Australia: A S 0.72 New Zealand: NZ S 084 U.K: 39 p U.S.A.: $ 0.78 . Streqmlinimg the Government . The l\lationa I Economy " New Dance Drama .V .* Portable sprinkler on the Inner Mongolian grassland Li Xiao/bng PUBLISHED MONTHLV IN ENGLISH. FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND cHrNEsE By rHE cHtNA wETFARE INSTITUTE tsoor.rc-' CHING LING, CHAIRMANI voL xxtx No. 12 DECEMBER 1980 Articles of the Month CONTENTS Streomlining the Government Politics Mojor reshuffle of ronk" Good Start at Streamlining Governmenl ing officiols initiotes o New Leaders in the State 4 reform in the system ol stote Historic Congress Session 7 leodership, lts reo. sons ond oims. Brief Economy biogrophies ol newlv oo- pointed leoders, The Economy: Successes in 1980, Targets for jg8j I Poge 2 Main Economic Targets for 1981 (Chart) 14 Shanghai Helps Backward Small lndustries 34 Saltwater Farming in the Penglai lslands 36 Chino's Economy in r980-81 Pureaucrats on Steody odvonce is the keynote, Results of reod- Culture ond Arts justment ond restructur- 'Flying ing so for, The situotion New Dance Drama: to the Moon' 21 now. Plons for next yeor. Foreign Literature Comes Back to China 44 Poge 9 Dong Chensheng Folk Artist to Painter 46 Tomb Finds Tell -More about Ming Life 69 ScienceT Medicine Fudan U. Honors U,S. Physicist-A Heartfelt Reunion 28 'Flying to the Moon' Plastic Surgery in China 5B A donce dromo bosid on Youth two oncient ond much. loved Young People in 'Oil City' 16 legends. Morks" progress ond o new style lvliddle Schoo! Champions 40 in this lorm of stoge ort. Across the Lond Poge 2t Famed Beijing Temples Being Restored 30 The Laiyang Pear 52 The Temple-Girt Wudang Mountains 54 Chen Ning Yong ond Fudon World's Biggest Tiger 62 The fomous Chinese-Ameri. Columns ond Speciols ron physicist, o Nobel Prize Chinese History XXVII winner, ond his links with o The Ming Dynasty:- 5 The Struggle for Territorial noted Shonghoi irnstituti'oon. So.vereignty Begins - 67 How he is helping Chino's reseorch lodoy, English History Society Founded 22 Poge 28 Chinese Cookery: Lion's Head Meatballs 13 Our Postbag 20 Children: Handicapped But Not Disabled 39 cartoons 53 Language Lesson 24 Bureoucrots on Triol Send-off 71 Front Cover: Chang'e, the Lady in the Moon (from new dance drama, see p. 21) Editoriol Oflica: iVoi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino. Coble:,,CHtRECONii Bpijthg, Goncrol Disributor:: GUOJI EHUDIAN, p.c[, Fox 399, BeijiiE; ChT&. ood tart m& trea frnEm @Yeffffi em& ZHENG STIE Outgoing Premie,r Hua Guofeng with new Premier Zhao Ziyang. CHINA EECONSTBUOTS Ihe Fifth Session of ihe National People's Congress Photos bU Xinhua m.eeting in the Great Hall of ,the People in Beijing. fr UtNn has begun to streamline also appointed three new vice- many which should be decided by \-, h". governmental machinery premiers and five new vice- administrators. As between the f or more efficient functioning. chairmen of its own Standing center and the periphery, it is now Starting with the last session of the Committee. evident that certain powers over- National People's Congress, the For a background to the aging concentrated in the national following steps are being taken. of persons in high posts, it will government should devolve io re- First, no longer, as in the past, be recalled that during the reuolu- gional governments. Concurrent wlll the first secretaries at all tionary wars the leaders of, the job holding and overcentralization. Ievels in country's leading the Communist Party and of the base experience proves, inevitably does party, the Communist Party of areas established previous to harm to democracy and to collec- China, hold concurent posts in the China's nationwide liberation were tive leadership in both the Party government at the same level a in their thirties or forties. Ten and the governrnent. It leads to practice which led to over-- years after the establishment of the bureaucracy and, even worse, to concentration of power. Second, major decisions taken arbitrarily holders of high government posts People's Republic they were still in the prime of life. At that time by individuals. For many years will in most cases be retired when China suffered from this; and over-age, Third, besides being the question of superannuation di.d not loom large, nor was there any especially from 1965 to 1976 when faithful to the Party line, new political provision made for it. the country was in leading personnel will be younger upheaval. After the fall of the gang of four and professionally capable in their The new situation in which in 1976, though such veteran own fields as required by the China striving to modernize revolutionaries were much older, is socialist modernization of the requires younger, capable leaders the problem for most was not