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Analytical Engine, 1838 ALLAN G
Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, 1838 ALLAN G. BROMLEY Charles Babbage commenced work on the design of the Analytical Engine in 1834 following the collapse of the project to build the Difference Engine. His ideas evolved rapidly, and by 1838 most of the important concepts used in his later designs were established. This paper introduces the design of the Analytical Engine as it stood in early 1838, concentrating on the overall functional organization of the mill (or central processing portion) and the methods generally used for the basic arithmetic operations of multiplication, division, and signed addition. The paper describes the working of the mechanisms that Babbage devised for storing, transferring, and adding numbers and how they were organized together by the “microprogrammed” control system; the paper also introduces the facilities provided for user- level programming. The intention of the paper is to show that an automatic computing machine could be built using mechanical devices, and that Babbage’s designs provide both an effective set of basic mechanisms and a workable organization of a complete machine. Categories and Subject Descriptors: K.2 [History of Computing]- C. Babbage, hardware, software General Terms: Design Additional Key Words and Phrases: Analytical Engine 1. Introduction 1838. During this period Babbage appears to have made no attempt to construct the Analytical Engine, Charles Babbage commenced work on the design of but preferred the unfettered intellectual exploration of the Analytical Engine shortly after the collapse in 1833 the concepts he was evolving. of the lo-year project to build the Difference Engine. After 1849 Babbage ceased designing calculating He was at the time 42 years o1d.l devices. -
A Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Charles Babbage
A Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Charles Babbage Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 08 March 2021 Version 1.24 Abstract -analogs [And99b, And99a]. This bibliography records publications of 0 [Bar96, CK01b]. 0-201-50814-1 [Ano91c]. Charles Babbage. 0-262-01121-2 [Ano91c]. 0-262-12146-8 [Ano91c, Twe91]. 0-262-13278-8 [Twe93]. 0-262-14046-2 [Twe92]. 0-262-16123-0 [Ano91c]. 0-316-64847-7 [Cro04b, CK01b]. Title word cross-reference 0-571-17242-3 [Bar96]. 1 [Bab97, BRG+87, Mar25, Mar86, Rob87a, #3 [Her99]. Rob87b, Tur91]. 1-85196-005-8 [Twe89b]. 100th [Sen71]. 108-bit [Bar00]. 1784 0 [Tee94]. 1 [Bab27d, Bab31c, Bab15]. [MB89]. 1792/1871 [Ynt77]. 17th [Hun96]. 108 000 [Bab31c, Bab15]. 108000 [Bab27d]. 1800s [Mar08]. 1800s-Style [Mar08]. 1828 1791 + 200 = 1991 [Sti91]. $19.95 [Dis91]. [Bab29a]. 1835 [Van83]. 1851 $ $ $21.50 [Mad86]. 25 [O’H82]. 26.50 [Bab51a, CK89d, CK89i, She54, She60]. $ [Enr80a, Enr80b]. $27.95 [L.90]. 28 1852 [Bab69]. 1853 [She54, She60]. 1871 $ [Hun96]. $35.00 [Ano91c]. 37.50 [Ano91c]. [Ano71b, Ano91a]. 1873 [Dod00]. 18th $45.00 [Ano91c]. q [And99a, And99b]. 1 2 [Bab29a]. 1947 [Ano48]. 1961 Adam [O’B93]. Added [Bab16b, Byr38]. [Pan63, Wil64]. 1990 [CW91]. 1991 Addison [Ano91c]. Addison-Wesley [Ano90, GG92a]. 19th [Ano91c]. Addition [Bab43a]. Additions [Gre06, Gre01, GST01]. -
Jan. 27Th SSEC Seeber and Hamilton Had Tried to Persuade Howard Aiken Jan
some aspects of the SSEC's operation still used plugboards. Jan. 27th SSEC Seeber and Hamilton had tried to persuade Howard Aiken Jan. 27 (24 ??), 1948 [March 8] to make the Harvard William K. English Mark II a stored program IBM’s Selective Sequence machine. Aiken wasn’t Born: Jan. 27, 1929; Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was interested, but Thomas Watson Lexington, Kentucky built at its Endicott facility in Sr. [Feb 17] was persuaded with Died: July 26, 2020 1946-47 under the direction of regards the SSEC, especially Wallace Eckert [June 19], Robert English and Douglas Engelbart since he was still upset over his (Rex) Seeber, Frank E. Hamilton, [Jan 30] share credit for creating altercation with Aiken during and other Watson Scientific the first computer mouse [Nov the dedication of the Harvard Computing Lab [Feb 6] staff. 