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The Politicization of Kurdish Nationalism

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The Politicization of Kurdish Nationalism View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Bilgi University Library Open Access THE POLITICIZATION OF KURDISH NATIONALISM Gülayşe Ülgen 108605001 İSTANBUL BİLGİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MA in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SUPERVISOR: Professor Dr. Umut Özkırımlı 2011 THE POLITICIZATION OF KURDISH NATIONALISM KÜRT MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİNİN SİYASALLAŞMASI Gülayşe Ülgen 108605001 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Umut Özkırımlı :……………. Jury Member: Prof. Dr. Gencer Özcan :……………... Jury Member:Assist. Prof. İnan Rüma :……………... Date of approval: Total Pages: 96 II Özet Anahtar Kelimeler: Temsili Mücadele, Kürt milliyetçiliği, HEP, DEP, HADEP, DTP 1990 sonrası Türkiye’de Kürt milliyetçiliği siyasi partiler kanalıyla örgütlenmeye başlamıştır. Kürt milliyetçiliğini referans alan partilerin Türk siyasi hayatına girişi ile birlikte Kürt milliyetçiliği ve Türk milliyetçiliği arasındaki mücadele politik alana kaymıştır. Politik alandaki mücadelenin niteliği, Türk siyasi hayatının sınırları ve partileşmiş olan Kürt milliyetçiliğinin tavrıyla yıllar içinde şekillenmiştir. Temsili mücadele olarak adlandırdığımız Kürt milliyetçiliğinin siyasasallaşması ana akım partiler gibi geleneksel bir yolda ilerlemeyip; Türk siyasi hayatında sosyal hareketlilik yaratarak radikal bir çizgi izlemiştir. Bu tez Kürt milliyetçiliğinin partiler aracılığıyla sürdürdüğü temsili mücadeleyi, tarihi arka planıyla birlikte anlatmaktadır. III Abstract Keywords: Representative Contention, Kurdish nationalism, HEP, DEP, HADEP, DTP Kurdish nationalism started to organize through the pro-Kurdish political parties in Turkey after 1990. The struggle between Kurdish nationalism and Turkish nationalism shifted towards the political field with the entrance of pro-Kurdish political parties to Turkish political life. The nature of struggle in the political field, has been shaped over the years according to the limits of the Turkish political life and the political attitude of pro-Kurdish political parties. The politicization of Kurdish nationalism which is considered as representative contention does not move along in a traditional way like mainstream parties; they followed a radical line by creating social mobilization in Turkish political life. This thesis explains the representative contention of Kurdish nationalism throughout pro-Kurdish political parties with its historical background. IV Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor Professor Umut Özkırımlı, for his guidance and contribution. I am deeply thankful to my family, my father Muvaffak Ülgen, my mother Nilgün Ülgen, my sister Gülşan Ülgen for their enthusiastic support and understanding during this work. I would also like to thank all of my colleagues at Kırklareli University for their unending support and encouragement. Last but not least, I want to thank my boyfriend, Mustafa Türedi for his helpful comments, linguistic contributions and his endless support. V Table of Contents Özet ................................................................................................................... III Abstract ............................................................................................................. IV Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. V Table of Contents .............................................................................................. VI Abbreviations .................................................................................................. VIII Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Counter Nationalisms ......................................................................... 6 1.1) Turkish Nationalism ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1) Civic-Ethnic Nationalism Dichotomy ...................................................................... 10 1.1.2) Ethnic Boundary Making ....................................................................................... 14 1.2) Kurdish Nationalism ...................................................................................................... 16 1.2.1) 1923-1960 .............................................................................................................. 17 1.2.2) 1960-1989 .............................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 Representative Contention .............................................................. 28 2.1) HEP ................................................................................................................................ 32 2.2) Transformative Actors for Kurdish Politics .................................................................... 39 2.2.1) As a Party SHP ........................................................................................................ 40 2.2.2) As a Political Actor ÖZAL ........................................................................................ 43 2.2.3) As an Organization PKK .......................................................................................... 47 2.2.4) As a International Context Northern Iraq .............................................................. 50 Chapter 3 Changing Landscape of Kurdish Politics ............................................ 60 3.1) Radicalization of Kurdish Politics ................................................................................... 61 3.1.1) DEP ......................................................................................................................... 62 3.1.2) HADEP .................................................................................................................... 69 VI 3.1.3) DTP ......................................................................................................................... 73 3.2) The External and Internal Dynamics of Political Change ............................................... 79 3.2.1) EU ........................................................................................................................... 79 3.2.2) The Kurdish Opening .............................................................................................. 81 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 86 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 89 VII Abbreviations AKP Justice and Development Party of Turkey ANAP Motherland Party BDP Peace and Democracy Party CHP Republican People’s Party DDKO Revolutionary Cultural Hearths of East DEHAP Democratic People’s Party DEP Democracy Party DEV-GENÇ Turkish Revolutionary Youth Federation DP Democratic Party DTH Democratic Society Movement DTP Democratic Society Party DYP True Path Party EMEP Labour Party ERNK National Liberation Front of Kurdistan EU European Union HADEP People’s Democracy Party HEP People’s Work Party HP People’s Party KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party KPE Kurdish Parliament in Exile KUK National Congress of Kurdistan KUM Kurdistan National Congress ÖDP Freedom and Solidarity Party ÖZEP Party of Freedom and Equality PKK Kurdistan Workers Party PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan RP Welfare Party VIII SDP Socialist Democracy Party SHP Social Democratic People’s Party SODEP Social Democracy Party TİP Workers Party of Turkey TKDP Turkish Kurdistan Democratic Party TKSP Kurdistan Socialist Party of Turkey TÖB-Der Solidarity Association of All Teachers IX Introduction The politicization of Kurdish nationalism is a long process, and the focus point of the thesis would be the legal politicization of Kurdish nationalism which covers the pro-Kurdish political parties who tries to appeal Kurdish rights since 1990. Political parties are the products of Kurdish nationalism which is perceived generally as the counterpart of Turkish nationalism. The Kurdish nationalism followed a similar pattern with Turkish nationalism in its evolution. While Turkish nationalism assumes certain sacredness as the founder ideology of Turkish state and strengthens its position during the foundation process of the Turkish Republic through security concerns, Kurdish nationalism passed through three phases, namely religious-feudal against the newly founded regime, leftist with leftist social movements in Turkey in 1960’s and purely nationalist through the founding of a separate party which tries to appeal Kurdish cultural and political right. These phases would be analyzed through the mechanisms of “contentious politics” theory which could explain the political evolution of Kurdish nationalism from social movements to legal political parties. It is certain that much of politics takes place in traditional structures of a party, bureau, faction, union, community or interest group; non-violent action and protest politics are not generally taken into consideration in the analysis of contentious politics.1 “Contentious politics means episodic, public, collective interaction among makers of claims and their objects when at least one government is a claimant, an object of claims, or a party to the claims and the claims would, if realized, affect the interests of at least one of the claimants but all politics is not contentious.”2 Direct challenges to existing systems from political
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