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© in This Web Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51430-9 - A History of Islamic Societies: Third Edition Ira M. Lapidus Index More information INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and tables. ‘Abbasid dynasty, 46, 70–3 Abdulrahim, Imaduddin, 744 ‘Abbasid empire: administration of central government, ‘Abdur Rahman, Amir, 722, 724 76–9; Baghdad as capital of, 74–6; decline of central Abi Khayr, 221 government, 85–7; and imperial Islam, 102–106; and Abraham (biblical figure), 36, 42, 96 inquisition, 104–105, 173; and local governments, Abraham ibn Ezra, 309, 310 80–2; provincial autonomy and rise of independent Abu al-‘Abbas b. al-’Arif, 303 states, 88–91; and provincial governments, 79–80; Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad al-Jazuli, 321 resistance and rebellion in, 82–4; and Saljuq Empire, Abu al-‘Ala’ al-Ma‘rri, 201 182.SeealsoArab-Muslim empire Abu ‘Amir b. Garcia, 302 ‘Abbud, Ibrahim, 784 Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, 341 ‘Abdallah (Jordan), 588 Abu Bakr, 35, 48, 49, 65, 454 ‘Abdallah (Saudi Arabia), 614, 617 Abu Bakr ibn ‘Abdullah al-‘Aydarus, 484 ‘Abdallah ibn Abi Bakr, 33 Abu Bakr al-Khallal, 133 ‘Abdallah, Amir (Transjordan), 587 Abu Dhabi, 622 ‘Abdallah, Faruq, 720 Abu Hafs al-Naysaburi, 135 ‘Abdallah Jevdet, 531 Abu Hafs ‘Umar, 295 ‘Abdallah b. Salim, 484 Abu Hanifa, 126 ‘Abdallah b. Yasin, 294 Abu al Hasan al-Shadhili, 297 ‘Abdallah b. al-Zubayn, 69 Abu Hashim, 135 ‘Abd-‘Aziz, Sultan, 325 Abu Jummayza, 781 ‘Abd-‘Aziz, Shah, 699 Abu’l-Fazl ‘Allami, 404 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Sa‘ud.SeeIbn Sa‘ud Abu’l-Kalam Azad, 706 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Sa‘ud II, 613 Abu Madyan al-Andalusi, 222, 296 ‘Abd al-Hafiz, 325 Abu Mazen, 605, 607 ‘Abd al-Hamid II, 529–30 Abu Muslim, 72, 83 ‘Abd al-Karim, 643 Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi, 222 ‘Abd al-Khaliq Ghujdavani, 425 Abu Sa‘id Kharraz, 136 ‘Abd al-Malik, 57, 69–70, 93, 95, 96, 102, 172 Abu Sayyaf group, 753 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 295 Abu Talib, 33, 35, 41 ‘Abd al-Qadir, 468, 628 Abu Yazid al-Bistami, 136 ‘Abd al-Rabbih, 301 Abu Yusuf, 126, 127, 155 ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 299 Aceh, 438, 442–3, 741 ‘Abd al-Rahman II, 299, 302 Achaemenid Empire, 9 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 299, 307 Acre, siege of (1192), 194 ‘Abd al-Rahman, Sayyid, 783 adab (literary form), 169 ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Rashid, 479 Adal, 483 ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Rustam, 290 Addis Ababa accord of 1972, 785 ‘Abd al-Ra’uf al-Singkeli, 443 Aden, 609 ‘Abd al-Samad, 443 ‘adl (divine justice), 122 ‘Abduh, Muhammad, 518, 519, 564 administration.Seebureaucracy; government, taxation 951 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51430-9 - A History of Islamic Societies: Third Edition Ira M. Lapidus Index More information 952 Index al-Afdal, 192 Alfonso X (Spain), 311 affiliated regions, of ‘Abbasid Empire, 80 Algeria: and Fatimid Empire, 292; French colonialism in, al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 518–19, 564, 707 627–35; Islamic opposition in contemporary, 852; Afghanistan, 546, 720, 721–6, 841, 849 modernism and Islamic reformism in, 519; and Muslim Afghans, and