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The History and Monuments of the Tahirid Dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517

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The History and Monuments of the Tahirid Dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517 ABSTRACT Venetia Ann Porter Presented for the degree of Ph.D. University of Durham, 1992 The History and Monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517 This thesis examines the rise to power and the rule of the short-lived Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen. The dynasty ruled over most of Lower Yemen at a critical juncture between the fall of the better known Rasulid dynasty in 858/1454, and the Mamluk conquest of the Yemen in 923/1517. The first part of the thesis, chapters 1-5 looks in detail at the political history, while the second part, chapters 6-8, examines other aspects of the period: the coinage and the architectural legacy. The thesis argues that the Tahirids were able to take over Lower Yemen by making themselves indispensable to the previous dynasty. Once in power, successive Tahirid sultans were faced with three major kinds of problem: challenges to their authority within the family, rebellious tribes on whom they depended for tax revenues and the ever present threat from the Zaydf imamate to the north of the country. However, the end of the dynasty was brought about as an indirect consequence of the Portuguese incursions into the Indian Ocean. This led to the Mamluk interest in and subsequent invasion of the Yemen. In the face of this challenge, the precariousness of Tahirid power and authority became apparent. Defeated by the Mamluks and with no resource to fall back upon, the dynasty came to an abrupt and violent end. The principal legacy of this short-lived, indigenous Sunni Yemeni dynasty lies in its architectural mon uments. These display an interesting synthesis of traditions some of which reflect the styles of their Rasulid predecessors, some the influence of India. The accompanying volume of plans and photographs illustrates aspects of the Tahirid monuments and their architectural decoration. The History and Monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517 VOLUME 1 A thesis presented to the University of Durham by Venetia Ann Porter For the degree of Ph.D. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. School of Oriental Studies Faculty of Arts 1992 1 6 APR 1993 (i) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page nos. Abstract Title page Table of contents (i—iv) Declarations (v) Transliteration (vi) Acknowledgements (vii) Volume 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOURCE MATERIAL 1-14 1) Introduction 1-2 U) Organisation of the thesis 3-4 ill) Source material 4-14 Chapter 2 THE RISE OF ThE TAHIRIDS 15-33 i) Introduction 15 ii) References to the Tahirids in the Zaydi sources and the Rasulid chronicle 794-809/1391-1406 16-20 iii) Rise of the Tahirids 20-4 iv) Decline of the Rasulid state 24-9 v) Review of the economic state of the Yemen 29-32 vi) Conclusion 32-3 Chapter 3 THE FIRST YEAR OF TAHI1UD RULE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF POWER 858-83/1454-78 34-73 i) Introduction 34-5 ii) The Tahirid takeover 35 a) The last Rasulids 35-6 b) The Tahirid allies 36-8 c) The slaves of Zabid 38-41 d) The Tahirid entry to Zabid 41-2 iii) The reign of al-Malik al-Zafir Amir 858-864/1454-1460 42-51 a) Control of Tihãmah 42-8 b) Rebellion in Taizz and the activities of Abü Dujnah 48-50 c) Conflict between Zaydfs and Tahirids 50-1 iv) The reign of al-Malik al-Mujãhid All 864-883/1460-1478 51-73 a) Conflict between Zaydls and Tahirids 52-62 b) The relationship between the sultans 62-4 c) The expedition to al-Shilir in 865/1461 65-6 d) The rebellions of the 1lubayshi brothers 66-8 e) Rebellions of the Tihãmah 68-70 f) The role of Shaykh YÜSUf and the invasion of Jiãn by Sha?if Mulammad b. Barakt 70-3 (ii) Chapter 4 THE REIGNS OF BD AL-WAHHAB AL-MALIK AL-MANSUR (883-94/1478-89) AND CAMIR AL-MALIK AL-ZAFIR (894-923/1489-1517) 74-93 i) Introduction 74 ii) The reign of Abd aI-Wahhitb al-Malik aI-Mansür 883-94/1478-89 74-84 a) The rebellion of Shaykh Yiisuf 74-7 b) The Tihmah tribes 78-81 c) A visit by the lord of Jrzin 81-2 d) A Zaydi7Tahirid confrontation 82-3 e) The rise of Shaykh cAmir 83-4 iii) The reign of 'Amir al-Malik al-Zäflr 894-923/1489-1517 84-93 a) Rebellions against the sultan 84-8 b) A scandal concerning the head of the ZabTd mint - 89-90 c) The collection