2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 90 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean F-16 × 60 Approx. 80 M-1A2SEPv2 U.S. Forces Korea Supporting corps only Approx. 30,000 personnel Approx. 20,000 personnel 200km 255,000 tons U.N. Command Headquarters ROK Fig. I-2-3-1 (Military I-2-3-1 Peninsula) on the Korean Fig. Confrontation Headquarters of U.S. Forces Korea U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Headquarters 12 13 14 Orang F-4 × 30 F-15 × 59 F-16 × 162 Approx. 620 Approx. 2,220 Navy: 20 months Army: 18 months Busan Chaho See M-48, K-1, T-80 etc. Air Force: 21 months Mukho Approx. 51.64 million Peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula under such Peninsula stability on the Korean Peace and Mayangdo Approx. 29,000 personnel Approx. 600,000 personnel Approx. 460,000 personnel Approx. 240 Chinhae security environment is an extremely important challenge important is an extremely security environment Asia. of East also to the entire region not only to Japan but Taegu Taejo Osan Suwon Seoul Pyeongtaek Kwangju Toksan Mokpo Panmunjom Kunsan Chunghwa Pyongyang 111,000 tons Hwangju Kaechon 4 Pyeongtaek 25 North Korea Sagot-ri Approx. 550 Mig-23 × 56 Mig-29 × 18 Approx. 3,500 Men: 12 years Nampo Women: 7 years T-62, T-54/55, etc. Approx. 25.51 million Approx. 800 Approx. 1.1 million personnel Approx. 1.28 million personnel Navy Headquarters Air Force Headquarters General Staff Department Pyongyang Defense Headquarters U.S.-ROK Combined Forces Command Headquarters U.S. 7th Air Force Headquarters Tanks Frigates Marines Population Destroyers Submarines Military Peninsula Confrontation Korean on the Naval vessels Ground troops Combat aircraft Term of service Third and fourth generation fighters Korean Peninsula Korean Total armed forces 2. ROK is reducing the mandatory military service period in stages from 2018 to 2021. 1 Army Navy Air Force Reference Note: 1. Data from “The Military Balance 2020,” etc. - 3 - 2 - 3 Fig. I Fig. Section On the Korean Peninsula, people of the same ethnicity have have the same ethnicity Peninsula, people of On the Korean half than more south—for and two—north into divided been pit their and North Korea the ROK today, Even a century. each other across 1.6 million against ground forces of about (DMZ). the demilitarized zone ● North Korea has continued to promote the development has continued to promote the development North Korea and pose grave Such military trends in North Korea possession of nuclear North Korea’s Needless to say, the Central Committee of the KWP, Chairman Kim stated stated Kim Chairman KWP, the of Committee Central the joint U.S.-ROK holding was the United States that, since North Korea were no grounds for there military exercises, longer by a commitment that any to be unilaterally bound to He also announced the intention no other party honors. until the United weapons strategic continue developing North Korea. towards hostile policy States rolls back its should Kim stated that North Korea In addition, Chairman making a breakthrough head-on aimed for an offensive take sanctions and pressure by the hostile at neutralizing the for socialist construction, avenue a new forces and opening he stated Moreover, declaring the economy to be the key. political, diplomatic and at the same meeting that powerful be needed, indicating that North military guarantees would to maintain and enhance efforts will continue to make Korea According to its military capabilities and combat readiness. Assembly People’s Supreme the at announcement official the in the 2020, the proportion of the defense budget April in it 15.9%. However, was Korea of North FY2019 budget the real of a fraction only this represents that believed is defense expenditures. and ballistic of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) capabilities, missiles and the enhancement of its operation and tests so far including by conducting six nuclear in recent years at repeatedly launching ballistic missiles Korea In addition, North an unprecedented frequency. units as part of cyber is assessed to possess large-scale in theft of its asymmetric military capabilities, engaging attack critical capabilities to military secrets and developing infrastructure of foreign countries. It also retains large- has North Korea In addition, operation forces. special scale against rhetoric and behavior repeatedly used provocative countries, including Japan. relevant security and significantly imminent threats to Japan’s and the undermine the peace and security of the region international community. At the same time, sufficient weapons cannot be tolerated. deployment and attention needs to be paid to the development of ballistic missiles, the military confrontation on the Korean adopted 2 At the Plenary Meeting 1

Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security North Korea Korea North

General Situation General DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

In 2013, he held the title of First Chairman of the National Defense Commission. At the Supreme People’s Assembly in June 2016, the National Defense Commission was renamed the State Assembly in June 2016, At the Supreme People’s Chairman of the National Defense Commission. he held the title of First In 2013, is used for the title of Kim Jong-un in this white paper. Affairs Commission” State“Chairman of the purposes consistency For presided over by Chairman Kim Jong-un. Affairs Commission, According to a written decision of the Seventh Congress of the KWorkers’ Party, “Report on the Work of the KWP Central Committee” (May 8, 2016). (May 8, of the KWP Central Committee” Work “Report on the Party, According to a written decision of the Seventh Congress of the KWorkers’ On the other hand, at the Plenary Meeting of the Central On the other hand, at the Plenary Meeting 1

Part 1 Part ❶ of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers’ Party Party Workers’ of the Central Committee of the Korean Jong-un (KWP) in March 2013, Chairman Kim Committee of the KWP in April 2018, Chairman Kim April Committee of the KWP in been successfully declared that the “Byungjin line” had force had of the state nuclear carried out as the development “new been completed. He also announced that the KWP’s that the whole of the party and the whole line” was strategic on the construction of the state will fully concentrate efforts of concentrating indicating his policy of a socialist economy, decided In addition, North Korea on economic development. ballistic test and inter-continental to discontinue “nuclear test nuclear the northern and to dismantle test-fire” rocket ground, announcing in May 2018 that the nuclear test ground summit up. During the U.S.-North Korea had been blown the intention meeting that June, Chairman Kim expressed Peninsula. denuclearization of the Korean toward to work summit February 2019 U.S.-North Korea the However, between reached being agreement any without ended meeting At the December 2019 Plenary Meeting of parties. the two the “Byungjin line” policy of simultaneous economic and of simultaneous economic the “Byungjin line” policy KWP Congress in May At the Seventh nuclear development. the “Byungjin uphold would he that it clear he made 2016, Between 2016 and line” as well as the “Songun politics.” pushed ahead with three nuclear tests and 2017, North Korea The international as 40 ballistic missile launches. as many under relevant community responded by imposing sanctions Japan and the UN Security Council resolutions, while own their those who strengthened among States were United Korea. North sanctions against 2 1 North Korea has been advocating the building of a strong the building advocating has been North Korea politics, military affairs, socialist state in all areas—ideology, politics” (Songun) “military-first adopts it and economy, and has “Military-first (Songun) politics” to realize this goal. the form of socialist politics that leads been defined as a basic priority by giving to victory socialism of undertaking great of principle the under activities all in forces military the to strengthening and relying on the actors military first, and Army (KPA) People’s with the Korean in the revolution acting as the central and main force. 91

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 92 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean In recent years, North In recent years, 4 5 Chapter 3, Section 3-2-3 (North Korea) Section Chapter 3,

WMD and Ballistic Missiles

See These military trends in North Korea pose grave and pose grave These military trends in North Korea The Navy has about 800 ships with a total displacement has about 800 ships with a total displacement The Navy has approximately 550 combat aircraft, Air Force The has so-called asymmetric In addition, North Korea 3 In recent years, North Korea has launched ballistic missiles In recent years, North Korea its rapidly improving at an unprecedented frequency, operational capabilities, such as simultaneous launch and maturity the technological surprise attack. In addition, given is obtained through a series of nuclear tests, North Korea already miniaturized nuclear weapons to fit assessed to have ballistic missile warheads. security and significantly imminent threats to Japan’s Korea is seen to be placing importance on and strengthening Korea forces. its cyber personnel, and roughly two-thirds of them are believed to to are believed of them two-thirds roughly and personnel, of the army The main body along the DMZ. be deployed forces maintains armored the army also but is infantry, is North Korea and artillery. at least 3,500 tanks including along the long-range artillery deploy to regularly believed and 170 launchers mm multiple rocket DMZ, such as 240 guns, which can reach cities and bases mm self-propelled city of capital including the of the ROK in the northern part Seoul. of tons and is chiefly comprised of approximately 111,000 Also, it such as high-speed missile craft. vessels small naval submarines, Romeo-class model former the of 20 about has air cushioned about 140 and 50 midget submarines, about to be used of which are believed landing crafts, the latter two the special operations for infiltration and transportation of forces. made in China or most of which are out-of-date models some fourth-generation Union. However, the former Soviet attack aircraft are aircraft such as MiG-29 fighters and Su-25 number of outdated has a large also included. North Korea used to be are believed well, which as transport aircraft An-2 forces. for transportation of special operations special operations force whose military capabilities, namely, size is estimated at 100,000 personnel. 3 Military Posture Military Capabilities General Situation General

