Anna/S of the History of Computing, Volume 13, 1991, Author, Title, and Subject Index
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Intel Technology Journal
Intel® Technology Journal | Volume 14, Issue 1, 2010 Intel Technology Journal Publisher Managing Editor Content Architect Richard Bowles Andrew Binstock Herman D’Hooge Esther Baldwin Program Manager Technical Editor Technical Illustrators Stuart Douglas Marian Lacey InfoPros Technical and Strategic Reviewers Maria Bezaitis Ashley McCorkle Xing Su John Gustafson Milan Milenkovic Rahul Sukthankar Horst Haussecker David O‘Hallaron Allison Woodruff Badarinah Kommandur Trevor Pering Jianping Zhou Anthony LaMarca Matthai Philipose Scott Mainwaring Uttam Sengupta Intel® Technology Journal | 1 Intel® Technology Journal | Volume 14, Issue 1, 2010 Intel Technology Journal Copyright © 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-934053-28-7, ISSN 1535-864X Intel Technology Journal Volume 14, Issue 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, Intel Press, Intel Corporation, 2111 NE 25th Avenue, JF3-330, Hillsboro, OR 97124-5961. E mail: [email protected]. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. -
Trends in Electrical Efficiency in Computer Performance
ASSESSING TRENDS IN THE ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY OF COMPUTATION OVER TIME Jonathan G. Koomey*, Stephen Berard†, Marla Sanchez††, Henry Wong** * Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Stanford University †Microsoft Corporation ††Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory **Intel Corporation Contact: [email protected], http://www.koomey.com Final report to Microsoft Corporation and Intel Corporation Submitted to IEEE Annals of the History of Computing: August 5, 2009 Released on the web: August 17, 2009 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Information technology (IT) has captured the popular imagination, in part because of the tangible benefits IT brings, but also because the underlying technological trends proceed at easily measurable, remarkably predictable, and unusually rapid rates. The number of transistors on a chip has doubled more or less every two years for decades, a trend that is popularly (but often imprecisely) encapsulated as “Moore’s law”. This article explores the relationship between the performance of computers and the electricity needed to deliver that performance. As shown in Figure ES-1, computations per kWh grew about as fast as performance for desktop computers starting in 1981, doubling every 1.5 years, a pace of change in computational efficiency comparable to that from 1946 to the present. Computations per kWh grew even more rapidly during the vacuum tube computing era and during the transition from tubes to transistors but more slowly during the era of discrete transistors. As expected, the transition from tubes to transistors shows a large jump in computations per kWh. In 1985, the physicist Richard Feynman identified a factor of one hundred billion (1011) possible theoretical improvement in the electricity used per computation. -
Jan. 27Th SSEC Seeber and Hamilton Had Tried to Persuade Howard Aiken Jan
some aspects of the SSEC's operation still used plugboards. Jan. 27th SSEC Seeber and Hamilton had tried to persuade Howard Aiken Jan. 27 (24 ??), 1948 [March 8] to make the Harvard William K. English Mark II a stored program IBM’s Selective Sequence machine. Aiken wasn’t Born: Jan. 27, 1929; Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was interested, but Thomas Watson Lexington, Kentucky built at its Endicott facility in Sr. [Feb 17] was persuaded with Died: July 26, 2020 1946-47 under the direction of regards the SSEC, especially Wallace Eckert [June 19], Robert English and Douglas Engelbart since he was still upset over his (Rex) Seeber, Frank E. Hamilton, [Jan 30] share credit for creating altercation with Aiken during and other Watson Scientific the first computer mouse [Nov the dedication of the Harvard Computing Lab [Feb 6] staff. 14]. English built the initial Mark I. prototype in 1964 based on It contained 21,400 relays, The SSEC occupied three sides of Engelbart’s notes, and was its 12,500 vacuum tubes, and could a large room on the ground floor first user. performed 14-by-14 decimal of IBM’s headquarters at 590 multiplication in one-fiftieth of a English was Engelbart’s chief Madison Avenue in NYC, where second, and division in one- hardware architect. He led the it was visible to people walking thirtieth of a second, making it 1965 NASA project to find the by on the street. Herbert Grosch around 250 times faster than the best way to select a point on a [Sept 13] estimated its Harvard Mark I [Aug 7]. -
