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Jan. 27Th SSEC Seeber and Hamilton Had Tried to Persuade Howard Aiken Jan
some aspects of the SSEC's operation still used plugboards. Jan. 27th SSEC Seeber and Hamilton had tried to persuade Howard Aiken Jan. 27 (24 ??), 1948 [March 8] to make the Harvard William K. English Mark II a stored program IBM’s Selective Sequence machine. Aiken wasn’t Born: Jan. 27, 1929; Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was interested, but Thomas Watson Lexington, Kentucky built at its Endicott facility in Sr. [Feb 17] was persuaded with Died: July 26, 2020 1946-47 under the direction of regards the SSEC, especially Wallace Eckert [June 19], Robert English and Douglas Engelbart since he was still upset over his (Rex) Seeber, Frank E. Hamilton, [Jan 30] share credit for creating altercation with Aiken during and other Watson Scientific the first computer mouse [Nov the dedication of the Harvard Computing Lab [Feb 6] staff. 14]. English built the initial Mark I. prototype in 1964 based on It contained 21,400 relays, The SSEC occupied three sides of Engelbart’s notes, and was its 12,500 vacuum tubes, and could a large room on the ground floor first user. performed 14-by-14 decimal of IBM’s headquarters at 590 multiplication in one-fiftieth of a English was Engelbart’s chief Madison Avenue in NYC, where second, and division in one- hardware architect. He led the it was visible to people walking thirtieth of a second, making it 1965 NASA project to find the by on the street. Herbert Grosch around 250 times faster than the best way to select a point on a [Sept 13] estimated its Harvard Mark I [Aug 7]. -
Proposal for SHOT 2009 Session Title: Materiality Meets Practice Organizer: Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, T
Proposal for SHOT 2009 Session Title: Materiality Meets Practice Organizer: Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, [email protected] Chair: JoAnne Yates, MIT Sloan School, [email protected] Commentator: Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, [email protected] Papers: Opening the Beige Box: Materiality and the Evolution of the IBM PC, 1981-1995 Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, [email protected]. Plug and Play: Standardized Connectors and Home Audio Reproduction, Jeffrey Tang, James Madison University, [email protected] The Right Job for the Tools: Transitioning to the Computer Age, Allan Olley, University of Toronto, [email protected]. The Material Origins of Virtualization, David Alan Grier, George Washington University, [email protected] This panel is submitted by the SIG on Computers, Information & Society. The panel includes scholars from three countries. It includes a blend of graduate students and faculty spanning the assistant, associate and full professor level. It is also diverse in terms of discipline, representing scholars working in departments of information studies, business communications, computer science, history of science, and science policy. Session Abstract: Materiality Meets Practice Computers are things and people manipulate them with their bodies. Information cannot exist without a physical medium. Communication is a material process. But writing on the history of information technology has tended to abstract away from the tangible and material. Rarely do we learn about the experience of using a particular machine, the layout of a computer center, or the issues involved in producing and assembling computer systems. But recent interest in materiality as a concept in science studies (associated particularly with the recent volume Living in a Material World edited by Pinch and Swedberg) challenges us to respect the fundamental importance of stuff to the history of technology (and allied fields such as labor history). -
Items for the Library of Congress