James Thurman, then Commander of the U.S. Forces Korea, stated, “North Korea possesses the world’s largest special operations force of over 60,000” in his speech at the Association of U.S. AssociationU.S. of at speech his in the operationsspecial 60,000” largest over of force world’s the possesses Korea “North stated, Korea, Forces U.S. the of Commander then Thurman, James The white paper pointed “Special operation currently estimated forces are at approximately 200,000 strong.” 2018 notes, Paper White the ROK Defense Additionally, Army in October 2012. special operations force has become an independent military branch. out that North Korea’s Section 3. see Chapter 3, attacks, cyber Regarding North Korean The Four Military Guidelines were adopted atThe Four the fifth plenary meeting of the fourth KWP Central Committee in 1962. Partly because North Korea maintains its extremely its extremely maintains Korea because North Partly North Korea is thought to be attempting to compensate be attempting to is thought to North Korea North Korea’s military forces are comprised mainly of North Korea’s ） ） 2 2 1 4 5 3 The North Korean Army comprises about 1.10 million The North Korean North Korea has been building up its military capabilities up its military capabilities has been building North Korea Military Guidelines (extensive in accordance with the Four all military forces, training for all soldiers, modernizing fortifying the entire arming the entire population, and country). closed regime, it is difficult to accurately capture the details capture the details is difficult to accurately it closed regime, is necessary for it However, of its behavior. and intentions Korea’s North for As them. attention to utmost to pay Japan continue nationals, utmost efforts abduction of Japanese the return of all abductees to Japan to be made to realize by close cooperation with related as quickly as possible the United States. countries, including Peninsula, and the proliferation of WMDs and ballistic and ballistic WMDs of the proliferation and Peninsula, North Korea. missiles by for its consequent disadvantage by focusing its efforts on by focusing its efforts for its consequent disadvantage WMDs and ballistic missiles. North up its arsenal of building special operations also has forces such as a large-scale Korea operations ranging from force that can conduct various and sabotage, to guerrilla warfare. intelligence gathering underground many seems to have North Korea Moreover, military related installations across its territory. ground forces, with a total troop strength of roughly 1.28 ground forces, with a total troop strength still maintains substantial While North Korea million. inferior forces are markedly military forces, its conventional and Korea, military and U.S. Forces to those of the ROK’s to factors most of its equipment is outdated. Contributory military assistance this situation include the reduction in Cold the of collapse the to due bloc Soviet former the from by structure, limitations on defense spending caused War and the rapid modernization of ROK’s the weak economy, defense capability. （ （ Because 8 As for recent 7 North Korea has suggested its North Korea 6 Nuclear Weapons As for highly enriched uranium that can also be used As for highly enriched uranium that With regard to plutonium, a fissile material that can be regard With Looking to the future, it will be necessary to continue to to continue will be necessary future, it to the Looking ） 1 for nuclear weapons, in June 2009, North Korea declared Korea for nuclear weapons, in June 2009, North the commencement of uranium enrichment. In November disclosed its uranium enrichment facility 2010, North Korea that it later announced and specialists nuclear American to operating a uranium enrichment plant equipped with was of this uranium The expansion thousands of centrifuges. August 2013; in this enrichment plant has been suggested in enrichment increased its could have North Korea regard, related behaviors The series of North Korean capabilities. to uranium enrichment indicate the possibility of the enriched of nuclear weapons using highly development the restarting of the reactor could lead to the production and the restarting of the reactor could lead are those activities of plutonium by North Korea, extraction causes of great concern. a. The Current Status of the Nuclear Weapons Program Weapons Status of the Nuclear The Current a. Details of the current status of North Korea’s nuclear weapons nuclear Korea’s North of the current status of Details remains North Korea partly because unclear, program are largely ofstatus unclear the of light In regime. closed extremely an has and considering North Korea past nuclear developments, in nuclear tests including the nuclear test already conducted six made has North Korea that conceivable is 2017, it September program. considerable progress in its nuclear weapons used for nuclear weapons, carefully monitor moves by North Korea, including what kind including Korea, by North monitor moves carefully of the dismantlement towards actions it will take of concrete all of missiles ballistic and destruction mass of weapons all manner. and irreversible a complete, verifiable ranges in production and extraction on several instances. on several production and extraction activities, in September 2015, North Korea announced that all in September 2015, North Korea activities, reactor nuclear the including Yongbyon, in facilities nuclear of which was the disablement and the reprocessing facility, round of the Six-Party agreed upon at the fifth and the sixth had in February and September 2007, respectively, Talks operation. been readjusted and had started normal （ Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN Plutonium is synthetically produced in a nuclear reactor by irradiating uranium with neutrons, and then extracting it from used nuclear fuel at a reprocessing facility. Plutonium is then used fuel at a reprocessing facility. used nuclear it from and then extracting reactor by irradiating neutrons, uranium with in a nuclear produced Plutonium is synthetically highly fissile material, a it is necessary to extract uranium 235 (U235), weapons, uranium for nuclear in order to use Meanwhile, weapons. as a basic materialof nuclear production for the a large-scale enrichment facility that combines thousands of centrifuges is used to boost the U235 concentration to Generally, This process is called enrichment. from natural uranium. weapon levels (over 90%). nuclear and in May 2005 that it had completed extraction of an October 2003 that announced in it had completed the reprocessing of 8,000 used fuel rods that contain plutonium, North Korea retaining the assessment given in the Defense 2018 estimates possesses around 50 kg of plutonium, White Paper that North Korea Defense The ROK’s additional 8,000 used fuel rods. 2016. White Paper followedhas of expanding the size on its announcement by through Korea “North of National Director Januaryof Intelligence notes, 2016 U.S. of the Assessment” Threat “Worldwide The It has been noted August 2013. It is said that at the reactor was restarted the end of its enrichment facility and restarting the reactor thatused for plutonium production.” was previously would have the capability to produce enough plutonium (approximately North Korea 6 kg) to manufacture approximately bomb in one year. that if the reactor is restarted, one nuclear However, North Korea has not yet carried out the out carried yet not has Korea North However, On the other hand, at the Plenary Meeting of the Central On the other hand, Part 1 Part 6 7 8 dismantlement of all WMDs and ballistic missiles of all dismantlement of all manner. and irreversible ranges in a complete, verifiable, out ballistic missile launches in repeatedly carried Having May since resolutions Council Security relevant of breach to develop has been striving 2019, it seems that North Korea capabilities in technologies and operational more advanced series eye to this blind this field. Japan cannot possibly turn a to concern of serious an issue is which missile launches, of 2019 December the At well. as community international the of the KWP, Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee was States United the since that, stated Kim Chairman there were no joint military exercises, holding U.S.-ROK longer to be unilaterally bound any grounds for North Korea He also to honor. by a commitment that no other party fails strategic announced the intention to continue developing weapons until the United States rolls back its hostile policy meeting Furthermore, at the enlarged North Korea. towards of the Central Military Commission of the KWP in May that announced Korea Jong-un, North by Kim 2020 guided deterrence policies for further increasing nuclear war new armed forces on a high alert were and putting the strategic set forth and crucial measures for considerably increasing the artillery were taken. ability of the KPA’s strike firepower Committee of the KWP held on April 20, 2018, decisions held on Committee of the KWP “nuclear test and inter-continental were made to discontinue the northern and to dismantle test-fire,” ballistic rocket summit In the subsequent inter-Korean nuclear test ground. the U.S.-North Korea April 27 and in meeting held on its expressed on June 12, North Korea summit meeting held Then, on May denuclearization. towards intention to work to witness were invited 24, international press representatives test ground. the destruction of the northern nuclear undermine the peace and security of the region and the and the region of the security peace and the undermine development such Additionally, community. international to the entire international serious challenge poses a of weapons, to the non-proliferation with regard community WMDs. including 93

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 94 and 14 Section 3 Section 11 Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean 12 North Korea considers that it needs its own nuclear considers that it needs its own North Korea 13 With regard to the issue of North Korea’s development development to the issue of North Korea’s regard With Furthermore, the yield of the sixth nuclear weapons test in sixth nuclear weapons the yield of the Furthermore, development, nuclear weapons case, North Korea’s In any nuclear of North Korea’s the objective As regards of nuclear weapons, Chairman Kim expressed the desire on the desire Kim expressed Chairman of nuclear weapons, a number of occasions—including at the U.S.-North Korea towards summit meeting held on June 12, 2018—to work Peninsula. the complete denuclearization of the Korean North Korea has reiterated that nuclear weapons will never will never nuclear weapons that has reiterated North Korea at negotiations. be traded away b. Background of the Nuclear Program Background of the Nuclear b. 2017 was estimated to be the largest ever, with a maximum with ever, be the largest estimated to 2017 was the size of the estimated Given 160 kt. yield of approximately of cannot be discounted that the test was yield, the possibility bomb. a hydrogen to efforts Korean North with in conjunction considered capabilities, including extending enhance ballistic missile vehicles missiles that are the delivery the range of ballistic threats to Japan’s and imminent poses grave WMDs, of undermines peace and security and significantly security, can it Therefore, community. and international region of the tolerated. be never nuclear be developing is deemed to North Korea development, for maintaining the weapons as an indispensable deterrent North Korea’s in light of the following: regime existing existing of the maintenance the goal is allegedly ultimate regime; deterrence to counter the nuclear threat of the United States deterrence to counter the nuclear threat its to overturn and is in no position at least in the short-term States forces vis-à-vis the United inferiority in conventional the Iraqi and Libyan asserts that North Korea and the ROK; by U.S. Forces attacked collapsed and that Syria was regimes lack of nuclear deterrence; April 2017 due to their in tests, it is assessed that North Korea has already miniaturizedhas already Korea that North it is assessed tests, warheads. missile to fit ballistic nuclear weapons 9 in addition to which, following North Korea’s Korea’s North in addition to which, following 10 The ROK Defense White Paper 2018 assesses that North Korea possesses a substantial amount of highly enriched uranium (HEU). It has been noted that a uranium enrichment facility facility that enrichment noted been uranium a has It (HEU). uranium enriched highly of amount substantial a possesses that Korea assesses North 2018 Paper White Defense ROK The exists in Kangson. Yongbyon different from the one in is (KCNA) announced that North Korea Agency Central News the Korean Institute, Weapons Nuclear Kim Jong-un to North Korea’s in a report on a visit by Chairman 2017, On September 3, “ultra-powerful electromagneticpulse (EMP) attack over a wide area.” able to conduct an for This timetable tests to date. Korea has conducted six nuclear North Furthermore, test in October 2006. Over ten years have conducted its first nuclear already passed since North Korea even when compared to the processes of developing technologies to miniaturizetechnology that development and the number of tests are reaching levels are by no means inadequate, ability to “North Korea’s 2018 assesses thatWhite Paper Defense ROK’s The and China. France, the United Kingdom, former Soviet Union, weapons in the United States, and lighten nuclear weapons seems to haveminiaturize reached a considerable level.” nuclear significantly larger than the yield of the past tests and that this was test was approximately 2018 noted thatWhite Paper the explosive yield of the sixth nuclear 50 kt, Defense The ROK’s given that the yield of that test However, was a hydrogen bomb test. conducted in January 2016, test, also insisted that its fourth nuclear North Korea assessed to be a hydrogen bomb test. it is difficult to conceive that this was a hydrogen bomb test as generally defined. is estimated at 6 to 7 kt, 2016) DoD (February U.S. Republic of Korea,” “Military Security Developments Involving the Democratic and People’s According to contends that the situation in Iraq and Libya teaches an acute lesson that 2013, countries under the constant threat of U.S. a comment in the Rodong Sinmun dated December 2, example, For the by “Statement the addition, In capability. deterrent powerful have countries the unless terrorism, state U.S. of victim a become to but choice no have attack nuclear preemptive April 6 as follows: attack on Syria two days earlier on states with regard to the U.S. 2017, April 8, dated Republic of Korea” Ministry of the DemocraticSpokesperson of the Foreign People’s administration is no exception.” Trump weapons and the picking only on countries without nuclear the US has been “Swaggering as a superpower, It is believed that North Korea seeks to miniaturize nuclear that North Korea It is believed With regard to the development of nuclear weapons, North of nuclear weapons, North to the development regard With Regarding these nuclear-related activities, activities that that activities activities, nuclear-related these Regarding 9 10 11 12 13 14 uranium in addition to plutonium. in addition uranium weapons and develop them into warheads that can be mounted them into warheads weapons and develop weapons program.on ballistic missiles, as part of its nuclear announced that Chairman Kim On September 3, 2017, it was Institute Weapons Nuclear Jong-un had visited North Korea’s intoloaded being of bomb capable hydrogen a seen had and an ICBM, Korea has conducted nuclear tests on October 9, 2006, May Korea 2016, September 9, 25, 2009, February 12, 2013, January 6, that North likely 2016, and September 3, 2017. It is highly program, weapons its nuclear strides in has made Korea nuclear tests. collecting the necessary data through these are inconsistent with a “commitment to work toward complete complete toward to work with a “commitment are inconsistent which North Peninsula,” Korean of the denuclearization example, pointed out. For been have insists it upholds, Korea Pompeo testified in the Senate in July U.S. Secretary of State produce nuclear continuing to was 2018 that North Korea Atomic a meeting of the International fuels. In addition, at then IAEA Board of Governors, (IAEA) Agency Energy the Amano pointed out in March 2019 that Director General using the of North Korea signs observe IAEA continued to Yongbyon. in at nuclear facilities enrichment facility sixth nuclear test that was forced through on the same day, forced through on the same day, sixth nuclear test that was announced that it “successfully carried out a test North Korea In general, miniaturizing a nuclear of H-bomb for ICBM.” on a ballistic missileweapon small enough to be mounted capacity. of technological requires a considerably high degree that the United States, the considering, for example, However, and China Union, the United Kingdom, France, former Soviet succeeded in acquiring such technology by as early as the 1960s, as well as the technological maturity that is estimated to six nuclear previous been reached through North Korea’s have or more -2 variant 10,000 km Liquid / 3 Launch site Taepodong 2 TEL class ICBM- or more* 10,000 km Liquid / 2 【Hwasong-15】 TEL class ICBM- or more given in blue. 5,500 km Liquid / 2 Note: North Korean names Note: North Korean 【Hwasong-14】 TEL class IRBM- Approx. Approx. 5,000 km Liquid / 1 【Hwasong-12】 TEL -4,000 km Musudan Liquid / 1 Approx. 2,500 Approx. SLBM Approx. Approx. Solid / 2 2,000 km Submarine 【Pukguksong-3】 TEL launch for ground or more Solid / 2 1,000 km SLBM modified 【Pukguksong-2】 Biological and Chemical Weapons Biological and Chemical SLBM In light of the above, it is now necessary to keep a close a close necessary to keep it is now In light of the above, ） or more Solid / 2 1,000 km Submarine 2 North Korea is an extremely closed regime. In addition, most In closed regime. is an extremely North Korea materials, equipment, and technology used for manufacturing andmilitary both weapons are for biological and chemical For these camouflage. uses, which in turn facilitates civilian biological and reasons, details of the status of North Korea’s are unclear. and arsenals chemical weapons development to chemical weapons, North Korea regard with However, capable of producing facilities several is suspected to have chemical agents and already a substantial stockpile of such some infrastructure is also thought to have agents. North Korea watch on what kind of concrete actions it will take towards towards on what kind of concrete actions it will take watch WMDs and all ballistic missiles of the dismantlement of all manner. and irreversible all ranges in a complete, verifiable 【Pukguksong】 （ TEL 【Modified】 Liquid / 1 Nodong Modified Approx. 1,500 km 1,500 Approx. Approx. 1,300 km/ 1,300 Approx. 】 Modified 【 TEL Liquid / 1 【ER】 Under analysis Scud B, C, ER, Modified ER, C, Scud B, Approx. 300 km/ Approx. Approx. km/ 300 Approx. 500 km/ Approx. 1,000km/ Approx. 500 km/ *1 【B・C】 TEL Solid / 1 （C） Ballistic Missiles Developed/Possessed by North Korea by Missiles Developed/Possessed Ballistic TEL Solid / 1 （B） (A)/(B)/(C) New type SRBM 2 TEL Approx. 600 km/ Approx. Approx. 600 km/ Approx. 400 km/ Approx. 400km Approx. 400 km/ and that a uranium enrichment facility not and that a uranium enrichment facility - Solid / 1 3 （A） 15 - 2 - TEL Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security Toksa Made by MOD based on Jane’s Made by MOD Systems, etc. Strategic Weapon Approx. Approx. 120 km Solid / 1 Operation