14]. English built the initial Mark I. prototype in 1964 based on It contained 21,400 relays, The SSEC occupied three sides of Engelbart’s notes, and was its 12,500 vacuum tubes, and could a large room on the ground floor first user. performed 14-by-14 decimal of IBM’s headquarters at 590 multiplication in one-fiftieth of a English was Engelbart’s chief Madison Avenue in NYC, where second, and division in one- hardware architect. He led the it was visible to people walking thirtieth of a second, making it 1965 NASA project to find the by on the street. Herbert Grosch around 250 times faster than the best way to select a point on a [Sept 13] estimated its Harvard Mark I [Aug 7]. -
Analytical Engine: the Orig- Inal Computer
Chapter 2 Analytical Engine: The Orig- inal Computer As we learned in the fourth grade science course, back in 1801, a French man, Joseph Marie Jacquard, invented a power loom that could weave textiles, which had been done for a long time by hand. More interestingly, this machine can weave tex- tiles with patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse by controlling the operation with punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope. 1 How do these cards work? Each wooden card comes with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. In each position, if the needle needs to go through, there is a hole; other- wise, there is no hole. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and all the cards that compose the design of the textile are hooked together in order. 2 What do we get? With the control of such cards, needs go back and forth, moving from left to the right, row by row, and come up with something like the following: Although the punched card concept was based on some even earlier invention by Basile Bou- chon around 1725, “the Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to con- trol a sequence of operations”. Let’s check out a little demo as how Jacquard’s machine worked. 3 Why do we talk about a loom? With Jacquard loom, if you want to switch to a different pattern, you simply change the punched cards. By the same token, with a modern computer, if you want it to run a different application, you simply load it with a different program, which used to keep on a deck of paper based punched cards. -
Felt and Tarrant Manufacturing Records, 1915-1926, Undated
Loyola University Chicago ~ Archives and Special Collections UA1980.38 Dorr Felt Collection Felt and Tarrant Manufacturing Records Dates: 1915-1926, Undated Creator: Felt, Dorr (1862-1930) Extent: 1 linear foot Level of description: Folder Processor & date: Meredith Gozo, May 2012; Ashley Howdeshell, January 2013; Andrew Paddock, November 2014 Administration Information Restrictions: No restrictions. Copyright: Consult archivist for information. Citation: Loyola University Chicago University Archives and Special Collections. Dorr Felt Collection, Felt and Tarrant Manufacturing Records, 1915-1926, Undated. Box #. Folder #. Provenance: Records transferred to Loyola University Archives in November 1955 by Raymond Koch, son-in-law of Dorr Felt and then president of Felt and Tarrant Mfg. Co. Separations: No separations. See Also: Dorr E. Felt Collection – United States Employers’ Commission to Europe, 1918-1920; Dorr E. Felt Collection – Railroad Strikes, 1916-1921; Dorr E. Felt Collection – International Trade and Labor Conferences, 1919-1921; Dorr E. Felt Collection – World War I, 1909-1930 Biographical Sketch Dorr Eugene Felt was born in Rock County, Wisconsin on March 18, 1862. At fourteen he began working in a machine shop in Beloit, Wisconsin. He moved to Chicago in 1882 and obtained work as a mechanic. A perceptive and skilled worker with an entrepreneurial spirit, in his free time Felt devised and constructed a computation device out of such crude materials as a macaroni box, rubber bands, and metal skewers. Felt called the machine a Comptometer. A mechanical calculator, the Comptometer was the first mechanical calculator to greatly improve upon the first mechanical computing device created, the arithmometer, which was first commercially distributed in 1851. -