Items for the Library of Congress Item Name of item Box #/ Description/Comments No. 1 NPR program on occasion of Draper Prize (about 5 min) 1 Tape cassette 2 Photos from Draper Prize ceremony 1 Names on back of some photos 3 Think magazine article, 8/79 1 Great photos by Erich Hartmann 4 Blackboard notes, ’70 & ’71 1 Polaroid photos of work on coloring families of sets 5 Presentation at D. Univ. award, Univ. of York, England 1 2 pages 6 Old IBM memos ’53-‘82 1 Mostly about Fortran & customers 7 Interview done by Saphire of me, 12/15/67 1 Transcripts of 2 tapes, 32 + 22 pages 8 Retirement dinner – photos 1 1991 dinner in San Jose 9 Computer System Design and ANS Control Techniques Oct 1955 paper, IBM 1 Look-ahead decoder. Machine design. Confidential. 10 FORTRAN by JW Backus and WP Heising 1 Aug 1964 paper, IEEE Trans on computers 11 Software: will engineering replace witchcraft? By Eric J Lerner 1 May ’80 article about functional programming 12 Computers: emphasis on software by Robert Bernhard 1 Jan ’80, on software problems 13 Photos of Nat’l Medal of Science award ceremony 1 Pres Ford 14 Remarks at 40th anniversary dinner 1 Sept? 1990 – 40 years at IBM 15 IRI Achievement Award Address 11/83 1 Industrial Research Inst. (IRI) The talk was about tolerating many failures in doing research. 16 “Draper Prize Lecture” Boston Museum of Science + photos 1 5/10/94. 17 Lecture notes for History of Programming Languages Conf + slides 1 HOPL (1) L.A. -
A History of the Personal Computer Index/11
A History of the Personal Computer 6100 CPU. See Intersil Index 6501 and 6502 microprocessor. See MOS Legend: Chap.#/Page# of Chap. 6502 BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. Languages -- Numerals -- 7000 copier. See Xerox/Misc. 3 E-Z Pieces software, 13/20 8000 microprocessors. See 3-Plus-1 software. See Intel/Microprocessors Commodore 8010 “Star” Information 3Com Corporation, 12/15, System. See Xerox/Comp. 12/27, 16/17, 17/18, 17/20 8080 and 8086 BASIC. See 3M company, 17/5, 17/22 Microsoft/Prog. Languages 3P+S board. See Processor 8514/A standard, 20/6 Technology 9700 laser printing system. 4K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. See Xerox/Misc. Languages 16032 and 32032 micro/p. See 4th Dimension. See ACI National Semiconductor 8/16 magazine, 18/5 65802 and 65816 micro/p. See 8/16-Central, 18/5 Western Design Center 8K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. 68000 series of micro/p. See Languages Motorola 20SC hard drive. See Apple 80000 series of micro/p. See Computer/Accessories Intel/Microprocessors 64 computer. See Commodore 88000 micro/p. See Motorola 80 Microcomputing magazine, 18/4 --A-- 80-103A modem. See Hayes A Programming lang. See APL 86-DOS. See Seattle Computer A+ magazine, 18/5 128EX/2 computer. See Video A.P.P.L.E. (Apple Pugetsound Technology Program Library Exchange) 386i personal computer. See user group, 18/4, 19/17 Sun Microsystems Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine, 432 microprocessor. See 18/4 Intel/Microprocessors A2-Central newsletter, 18/5 603/4 Electronic Multiplier. Abacus magazine, 18/8 See IBM/Computer (mainframe) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry 660 computer. -
CBC-Index.Pdf
257 Index A AARAcomputer, 220 Aiken, Howard, viii, 96,203, Abacus, 7 213-219,224 contest of speed, 7 first proposals, 214 counters, 12 IBM, 215 demise, 7 influence of, 219 English, 12 Amsler, Jacob, 168 European, 8 Amsler planimeter. See Planimeters Gerbert’s, 35 Analog calculation, 156 Greek, 8-9 accuracy of, 157 Inca, 8 addition, 160,162 origins, 7,lO Analog computers Roman, 10 electrical, 191-194 Russian, 13 Analog computing devices, 156-204. soroban, 7, 15 See also Differential analyzer spread of, 14-15 accuracy, 157,160,162,195-196 swanpan, 7,14 approximating complex table, 10-11 functions, 166 ABC, 226-230 electrical, 177-178 components, 228 harmonic analyzer, 158,172-176, control, 228 180 failure, 230 harmonic synthesizer, 172, 177 genesis of, 227 integrators, 167-174, 179- 185, Mauchly’s visit to, 238 187 operation, 229 isograph, 177 use, 228 multipliers, 160 Abel computer, 220 network analyzer, 178 Accounting and Tabulating Machine noise in, 162, 195 Corporation, 137 resolver, 158-159, 172, 194 Accounting machines, 122-155 tide predictors, 162, 172-176 Accumulator, 215. See also ENLAC Analogue, word origin, 247 Addition, analog, 160,162 Analog versus digital techniques, 1% Additive number system, 5 Analytical engine, 59-60,67,75-9 1, Computing Before Computers 258 Analytical engine (cont.) Automata, 100-101 200,203. See also Babbage, Automata theory, 119 Charles; Ludgate, Percy; Torres y Automatic Sequence Controlled Quevedo, Leonard0 Calculator. See ASCC arithmetic operations, 82-83 barrel control, 85 construction, 90 B Babbage, Benjamin, 60 control mechanism, 85-86 Babbage, Charles, viii, 3,60-62,66, design, 8 1,90 75-91,200. -