Fig. I Fig. Fuel / Range stage platform 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN * 1 Ranges of new type SRBM (A)/(B)/(C) are the largest ones achieved. * 1 Ranges of new type SRBM (A)/(B)/(C) are the largest ones etc. * 2 Depends on weight of the warhead, For example, “Worldwide Threat Assessment,” U.S. Director of National Intelligence (January 2019). U.S. Assessment,” Threat “Worldwide example, For (m) 10 20 30 Part 1 Part However, he is presumed to have done so on the premise that he is presumed to have However, to possess a nuclear arsenal. In continue would North Korea has frequently asserted to the international North Korea fact, community its claim to the status of “a nuclear weapon state” and has repeatedly insisted that it will not agree to at the December example, unilateral denuclearization. For 2019 Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee of the Chairman Kim stated that if the United States persists KWP, be denuclearization on there will never in its hostile policy, maintain will Korea North that and Peninsula, Korean the nuclear deterrent capable of guaranteeing its a powerful In addition, it has been noted that even long-term security. of denuclearization to full commitment announcing a after has continued nuclear Peninsula, North Korea the Korean development disclosed by North Korea exists. disclosed by North Korea 15 95

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 96 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean Los Angeles Los Angeles Hawaii Hawaii Taepodong Taepodong-2 variant SRBM/MRBM (Scud, Nodong, and “Pukguksong-2”) SLBM IRBM-class (Musudan, and “Hwasong-12”) ICMB-class (“Hwasong-14,” and “Hwasong-15”) (what could have been ballistic missiles or presumed to have failed, etc.) Unknown New short-range ballistic missiles Chicago Chicago Anchorage Anchorage Washington D. C. Washington D. Washington D. C. Washington D. 1,000km San Francisco San Francisco 8 2020 1,300km Canberra Canberra 25 2019 Guam Guam Tokyo Tokyo New York New York 2018 Okinawa Okinawa 5,000km 5,500km 4,000km 1,500km 10,000km PyongyangPyongyang 17 2017 BeijingBeijing 23 2016 Kim Jong-un Jakarta Jakarta 2 2015 London London Moscow Moscow New Delhi New Delhi 11 2014 Paris Paris 2013 2 2012 (as of March 2020) 2011 2010 8 2009 2008 Kim Jong-il Major Trends in North Korea’s Ballistic Missile Launches Ballistic North Korea’s in Trends Major Range of North Korea’s Ballistic Missiles Ballistic of North Korea’s Range 2007 7 2006 4 3 - - 3 3 - - 2 2

- - 1 1998 le Reentry Vehicle (MaRV) (since 2017). the night using TELs, often in multiple numbers (since 2014). Some ballistic missiles are said to be equipped with a Maneuverab missiles (since 2016) conventional ballistic missiles and on an irregular trajectory (since 2019) Nodong (range: approx. 1,300km/1,500km) Scud-ER (range: approx. 1,000km) (Range: more than 5,500km) ICBM-class “Hwasong 14” Taepodong-2 variant Taepodong-2 (Range: more than10,000km*) ICBM-class “Hwasong 15” Note 1: The figure above shows a rough image of the distance each missile can reach from Pyongyang for the sake of convenience. Note 1: The figure above shows a rough image of the distance Korea. Note 2: Quotation marks indicate the names used by North Musudan (range: approx. 2,500 to 4,000km) Fig. I Fig. Fig. I Fig. (Range: approx. 5,000km) IRBM-class “Hwasong 12” *Depends on weight of the warhead, etc. *Depends on *Depends on weight of the warhead, etc. *Depends on 0 5 (iii) Enhancement of secrecy and instantaneity and the ability to conduct surprise attacks: Launches of SLBMs (since 2016) and promotion of the development of solid-fueled ballistic able to fly at a lower altitude than (iv) Irregular trajectories: Launches of short-range ballistic missiles having a shape similar to that of the Russian “Iskander,” which are said to be (v) Diversification of the forms of launches: Ballistic missile launches assumed to have used a lofted trajectory have been confirmed (since 2016). m (i) Increase of ranges: Development of intercontinental-range ballistic missiles-class ballistic missiles (since 2017) with a range exceeding 10,000k (ii) Enhancement of the accuracy and operational capabilities necessary for saturation attacks: Repeated launches from unprecedented locations in the early morning and late hours of Number of Ballistic Missiles Launched by North Korea 10 15 20 25 30 Flight distance Flight distance Altitude and flight duration Approx. 3,700 km Approx. Approx. 2,600km (second stagelandfall) Approx. 2,500 km (second stage landfall) Approx. 2,700 km Approx. 3,000 km or more 3,000 km or 1,600 km Approx. Approx. 900 km; for around 17 minutes 900 km; for around Approx. Exceeded far beyond 4,000 km; for around 53 minutes Exceeded far beyond 3,500 km; for around 45 minutes Exceeded far beyond 2,500 km; for around 40 minutes Exceeded 2,000 km; for around 30 minutes Exceeded 1,000 km (the second one) 17 Location Location It is deemed that Toksa is the first ballistic missile Toksa It is deemed that 18 Fig. I-2-3-2 (Ballistic Missiles Developed or Possessed by North Korea) I-2-3-2 (Ballistic Missiles Developed or Possessed by Fig. Fig. I-2-3-3 (Range of North Korea’s Ballistic Missiles [image]) I-2-3-3 (Range of North Korea’s Fig. Ballistic Missile Launches) in North Korea’s Trends I-2-3-4 (Major Fig. Ballistic Missiles Overflying Japan) I-2-3-5 (Cases of North Korean Fig. on a Ballistic Missiles Launched I-2-3-6 (Cases of North Korean Fig. Lofted Trajectory)

Flight distance Near Sunan Tongch’ang-ri Area Tongch’ang-ri Near Sunan Tongch’ang-ri Taepodong Area Taepodong Area Taepodong See North Korea First: Approx. 100 km (maximum); km 100 Approx. First: 400 km Approx. Second: Approx. 450 km Approx. Approx. 1,000 km Approx. Approx. 1,000 km Approx. Approx. 900 km Approx. Approx. 800 km Approx. a. Types of Ballistic Missiles Possessed or Developed by of Ballistic Missiles Possessed or Developed by Types a. (a) Toksa ballistic missile with a range estimated is a short-range Toksa operated and transported is It km. 120 approximately be to on a TEL. to enhancing its military capabilities. The ballistic missiles to enhancing its military capabilities. North by developed and be possessed deemed to currently are the following. Korea 1 1 1 1 1 1 Number of launches Number of launches Location Wonsan Near Wonsan Near Pyongsong Near Mupyong-ri Near Kusong Near Kusong Possession of 16 2 1 1 1 1 1 Number of launches Presumed type of missile Presumed type of missile Presumed type Cases of North Korean Ballistic Missiles Overflying Japan Overflying Ballistic Missiles of North Korean Cases Cases of North Korean Ballistic Missiles Launched on a Lofted Trajectory Ballistic Missiles Launched on a Lofted Cases of North Korean IRBM-class “Hwasong-12” IRBM-class Taepodong-2 variant Taepodong-2 “Hwasong-12” IRBM-class Taepodong-2 variant Taepodong-2 Taepodong-2 or variant Taepodong-2 Taepodong-1 5 6 Presumed type of missile - - Musudan SLBM “Pukguksong-3” ICBM-class “Hwasong-15” ICBM-class ICBM-class “Hwasong-14” ICBM-class ICBM-class “Hwasong-14” ICBM-class IRBM-class “Hwasong-12” IRBM-class 3 3 - - 2 2 - - Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security Date Date 2017.09.15 2012.12.12 2017.08.29 2016.02.07 2009.04.05 1998.08.31 Fig. I Fig. Fig. I Fig. Date Ballistic Missiles DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN For example, the ROK Defense White Paper 2018 points out that, following the commencement of production in the 1980s, it is estimated that North Korea has a stock of 2,500-5,000 tons 2,500-5,000 of stock a has estimatedis it that Korea North following 1980s, the in production of commencement the that, out points 2018 Paper White Defense ROK the example, For the Moreover, and pests. smallpox, anthrax, likely has the capabilitybiological weapons to produce a variety of It also notes that including North Korea of various chemical weapons stored. employ [chemical could CW probably Korea “North that, out points 2018 May of Korea” of Republic Democratic the People’s “Military Involving Developments Security and DoD’s U.S. Weapons Convention in 1987 but has not ratified the Biological North Korea artillery and ballistic missiles.” including weapons] agents modifying a variety of conventional munitions, by Convention. Weapons acceded to the Chemical 45% of which are ballistic missiles in total, possesses 700 to 1,000 (accessed in March 2020) North Korea Asia” Assessment China and Northeast Sentinel Security “Jane’s According to and the remaining 10% other intermediate- and long-range ballistic missiles. 45% Nodong-class, presumed to be Scud-class, TEL was developed mainly by the former Soviet Union among The signs of a launch from a fixed launcher are easy for the adversary to detect and are vulnerable to attack by the adversary. “Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic DoD’s According to the U.S. others in order to make the detection of launch signs more difficult and increase survivability. TELs for IRBMs (Musudans). and 50 TELs for Nodongs, 50 TELs for Scuds, possesses a maximum of 100 North Korea of May 2018, Republic of Korea” People’s it is This is because to detect individual specific signs in advance concerning the detailed location it is deemed difficult and timing of the launch. TEL-mounted missile launch, As for a military-related underground facilities are thought to exist all over North Korea. and furthermore, TEL, operated by being mounted and transported on a watch operational the concern they as capabilities ballistic of close require TELs related of developments building the to missiles, related ballistic of activities with development Along the to missiles by North Korea. The possibility cannot be denied that North Korea is able The possibility cannot be denied that North Korea ） 2016.06.22 2019.10.02 2017.11.29 2017.07.28 2017.07.04 2017.05.14 Part 1 Part 3 * After the launch of Taepodong-1 on August 31, 1998, North Korea announced that it was the launch of a satellite. North Korea announced that 1998, August 31, on Taepodong-1 After the launch of * names used by North Korea. * Quotation marks indicate the Launches of ballistic missiles without prior notice (three times) Launches of ballistic missiles Launches of ballistic missiles allegedly as launches of satellitesballistic missiles allegedly Launches of areas to international supposed falling after reporting organizations times) (three 16 17 18 As is the case with WMDs, many of the details of North WMDs, many As is the case with the to owing partly unknown, are ballistic missiles Korea’s that It appears, however, closed regime. extremely country’s of ballistic high priority to the development gives North Korea missiles out of political and diplomatic considerations and in addition foreign currency, earning of from the viewpoint for the production of biological weapons. to load biological and/or chemical weapons on warheads. sarin, VX, mustard and other chemical weapons, and ofVX, mustard and other chemical weapons, sarin, agents that couldanthrax, smallpox, pest and other biological been pointed out. be used as biological weapons have * Quotation marks indicate the names used by North Korea. （ 97

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 98 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean Through such launches, North Korea appears to appears Korea North launches, such Through In addition, North Korea carried out two launches of what carried out two In addition, North Korea tactical guided weapon”) launched in 2019 on May 4 on May in 2019 launched weapon”) guided tactical the to have 6 are all presumed August 25, and and 9, July from type and different and to be of a new same system missiles were Two Scud. as Nodong and missiles such and flew dates on each of the aforementioned launched have The launched missiles km. approximately 200-600 of the Russian short-range ballistic a shape similar to that a which is said to be able to fly at missile “Iskander,” missiles and on ballistic conventional altitude than lower trajectory. an irregular weapon” as “new by North Korea The SRBM (described August 10 weapon”) launched on or as “tactical guided March 21, 2020 are all presumed to and 16, 2019 and on type and different system and to be of a new the same have missiles were Two A-type. from the aforementioned again dates and flew launched on each of the aforementioned approximately 250-400 km. “super-large as Korea North by (described SRBM The August launcher”) launched in 2019 on multiple rocket 28, and 24, September 10, October 31, and November to be of a new on March 2 and 9, 2020 are all presumed A-and from the aforementioned type again and different launched on each of the missiles were Two B-types. 300-400 approximately aforementioned dates and flew estimated at about launches was between The interval km. 2019 launches, 3 minutes in the case of the October 31, on November and less than 1 minute during the launches that North Korea 28, 2019 and March 2, 2020, suggesting the continuous fire capability required is trying to improve for saturation attacks and the like. (ii) SRBM B (iii) SRBM C be pursuing enhancement of related technologies and and operational capabilities, including enhancing secrecy it difficult to detect signs of a launch, to make instantaneity, attacks its ability to conduct surprise as well as improving Considering the distances and its continuous fire capability. but also parts ROK, would appear that not only the it flown, be within range of some of the SRBMs of Japan would There is also a concern that this short-range launched. ballistic missile technology will be applied to longer-range missiles in due course. could have been SRBMs on July 31, 2019 and another two a been SRBMs on July 31, 2019 and another two could have SRBMs wereAnother two August 2. on couple of days later, launched on March 29, 2020; analysis of the specific type of shell is still under way.