of khaiãj and signs of prosperity 90-3 Chapter 5 THE TAH1RIDS FALL FROM POWER 94-152 1) Introduction 94-6 ii) The Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, the Arab response and the Portuguese attack on Aden in 919/1513 96-108 ill) The effect of the Portuguese attack and events in the Yemen 907-23/1501-17 108-133 a) The Mamluk response to the Portuguese attempt on Aden 108-110 b) Expansion of Tahirid territory into the Zaydi domains 110-17 c) Rebellions against the Tahirid sultan 117-9 d) The Egyptian landing at Kamarãn 119-33 iv) The aftermath: the Yemen between 923/1517 and the Ottoman invasion in 945/1538 133-152 a) Events leading to the death of Sultan mir 133-8 b) Zaydfs and Tahirids 138-40 c) The Portuguese activities under Lopo Soares 140-3 d) Amir Murjãh and the last of the Tahirids 143-52 Chapter 6 COINS AND MONEY 153-72 i) Introduction 153-4 ii) The currencies 154-64 a) Silver 154-9 b) Copper 159 c) Gold 160-4 iii) Textual references 164-7 a) Cost of goods 164-5 b) The striking of coins and the Zabfd mint 165-7 iv) Summary 167-8 v) A group of Tahirid coins 168-72 Plates A-C (iii) Chapter 7 THE TAHIRID ARCHITECTURAL LEGACY 173-220 I) Introduction 173-5 ii) Summary of the Tahirids' public works 175-7 ii) Gazetteer of cities and settlements 177-216 a) Aden 177-87 b) Bayt al-Faqih Ibn 'Ujayl 187 c) I-jabb 187-8 d) says 188 e) Ibb 188-9 f) al-Janad 190-1 g) Juban 191-2 h) Khubn 192 i) Laj 192-3 j) a1-Miqiänah 193-5 k) Mukayras 196 1) Radã' 196-8 m) Ta'izz 198-9 n) Tarfm 200 o) Usayq/Asfq 200 p) Zabid 200-16 iv) Conclusion 216-7 APPENDIX: description of Masjid al-Manãkh 217-220 Chapter 8 ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION DURING THE TAHIRID PERIOD 221-56 (i) Introduction 221-4 (ii) The principal architectural types 224-35 a) Multi-domed Great Mosque 224-5 b) Madrasah with raised clerestory 225-31 c) Single-domed mosque-madrasah 23 1-4 d) Tomb 234-5 (ill) Summary of architectural features 235-8 (iv) Description and analysis of the architectural decoration: 238-249 a) The painted ceiling of the Amiriyyah 238-44 b) Carved stucco 244-8 c) Carved gadád 248-9 (v) The question of Indian influence 249- 54 APPENDIX: The painted inscriptions of the Amiriyyah CONCLUSION 257-64 APPENDIX: Biographical notes on some prominent personalities during the Tahirid period BIBLIOGRAPHY (iv) List of Figures 286 List of Plates 287-93 Fig. 1 Map of the Yn 294 Fig. 2 The last Rasulids and the Tahirids 295 Fig. 3a Genealogical Table 296 Fig. 3b. The Tahirid rebels 297 'VOLUME 2 Figs 4-17 Plates 1-139 (v) STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without her prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. I confinn that no part of the material offered has previously been submitted by me for a degree in this or in any other University. Signed X1...........A Date (vi) TRAN5LITERTI fiIOO The schte followed throughout this thesis is in principle that EIployed by Arabian Studies - The nans of the dynasties - Rasulids, Tahirids etc. - are not transliterated. (Vii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTh I should like to record here my sincere thanks to my Supervisor Professor Rex Smith for his unstinting help, encouragement and cheerfulness and to Selma al- Radi who originally introduced me to the Tahirids through the Amiriyyah madrasali. I should also like to thank Qãdf Ismã'il al-Akwa for his kindness and assistance during my time in the Yemen and his staff at the Department of Antiquities in San My thanks also go to my colleagues at the British Museum, to my parents and to my husband Charles for their unfailing support. I Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOURCE MATERIAL i) Introduction ; ii) Organisation of the thesis; iii) Source material i) Introduction The Taliirids were mashãyikh residing in the southern part of Lower Yemen who came to power with the demise of the Rasulid sultans in the mid 9th/15th century. They were the first indigenous Yemeni dynasty to rule the whole of this area in Islamic times which had been previously in the power of conquerors from outside or their vassals. Residing in a sirategic area of the Yemen between the Zaydf and Rasulid domains they naturally became embroiled in the territorial squabbles between the two sides. Their gradual rise in the estimation of the Rasulids le ci to intermarriage with them and placed the Tahirids in a position of such strength that they were finally able to take over the Rasulid domains.
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