Safavid Empire, 388, 389 identity, 831; and nationalism, 520, 831; and Ottoman Aflaq, Michel, 583–4, 586 Empire, 319–20, 327; post-independence era in, 635–7, Africa: colonialism as theme in history of, 450–1; Islam 649; resistance to French occupation of, 521, 628–9, and diversity of, 798–801; Islam and themes defining 630–5, 649; and variations on theme of Islam and state history of, 447–50; Muslim communities and state formation, 326–7 formation in, 490–1.SeealsoCentral Africa; East Africa; Alhambra, 307, 308 North Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; specific ‘Ali (caliph), 35, 65–7, 71, 95, 103–104, 191 countries Ali, Noble Drew, 804 African Americans, and Islam, 802, 804–805 ‘Ali b. Daud, 483 African Democratic Assembly (RDA), 760–1 ‘Ali b. Dunama, 458 Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), 793 ‘Ali al-Karaki, 380 Aghlabid dynasty, 290 ‘Ali Mughayat Shah (Sultan), 442 Agrarian Law of 1870 (Java), 730 ‘Ali Pasha of Janina, 368 agriculture: and Arab-Muslim empire in Iraq, 54, 55; and ‘Ali al-Rida, 172 Dutch colonialism in Java, 730, 731; introduction of Alia, Ramiz, 811 irrigation to Spain, 298–9; plantation system and slave aliran (Indonesia), 740 trade in Africa, 450.Seealsoeconomics and economy; Aliyev, Haidar, 686–7 land tenure Allah’s Nation of the Five Percenters, 805 ahdath (gangs), 214 al-Allawi, Iyad, 597 al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (al-Mawardi), 230–1 All-India Muslim League, 706 ahl al-dhimma (Peoples of the Book), 52 almami, 468 Ahl-i Hadith, 836 Almohads, 294–6 Ahmad Baba, 459 Almoravids, 293, 294–6, 303, 454 Ahmad Bey (Tunisia), 638 Alptigin, 179 Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 104, 130, 155 Altynsarin, Ibragim, 672 Ahmad b. Ibrahim, Imam, 483 Amanullah, Amir, 724 Ahmad ibn Idris, 484 Amara Dunqas, 477 Ahmad al-Jazzar, 375 American Muslim Political Coordination Council, 809 Ahmad al-Kunta al-Bakka’i, 473 American Revolution, 506 Ahmad Lobbo, 472 American Society of Muslims, 805 Ahmad b. Taymiyya, 231–2 American University of Beirut, 580 Ahmad al-Tayyib b. al-Bashir, Shaykh, 781 Amharic language, 482 Ahmad al-Tijani, 320 al-Amidi, 131 Ahmad b. Tulun, 89 al-Amin, 85 Ahmadinejad, Mahmood, 558–9 Amin, Hafizullah, 725 Ahmadiyya, 788, 797 Amin,Idi,796 Ahmadu Bello, 771 Amin, Qasim, 653 Ahmed III, 369 Aminu Kano, 771 Ahmed Nedim, 369 amir al-mu’minin (commander of the believers), 65, 99 Ahura Mazda, 13 amir al-umara’ (general-in-chief), 90 ‘A’isha (wife of Prophet), 66, 146 Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, 415 Ait Ahmed, 634 Amir Nasrallah, 426 Ajnadayn, Battle of (634), 49 Ammar al-Basri, 158 Akaev, Askar, 690 ‘Amr b. al-‘As, 49 Akbar, 401, 403–404 Amzian Muhammad, 629 AKP (Turkey), 540–2, 543 Anatolia: and Arab-Muslim conquests, 50; Ottoman ‘Ala’ al-Din Khalji, 392–3, 400 Empire and government of, 343; spread of Islam into, Alash Orda, 672 273–4; and Sufism, 357; Turkish migrations into, 331–2; ‘Alawis, 323–5, 590, 591 and World War I, 532–3.SeealsoTurkey Albania, 530, 811–12 angel, image of Muhammad as, 119–20 alchemy, 111, 112 Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899–1955), 781–2 Aleksander, King (Yugoslavia), 811 Anglo-Iraqi treaty (1922), 587 Aleppo, 192, 194, 375 Anglo-Ottoman treaty (1838), 531 Alexander the Great, 9 Anglo-Persian treaty (1919), 549 Alexandria (Egypt), 110 animism: in Caucasus and Inner Asia, 683; in