(July 2019) [JANES] (August 2019) [JANES] (September 2019) [JANES] Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched short-range ballistic missiles Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched short-range ballistic missiles Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched short-range Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched short-range ballistic missiles Image publicly released by North The SRBM (described by North Korea as “new type of as “new The SRBM (described by North Korea of short-range ballistic missile that are presumed to be new of short-range ballistic missile that are presumed to be new it can be models. From images published by North Korea, ascertained that these three types of SRBM were launched the with TEL, continuous-tracked or wheeled-drive a from engines of solid fuel propellant characteristic radial exhausts identifiable on each of the images. (i) SRBM A Since 2019, North Korea has launched at least three types Since 2019, North Korea (b) New SRBM launched since 2019 (b) New SRBM launched possessed or developed by North Korea which adopts a solid by North Korea possessed or developed fuel propellant. Judging from the images and footage that it 20 Given that North Korea announced that Chairman Chairman that announced North Korea that Given 19 It has been suggested that North Korea is developing is developing It has been suggested that North Korea Although the details of Nodong’s performance have performance have of Nodong’s Although the details an SLBM and a new submarine which is designed to carry submarine which is an SLBM and a new as “Pukguksong”). the SLBM (referred to by North Korea Since it announced in May 2015 through its media that it conducted a successful test launch of an SLBM, it has made public SLBM “Pukguksong” launches on four occasions. has made public so far, North Korea may have succeeded have may Korea North so far, made public has the missile in which launch system,” in operating the “cold in the Moreover, is ignited after it is ejected into the air. August 2016, it appears, based on and April launches in such as the shape of the flame coming out of observations fuel solid the that smoke, the of color the and missile the adopted. propellant system was (e) SLBM (i) SLBM “Pukguksong” (d) Nodong fuel propelled single-stage ballistic The Nodong is a liquid TEL. It is and operated on a missile and is transported range of about 1,300 km, reaching almost a assessed to have all of Japan. to the accuracy Nodong may not have not been confirmed, installations, as on specific target carry out precise strikes based on Scud technology. this ballistic missile is likely is working it has been suggested that North Korea However, been it had In this regard, accuracy. to increase the Nodong’s aimed at enhancing suggested that there is a type of Nodong (whose the shape of the warhead by improving accuracy 1,500 km through range is deemed to reach approximately this backdrop, Against the weight reduction of the warhead). confirmed for was the launch of this type of ballistic missile Korea a day by North the first time in the images published Nodong missiles on after the launch of one Scud and two July 19, 2016. Kim Jong-un had ordered the development of ballistic the development had ordered Kim Jong-un ships and attacks on enemy of precision missiles capable to be to enhance the intent appears targets, other individual missile attacks. of ballistic the accuracy a MaRV. Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN On May 9, 2015, North Korea announced that it had succeeded in a test launch of an SLBM. On January 8, 2016, it released footagethatSLBM test launch of an appearsdifferent to be 2016, January On 8, announced thatSLBM. of an a test launch had succeeded in it Korea North 2015, On May 9, also the MOD predicts that North Korea Moreover, it again announced that it had succeeded in SLBM test launches. 2016, August 25, April 24 and On from the one unveiled in May 2015. has not made an announcement about the launches. although North Korea 2016, launched one ballistic missile presumed to be an SLBM on July 9, For example, according to “Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment China and Northeast Asia” (accessed in March 2020), the launch on May 29, 2017, was presumed to have been the first 2017, the launch on May 29, (accessed in March 2020), Asia” Assessment China and Northeast Sentinel Security “Jane’s according to example, For has made advances in its precision guidance systems. suggesting that North Korea equipped with a MaRV, launch of a short-range ballistic missile based on a Scud missile, In addition, North Korea is developing a ballistic missile is developing In addition, North Korea The Scud ER (Extended Range) is a ballistic missile that The Scud ER (Extended Range) is a ballistic Scud B and Scud C, a variant of Scud B with extended B with extended of Scud Scud B and Scud C, a variant Part 1 Part Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched 4 Scud ERs (March 2017) [JANES] Image publicly released by North 20 19 that appears to be an improvement of the Scud missile. This of the Scud missile. that appears to be an improvement A day after launched on May 29, 2017. ballistic missile was announced that it had successfully the launch, North Korea rocket ballistic developed conducted a test launch of a newly guidance system. In incorporating a precision navigation show addition, while the images released by North Korea launched from a continuous that the ballistic missile was TEL and had what appears to be small wings on its track from those of existing i.e., characteristics different warhead, and length Scud missiles, the shape other than the warhead Another similarity is Scud missiles. are similar to existing straight-line has missile the that confirmed be can it that engine. It characteristic of a liquid fuel-propelled exhausts with equipped is missile ballistic this that noted been also has has an extended range due to the extension of the Scud’s body of the Scud’s range due to the extension has an extended among warhead, the of weight in reduction the as well as reach to estimated is ER Scud a of range The factors. other that a part of Japan approximately 1,000 km, and it appears within this range. falls range, are SRBMs with ranges estimated to be about 300 km range, are SRBMs with ranges estimated has that North Korea It is believed and 500 km, respectively. them to them, and has exported and deployed manufactured the Middle East and other countries. (c) Scud single-stage ballistic The Scud is a liquid fuel propellant TEL. on a missile and is transported and operated 99

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 100 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean It is deemed that through developing the SLBM developing that through It is deemed and a new submarine to carry it, North Korea intends it, North Korea submarine to carry and a new and capabilities attack missile its ballistic diversify to survivability. improve test equipment. (g) Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)-class fuel-propelled has launched three liquid date North Korea To as IRBM-class ballistic missiles (referred to by North Korea launched on May This ballistic missile was “Hwasong-12”). 14, 2017 and based on this flight pattern, it is presumed that Had launched on a lofted trajectory. the ballistic missile was firing the maximum it been launched on a nominal trajectory, range is assessed to be close to approximately 5,000 km. In of a liquid characteristic addition, the straight-line exhausts fuel propelled engine can be confirmed from the images a day after the launch, suggesting released by North Korea August 29 that the ballistic missile uses liquid fuel. On and September 15, 2017, single missiles of this class were (f) Ballistic Missile Modified from the SLBM (f) Ballistic Missile 12 a ballistic missile on both February launched North Korea both of which appeared to be a modified and May 21, 2017, for ground launch of the SLBM “Pukguksong” version ballistic This as “Pukguksong-2”). North Korea to by (referred 500 km on approximately flown to have missile is estimated higher trajectories than normal. both occasions, on somewhat the firing range on a nominal trajectory, If it were launched the launch on A day after to surpass 1,000 km. is assessed developed announced that it was February 12, North Korea on the results of as a ground-to-ground ballistic missile based August 2016 SLBM launch. It also announced a day after the successfully again had that it 21, 2017 May launch on the and that conducted the test launch of the Pukguksong-2 its “operational Chairman Kim Jong-un had authorized launch system,” a “cold launch by the Moreover, deployment.” is ejected into the air in which the missile is ignited after it the characteristic radial TEL, and from a continuous track of solid fuel propellant engines, can be confirmed exhausts the has It released. Korea North that images the of each from “cold launch system” characteristics of appearing to be using SLBM the with common in engines propellant fuel solid and references made has Korea North that Given “Pukguksong.” there is a possibility that North to its operational deployment, a solid fuel propellant engine that deploy will newly Korea includes Japan within its firing range. 21 (October 2019) [JANES] North Korea’s “Pukguksong” SLBMs are believed to “Pukguksong” SLBMs are believed North Korea’s A ballistic missile presumed to be an SLBM A ballistic missile presumed to Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched an SLBM “Pukguksong-3” “Pukguksong-3” Korea when it launched an SLBM Image publicly released by North According to “Jane’s Fighting Ships 2019-2020,” etc. Ships 2019-2020,” Fighting “Jane’s According to be launched from a Gorae-class submarine (displacement (displacement submarine a Gorae-class from launched be has one such submarine. It is 1,500 tons). North Korea a larger seeks to develop also pointed out that North Korea submarine to launch SLBMs. “Pukguksong” has been confirmed in flight in the “Pukguksong” has been confirmed vicinity of Sinpo, direction of Japan, launched from the August 24, 2016. on on the east coast of North Korea, Considering that approximately 500 km. The SLBM flew its first SLBM to fly approximately 500 km, the this was had striven Korea possibility cannot be denied that North the problems through the preceding launches and to solve certain technological progress. Furthermore, it is achieved launched at this predicted that the ballistic missile that was If trajectory. higher than nominal on a somewhat time flew the firing range is it were launched on a nominal trajectory to surpass 1,000 km. expected On October 2, 2019, North Korea launched what was launched what was On October 2, 2019, North Korea type of SLBM (described by presumed to be a new the from differed that “Pukguksong-3”) a as Korea North for flew in question The missile SLBM “Pukguksong.” into Japan’s fallen about 450 km and is presumed to have As the ballistic missile zone (EEZ). economic exclusive launched on this occasion reached a maximum altitude of been launched on a about 900 km, it is surmised to have it If launched on a nominal trajectory, lofted trajectory. a range of approximately is estimated that it could have of solid fuel The characteristic radial exhausts 2,000 km. propellant engines are identifiable on images published The ballistic missile in question could by North Korea. launch been launched from underwater potentially have 21 (ii) SLBM “Pukguksong-3” Based on images released by North Korea, the ballistic the Korea, North by released images on Based it can Korea, Also based on images published by North suggest that this missile is points would The following environment had been made maintained. This suggests suggests This made maintained. had been environment long-range to operationalize is aiming Korea that North ballistic missiles. in the following 28 have on July 4 and missiles launched ballistic missile launched common with the IRBM-class engine system consists of one main on May 14: (1) the engines; (2) the shape of the engine and four auxiliary system is conical; and (3) the part of the propulsion lower of liquid-propulsion systems can be straight-line flame ranges facts and the respective on these confirmed. Based for the missiles, the possibility can that can be estimated ICBM-class ballistic missile that were be deduced that the basis of the on developed were 28 4 and on July launched that had been IRBM-class ballistic missile the new-type launched on May 14. that were launched be confirmed that the ballistic missiles the wheeled eight- on July 4 and 28 had been mounted on However, TEL similar to KN-08/14 (see (j) below). axle at the time of the it can be confirmed from the images were launched from simplified launch launches that they TELs. Furthermore, the images suggest that the pads, not construction. of two-stage missile was launched a single 29, 2017, North Korea On November been an intercontinental- missile that is presumed to have (referred to range ballistic missile-class ballistic missile the from different as “Hwasong-15”) by North Korea missiles. From the flight aforementioned “Hwasong-14” launched on a pattern it is presumed that the missile was Korea On the day of the launch, North lofted trajectory. it had that declaring statement,” “government made a “Hwasong-15,” the of launch test a conducted successfully to type of ICBM with the capability developed a newly all areas of the U.S. mainland, and asserting that it strike force. of its state nuclear completed development had now an intercontinental-range ballistic missile-class ballistic missile ballistic ICBM-class the from different missile, flight distance its 2017: (1) July in twice launched announced that North Korea and altitude; (2) the fact ICBM, the type of the successful test launch of a new deployed that the missile was (3) the fact “Hwasong-15;” TEL; unseen nine-axle wheel-drive on a previously (ii) ICBM-class “Hwasong-15” but although the missile launched in June flew launched in June flew although the missile but 22 Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN It has been suggested that, given its range of between 2,500 and 4,000 km, all parts of Japan and Guam may fall within the Musudan’s firing range. Similar to its Scud and Nodong Nodong and Scud its to Similar range. firing Musudan’s the within fall may Japan Guam of and parts all km, 4,000 and 2,500 between of range its given that, suggested been has It been noted that It has Musudan is a revamped version of the Russian SLBM SS-N-6 that North TEL to transport and operate. it is liquid fuel-propelled and is loaded onto a counterparts, acquired in the early 1990s. Korea In 2016 North Korea conducted repeated launches of In 2016 North Korea In view of their flight paths, these missiles appear to these missiles their flight paths, of In view North Korea has launched ICBM-class ballistic missile North Korea on July 4 as “Hwasong-14”) (referred to by North Korea and 28, 2017. From the flight pattern, it is presumed that the ballistic missiles were launched on a lofted trajectory. two been launched on a normal trajectory, were to have If they a maximum range of have would it is estimated that they at least 5,500 km. On July 4, the day of the launch, North announcing made an “important announcement,” Korea that it had successfully conducted a test launch of a new July the following day the on Furthermore, ICBM. of type announced that the “nuclear bomb 28 launch, North Korea emphasizing had functioned normally, detonation device” reentry atmospheric in an the warhead safety of that the Part 1 Part 22 (h) Intercontinental-Range Ballistic Missile (ICBM)-class (h) Intercontinental-Range (i) ICBM-class “Hwasong-14” an IRBM-class ballistic missile that is an IRBM-class ballistic missile that is presumed to be the Musudan, demonstrate a certain level of function as an IRBM. Also, of function as an IRBM. level demonstrate a certain Japan were launched in missiles that overflew that the fact North that suggest would period time short a in succession its ballistic missile capabilities. improving is steadily Korea and May in launches of time the at although Furthermore, been were confirmed to have August 2017 the missiles at TEL, wheel-drive from the separated being after launched confirmed launch the missile was the time of the September wheel-drive the to still attached while launched been have to with North Korea’s TEL. Considering this point, together for the purposes of claims at the time of the launch that it was and “realize “confirming practical operational procedures” there is a possibility the potential of the ‘Hwasong-12,’” practical operational its is improving that North Korea capabilities. launched and flew over Japan’s territory in the vicinity of the the vicinity of the in territory Japan’s over and flew launched launches were the These and Cape Erimo. Oshima Peninsula what it calls ballistic Korea launching of North first cases territory. Japan’s over flew missiles that for a certain distance on a lofted trajectory, the fact that there the fact for a certain distance on a lofted trajectory, suggest in October would launch failures successive were two the towards that there may still be obstacles remaining may that North Korea operationalization of the Musudan and and operationalization be concentrating on the development as an IRBM instead. of the “Hwasong-12” 101

