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Diplomatic Networks of Rasulidyemen in Egypt (Seventh/Thirteenth To chapter 17 Diplomatic Networks of Rasulid Yemen in Egypt (Seventh/Thirteenth to Early Ninth/Fifteenth Centuries) Éric Vallet 1 Introduction: toward a History of Mamluk-Rasulid Diplomacy The history of Yemenin the Late Middle Ages still largely escapes the horizon of Mamluk studies.1 There are a number of reasons for this relative lack of interest in this part of the Arabian Peninsula, including the long isolation of the country, the specific character of its territory and society, the complexity of its long his- torical path, and the division of the land between multiple powers. However, between 626/1229 and 858/1454, Yemen experienced a period of real stability under the authority of a single dynasty of Turkmen origin, the Rasulids or Banū Rasūl, whose regime was also, in its way, heir to the Ayyubid dynasty.2 The sul- tanate of Yemen constituted a major Muslim power with which the Mamluks were in close contact over a long period, mostly through diplomacy. But unlike other diplomatic exchanges presented in this volume, dealing with Turco-Mongol powers or with other Mediterranean states, the Mamluk- Rasulid relationship has attracted even less attention since the exact status of the Rasulid dynasty toward the Mamluks seemed obscure and ambiguous in the eyes of many historians. Was Yemen an integral part of the Mamluk Empire as proclaimed in the diploma of appointment awarded to Baybars by the newly proclaimed caliph of Cairo in 659/1261?3 Was it a vassal or client state?4 Or did the Rasulid dynasty enjoy complete independence? The Egyptian claims on Yemen had deep historical roots. The area, centered around the Red Sea basin, was undoubtedly familiar to the inhabitants of the Mamluk Empire. From the last quarter of the sixth/twelfth century, regions bordering this sea had expe- 1 I would like to thank Martyn Back for the linguistic revision of this paper. 2 Smith, Politische Geschichte; ʿAbd al-ʿĀl, Banū rasūl. On Rasulid sources, Vallet, L’Arabie marchande 24–32 and 49–111. 3 Al-Maqrīzī, al-Sulūk i/2, 454. 4 For such a presentation, see for example Darrag, L’Égypte 4–5; Labib, Handelsgeschichte 89; or, more recently, Makariou, Les arts de l’Islam 493–5. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2019 | doi:10.1163/9789004384637_018 582 vallet rienced the domination of the same Ayyubid dynasty. This political unity had greatly contributed to strengthening the economic, religious, and human ties between Egypt, Syria, and western Arabia, through the major ports of ʿAydhāb, Jedda, and Aden.5 These links lasted long after the independence of the Rasulid sultanate, but in this case, close ties did not mean submission. Before founding the Rasulid dynasty, ʿUmar b. ʿAlī b. Rasūl, later known under the royal name of al-Malik al-Manṣūr ʿUmar (r. 626–47/1229–50), had been one of the leading amirs of the last Ayyubid master of Yemen, al-Malik al-Masʿūd. He claimed to have received a full delegation of power over south- ern Arabia from that ruler, who died suddenly in Mecca in 626/1229. To assert this continuity, al-Manṣūr ʿUmar also married the wife of the last Ayyubid ruler of Yemen—as Aybak had to do some twenty years later with Shajar al- Durr—and he did not hesitate to continue striking coins on behalf of the Ayyu- bids of Egypt during the first years of his new rule.6 However, from 632/1235 on, al-Manṣūr ʿUmar threw off this distant suzerainty by receiving a diploma of appointment from the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, one which fully recog- nized his sovereignty. This caliphal recognition soon became a major source of legitimacy for the new power. Fifteen years later, his son and heir al-Muẓaffar Yūsuf (r. 647–94/1250–95) quickly asked the last Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, al-Mustaʿṣim bi-llāh, for the same investiture.7 Beyond this legal recognition, the first Rasulid sultans also tried to establish a buffer zone to protectYemenfrom any attack coming from the north.The short- lived control of Mecca by al-Manṣūr ʿUmar between 639/1242 and 646/1248 paved the way for an active policy in the Hijaz.The Rasulid influence continued over the next two centuries in a permanent state of rivalry with the Mamluk sul- tanate.8 The Yemen sultanate also controlled the Red Sea after 638/1240, when Rasulid vessels destroyed the last remnants of the Ayyubid fleet in this area. This Rasulid naval hegemony lasted until the early 820s/1420s.9 More broadly, the port of Aden assured the Rasulids a position of strength throughout the western Indian Ocean and allowed them to assert themselves as indispens- able intermediaries in the exchanges between Egypt, India, and East Africa.10 The new Mamluk regime, even under the strong rule of Baybars (658–76/1260– 5 Garcin, Un centre musulman 127–38. 6 Smith, The Ayyubids; Porter, The Rasulid sultan. 7 Al-Khazrajī, al-ʿUqūd al-luʾluʾiyya (ed. ʿAsal) i, 96. On al-Muẓaffar’s reign, Varisco, Texts and pretexts. 8 Vallet, L’Arabie marchande 456–63. 9 Ibid. 486–8. On this event, al-Janadī, al-Sulūk ii, 541. 10 Vallet, Du système mercantile 269–71..
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