Intro to Computers Where Did They Come From? Part 1 - Pre-1940S Define Computer
Intro to Computers Where did they come from? Part 1 - Pre-1940s Define Computer Man vs. Machine Define Computer 1600’s Definition: -Someone who makes calculations. Late 1800’s Definition: -A machine that makes calculations. Modern Definition: -An electronic device used for storing and processing data Lets go back to the beginning! Computers exist because of math. One of the earliest “calculators” is called the Abacus. -Been around for 1000s of years Online Abacus https://www.online-calculator.com/full-screen-abacus/ The Next Big Step! Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner in 1672. Stepped Reckoner -Made calculations using a gear mechanism called the Leibniz Wheel. -The first machine that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide Leibniz Wheel -or stepped drum is a cylinder with a set of teeth of incremental lengths -Was used for over 200 years in calculating Machines. -Even into the 1970s And then came this guy... Charles Babbage -Babbage saw a better way of crunching numbers -In 1823 he began construction on the Difference Engine -A machine able to do complex calculations and output tables of numbers. Difference Engine -Babbage used a loan from the British government to make the Difference Engine -Due to the inability to make precise metal parts for cheap, Babbage never fully constructed the Difference Engine and the project was abandoned. -In 2000, a Difference Engine was fully built to celebrate Babbage’s 200th birthday. The machine actually worked! This settled the debate on whether his idea would really operate. Difference Engine Analytical Engine -While attempting to construct the Difference Engine, Babbage designed an even more complex machine called the Analytical Engine -This machine was never built, but was the first design of a machine that had memory and could be programmed, thus, making it the first computer as we think of them today. -
History in the Computing Curriculum 6000 BC to 1899 AD
History in the Computing Curriculum Appendix A1 6000 BC to 1899 AD 6000 B.C. [ca]: Ishango bone type of tally stick in use. (w) 4000-1200 B.C.: Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets. (e) 3000 B.C.: The abacus is invented in Babylonia. (e) 1800 B.C.: Well-developed additive number system in use in Egypt. (w) 1300 B.C.: Direct evidence exists as to the Chinese using a positional number system. (w) 600 B.C. [ca.]: Major developments start to take place in Chinese arithmetic. (w) 250-230 B.C.: The Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to determine prime numbers. (e) 213 B.C.: Chi-Hwang-ti orders all books in China to be burned and scholars to be put to death. (w) 79 A.D. [ca.]: "Antikythera Device," when set correctly according to latitude and day of the week, gives alternating 29- and 30-day lunar months. (e) 800 [ca.]: Chinese start to use a zero, probably introduced from India. (w) 850 [ca.]: Al-Khowarizmi publishes his "Arithmetic." (w) 1000 [ca.]: Gerbert describes an abacus using apices. (w) 1120: Adelard of Bath publishes "Dixit Algorismi," his translation of Al-Khowarizmi's "Arithmetic." (w) 1200: First minted jetons appear in Italy. (w) 1202: Fibonacci publishes his "Liber Abaci." (w) 1220: Alexander De Villa Dei publishes "Carmen de Algorismo." (w) 1250: Sacrobosco publishes his "Algorismus Vulgaris." (w) 1300 [ca.]: Modern wire-and-bead abacus replaces the older Chinese calculating rods. (e,w) 1392: Geoffrey Chaucer publishes the first English-language description on the uses of an astrolabe. -
Proposal for SHOT 2009 Session Title: Materiality Meets Practice Organizer: Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, T