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 102 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean As for trends in North Korea’s ballistic missile launches, ballistic missile As for trends in North Korea’s Accordingly, it is believed that these test launches of long- that these test launches it is believed Accordingly, conducted had it twice that announced Korea North (j) KN-08/KN-14 which was missile “KN-08” The details of the new April 2012 and July at the military parade in showcased to be an the missile is believed However, 2013 are unknown. missile At the military parade in October 2015, a new ICBM. with a different- showcased thought to be the “KN-08” was missile, The new version. from the previous shaped warhead is called the “KN-14.” of the “KN-08,” considered a variant in Ballistic Missile Launches Trends Major b. types of has repeatedly launched various North Korea conducted 2016 it has since missiles. In particular, ballistic more than 70 launches, including launches of what appear to types of missiles. be new it Firstly, been observed. characteristics have the following appears that the country seeks to increase the firing range range ballistic missiles can contribute to the development the development to can contribute range ballistic missiles as increasing the missiles in such ways of shorter-range the circular capability and improving range and payload as Also, related technology such error probability (CEP). devices technology of multi-stage propelling the separation thrust modulation and the technology of posture control and be applied to other of long-range ballistic missiles can missiles that North middle-range and long-range ballistic Therefore, the launch may lead developing. is newly Korea of other types of its ballistic not only to the improvement of also to the advancement missiles including Nodong but the entire ballistic missile program including North Korea’s of ballistic missiles and diversification of new development attack measure. its Sohae satellite a “crucial test” in December 2019 at been has It district. Tongch’ang-ri in station launching ballistic missile suggested that these were ICBM-class engine tests. international organizations. It is assessed that North Korea’s Korea’s North that assessed is It organizations. international had technological reliability ballistic missiles’ long-range that is estimated it because launch this by advanced been types of ballistic similar two launched (1) it successfully way same in almost the flew (2) the missile a row; missiles in (3) it put an object into orbit around as the last launch; and the Earth. (November 2017) [JANES] Taepodong-2 is believed to use in its first is believed Taepodong-2 23 Furthermore, based on the flight altitude, distance flown distance flown Furthermore, based on the flight altitude, possessed TELs In addition, although the wheel-drive There is also Taepodong-1, which may have been a transitory product for the development of Taepodong-2. which may have been a transitory product for the development of Taepodong-1, There is also Image publicly released by North Korea when it launched an ICBM-class “Hwasong-15” “Hwasong-15” Korea when it launched an ICBM-class Image publicly released by North Most recently, in February 2016, North Korea conducted in February 2016, North Korea Most recently, and released images, it can be assumed that this missile and released images, it can be assumed km, depending on of 10,000 a range in excess could have thus renewing etc., deployed, warhead the of weight the the increasing ranges of North Korea’s concerns over ballistic missiles. versions of are thought to be modified by North Korea North that TELs, it is noteworthy Russian and Chinese TEL. its own developed has claimed to have Korea and (4) that the nose of the warhead was more rounded was of the warhead and (4) that the nose to images addition, according missiles. In than previous of a two-stage was the missile released by North Korea, from removed was it that confirmed be can it and design, TEL prior to launch and that its straight-line exhausts the engine. are characteristic of a liquid fuel propelled a launch of a missile disguised as a “satellite” from district in the northwest coastline of Tongch’ang-ri the notifying after variant Taepodong-2 using a Korea North stage, four engines, each of which is developed based on based developed is which of each engines, four stage, the technologies of Nodong, and the same type of engine in its second stage. Its range is estimated to be approximately type, while the range of its 6,000 km for the two-stage 10,000 approximately than more be can variant three-stage is not over km assuming that the weight of the warhead missiles and its variants Taepodong-2 approximately 1 ton. far. times so been launched a total of five have 23 (i) Taepodong-2 long-range ballistic missiles launched from are Taepodong-2 launch pads. fixed Some have noted that a ballistic missile which appears to noted that a ballistic missile which appears Some have the to enhance aiming is Korea North that suggests This missile launches Furthermore, in the short-range ballistic been to have also appears In recent years, North Korea to improve appears to be seeking North Korea Thirdly, be developing could possibly Korea North Fourthly, have been modified from the Scud missile launched in May from the Scud missile launched been modified have Furthermore, images of the a MaRV. 2017 is equipped with launches published by North Korea 2019 ballistic missile places were launched from different that the missiles show target. and hit the specific have of attack by upgrading ballistic missiles that accuracy ballistic missiles. new and developing already been deployed 28, 2019 and March 2, 2020, the interval on November missiles on both occasions was between launching the two that North Korea estimated at less than 1 minute, suggesting the continuous fire capability required is trying to improve for saturation attacks and the like. its practical operational capabilities, to improve striving of new practice using a combination conducting target types of artillery. SRBMs and various secrecy by enhancing attacks to conduct surprise its ability a of signs detect to difficult it make to instantaneity and be missile can ballistic a submarine, TEL or Using a launch. to detect signs point, making it difficult launched from any has repeatedly launched North Korea of a launch in advance. addition, all SLBMs. In TELs and missiles from ballistic the ballistic missiles launched in 2019 appear to use solid is proceeding that North Korea fuel. It is therefore believed ballistic missiles. of solid-fueled with the development Generally solid fuel-propelled ballistic missiles are pre- launched be can they therefore, and fuel, solid with loaded to difficult more launch are their signs of and the instantly and quickly, can be reloaded more detect. Furthermore, they easier to store and handle in comparison are relatively they are they respect, this In missiles. fuel-propelled liquid to From these factors, considered to be superior militarily. is deemed to be aiming to enhance its surprise North Korea attack capabilities. altitudes on irregular ballistic missiles that fly at low missile trajectories, in an attempt to breach other countries’ missiles but also the enhancement of their operational their operational of enhancement also the but missiles repeatedly Kim Jong-un has Since Chairman capabilities. conduct to reject formality and the military troops instructed instructions that these it can be considered practical training, already missiles that have launches of ballistic underpin the been deployed. Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN It is possible that through these launches, North Korea’s Korea’s launches, North that through these It is possible As for Scuds and Nodongs, since the August 2016 Nodong As for Scuds and Nodongs, since the Secondly, North Korea may be aiming to enhance North Korea Secondly, Part 1 Part intentions are not only research and development of ballistic intentions are not only research and development launch, there have been launches where it is presumed that presumed is it where launches been have there launch, EEZ, posing a major threat to Japan’s fell in Japan’s warheads The four ballistic missiles, apparently Scud ERs, security. launched on March 6, 2017, were launched simultaneously. the accuracy, continuous fire capability, and operational fire capability, continuous the accuracy, capabilities necessary for saturation attacks and the like. As for the Scud and Nodong, which are already deployed, unprecedented from launched been have they 2014, since Peninsula, in the early locations, cutting across the Korean TELs, often in morning and late hours of the night using is capable Korea North This indicates that multiple numbers. and at any place of launching Scuds and Nodongs from any time, from which it is deemed that it has increased confidence in the performance and reliability of its ballistic missiles. of ballistic missiles. An intercontinental-range ballistic ballistic intercontinental-range An missiles. ballistic of 2017, launched in November ballistic missile missile-class depending of 10,000 km, in excess a range have which could Although it is etc. deployed, of the warhead on the weight long-range of necessary for the operationalization considered technology for protecting further verify ballistic missiles to temperature that is from the ultrahigh the re-entry vehicle atmospheric re-entry of the warhead generated during the one in with announcements such as the part, North Korea, of what is believed 2017 on the day of the launch November ballistic missile-class intercontinental-range an been to have warhead that it had re-verified ballistic missile, claiming is displaying an intention environment, reliability in a reentry aimed at the to seek to secure and enhance technology missiles. Should operationalization of long-range ballistic progress in the development further make North Korea acquiring of reentry of ballistic missiles, including the understanding one-sided a have to come may it technologies, the United deterrence against that it has secured a strategic sense of has such a false if North Korea States. However, its deterrence, it could confidence and recognition regarding by provocations lead to an increase and escalation of military situations that are and could create in the region North Korea is presumed to also for Japan. North Korea deeply worrying acquired the atmospheric re-entry technologies required have and Scud-ER ballistic of Nodong for the operationalization suggesting that it missiles, within whose range Japan lies, nuclear weapons already has the ability to attack Japan with fitted to these ballistic missiles. 103