Sperry Rand's Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980
Sperry Rand’s Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980 George T. Gray and Ronald Q. Smith The change from transistors to integrated circuits in the mid-1960s marked the beginning of third-generation computers. A late entrant (1962) in the general-purpose, transistor computer market, Sperry Rand Corporation moved quickly to produce computers using ICs. The Univac 1108’s success (1965) reversed the company’s declining fortunes in the large-scale arena, while the 9000 series upheld its market share in smaller computers. Sperry Rand failed to develop a successful minicomputer and, faced with IBM’s dominant market position by the end of the 1970s, struggled to maintain its position in the computer industry. A latecomer to the general-purpose, transistor would be suitable for all types of processing. computer market, Sperry Rand first shipped its With its top management having accepted the large-scale Univac 1107 and Univac III comput- recommendation, IBM began work on the ers to customers in the second half of 1962, System/360, so named because of the intention more than two years later than such key com- to cover the full range of computing tasks. petitors as IBM and Control Data. While this The IBM 360 did not rely exclusively on lateness enabled Sperry Rand to produce rela- integrated circuitry but instead employed a tively sophisticated products in the 1107 and combination of separate transistors and chips, III, it also meant that they did not attain signif- called Solid Logic Technology (SLT). IBM made icant market shares. Fortunately, Sperry’s mili- a big event of the System/360 announcement tary computers and the smaller Univac 1004, on 7 April 1964, holding press conferences in 1005, and 1050 computers developed early in 62 US cities and 14 foreign countries. -
Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division Photographs and Audiovisual Materials 1985.261
Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials 1985.261 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Audiovisual Collections PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials 1985.261 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Historical Note ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 6 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 8 Bibliography -
Proposal for SHOT 2009 Session Title: Materiality Meets Practice Organizer: Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, T
Proposal for SHOT 2009 Session Title: Materiality Meets Practice Organizer: Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, [email protected] Chair: JoAnne Yates, MIT Sloan School, [email protected] Commentator: Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, [email protected] Papers: Opening the Beige Box: Materiality and the Evolution of the IBM PC, 1981-1995 Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, [email protected]. Plug and Play: Standardized Connectors and Home Audio Reproduction, Jeffrey Tang, James Madison University, [email protected] The Right Job for the Tools: Transitioning to the Computer Age, Allan Olley, University of Toronto, [email protected]. The Material Origins of Virtualization, David Alan Grier, George Washington University, [email protected] This panel is submitted by the SIG on Computers, Information & Society. The panel includes scholars from three countries. It includes a blend of graduate students and faculty spanning the assistant, associate and full professor level. It is also diverse in terms of discipline, representing scholars working in departments of information studies, business communications, computer science, history of science, and science policy. Session Abstract: Materiality Meets Practice Computers are things and people manipulate them with their bodies. Information cannot exist without a physical medium. Communication is a material process. But writing on the history of information technology has tended to abstract away from the tangible and material. Rarely do we learn about the experience of using a particular machine, the layout of a computer center, or the issues involved in producing and assembling computer systems. But recent interest in materiality as a concept in science studies (associated particularly with the recent volume Living in a Material World edited by Pinch and Swedberg) challenges us to respect the fundamental importance of stuff to the history of technology (and allied fields such as labor history). -