Proposal for SHOT 2009 Session Title: Materiality Meets Practice Organizer: Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, [email protected] Chair: JoAnne Yates, MIT Sloan School, [email protected] Commentator: Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, [email protected] Papers: Opening the Beige Box: Materiality and the Evolution of the IBM PC, 1981-1995 Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, [email protected]. Plug and Play: Standardized Connectors and Home Audio Reproduction, Jeffrey Tang, James Madison University, [email protected] The Right Job for the Tools: Transitioning to the Computer Age, Allan Olley, University of Toronto, [email protected]. The Material Origins of Virtualization, David Alan Grier, George Washington University, [email protected] This panel is submitted by the SIG on Computers, Information & Society. The panel includes scholars from three countries. It includes a blend of graduate students and faculty spanning the assistant, associate and full professor level. It is also diverse in terms of discipline, representing scholars working in departments of information studies, business communications, computer science, history of science, and science policy. Session Abstract: Materiality Meets Practice Computers are things and people manipulate them with their bodies. Information cannot exist without a physical medium. Communication is a material process. But writing on the history of information technology has tended to abstract away from the tangible and material. Rarely do we learn about the experience of using a particular machine, the layout of a computer center, or the issues involved in producing and assembling computer systems. But recent interest in materiality as a concept in science studies (associated particularly with the recent volume Living in a Material World edited by Pinch and Swedberg) challenges us to respect the fundamental importance of stuff to the history of technology (and allied fields such as labor history). -
Speculations on Percy Ludgate's Difference Engine
1 Speculations on Percy Ludgate’s Difference Engine Brian Coghlan Abstract In Percy Ludgate’s 1914 paper for the Napier Tercentenary Exhibition he briefly mentioned that he had designed a simplified difference engine. This paper speculates on how that might have worked. This paper is a work in progress . Index Terms —Percy Ludgate, Analytical Machine, Difference Engine I. INTRODUCTION 1 ERCY Edwin Ludgate (1883-1922) is notable as the second person to publish a design for an Analytical Machine [1][2], P the first after Charles Babbage’s “Analytical Engine” [4]. An analytical machine is equivalent to a general-purpose computer, and in theory can be programmed to solve any solvable problem. It is “Turing complete”, a term invented to reflect Alan Turing’s contribution to the theory of computing. There were only two mechanical designs before the electronic computer era: in 1843 Babbage’s “analytical engine”, then in 1909 Ludgate’s very different “analytical machine”. Babbage only started work on his Analytical Engine in c.1834 when his intensive efforts to design and make a difference engine faltered. This machine was intended to evaluate polynomials using Newton's method of divided differences in order to produce mathematical and nautical tables. In 1914 Ludgate published a paper for the Napier Tercentenary Exhibition [3] (hereafter called “Ludgate 1914”) in which he briefly mentioned that he had designed a simplified difference engine. This paper speculates on how that might have worked. II. DIFFERENCE ENGINES II.1. Babbage’s Difference Engine Charles Babbage is shown in Figure 2(a), drawn late in his life. -
Items for the Library of Congress
Items for the Library of Congress Item Name of item Box #/ Description/Comments No. 1 NPR program on occasion of Draper Prize (about 5 min) 1 Tape cassette 2 Photos from Draper Prize ceremony 1 Names on back of some photos 3 Think magazine article, 8/79 1 Great photos by Erich Hartmann 4 Blackboard notes, ’70 & ’71 1 Polaroid photos of work on coloring families of sets 5 Presentation at D. Univ. award, Univ. of York, England 1 2 pages 6 Old IBM memos ’53-‘82 1 Mostly about Fortran & customers 7 Interview done by Saphire of me, 12/15/67 1 Transcripts of 2 tapes, 32 + 22 pages 8 Retirement dinner – photos 1 1991 dinner in San Jose 9 Computer System Design and ANS Control Techniques Oct 1955 paper, IBM 1 Look-ahead decoder. Machine design. Confidential. 