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 104 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean In light of the above, North Korea is considered to have North Korea In light of the above, further progress in the development makes If North Korea military activities, Korea’s North In light of the above, Object claimed to be a hydrogen bomb capable of being loaded into an ICBM [JANES] missiles and on an irregular trajectory. The prevailing view view The prevailing trajectory. missiles and on an irregular altitudes than conventional y at lower is that missiles which fl such as the trajectory, ballistic missiles and on an irregular are designed to breach missile defense networks. “Iskander,” miniaturized nuclear weapons to fi t in ballistic missile warheads t in ballistic missile weapons to fi miniaturizednuclear and to possess the capability to launch an attack on Japan with other On the warhead. tted with a nuclear a ballistic missile fi it is necessary to continue careful analysis as to whether hand, has acquired a technology necessaryKorea not North or for ballistic missiles. operationalizing longer-range t nuclear of ballistic missiles and acquires a technology to fi may come to have it a one-sided warheads on ICBMs, understanding that it has secured strategic against deterrence haveof sense such a false North Korea Should States. United the could this deterrence, its regarding recognition and dence confi lead to increases and the escalation of military provocations by region and could create in the situations thatNorth Korea are deeply worrying also for Japan. pose serious and and missile development, nuclear including cantly imminent threats to the security of Japan signifi and region and the undermine the peace and security of this Japan never tolerates Therefore, international community. and will weapons by North Korea, the possession of nuclear process and closely continue to support the U.S.-North Korea cooperate countries such as the United States with and the Peninsula. ROK toward of the Korean denuclearization environment test of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) ballistic missile test of an intercontinental environment This implementationand announced the successful of the test. technology is seeking to acquire indicates for that North Korea missiles. longer-range Nodong missiles [Korea News Service-Jiji] North Korea’s nuclear and missile capabilities and missile capabilities nuclear North Korea’s of nuclear weapons) technology and warhead state of miniaturization the current (Based on In order to launch an attack using ballistic missiles fi tted attackIn order to launch an using ballistic missiles fi substantial weapons, the miniaturization of nuclear For that it is considered the longer the range Generally speaking, Column North Korea, which is signifi cantly inferior to the ROK Forces to the ROK cantly inferior which is signifi North Korea, forces, terms of conventional in Korea Forces the U.S. and weapons and development of nuclear has been promoting the operational enhancing and ballistic missiles capabilities in the inferiority. order to make up for to it is essential technologically, weapon, with a nuclear to be carried by a ciently weapon suffi miniaturize nuclear a acquire atmosphericballistic missile and to reentry technology destruction and other damage to that prevents the deforming, the warhead due to heat generated at the time of reentry into the atmosphere. However, technological capability is considered to be required. formerthe that States, United the example, for considering, succeededand China France, Kingdom, United the Union, Soviet as well as in acquiring such technology by as early as the 1960s, the technological maturity that is estimated to have been reached it is assessed that tests, previous six nuclear through North Korea’s weapons. has already miniaturized nuclear North Korea cient suffi acquire to is it cult diffi more the is, missile ballistic a of atmospheric reentry technology because of such factors as a temperaturethe in rise generatedthe of heat higher a to due is presumed to have already North Korea However, speed. necessarythe acquired technology ballistic to respect with such as Pukguksong and missiles whose range covers Japan, the Nodong and Scud ER missiles, in addition to Pukguksong-2, North 2016, in March Moreover, which are already deployed. mock ballistic missile atmospheric conducted a re-entryKorea defense networks. The SRBMs launched in 2019 on May 4 defense networks. a shape similar to that of the August 6 have and 9, July 25, and which is said Russian short-range ballistic missile “Iskander,” ballistic altitude than conventional lower y at a to be able to fl Domestic Affairs

Economic Conditions Developments Related to the Kim Jong-un Regime Related to the Developments On the other hand, with senior officials unable to dispute On the other hand, with senior officials ） ） 4 2 1 the decisions of Chairman Kim Jong-un due to an atrophy due to an atrophy the decisions of Chairman Kim Jong-un and demotions, created by the frequent executions, effect is there that is believed it officials, senior of dismissals the possibility of North including over uncertainty, growing without making turning to military provocations Korea addition, it has been adequate diplomatic considerations. In control caused by suggested that there is declining social from inflow widening wealth disparities and information attention will be paid to the other countries. In this regard, stability of the regime. has been facing In the economic domain, North Korea and food shortages due chronic stagnation and energy to the vulnerability of its socialist planned economy and diminishing economic cooperation with the former Soviet the end of Union and East European countries following Especially for food, it is deemed that North War. the Cold is still forced to rely on food assistance from overseas. Korea Furthermore, the strengthening of sanctions by countries including Japan and the United States, and the sanctions of the related UN Security Council resolutions in response to the implementation of nuclear tests and missile launches can when considered had a certain effect, be assumed to have economic situation of North Korea. together with the severe trading partner, largest if China, North Korea’s Accordingly, countries continue to rigorously implement and other relevant economic situation could more severe sanctions, an even implemented a In 2020, North Korea beset North Korea. In North Korea, the power base centered on Chairman Kim on base centered the power In North Korea, April was amended in The constitution is being solidified. authority Kim’s strengthening Chairman August 2019, and the stipulation that the Chairman as through such provisions of Commission is “the supreme leader Affairs of the State who represents of Korea Republic the Democratic People’s there has regime, Since the transition to the new the state.” of party-related meetings been a number of announcements KWP Congress and decisions, and in May 2016, the Seventh in October time since the last Congress held for the first was suggest that the These developments 1980, 36 years earlier. party. state is run under the leadership of the development program. development （ （ Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN Given these points, it will be necessary to continue to these points, it will be necessary to continue Given Thus, North Korea is relentlessly pursuing increasingly Thus, North Korea North Korea is proceeding with ballistic missile is proceeding with ballistic North Korea Fifthly, North Korea may be attempting to diversify the diversify to attempting be may Korea North Fifthly, Part 1 Part carefully monitor trends in North Korea’s ballistic missile ballistic carefully monitor trends in North Korea’s c. Future Outlook for Ballistic Missile Development Future c. At the Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee of the April 2018, Chairman Kim Jong-un announced the KWP in Then, at the U.S.-North suspension of ICBM test launches. the summit meeting in June, he clearly expressed Korea at the denuclearization. However, towards intention to work December 2019 Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee Chairman Kim stated that, since the United of the KWP, there joint military exercises, holding U.S.-ROK States was bound unilaterally be to Korea North grounds for no were honors. He longer by a commitment that no other party any strategic developing continue to intention the announced also weapons until the United States rolls back its hostile policy North Korea. towards complex and diverse modes of attack and is steadily modes of attack and is steadily and diverse complex These its attack capabilities. strengthening and improving early detection of the enhancements in its capabilities make of the missiles more signs of a launch and the interception information the for challenges new posing thereby difficult, postures of and interception warning, early gathering, countries, including Japan. relevant development at an extremely rapid pace and is believed pace and is believed rapid at an extremely development nuclear the ability to attack Japan with already to have missiles, ballistic Scud-ER and Nodong to fitted weapons Korea North Furthermore, lies. nation our range whose within in missile-related technologies more advanced has developed The three types of SRBMs that are presumed recent years. in a series of been involved models and have to be new use solid in that they launches since May 2019 are distinctive ballistic conventional than altitudes lower at fly and fuel to be trying to is therefore believed missiles. North Korea by making it more difficult breach missile defense networks detection harder. to detect signs of a launch and making early be will technologies advanced such that concerns are There missiles. applied to longer-range forms of launches. It has been confirmed that the June 22, confirmed that launches. It has been forms of 29, 2017, 28, and November 14, July 4, July 2016, May a lofted missile launches used 2, 2019 ballistic and October at to high altitudes missiles are launched in which trajectory, when a launch is made Generally, higher angles than normal. is considered to be more interception on a lofted trajectory, difficult. 105

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 106 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean In June 2018, the historic first-ever U.S.-North Korea Korea U.S.-North historic first-ever In June 2018, the summit meeting the second U.S.-North Korea However, in June 2019, he visited the ROK Trump When President of the Central At the December 2019 Plenary Meeting in progress has yet been observed no concrete However, strengthening economic sanctions and diplomatic measures. measures. and diplomatic sanctions economic strengthening assertions that repeated its previous North Korea In response, necessary was nuclear deterrent capability its own developing the United threat posed by respond to the nuclear in order to and rhetoric in provocative continued to engage States, and such as ballistic with military provocations coupled behavior, missile launches. they that confirmed sides both and held was meeting summit lasting and stable peace a to build their efforts join would Peninsula. Chairman Kim Jong- on the Korean regime complete the towards intention to work un made clear his that Peninsula, and confirmed the Korean denuclearization of States. continue with the United would negotiations agreement being in February 2019 ended without any Supreme People’s At the countries. reached between the two stated Jong-un Kim Chairman 2019, April in Assembly summit ready to hold a third U.S.-North Korea that he was States find out “with meeting on the condition that the United be shared with us” a proper attitude a methodology that can for a courageous decision “wait would and that North Korea from the U.S. till the end of this year.” agreed and they leader at Panmunjom met the North Korean A working- level. to proceed with dialogue at the working North Korea but took place that October, meeting level down. broken subsequently announced that talks had that, since Kim stated Chairman of the KWP, Committee joint military holding U.S.-ROK the United States was to be no grounds for North Korea were there exercises, that no other longer by a commitment unilaterally bound any be party honors. He also announced that there will never Peninsula, and that North denuclearization on the Korean the until weapons strategic developing continue will Korea North towards policy hostile its back rolls States United North that Kim remarked Furthermore, Chairman Korea. the against maintain its nuclear deterrence would Korea nuclear threat and that the scope and depth of United States’ be coordinated depending of the deterrent would the buildup on the future approach of the United States. 24 The final report of the The 25 Fig. I-2-3-7 (Sanctions based on UN Security Council Resolutions Fig. against North Korea)