Top 65 Work Places in the Bay Area
6XQGD\-XQH •• $GYHUWLVLQJ 6HFWLRQ -RE /LVWLQJV Q &DUHHU 7LSV Q (YHQWV in partnership with Top 65 Work Places in the Bay Area Words to live by Q page 10 Companies committed to community outreach Q page 12 Open communication leads to success Q page 20 Rewards motivate and validate employees Q page 23 001 2 BAY AREA NEWS GROUP SUNDAY, JUNE 19, 2011 SUNDAY, JUNE 19, 2011 We are Our employees voted A10 Networks Hiring a Top Workplace for 2 consecutive years! Advanced Networking and IPv6 Transition Network Management (Element) • Experience in IPv4 and IPv6 L3 Forwarding and NAT • Minimum 5 years of directly related experience in system and device management • Routing Protocols (OSPFv2/3, IS-IS, BGP4+) • Strong C/C++ programming skills with multi-threading experience in Linux. Script • Familiarity with technologies such as CGN/LSN, DS-Lite, 6RD, NAT64 highly desirable skills in Perl, Python, PHP is a plus •Experience in network programming (TCP/IP, HTTP knowledge preferred) Network Routing • Experience in SNMP and AAA (authentication, authorization, accounting, preferred • Minimum 8 years of software development in networking, and 5 years of directly in RADIUS/TACACS+) related experience in Routing Protocols, at least in two of the following protocols: • Experience in L4/7 web configuration development with the knowledge of Web 2.0 OSPF, IS-IS, BGP4+, MPLS related technologies (e.g. AJAX, PHP/Zend, jQuery, SOAP/REST services). Preferred • Prefer experience in multi-threading, multi-core, and real-time high availability experience in embedded -
John W. Backus 3 December 1924 – 17 March 2007
John W. Backus 3 December 1924 { 17 March 2007 Ren´eGabri¨els Dirk Gerrits Peter Kooijmans May 29, 2007 2R930 Geschiedenis van Informatica 2004/2005 Faculteit Wiskunde & Informatica Technische Universiteit Eindhoven 0531594 Ren´eGabri¨els <[email protected]> 0531798 Dirk Gerrits <[email protected]> 0538533 Peter Kooijmans <[email protected]> 1 CONTENTS Contents 1 Introduction2 2 Early years (1924 - 1950)2 3 Programming the IBM SSEC (1950 - 1952)3 4 Speedcoding (1952 - 1953)4 5 FORTRAN (1953 - 1958)5 5.1 The situation in 1953................................5 5.2 The IBM 704....................................6 5.3 The case for a more effective programming system...............7 5.4 The proposed language...............................7 5.5 The compiler....................................9 5.6 FORTRAN I.................................... 10 5.7 Programming in FORTRAN............................ 11 5.8 FORTRAN II and further............................. 13 5.9 Influence....................................... 13 5.10 Working on the LARC and STRETCH...................... 15 6 ALGOL (1957 - 1963) 15 6.1 The international algebraic language (IAL)................... 15 6.2 The proposed language............................... 16 6.3 The need for BNF................................. 17 6.4 Influence....................................... 19 7 The four color theorem (1961 - 1971) 20 8 Closed applicative languages (1971 - 1976) 21 9 Turing Award lecture (1977-1978) 23 9.1 The case against \von Neumann languages".................. -
History of IBM from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search