10 FORTRAN by JW Backus and WP Heising 1 Aug 1964 paper, IEEE Trans on computers 11 Software: will engineering replace witchcraft? By Eric J Lerner 1 May ’80 article about functional programming 12 Computers: emphasis on software by Robert Bernhard 1 Jan ’80, on software problems 13 Photos of Nat’l Medal of Science award ceremony 1 Pres Ford 14 Remarks at 40th anniversary dinner 1 Sept? 1990 – 40 years at IBM 15 IRI Achievement Award Address 11/83 1 Industrial Research Inst. (IRI) The talk was about tolerating many failures in doing research. 16 “Draper Prize Lecture” Boston Museum of Science + photos 1 5/10/94. 17 Lecture notes for History of Programming Languages Conf + slides 1 HOPL (1) L.A. -
A History of the Personal Computer Index/11
A History of the Personal Computer 6100 CPU. See Intersil Index 6501 and 6502 microprocessor. See MOS Legend: Chap.#/Page# of Chap. 6502 BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. Languages -- Numerals -- 7000 copier. See Xerox/Misc. 3 E-Z Pieces software, 13/20 8000 microprocessors. See 3-Plus-1 software. See Intel/Microprocessors Commodore 8010 “Star” Information 3Com Corporation, 12/15, System. See Xerox/Comp. 12/27, 16/17, 17/18, 17/20 8080 and 8086 BASIC. See 3M company, 17/5, 17/22 Microsoft/Prog. Languages 3P+S board. See Processor 8514/A standard, 20/6 Technology 9700 laser printing system. 4K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. See Xerox/Misc. Languages 16032 and 32032 micro/p. See 4th Dimension. See ACI National Semiconductor 8/16 magazine, 18/5 65802 and 65816 micro/p. See 8/16-Central, 18/5 Western Design Center 8K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. 68000 series of micro/p. See Languages Motorola 20SC hard drive. See Apple 80000 series of micro/p. See Computer/Accessories Intel/Microprocessors 64 computer. See Commodore 88000 micro/p. See Motorola 80 Microcomputing magazine, 18/4 --A-- 80-103A modem. See Hayes A Programming lang. See APL 86-DOS. See Seattle Computer A+ magazine, 18/5 128EX/2 computer. See Video A.P.P.L.E. (Apple Pugetsound Technology Program Library Exchange) 386i personal computer. See user group, 18/4, 19/17 Sun Microsystems Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine, 432 microprocessor. See 18/4 Intel/Microprocessors A2-Central newsletter, 18/5 603/4 Electronic Multiplier. Abacus magazine, 18/8 See IBM/Computer (mainframe) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry 660 computer. -
Mechanical Calculator (Edited from Wikipedia)
Mechanical Calculator (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, was a mechanical device used to automatically perform the basic operations of arithmetic. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in size to small desktop computers and have been rendered obsolete by the advent of the electronic calculator. Surviving notes from Wilhelm Schickard in 1623 report that he designed and had built the earliest of the modern attempts at mechanizing calculation. His machine was composed of two sets of technologies: first an abacus made of Napier's bones, to simplify multiplications and divisions. And for the mechanical part, it had a dialed pedometer to perform additions and subtractions. A study of the surviving notes shows a machine that would have jammed after a few entries on the same dial, and that it could be damaged if a carry had to be propagated over a few digits (like adding 1 to 999). Schickard abandoned his project in 1624 and never mentioned it again until his death eleven years later in 1635. Two decades after Schickard's failed attempt, in 1642, Blaise Pascal decisively solved these particular problems with his invention of the mechanical calculator. Helping his father as tax collector in France, Pascal designed the calculator to help in the large amount of tedious arithmetic required.; it was called Pascal's Calculator or Pascaline. Thomas' arithmometer, the first commercially successful machine, was manufactured two hundred years later in 1851; it was the first mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. For forty years the arithmometer was the only type of mechanical calculator available for sale.