Relations with Other Countries

Between the beginning of 2018 and the end of March 2020, MSDF patrol aircraft have observed 24 cases in which a North Korean-flagged tanker and a foreign-flagged vessel were a foreign-flagged were vessel and tanker Korean-flagged patrol have North MSDF aircraft a observed which in cases 24 2020, March of end the and 2018 of beginning the Between there are strong suspicions that the observed vessels were engagingAs a result of comprehensive judgment by the government, in illegal ship-to- anchored side-by-side on the high seas. Section 1. Chapter 1, III, see Part response, details of these cases and information about Japan’s For ship transfers. North Korea itself has stated on Uriminzokkiri, the website of the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland, that it is suffering huge economic losses (dated March 10, that (dated losses economic huge suffering is it 10, March Fatherland, Reunification the of Peaceful the for Committee the of website the statedhas itself Uriminzokkiri, on Korea North 2020). See North Korea is presumed to be evading the UN Security is presumed to be evading North Korea To tackle a host of economic difficulties, North Korea has Korea has difficulties, North a host of economic tackle To 5 25 24 （1）Relations with the United States deal administration announced that it would Trump The U.S. based on the nuclear and missile issue with North Korea’s concept of “all options are on the table” and adopted the to abandon plans pressure on North Korea of exerting policy proliferate nuclear weapons and missiles by and to develop number of measures to prevent infection with the novel novel with the infection prevent to of measures number tourism and the operation as halting the such coronavirus, that it which suggests rail and air services, of international losses. economic might be suffering UN Security Council’s Panel of Experts assisting the North Panel UN Security Council’s April 2020, pointed Sanctions Committee, released in Korea illicitly imported a volume out that in 2019, North Korea by UN of the cap set in excess far of petroleum products Security Council resolutions. Council sanctions by conducting ship-to-ship transfers on Council sanctions by conducting ship-to-ship the terms of the the high seas, which are forbidden under UN Security Council resolutions. made attempts at limited improvement measures and some improvement made attempts at limited management systems, and promotes changes to its economic zones and the economic development the establishment of of plants and other entities of the discretion enlargement at the Plenary production and sales plans. Furthermore, over Committee of the KWP in December Meeting of the Central take should stated that North Korea 2019, Chairman Kim aimed head-on breakthrough a making for offensive an by the hostile at neutralizing the sanctions and pressure for socialist construction, avenue forces and opening a new that appears therefore It key. the be to economy the declaring of the economy as being rebuilding the regards North Korea is as North Korea of paramount importance. Nevertheless, that could lead structural reforms to carry out any unlikely system, it faces to the destabilization of its current ruling to improvements challenges in making fundamental various its current economic situation. No. 2371 No. 2375 No. No. 2397 No. No. 2397 No. (August 2017) (December 2017) (December 2017) Related resolution (September 2017) Main content Implementation of the Historic Panmunjom Declaration in Implementation of the Historic Panmunjom measures concrete prescribed which Domain,” Military the signed. In military tensions, was to ease inter-Korean related conducted activities 2018, North and South Korea these on based measures the of implementation the to the that notes also Declaration Panmunjom The documents. War, countries will aim to declare an end to the Korean two 2018 September of Declaration Joint Pyongyang the and notes that Chairman Kim Jong-un will visit Seoul soon. In that announced office presidential ROK the 2020, March a letter from Chairman President Moon Jae-in had received in inter-Korean no major advances 2019 saw Kim. However, before. year the unlike programs, cooperation and dialogue has frequently issued remarks critical North Korea Moreover, it has used statements example, of late. For of the ROK by the foreign ministry press secretary to criticize ROK’s to upgrade its defense capability and the U.S.-ROK efforts August 2019. In held in March and joint military exercises an attitude frequently demonstrates addition, North Korea Total ban on coal imports, total ban on iron and iron ore imports, and establishment of an and iron ore imports, total ban on iron ban on coal imports, Total workers for the first time upper limit on the total number of work permits for North Korean the scope of bans on trade (exports/ expansion of Further supply restrictions in the oil area, workers to North Korea and return of North Korean bans, imports) with North Korea Request transfer prohibition on related goods and funds for nuclear and missile plans on relatedRequest transfer prohibition goods and funds for nuclear Prohibition on export and import of weapons of mass destruction related weapons goods and large financial regulations and obligation of goods on to conduct inspections Tougher own territorial waters one’s ships suspected of transporting banned goods within exports by North Korea Ban on air fuel exports and supply and ban on coal and iron ore and missile plans) nuclear or unrelated those for personal livelihood to North Korea’s (excluding Establishment of an upper limit on coal exports by North Korea (roughly North Korea Establishment of an upper limit on coal exports by $400 million/7.5 million tons a year) addition of textile Addition of oil to supply restrictions for the first time, permits for overseas workers and ban on work products to the import ban, Adoption of financial regulations Addition of six organizations and four individuals to sanctions Addition of four organizations and 14 individuals to sanctions Banned Sanction content Total ban on imports from North Korea from North Korea ban on imports Total Restriction of annual supply to 500,000 barrels Restriction of annual supply Catalyst event Restriction of annual supply to 4 million barrels or 525,000 tons annual supply to 4 million Restriction of Fourth nuclear test (2016/1/6), Taepodong-2 Taepodong-2 test (2016/1/6), nuclear Fourth launch (2016/2/7) test (2016/9/9) nuclear Fifth test (2017/9/3) Sixth nuclear First nuclear test (2006/10/9) nuclear First second launch (2009/4/5), Taepodong-2 test (2009/5/25) nuclear Seven ballistic missile launches (2006/7/5) Seven ballistic missile launches Ballistic missile launches since 2016/9/9 “Hwasong-15” launch ICBM-class (2017/11/29) Taepodong-2 launch (2012/12/12) Taepodong-2 Third nuclear test (2013/2/12) Third nuclear “Hwasong-14” launch ICBM-class (2017/7/4 and 7/28) Sanctions based on UN Security Council Resolutions against Council Resolutions UN Security based on Sanctions Korea North Coal Items No. 2375 No. No. 2270 No. 2321 No. No. 1718 No. 1874 No. No. 1695 No. No. 2356 No. 2397 No. No. 2087 No. No. 2094 No. 2371 No. 7 Resolution Crude oil - 3 - 2 - Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security Petroleum refined products Petroleum Date Fig. I Fig. Relations with the ROK DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN Ship offloading (ship-to-ship transfer) Ship offloading (ship-to-ship Main content Summaryresolutions on sanctions against of recent UN Security Council North Korea 2017.9.12 2016.11.30 2016.3.3 2006.10.15 2009.6.13 2006.7.16 2017.6.3 2017.12.23 2013.1.23 2013.3.8 2017.8.6 ） Part 1 Part 2 * Quotation marks indicate the names used by North Korea. Chairman Kim’s remarks in his January 2018 New Year Year 2018 New in his January remarks Kim’s Chairman dialogue triggered Address on the need for inter-Korean The relations that year. substantial progress in inter-Korean April, resulting held in meeting was summit inter-Korean which Declaration, in the issuance of the Panmunjom parties agreed confirmed among other matters that the two in other each against acts all hostile cease completely to of realizing a domain, and confirmed the common goal every Peninsula. In addition, in another inter- Korean nuclear-free Jong- Kim Chairman in May, held summit meeting Korean un reiterated his desire for the complete denuclearization Peninsula. Furthermore, at the inter-Korean of the Korean Declaration Pyongyang Joint summit meeting in September, of September 2018, which referred to an ending of military on the issued. In addition, the “Agreement hostilities, was the North Korea’s dismantlement of WMDs and missiles. dismantlement of the North Korea’s （ 107

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 108 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean Relations with Other Countries Relations with Russia Following the U.S.-North Korea summit meeting in summit the U.S.-North Korea Following Since 1999, North Korea has made efforts to establish has made efforts Since 1999, North Korea ） ） 5 4 June 2018, Russia has continued to demonstrate an active active demonstrate an to continued Russia has June 2018, processes stance in supporting political and diplomatic Peninsula and has called on in the vicinity of the Korean consideration to consultations in countries to give relevant April 2019, Chairman Kim Jong-un a multilateral format. In Putin with President meeting held a and Vladivostok visited of the bilateral opinions on the development to exchange Peninsula situation. In addition, relationship and the Korean accepted Chairman Kim’s President Putin is said to have to visit North Korea. invitation Concerning North Korea’s nuclear issue, Russia, along nuclear Korea’s Concerning North support for the denuclearization with China, has expressed Peninsula and early resumption of the Six- on the Korean Russia endorsed UN Security Council Although Talks. Party 2017, it emphasized Resolution 2397, adopted in December for dialogue way should make that pressure on North Korea In December 2019, Russia and China and negotiations. Council members a together circulated among UN Security to sanctions imposed draft resolution proposing adjustments by Security Council resolutions. relations with a series of West European countries and others, West relations with a series of including the establishment of diplomatic relations with ARF ministerial European countries and participation in the meetings. Meanwhile, it has been reported that North Korea such as Iran, relationships with countries has cooperative affairs in military Cuba and Myanmar, Pakistan, Syria, including arms trade and military technology transfer. March 2018 the first-ever China-North Korea summit summit Korea China-North first-ever the 2018 March Jong-un was Chairman Kim of under the leadership meeting marked meeting this for China to visit Kim’s Chairman held. the over since taking abroad that he had traveled the first time to China in made visits Chairman Kim Jong-un leadership. and in January 2019, and held meetings May and June 2018, North Xi visited President In addition, Xi. President with was appointed 2019 for the first time since he in June Korea a meeting with Chairman Kim Jong-un. President, and held of the on the development reportedly had discussion They of countries and denuclearization two relationship between Peninsula. the Korean （ （ suggesting North Korea’s suggesting North Korea’s 26 Relations with China According to an announcement by the Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA) Agency Promotion Trade-Investment According to an announcement by the Korea China is a vital political and economic partner for North for partner economic and political vital a is China With regard to the situation in North Korea and its nuclear to the situation in North Korea regard With ） 3 26 The China-North Korea Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation on Friendship, Treaty The China-North Korea still is 1961, in concluded was which Assistance, Mutual and biggest Korea’s North currently is China addition, In force. in between China and In 2018, trade volume trade partner. accounting for approximately large, very was North Korea trade between total trade (excluding 90% of North Korea’s and the ROK), North Korea inimical to dialogue with its southern neighbor, with North with North neighbor, its southern with to dialogue inimical Moon had that, although President media reporting Korean ASEAN- 2019 to attend the November Chairman Kim asked had leader the North Korean Summit, Commemorative ROK face-to-face purely ceremonial the grounds that a refused, on than no be worse leaders would the two meeting between relations in inter-Korean developments meeting at all. Future will be closely watched. Korea and maintains a degree of influence on the country. of influence on the country. and maintains a degree Korea relations Although it has been noted that China-North Korea did not necessarily had deteriorated because North Korea position. actions that were in accordance with China’s take nuclear repeatedly conducted Korea North example, For and ballistic missile tests despite opposition from the in international community including China. However, issue, China has expressed support for denuclearization issue, China has expressed for peace and stability on the Peninsula, on the Korean Peninsula, and solving problems through dialogue Korean While it has endorsed the series of UN and consultations. sanctions on Security Council Resolutions, which strengthen It has also stated that sanctions alone will be North Korea. a fundamental solution to the nuclear issue unable to achieve dialogue and and that a solution should be found through support expressed consultations. In this respect, China has including U.S.-North dialogue, for the U.S.-North Korea and summit meetings. China, as well as North Korea Korea Peninsula Russia, insists that denuclearization of the Korean countries should be gradual and simultaneous, with relevant taking corresponding measures. In December 2019, China and Russia together circulated among UN Security Council adjustments to draft resolution proposing members a sanctions imposed by Security Council resolutions. dependence on China. （ ● and the possibility that North Korea’s illegal illegal Korea’s that North and the possibility 27 Military of the ROK Posture

The ROK has been modernizing its military forces— not has been modernizing its military forces— The ROK a announced Government ROK the 2017, November In The ROK has continued to undertake reforms of its has continued to undertake The ROK 3 The ROK’s military capacity is as follows. The ground forces military capacity is as follows. The ROK’s totaling and 2 marine divisions, consist of 21 army divisions forces consist of 240 vessels 460,000 personnel; the naval tons; 255,000 approximately of displacement total a with of combined) consist and Navy Force (Air air forces and the approximately 620 combat aircraft. order to Air Force—in and also its Navy Army but only its establish an omni-directional defense posture to deal with future potential threats, not least threats from North Korea. transport has been introducing submarines, large The Navy is Force Air The destroyers. built ships, and domestically of the the installation program for promoting a currently fighter with stealth property. F-35A as a next-generation activities could provide a funding source for nuclear and a could provide activities cause for concern. is a ballistic missile development national defense. In recent years, in July 2018, the ROK July 2018, the ROK national defense. In recent years, in has set the which 2.0,” the “Defense Reform released omni-directional making goals: main three following based military power response to security threats, enhancing armed developing and technology and science advanced on This plan calls for country. forces appropriate for a developed combat capabilities to secure continued promotion of efforts and North Korea necessary for responding to the threat from and the mandatory also includes the reduction of the troops military service period. the designation of the country as an enemy was eliminated. eliminated. country as an enemy was the designation of the “The Republic as follows: paper states the white Instead, forces that threaten and any armed forces regard of Korea’s people and assets territory, encroach upon our sovereignty, the white paper emphasizes the In addition, as our enemies.” to security threats. importance of omni-directional response becoming increasingly difficult due to sanctions based on based due to sanctions difficult increasingly becoming turmoil in and political Council resolutions UN Security that the case that transactions East. It is actually the Middle have Council Resolutions terms of UN Security violate the been observed,

The ROK and the U.S. Forces Korea U.S. The ROK and the Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security

Defense Policies and Defense Reform of the ROK eneral Situation General DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

According to the final report of the UN Security Council’s Panel of Experts assisting the North Korea Sanctions Committee (April 2020) Panel of Experts assisting the North According to the final report of the UN Security Council’s The U.S. Forces, mainly the Army, have been stationed have Army, mainly the The U.S. Forces, In recent years, North Korea is deemed to be strengthening strengthening to be is deemed North Korea years, In recent 2 1

Part 1 Part ❷ 27 The ROK has a defensive weakness, namely, its capital weakness, namely, defensive has a The ROK 10 million, of approximately a population Seoul, which has has set the National The ROK is situated close to the DMZ. “to protect the country from as follows: Defense Objective to support peaceful military threats and invasions, external world stability and to regional unification, and to contribute the ROK, military threats,” As one of the “external peace.” used to designate North Korea White Paper, in its Defense regime as the “main enemy” or state that “the North Korean In the and its armed forces…will remain as our enemies.” 2018, published in January White Paper Defense ROK WMDs as 2019, while continuing to describe North Korea’s Peninsula, a threat to the peace and stability of the Korean in the ROK since the ceasefire of the Korean War. The ROK The War. Korean the of ceasefire the since ROK the in close security arrangements with the has established very Mutual U.S.-ROK on the based primarily States United been playing an have Korea The U.S. Forces Treaty. Defense of the region important role in securing peace and stability the outbreak of large- such as playing a vital role in deterring Korean Peninsula. scale armed conflict on the With regard to its North Korea policy, the Moon Jae-in the Moon Jae-in policy, to its North Korea regard With inaugurated in May 2017, is administration, which was relationship the inter-Korean placing emphasis on improving Declaration, and easing tensions based on the Panmunjom April 2018 and summit meeting in issued at the inter-Korean 2018, issued at Pyongyang Joint Declaration of September same summit meeting in September of the the inter-Korean administration Moon the of policy Korea North the How year. relations will continue to require will impact inter-Korean close attention. its relations with African countries. The underlying purposes purposes The underlying countries. African with its relations the usual countries include relations with these for enhancing economic cooperation. political and of deepening objective hopes to acquire North Korea it appears that In addition, arms trade and military its by expanding foreign currency which are African countries – activities cooperation with 109

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 110 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean 20 15 10 5 0 (FY) (%) 20 19 18 Fig. I-2-3-8 (Changes in the ROK’s Defense Budget) I-2-3-8 (Changes in the ROK’s Fig.