History of IBM From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search International Business Machines, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue" (for its official corporate color), is a multinational computer technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software (with a focus on the latter), and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.[1] Samuel J Palmisano is the chairman and CEO of IBM. IBM has been well known through most of its recent history as one of the world's largest computer companies and systems integrators.[2] With over 388,000 employees worldwide, IBM is one of the largest and most profitable information technology employers in the world. IBM holds more patents than any other U.S. based technology company and has eight research laboratories worldwide.[3] The company has scientists, engineers, consultants, and sales professionals in over 170 countries.[4] IBM employees have earned Five Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science.[5] Contents [hide] • 1 History ○ 1.1 1885–1924: The origin of IBM ○ 1.2 1925–1949: IBM's early growth 1.2.1 International subsidiaries growth 1.2.2 IBM during World War II ○ 1.3 1950–1960: Postwar recovery and the rise of -
Digital Computing in 1951 Or, “How I Spent My Summer Vacation”
Digital Computing in 1951 or, “How I Spent my Summer Vacation” Bob Braden USC/ISI 21 Sept 01 Braden 1 Why 1951? • Exactly 50 years (half century) ago (Century >> 1) • A watershed year in the history of digital computing – Externally-programmed machines ---> stored program machines – Electro-mechanical machines (counter wheels & relays) ---> vacuum tubes – One-of-a-kind machines ---> production machines 21 Sept 01 Braden 2 How was Computing Done in 1951? • Scientific & engineering computation used: – Books of tables – Mechanical desk calculators – Slide rules – Punched card equipment – Large-scale automatic calculators • Business computing used: – Mechanical desk calculators – Punched card equipment 21 Sept 01 Braden 3 Overview of Talk • Pre-1951 – Scientific computing with punched cards – Early automatic calculators • 1951: Automatic Calculators – Electronic punched card equipment –SSEC • 1951: Electronic Computers – State of the art in hardware & software –IBM 701 • Wrapup -- later developments 21 Sept 01 Braden 4 Scientific Computing with Punched Cards • Scientific and engineering computation made extensive use of punched card equipment in 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. • Nurtured by IBM center at Columbia University • Here “programming” => plugging wires into interchangable plugboards • Sort of “logical Lego” -- rather a fun puzzle. • Some complex problems used 20 different plugboards. • Sometimes needed to know details of machine logic & timing. and operator instructions. 21 Sept 01 Braden 5 Example: Large plugboard... Example of upper limit of plugboard complexity (Only top half is shown) Most lines represent 5 - 11 wires each; ~ 260 wires total 21 Sept 01 Braden 6 Timing of plugboard hubs Typical plugboard timing chart... 21 Sept 01 Braden 7 Operator Instructions: sample •“Integration of the Differential Equation d2P/dr2 = P* F(r) Using the Type 601 Multiplying Punch”, P. -
Early Programming Languages Introductory Presentation
1 /22 Early Programming Languages Introductory presentation History of Programming Languages seminar Riku Saikkonen [email protected].fi 15 September 2009 Beginnings: machine and assembly language 2 /22 Beginnings: machine and assembly language Beginnings: machine and assembly language 3 /22 The first computer programmers • Charles Babbage and Lady Ada Lovelace, 1837–43 • programmed for Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (which was never built) • e.g., a program for calculating Bernoulli numbers • programmed using three sets of punch cards, for operators, targets and numeric values • some other early programmers: • A. Turing: Universal Machine, 1936 • J. Eckert and J. Mauchly: first sample program for eniac, 1943 • J. von Neumann: a sorting program for edvac, 1945 • many other early machines were not general-purpose or did not support conditional branches • e.g., H. Aiken 1937 Mark i; J. Atanasoff 1937 abc; K. Zuse 1936–41 z1, z2, z3; J. Eckert 1945–48 ibm ssec Beginnings: machine and assembly language 4 /22 Stored program computers • most early computer-like designs had separate memories for code and data • the eniac (1943–46; Eckert, Mauchly et. al.) was highly parallel, but had little memory: 20 registers, each with its own programmable alu • programmed by rewiring, which took 1–2 days • John von Neumann designed the first stored program instruction sets for the edvac (1944–45; Eckert, Mauchly, von Neumann et. al.) • first version: serial computer, three 32-bit registers, 8192 32-bit words of memory • each word was either a two’s complement number (lsb = 0) or an instruction (lsb = 1, opcode, variant, address) • instructions: add, subtract, multiply, jump, load, . -