re- country. with practical experience and pro- tirement reinstatement a In September, the National but after fessional kno-,vledge. These meas- period People's Congress, China's supreme of persecution and unjust ures are aimed at implementing organ of state power, accepted the and illegal exciusion from their collective Ieadership and abolishing resignation of Party Chairman Hua posts. To these posts they returned. the practice of Iifelong posts. poor Guofeng as premier and Party But owing to age and health The personael changes at this Vice-Chairman Deng Xiaoping as many persons were not as effec- Iast People's Congress were an vice-premier as well those tive as the situation required. - as initial step in a long-range policy. five other vice-premiers whose The second defect, the pre- Party leaders released from ages ranged from 71 to 79. Also valence of concurrent posts in the government posts will concentrate resigning were five vice-chairmen Party and government, meant that on tiandling the Party's internal of the Standing Committee of the power.tended to be overconcentrat- affairs, decide the line and policies Congress who were either ad- ed and the work load too great. of the Party and concern them- vanced in age or poor in health. Many a leader held several posts eelves with its ideological, political The move was proposed by at the same time, the reasoning and organizational work. The new the Communist Party Central being that this could give effect measures, it is expected, will help Committee. to unified leadership under the establish an effective government Zhao Ziyang is China's new Party. Party committees had the network from the State Council Premier. The People's Congress final say on all matters, including down to regional levels. D DECEMBER' 1980 llew leaders in the $tate (^t HINA'S premier new is Zhao ETOLLOWING are short biogra- \-r Ziyang, whose brief biography r phies of the five new Vice- is given below. Chairmen of the N.P.C" Standing ZIIAO ZIYANG Committee. Born in 1919 in Huaxian county, PENG CHONG Henan province, Zhao Ziyang joined the Communist Youth Born in 1915 in Zhangzhou, League in March 1S32 and the Fujian province, Peng Chong Communist Party in February joined the Communist Youth q 1938. During the War of Re- League in 1933 and the Com- sistance Against Japan, he served munist Party of China in 1934. In Zb,ao Ziyatg as a county and prefectural Party the early 1930s he engaged in secretary in the Hebei-Shandong- underground Party work and Henan anti-Japanese base area. During the War of Liberation, helped lead the student movement deputy secretary of the Tongbai in the Zhangzhou area. area Party committee. During the War of Resistance Ifi 1951, he went to Guangdong Against Japan (1937-45), he held province to lead the land reform various positions in the base areas there. Later he served in the in southern Jiangsu. He served as South China Sub-Bureau of the regimental and divisional political Central Committee and headed commissar during the War of the Guangdong Provincial Party Liberation (1946-49). Committtee. He became secretary After liberation he was Party Peng Chong of the Inner Mongolian Regional secretary and mayor of Nanjing Party Committee in 19?1, later re- and First Secretary of the Jiangsu post turned to his old in Guang- Provincial Party Committee. dong, 1975 served as and after After the downfall of the gang First Secretary of the Sichuan f among other Provincial Party Committee and of our, he held, as China's Vice-Premier. posts, those of first Party secre- He was elected a member of the tary and mayor of Shanghai. 10th and 11th Party Central Com- He was an alternate member of xi mittees, and bn alternate member the Ninth and Tenth Party Central Zhongxun of the latter's Political Bureau. Committees, and is now a member Subsequently he became a full of the 11th Party Central Com- member of the Political Bureau mittee and of its Political Bureau and of its Standing Committee. and Secretariat. Yang Shangkun Bainqen Erdini Yang Jingren .-.",,:,l,ti CHINA BECONSTRUOTS XI ZHONGXUN Xi Zhongxun was an alternate took part in directing the Huaihai Born in Shaanxi province in member of the Seventh and Eighth Campaign, which was one of the 1913, Xi Zhongxun joined Party Central Committees and is decisive ones in that war. As the now a member of the 1lth. Communist Youth League in 1g26 Deputy Commander of the Third and the Communist Party 1g28. Field Army he helped direct the in SU YU He took part in the student forcing of the Changjiang River movement and, from 1930 to 1932 Born in Hunan province, in and capture of Shanghai. did underground Party work 1907, Su Yu joined the Com- From 1951 onward he served among soldiers in the Northwest munist Youth League in 1926 and successively as Deputy Chief and Army.