Items for the Library of Congress
Items for the Library of Congress Item Name of item Box #/ Description/Comments No. 1 NPR program on occasion of Draper Prize (about 5 min) 1 Tape cassette 2 Photos from Draper Prize ceremony 1 Names on back of some photos 3 Think magazine article, 8/79 1 Great photos by Erich Hartmann 4 Blackboard notes, ’70 & ’71 1 Polaroid photos of work on coloring families of sets 5 Presentation at D. Univ. award, Univ. of York, England 1 2 pages 6 Old IBM memos ’53-‘82 1 Mostly about Fortran & customers 7 Interview done by Saphire of me, 12/15/67 1 Transcripts of 2 tapes, 32 + 22 pages 8 Retirement dinner – photos 1 1991 dinner in San Jose 9 Computer System Design and ANS Control Techniques Oct 1955 paper, IBM 1 Look-ahead decoder. Machine design. Confidential. 10 FORTRAN by JW Backus and WP Heising 1 Aug 1964 paper, IEEE Trans on computers 11 Software: will engineering replace witchcraft? By Eric J Lerner 1 May ’80 article about functional programming 12 Computers: emphasis on software by Robert Bernhard 1 Jan ’80, on software problems 13 Photos of Nat’l Medal of Science award ceremony 1 Pres Ford 14 Remarks at 40th anniversary dinner 1 Sept? 1990 – 40 years at IBM 15 IRI Achievement Award Address 11/83 1 Industrial Research Inst. (IRI) The talk was about tolerating many failures in doing research. 16 “Draper Prize Lecture” Boston Museum of Science + photos 1 5/10/94. 17 Lecture notes for History of Programming Languages Conf + slides 1 HOPL (1) L.A. -
Sperry Corporation, Univac Division Records 1825.I
Sperry Corporation, Univac Division records 1825.I This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Manuscripts and Archives PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library Sperry Corporation, Univac Division records 1825.I Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 4 Historical Note ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 7 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 9 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ -
A History of the Personal Computer Index/11
A History of the Personal Computer 6100 CPU. See Intersil Index 6501 and 6502 microprocessor. See MOS Legend: Chap.#/Page# of Chap. 6502 BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. Languages -- Numerals -- 7000 copier. See Xerox/Misc. 3 E-Z Pieces software, 13/20 8000 microprocessors. See 3-Plus-1 software. See Intel/Microprocessors Commodore 8010 “Star” Information 3Com Corporation, 12/15, System. See Xerox/Comp. 12/27, 16/17, 17/18, 17/20 8080 and 8086 BASIC. See 3M company, 17/5, 17/22 Microsoft/Prog. Languages 3P+S board. See Processor 8514/A standard, 20/6 Technology 9700 laser printing system. 4K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. See Xerox/Misc. Languages 16032 and 32032 micro/p. See 4th Dimension. See ACI National Semiconductor 8/16 magazine, 18/5 65802 and 65816 micro/p. See 8/16-Central, 18/5 Western Design Center 8K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. 68000 series of micro/p. See Languages Motorola 20SC hard drive. See Apple 80000 series of micro/p. See Computer/Accessories Intel/Microprocessors 64 computer. See Commodore 88000 micro/p. See Motorola 80 Microcomputing magazine, 18/4 --A-- 80-103A modem. See Hayes A Programming lang. See APL 86-DOS. See Seattle Computer A+ magazine, 18/5 128EX/2 computer. See Video A.P.P.L.E. (Apple Pugetsound Technology Program Library Exchange) 386i personal computer. See user group, 18/4, 19/17 Sun Microsystems Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine, 432 microprocessor. See 18/4 Intel/Microprocessors A2-Central newsletter, 18/5 603/4 Electronic Multiplier. Abacus magazine, 18/8 See IBM/Computer (mainframe) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry 660 computer. -
CBC-Index.Pdf