Existence Precedes Essence - Meaning of the Stored-Program Concept
Existence Precedes Essence - Meaning of the Stored-Program Concept Allan Olley IHPST, University of Toronto 91 Charles St., Toronto, ON, Canada [email protected] Abstract. The emergence of electronic stored-program computers in contain the 1940s marks a break with past developments in machine calculation. Draw- ing on the work of various historians, I attempt to define the essence of that break and therefore of the modern computer. I conclude that the generally used distinction between computers and precursor machines in terms of the stored- program concept and von Neumann architecture rests not only on differences in hardware but also in the programming and use of machines. Next I discuss the derived definition in terms of machines from the 1940s and 50s to elucidate the definition’s implications for the history of computing. Keywords: Stored-program, von Neumann architecture, computer history, computer architecture, history of software, IBM SSEC. 1 Introduction The July 1939 issue of Astounding Science-Fiction included an article entitled “Tools for Brains” by one Leo Vernon. This article included a brief history of calculating machines, including mention of Charles Babbage and short discussion of recent scien- tific uses of punched card machines at Columbia and differential analyzers at MIT. He concludes by speculating on future machines sketching what a “dream machine” for such scientific computation might look like: “The dream machine may fill an entire building. It will be operated from a central control room made up entirely of switchboard panels, operated by trained mathematicians, and an automatic printer giving back the results. A physicist has spent months getting a problem ready for solution. -
Lecture 11: Commercial and Scientific Computers EDVAC & Stored
History of Computing Lecture 11: Today’s Topics EDVAC & Stored Memory Commercial and Developing the EDVAC Branching Out Scientific The EDSAC Computers Lyons and the Electronic Office based on Williams Chapter 5 Commercialising the Computer The UNIVAC The BINAC IBM CPC IBM 650 IBM 701 Commercial Computing Slide 1 History of Computing EDVAC & Stored Memory The ENIAC was not a stored program computer. Von Neumann, Goldstine, Eckert and Mauchly then worked on producing the EDVAC, (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) which had a stored program, capable of storing the instructions of a program, plus the numbers on which it operated. Commercial Computing Slide 2 History of Computing Developing the EDVAC Von Neumann was keenly interested in biology and he used the word memory for a computer’s storage facility. Binary numbers were used for this machine. First draft report on the EDVAC was written in June 1945. This was published in Von Neumann’s name alone, and gave no credit to those actually doing the work. EDVAC report was widely circulated. Eckert ‘the Brunelof the computer age’ Campbell-Kelly p96. Commercial Computing Slide 3 1 History of Computing Branching Out Eckert and Mauchly were engineering and commercially oriented, whilst von Neumann and others were academics, wanting to spread new ideas as widely as possible. Eckert and Mauchly set up their own computer company in 1946. The Moore School itself was worried that it would lose all grip on computing developments, so it set up lectures on the ENIAC, and mentioned stored program computing. Commercial Computing Slide 4 History of Computing The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) Leslie Comrie was the first British visitor to the Moore School.