Ivory Coast, Alfonso VI (Spain), 303 778.Seealsopaganism © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51430-9 - A History of Islamic Societies: Third Edition Ira M. Lapidus Index More information Index 953 anjumans (religious associations), 703 Arab revolts of 1936–38 (Palestine), 601 ansar (earliest Medinan converts), 115 Arab Spring: in Egypt, 577–8; and Saudi Arabia, 626; in anticolonialism, and militant Islamic movements, Tunisia, 641; and women, 666 840 Arafat, Yassir, 603, 605, 606, 607 Anti-Terrorism Act (Canada), 810 Aramaic language, 31, 38, 63, 157, 165 Anvari, 203 archaeology, and evidence for Islamic identity, 93 Aoun, Michel, 598 architecture: and ‘Abbasid caliphate, 105; and Delhi Aphorisms of the Statesman (al-Farabi), 234 sultanate, 394; and Fatimid Egypt, 191; and apostasy (ridda) wars, 65 Hispano-Arabic culture, 301, 307; influence of al-‘Aqaba, pledge of, 35 pre-Islamic forms on early Islamic era, 169; and Jewish ‘aql (reason), 242 culture in Spain, 310; and Mughal Empire, 404; and al-Aqraba, Battle of (633), 48 Ottoman Empire, 346; and regional cultures in al-Aqsa, 119 post-‘Abbasid era, 203–204; and Umayyad period, 95, Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 809 96–9.Seealsomosques Arabia: Arab-Muslim empire and transformation of Arifi, 345 antique heritage of pre-Islamic, 167–74; and Arabism, Aristotle, 109, 110, 121, 131, 301, 310, 311 582; conversion to Islam and tribal societies of, 271; Arkoun, Muhammad, 834 family in late antique, 145–7; and Islamic reform Armenia, and Armenians, 80, 184, 353–4, 386, 527, movements, 517; and migrations following 532–3, 686 Arab-Muslim conquests, 50; and opposition to art: and influence of pre-Islamic cultures on early Islamic ‘Abbasid Empire, 83; overview of on eve of Islamic era, 169; Islamic motifs in Spanish, 307; and Java, 440; era, 26–32; Quran and traditional values of, 40; roles of and Mongol regimes, 204, 205; and Mughal Empire, Arabs in ‘Abbasid Empire, 76.SeealsoArabic 404, 415; and Ottoman Empire, 345–6, 415; and language; Arab provinces; Gulf states; Saudi Arabia; Safavid Empire, 383, 415; and Umayyad period, United Arab Emirates 100–101; visual in post-‘Abbasid era, 203.Seealso Arabian Peninsula.SeeGulf states; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia; culture; literature; manuscript illustration; Yemen representational images Arabic language: and ‘Abbasid Empire, 76; and Arusha Declaration of 1967, 793 Arab-Muslim empire, 63–4, 70, 157; Christian literature ‘asabiyya (group solidarity), 28 in, 158; and Copts in Egypt, 160; and Hispano-Arabic al-Asad, Bashar, 590, 592, 606 society in Spain, 300; Islamic scholarship and linguistic al-Asad, Hafiz, 590 studies, 118; and Jewish culture in Islamic context, Asawira (Persian archers), 59 165; and Persian culture in post-‘Abbasid era, 201; and asceticism, and Sunnis, 134–8 pre-Islamic societies in Arabia, 31 Ashanta, 464 Arabism, and Arab states in colonial period, 583–8 Ashanti Empire, 777 Arab-Israeli war (1947–1948), 587, 588 al-Ash‘ari, 123–4, 246 Arab-Israeli war (1967), 589, 592, 601 Ash‘arism, 123–4, 131, 245–6 Arabization: and Arab-Muslim empire, 70; of Spain, 300; Asia, overview of Islamic empires and societies in, of Swahili culture, 481 329–30.SeealsoCentral Asia; China; Inner Asia; Arab League, 593, 598, 601 Southeast Asia; specific countries
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