17 .S.-ROK Alliance and U.S. Forces Korea Forces Alliance and U.S. .S.-ROK U

See While regularly confirming the strengthening of the U.S.- While regularly Defense spending in FY2020 (regular budget) increased budget) Defense spending in FY2020 (regular 16 4 The United States and the ROK have taken various steps to various taken have The United States and the ROK Alliance in recent years. deepen the U.S.-ROK undertakings, as specific Alliance at the summit level, ROK Counter-Provocation countries signed the U.S.-ROK the two March in provocations Korea’s with North for dealing Plan Strategy, Deterrence Tailored the 2013, and approved nuclear North Korean designed to enhance deterrence against WMD threats, at the 45th Security Consultative and other 46th SCM At the Meeting (SCM) in October of the same year. and “Concepts on agreed countries two the 2014, October in Counter- Alliance Comprehensive Principles of ROK-U.S. missile Operations (4D Operational Concept)” to tackle in SCM 47th the At threats. missile ballistic Korean North the implementation guidance on the 4D 2015, November after North Additionally, approved. Operational Concept was went ahead with its nuclear test in January 2016, the Korea by about 7.4% from the previous fiscal year to nearly KRW year to nearly KRW fiscal by about 7.4% from the previous of year consecutive 50.1527 trillion, marking the 21st to the Defense Reform 2.0, According increases since 2000. 7.5% on an annual will increase the defense budget the ROK average. contract value basis in 2017. Since 2006, the amount has amount the 2006, Since 2017. in basis value contract It is reported that increased by nearly 13-fold in 11 years. to include communication diversified items have export vessels. electronics, aircraft, and naval 15 14 Defense budget (in 1 trillion won) Defense budget growth rate (%) Year-on-year 13 12 11 5 0 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Notes: According to the website of the Ministry of National Defense of ROK (accessed in March 2020) Notes: According to the website of the Ministry of National Defense (1 trillion won) Changes in the ROK’s Defense Budget Defense in the ROK’s Changes 8 - 3 - 2 - Fig. I Fig. In recent years, the ROK has actively promoted equipment has actively ROK In recent years, the In terms of ballistic missiles, the ROK appears to In terms of ballistic missiles, the ROK export, which reached approximately US$3.2 billion on a which reached approximately US$3.2 export, have operationally deployed Hyunmoo-2 missiles with operationally deployed have to be an estimated range of 300-800 km and is believed the abolition ballistic missiles, following new developing of the missile weight limits in the 2017 revision of warhead appears to cruise missiles, the ROK regard With guidelines. the Hyunmoo-3 surface-to- operationally deployed to have a range to have cruise missile, which is believed surface of about 500-1,500 km, and Haeseong series ship-to-ship/ to have cruise missiles, which are believed ship-to-surface Ahn The Dosan a maximum range of 1,000-1,500 km. to be Changho submarine and the arsenal ship expected introduced under the 2020-2024 mid-term defense plan will reportedly be equipped with ballistic missiles in the future. revision of its missile guidelines, which were agreed by the of its missile guidelines, which revision in 1979 and stipulate the range governments U.S. and ROK included the revision of ballistic missiles it possesses; the weight limits on ballistic missiles, elimination of warhead military provocation in order to enhance deterrence against Furthermore, to address North Korean by North Korea. the missile nuclear and missile threats, as well as expanding in is engaging the ROK Forces, capabilities of the ROK use which would system,” strike a “strategic to build efforts strikes preemptive missiles and other means to launch rapid and also a command, the North Korean directly targeting Air and Missile Defense missile defense system called Korea has changed from (KAMD). In addition, the focus of defense missiles to an omni- responding to the threat of North Korean directional response to security threats. With regard to the realignment of the U.S. Forces Korea, Korea, U.S. Forces to the realignment of the regard With the transition of OPCON, and to adopt a conditions-based conditions-based a adopt to and OPCON, of the transition conditions the transition when i.e., implementing approach, are met. enhanced capabilities Forces’ ROK such as the for competencies military core develop to plans ROK The from nuclear to the threats and response against deterrence which are required for the transition weapons and missiles, 2018, At the 50th SCM in October of OPCON, by 2023. OPCON, the transition of that following decided it was as commander of the will serve military officer an ROK replacing the current Command, Future Combined Forces the U.S. military officer serving as arrangement of a It was Combined Forces. U.S.-ROK commander of the operational Forces’ the ROK also decided that regarding (IOC) will be capabilities, their Initial Operating Capability August 2019, an IOC assessment was assessed in 2019. In the At exercise. carried out during a combined command that parties concurred 2019, the two 51st SCM in November IOC had played an important role in verifying the exercise of Full Operational and decided to pursue an assessment Command in Forces Capability for the Future Combined 2020. on the relocation an agreement had been reached in 2003 Garrison located in the center Yongsan of the U.S. Forces’ and on the south of Seoul, area, of Seoul to the Pyeontaek stationed north of the Han relocation of the U.S. Forces the however, Subsequently, river. the of south the to River factors, to various due agreement has been partially revised, area being delayed including: the relocation to the Pyeontaek due to logistical reasons such as increases in relocation costs; in relation to the postponement of the transition of OPCON, it to remain personnel has been necessary for some U.S. Forces decided that the counter-fires Garrison; and it was Yongsan at remain in their location would Korea forces of U.S. Forces Korea’s North of threat the counter to River Han the of north U.S. Eighth In July 2017 the artillery. long-range rocket in and area, Pyeontaek the to relocated headquarters Army and UN Korea June 2018 the headquarters of U.S. Forces The realignment Command also relocated to the same area. a significant impact on U.S. could have Korea of U.S. Forces Peninsula, and defense postures on the Korean and ROK developments future follow to necessary be will it such as and the realignment of U.S. 29 to U.S. Forces Korea in July 2016, concluding 2016, concluding in July Korea to U.S. Forces 28 Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN The United States and the ROK have had the U.S.-ROK Combined Forces Command since 1978 in order to operate the U.S.-ROK combined defense system to deter wars on the Korean operateto order in 1978 since Command Korean the on wars deter to system United Statesdefense The combined U.S.-ROK the haveROK the and Forces U.S.-ROK Combined the had is to be exercised by the OPCON over the ROK Forces Under the U.S.-ROK combined defense system, and to perform effective combined operations in the case of a contingency. Peninsula Command, who concurrently serves as the Commander of the Combined Forces Korea, Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff in peacetime and by the Commander of the U.S. Chairman of the Korea in a contingency. A ballistic missile defense system designed to intercept short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase from the ground. It captures and intercepts targets at high A ballistic missile defense system designed to intercept short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase from the ground. defense system Section 2 regarding the ballistic missile Chapter 1, III, See Part altitudes outside of the atmosphere upper atmosphere. or in the At the same time, the two countries have worked to deal worked countries have At the same time, the two With regard to U.S.-ROK joint military exercises, the two two the exercises, military joint U.S.-ROK to regard With Part 1 Part Forces Korea. For the transition of OPCON to the ROK, to the ROK, the transition of OPCON For Korea. Forces Alliance 2015” the roadmap for the transfer “Strategic the to complete Aiming 2010. in October established was countries have transition by December 1, 2015, the two the approach of transitioning from the existing reviewed Forces, combined defense arrangement of the U.S. and ROK Forces joint defense arrangement led by the ROK to a new the on based Nevertheless, Forces. U.S. the by supported and nuclear and missile increasing seriousness of North Korea’s re-postpone to SCM 46th the at decided sides two the threats, 29 28 United States and the ROK officially decided to deploy to deploy decided officially ROK and the States United THAAD with such issues as the transition of operational control (OPCON) to the ROK countries announced in June 2018 that, in light of progress in June 2018 that, in light of progress countries announced joint military the U.S.-ROK Korea, in dialogue with North been had August for planned Guardian” “Freedom exercise Marine Exchange U.S.-ROK two suspended, along with next the to occur within scheduled Program training exercises cancellation the announced they October, In months. three conducted air force exercise Ace, a regular Vigilante of the provide to order in years, usual in November-December in opportunity to continue the U.S.-North Korea possible every March 2019, they diplomatic process. Furthermore, in Foal and Resolve announced the “conclusion” of the Key which has been conducted in March-April Eagle exercise, (Dong Alliance of implementation the and years, usual in also carried They Maeng), a combined command exercise. did but 2019, August in exercise command combined a out the November, That name. or its size disclose clearly not announced the postponement United States and the ROK as an act of goodwill to joint air exercise, of a U.S.-ROK and the to diplomacy conducive to an environment contribute the announced they of peace. In February 2020, advancement to curb the spread joint exercises postponement of U.S.-ROK outbreak. coronavirus of the novel the temporary deployment of it in September. In addition, In addition, of it in September. deployment the temporary the held in September, meeting also summit in a U.S.-ROK assets in and around strategic of U.S. deployment enhanced agreed. was on a rotational basis the ROK 111

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 112 Section 3 Section Defense of Japan Korean Peninsula Korean Relations with Russia In June 2018, President Moon Jae-in visited Russia as a In June 2018, President Moon Jae-in visited of deployment On the other hand, Russia opposes the ） 2 state guest, becoming the fi rst ROK president to do so in 19 ROK rst state guest, becoming the fi held, was dialogue strategic defense August 2018, In years. agreed that the dialogue will be upgraded to the and it was established be will hotline a that and level minister vice air forces. countries’ between the two reason that it is part for the Korea THAAD by U.S. Forces and harms the strategic of the U.S. missile defense network stability of the region. The ROK and Russia have agreed on cooperation in the in cooperation on agreed have Russia and ROK The and military defense industry, areas of military technology, ROK- rst countries held the fi the two supplies. In 2012, dialogue and agreed to regularize Russia defense strategic Vladimir Putin 2013, President the dialogue. In November issued in which and a joint statement was visited the ROK, in the areas of sides agreed to strengthen dialogue the two politics and security. utilize military channels to reach a mutual understanding understanding a mutual to reach channels military utilize THAAD. In December about concerns China’s relating to rst visit to China made his fi Moon Jae-in 2017 President establish to agreed leaders two the and inauguration his since as close communication, continue to maintain a hotline and ROK The dialogue. strategic well as vitalizing high-level clear that the ROK 2018 also makes White Paper Defense with China. communication will strengthen strategic United States has been seeking an increase in the ROK’s share, share, United States has been seeking an increase in the ROK’s with Secretary and Secretary of State of Defense Mike Pompeo Is an Korea “South headlined Mark Esper penning a joint article stance has the ROK’s in January 2020, Not a Dependent” Ally, “fair and reasonable” been that they should work towards a agreement and talks are ongoing (as of May 2020). （ Defense Burden Sharing Defense Burden , whereby the ROK the ROK , whereby sharing burden defense Column Relations with Other Countries Defense burden sharing refers to the ROK government bearing refers to the sharing Defense burden a portion of the total stationing costs of the USFK to ensure a The ROK started its stable stationing environment for the USFK. the 10th SMA While contribution in 1991 following the SMA. it lapsed at the end of 2019, 10, on February was concluded While the 2019 without the 11th SMA having been concluded. Relations with China China has protested that the deployment of THAAD to U.S. THAAD of China has protested that the deployment Concerning Concerning ） 5 1 Forces Korea would undermine China’s strategic security security strategic undermine China’s would Korea Forces governments October 2017 the point, in On this interests. had agreed to they announced that of China and the ROK China and the ROK have made continuous efforts to efforts continuous made have China and the ROK issues outstanding Meanwhile, relations. their strengthen The “ADIZ” between China and the ROK. emerged have in some areas 2013 overlapped issued by China in November it included the airspace ADIZ. Furthermore, with the ROK’s (Chinese Ieodo reef, the surrounding areas sea the above which China and the ROK name: Suyan Rock), regarding over claims to the jurisdictional authority icting confl have Government this backdrop, the ROK Against the EEZ. 2013 December in ADIZ own its of expansion the announced is protesting ROK The month. the same it from enforced and ROK’s the into intruding repeatedly are aircraft Chinese that ADIZ. government bears a portion of the total stationing costs of the of the total stationing bears a portion government stable stationing environment, to ensure a Korea U.S. Forces in negotiations are engaged States and the ROK the United the 11th edition of Special Measures aimed at concluding (as of May 2020). Agreement (SMA) closely. （