257 Index A AARAcomputer, 220 Aiken, Howard, viii, 96,203, Abacus, 7 213-219,224 contest of speed, 7 first proposals, 214 counters, 12 IBM, 215 demise, 7 influence of, 219 English, 12 Amsler, Jacob, 168 European, 8 Amsler planimeter. See Planimeters Gerbert’s, 35 Analog calculation, 156 Greek, 8-9 accuracy of, 157 Inca, 8 addition, 160,162 origins, 7,lO Analog computers Roman, 10 electrical, 191-194 Russian, 13 Analog computing devices, 156-204. soroban, 7, 15 See also Differential analyzer spread of, 14-15 accuracy, 157,160,162,195-196 swanpan, 7,14 approximating complex table, 10-11 functions, 166 ABC, 226-230 electrical, 177-178 components, 228 harmonic analyzer, 158,172-176, control, 228 180 failure, 230 harmonic synthesizer, 172, 177 genesis of, 227 integrators, 167-174, 179- 185, Mauchly’s visit to, 238 187 operation, 229 isograph, 177 use, 228 multipliers, 160 Abel computer, 220 network analyzer, 178 Accounting and Tabulating Machine noise in, 162, 195 Corporation, 137 resolver, 158-159, 172, 194 Accounting machines, 122-155 tide predictors, 162, 172-176 Accumulator, 215. See also ENLAC Analogue, word origin, 247 Addition, analog, 160,162 Analog versus digital techniques, 1% Additive number system, 5 Analytical engine, 59-60,67,75-9 1, Computing Before Computers 258 Analytical engine (cont.) Automata, 100-101 200,203. See also Babbage, Automata theory, 119 Charles; Ludgate, Percy; Torres y Automatic Sequence Controlled Quevedo, Leonard0 Calculator. See ASCC arithmetic operations, 82-83 barrel control, 85 construction, 90 B Babbage, Benjamin, 60 control mechanism, 85-86 Babbage, Charles, viii, 3,60-62,66, design, 8 1,90 75-91,200. -
2 9215FQ14 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources
2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources 21-22 Legal 23-25 Marketing 26 Personal Names (Individuals) 27 Predecessor Companies 28-29 Products & Services 30-89 Public Relations 90 Research 91-97 April 10, 2007 9215FQ14 3 Facilities & Buildings Q. When did IBM first open its offices in my town? A. While it is not possible for us to provide such information for each and every office facility throughout the world, the following listing provides the date IBM offices were established in more than 300 U.S. and international locations: Adelaide, Australia 1914 Akron, Ohio 1917 Albany, New York 1919 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1940 Alexandria, Egypt 1934 Algiers, Algeria 1932 Altoona, Pennsylvania 1915 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1914 Anchorage, Alaska 1947 Ankara, Turkey 1935 Asheville, North Carolina 1946 Asuncion, Paraguay 1941 Athens, Greece 1935 Atlanta, Georgia 1914 Aurora, Illinois 1946 Austin, Texas 1937 Baghdad, Iraq 1947 Baltimore, Maryland 1915 Bangor, Maine 1946 Barcelona, Spain 1923 Barranquilla, Colombia 1946 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1938 Beaumont, Texas 1946 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1926 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 1934 Bergen, Norway 1946 Berlin, Germany 1914 (prior to) Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1938 Beyrouth, Lebanon 1947 Bilbao, Spain 1946 Birmingham, Alabama 1919 Birmingham, England 1930 Bogota, Colombia 1931 Boise, Idaho 1948 Bordeaux, France 1932 Boston, Massachusetts 1914 Brantford, Ontario 1947 Bremen, Germany 1938 9215FQ14 4 Bridgeport, Connecticut 1919 Brisbane, Australia -
Transcript of 790112 Hearing in Avila
MUCH.EAR REGULAT0RY COMMjSS10N 1N THE NATTER OF.. PACXPZC 'GAS 5 KLECYRXC, @~=~A."tZ (09.ah2.o Canyon Unit:s 2. @md 2) C4~'.ref Mog 50 275 50-323 Av9.1a Beach, Ca2.if'araia P/ace- 12 Zanuaxy 3.979 8S45 -87's Date- Pages Telephone: (202) ~&7.3700 ACE'- FEDEBALREPOBTEBS, INC. zBMRR 603 / Officisl0 epertere 444 North Capital Street Washington, D.C. 20001 P NAT1ONWlDE t QVPRAG"-" - DAlLY 4: "ti .d3.GCIQ $PJX LEQ st'Z Q Qp L%21EBXCZi QELCH i'i c:LBQCQD Zi7C&~iLZ~ 8 . QULRPORZ COPE'IXSSZOi'. »»»»&»~»~»»»»»» Xn the ma"h~-; of: Qh PBCXPXC GAS E«ELZCTRXC COK?2ZY Doclc8t. LioG ~ 50 275 Si3»323 {99.K~33.0 CaIlj«cn UILi~cs 1 RnQ 2) »» I»»»»w»»»»»»»»»»»»A W»»»041»»4!l»»+ Clwv&1 l GZ RCl>~l g r, ~+ BGil «+4Yli8 '«~P XLITIg h SKVi1Q Bek~Chg CQ1".foh'~liibo PZ''i QQ'i~ 3 2 JQ'iQ~ J 1979 T59 18cYzinLJ iIL "i QQ c~+QvQ»8Q'~it,'GQ I;-~zP~~P. "ERG zeconvene6, gursvan to aa~ouz.~anal", at, 9:30 ".rl. SWORE ELX>~FTH BGh" BS ~ Chaizm~~a~ McL?9.c 84CpCrg GiDQ X>9.cc'QQ9.ng BQ "mQ DR. VTZL~IM4 E. SKHTXH, kf~ebar. GL-rrrZ O. mXGHr., r~~e=-. >i -PEKtQKCPS h OII b85M1f Of APP13.CRIIt. PGCi Pic QBG 5 H18CM2. ~ CCRPB'QP ' BE7CE @%TON F«I~) ~ 3210) Mo rZIlg.~~q M PhaeniX, 2-i"OIla 8S02.2 mu:oxen .H. zUaaUSH, HBQO akim PBXXI*P CKlHZp ~BC/lb Lec~Q1 08QcL~SQ p Pacific Gas F "1ec+-ic I Hc~l" Ith, CQGlpanp'g 77 BQ«L1o BMOCp Pz«iElcisco g Cafe.fo~ia 943.06 ;4 )I '> 1 $ 1 ~ 5 il1 ~ i ~ I h ~ ti RPPElu~CCES: (Cant'cO On behalf of.