Smith: Please look. 'f'i1'lr] T v\ ++.tr- ff fi.ii #fi *- hl fir" th iX-& lY< E*r\n' *t1, + Xin jiin jiching shEbEi hEn Hliguiinr6nyudn: Hio le, nimen k6yi qir tu6Ytn Sekasi: de - Sachs: Newly-built airport facilities very Customs Percon: A'll right' You may go check if ,' ii .{n a"*E E! t'l l.9. 4i+1 " gindiro hdn xingli le. hio, zhO shi llke feel very luggage' goocl, these make travelers frL* fr, ( it EF E ) iLF- t*tn"x4; li.: i 4*-" FriwilyuAn: (Guir birng hiru) Zhi shi dEngiipii; zhE fdngbiirn. convenient. Service person: (Weighing after) This is boarding card; this \tt'"v/E Ifl *.ffSfi' iiri.4,l + tr i.r4t Ci"'fil k4i++. T wdmen shi xins,liden. xin fEiii vihdu vdng Shlrnisi: Zhi ci diro Zhdnggu6 tilxing 'ACEi to us is luggagecheck. Getoff plane after use Smith: This time to China travel -,KAI 4i+" w T t fr1fY *- , l+ ffl k Efl* tEbi6 shi tE qi xingli' Iirixiirle shEnk0 de yinxiing' especially is it take out luggage. leave deep impression, rt rt1 l.lt'H E'+.f , il+'ifl+ L *.L *.tt { l: . --.- W6ng xiiinsheng ilui w6men de rdqlng Shimisil xrexle. " to our war(n Smith: Thanks. Wang Mister lE ,-.t *,1 ,l-iE#. F.g-frfr, AA d" at ff$14 A6t " W6 Nimen y6u shCngyf de wirihuiquin' zhirogir. ling r6n ndnwdmg. Wdng: (one) (to) forget. I Wang:,:. You have extra foreignexchangecertificates care, make hard ,,i ztF"fi Tv/ 4'l Xfr €.;t kx -fu,qP,t 4*, ,,:,ti' kEYi diro diting iihnyi .. derjin yiSi zhio ge xiing' r6nminbi picture, (or) renminbi can (go) to big hall suggest everybody together take a $a gr,rt x,J4 iL, *efi 4+ " duihuinchir huirnch6ng Iiizuo iiniin. foreign exchange office change to keep as souvenlr. 7l DECEMBEE 1980 (kx ,* 14) on us. Especially unforgettable is Mr. Wang's wa[n care. I suggest we take a pic- (Dnjie yinc) hd ture together as a souvenir. (Everybody together (take) picture) (They -( ps.' take a picture together) Ez h ,li&- -1 *n tt 4. Wang: Please get ready to board the plane. We Wdng: Qing zhinbCi shirng feijl ba. HuEnylng welcome you to visit China again. Wang: Please prepare board plane. Welcome Smith: We will. Wang: Good-bye" (Shaking hands one by one.) nn&-lt1 # + fEr Wish you a good trip. p6ngyoumen zii I6i Zh6nggu6! friends again come (to) China! Notes *.Fs't' **frlt 1. The use ofring it (let) Shimisi: Hui l6i de! Smith: Will come! Sometimes this has the same meaning as in l-z English, as in M5rna reffig wdmeri qfi k&n dihnying fifr,T! (** lb +) 4hlqtLt,"t1*.ft (Mother iets us go to the WAng: Ziiiiim le! ( Yl yi wd sh6u) P,fl Wang: Good-bye! (One by one shake hands) movies). But more often it is used in the meaning ix, ,l,jr,fl] f*l of "wants me to", as in Lingillo ring wdmen qir Zhi nimen -y*yilt ping'In! kei hui Afi+itJi",ft*trA (The leaders want us Wish you whole joumey safe! to go to the meeting). Wd ring td ddo wd jid zud kd *\.t+t,E'J }144+9. (I want him to be a guest in Translation my house, or I want to invite hirn to my hou.se). (The Canadian China tour group arrives at the Capital 2. "Have a good trip" Airport and starts to retum home.) The traditional send-off is Zhir ni yilil ping'dn Wang: First please go to the customs. ix,lfi-f*+{ (I wish you a safe and peaceful Customs officer: How do you do? Please show me your journey). passport, plane ticket and declaration form. Smith: Take a look please. Customs officer: All right, you can check your luggage. New Language Corner Series in 1981 Luggage clerk: (After weighing) This is the boarding card. This is the luggage check. Use it to get your This is the last one in this series. Starting luggage when you get ofr the plane. in January 1981 we will begin a new two-year series Smith: Thanks. of lessons centered around phrases for everyday you Wang: If have any extra foreign exchange cer- use. The lessons will be suitable for beginners, tificates and renminbi you can go to the those previous foreign exchange office in the big hatl to but also helpful for with some change them into foreign currency. The knowledge of Chinese. others can go to the lounge and rest. Language Corner readers, we'd like to hear Marie: . Which flight are we taking? from you. Please tell us whether you flnd the Wang: It is a CAAC plane, flight number 931, plane new series useful, your reasons for number 2404. Take-off time is 21 hours. what are Sachs: following the Language Corner, what you wou"ld 'TheyThe facilities in the new airport are quite good, make it convenient for the travelers. like to see in it. Smith: This trip to China has left a deep irnpression

-Soltwoter Forming grew quite normally and even- scailop larvae and some abalone. + tually spawned. It was not long AII of these,. he said, have been EI (Continued from p. 37) E before the Iab was the possessor "repatriated" into the surrounding 39 It was mere accident that led to L of the first school of cultivated sea to enrich its marine resources. ,€ the initiation of scallop culture. In scallops. The a density of the sea cucumber M early winter 1973, while cleaning During last year's sea cucumber population around the island must tt a sea-cucumber aquarium, the lab harvest I visiti:d the tract again. be one of the results. + staff found 31 scallops tiny in it. As we cruised along the coast Our ship ploughed into the a They thought they had developed crisscrossed by reefs, I could see scallop tract. There the sea is both I from some fertilized scallop spawn numerous sea cucumbers sprawling deep and rough but the cultivated \ or larvae which had been swept on the rocks. A staff member told scallops growing in sacks suspend- JL into the aquarium by the tide. In- me that since 1972 this tract has ed from struts are big and fat. )1, trigued by their find, they put the produced young /\ about 300,000 sea With a water surface of less than o "intruders" in two baskets, Iower- cucumbers, another 260,000 fer- two ha., this tract can now pro- + ed them into the sea and tended tilized spawn and larvae which are duce more than 20 tons of scallops 1 them with great care. The scallops now growing, more than 4 million a year. n s t*, 72 ,V CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Mi Mi Brsnd Children's Gorments

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