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Leyla Zana Portrait İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES A REVIEW OF THE POLITICAL STANCE OF KURDISH WOMEN: LEYLA ZANA PORTRAIT Master of Arts Thesis by Ecem Hazal ÖKSÜZÖMER 1310031001 Department : International Relations Programme : International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Özge ZİHNİOĞLU MAY 2016 İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES A REVIEW OF THE POLITICAL STANCE OF KURDISH WOMEN: LEYLA ZANA PORTRAIT MA Thesis by Ecem Hazal ÖKSÜZÖMER 1310031001 Supervisor and Chairperson : Asst. Prof. Dr. Özge ZIHNIOGLU MAY 2016 T.C. İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KÜRT KADINININ SİYASİ DURUŞU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME: LEYLA ZANA PORTRESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Ecem Hazal ÖKSÜZÖMER (1310031001) Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özge ZİHNİOĞLU Diğer Jüri Üyeleri: Doç. Dr. Yunus EMRE Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fatma Aslı KELKİTLİ MAYIS 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to present my deep appreciation to many wonderful people who helped me throughout my research. First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Asst. Prof. Dr. Özge Zihnioğlu, who has supported me thoughout my thesis with her patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. Without encouragement and effort, this thesis would not have been completed or written. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor. I would like to thank to Prof. Mensur Akgün who has offered valuable comments to start the writing of this thesis. Last but not least, I owe sincere thanks to all my family members for their support and understanding. Ecem Hazal ÖKSÜZÖMER 20 January 2016 i CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... v APPENDIX-1: List of Tables .................................................................................. vi APPENDIX-2: List of Pictures ............................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. viii KISA ÖZET ............................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 3 1.2. Main Arguments ............................................................................................... 6 1.3. Chapter Outline ................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2: KURDISH ISSUE IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNIC IDENITY ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Kurdish Nationalism ....................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 3: WOMEN IN THE RECONSTITUTION PROCESS .................. 14 3.1. The Place of Women in the Process ............................................................... 15 3.2. Feminist Perspective ...................................................................................... 17 3.3. Kurdish Women and Their Maternal Role ..................................................... 21 CHAPTER 4: THE ROAD OF THE KURDISH MOVEMENT TOWARDS TURNING INTO A KURDISH WOMEN’S MOVEMENT ................................ 25 4.1. 1980 Military Coup ....................................................................................... 28 ii 4.2. 1990 - 2005: Kurdish Movement in Turkey and The Awakening of women ................................................................................. 29 4.3. After 2005: Peacekeeping and The Role of Women ..................................... 30 CHAPTER 5: POLITICAL PARTIES AND WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION .................................................................................................................................... 33 5.1.1. Women Policies of the Kurdish Parties ..................................................... 35 5.1.1.1. HEP .......................................................................................................... 36 5.1.1.2. DEP .......................................................................................................... 37 5.1.1.3. HADEP .................................................................................................... 38 5.1.1.4. DEHAP .................................................................................................... 39 5.1.1.5. BDP .......................................................................................................... 40 5.1.1.6. HDP ........................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 6: EXCLUSIVE WOMEN PRACTICES IN THE KURDISH PARTIES ............................................................................... 43 6.1. 40 Percent Quota for Women .......................................................................... 44 6.2. Co-Presidency System ................................................................................... 46 6.3. Equal Representation ...................................................................................... 47 6.1.1. Kurdish Women’s View ................................................................................ 47 CHAPTER 7: THE NAMES OF INFLUENTIAL KURDISH WOMEN ............................................................................................... 49 7.1. Adela Khanum (1847-1924) .......................................................................... 51 iii 7.2. Kara Fatma (1888 – 1955) ............................................................................. 52 7.3. Leyla Qasim (1952-1974) .............................................................................. 53 7.4. Kesire Öcalan (Yıldırım) (1951 - )................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 8: LEYLA ZANA PORTRAIT .......................................................... 56 8.1. The Beginning of The Road .......................................................................... 57 8.2. Changing Conditions ..................................................................................... 58 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 67 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 70 iv ABBREVIATIONS AKP : Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party) BDP : Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi (Peace and Democracy Party) CHP : Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People’s Party) DEP : Demokrasi Partisi (Democracy Party) DEHAP : Demokratik Halk Partisi (Democratic People's Party) DGM : Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi (State Security Court) DTH : Demokratik Toplum Hareketi (Democratic Society Movement) DTP : Demokratik Toplum Partisi (Democratic Society Party) HADEP : Halkın Demokrasi Partisi (People’s Democracy Party) HEP : Halkın Emek Partisi (People's Labour Party) HDP : Halkların Demokratik Partisi (Peoples' Democratic Party) HDK : Halkların Demokratik Kongresi (Peoples' Democratic Congress) IPU : Inter-Parliamentary Union İHD : İnsan Hakları Derneği (Human Rights Association) PKK : Kürdistan İşçi Partisi (The Kurdistan Workers Party) LGBT : Lesbian, Gays, Bisexual, Trans MHP : Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (Nationalist People’s Party) OHAL : Olağanüstü Hal (State of Emergency) STK : Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlar (Non-governmental Organizations) TAYAD : Tutuklu Aileleri Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Derneği (Prisoners Solidarity Association) TBMM : Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (Turkish Parliament, The Grand National Assembly of Turkey) TRT : Türkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu (Turkey Radio Television Corporation) UN : United Nations v APPENDIX-1: List of Tables TABLE LIST Table Number Page Table1: Women Representation after 1st November 2015 Election, Turkey…. 42 Table 2: Representation of Women Rate in National Parliament….. ………… 45 Table 3: The co-presidents in the HDP………………………………………… 46 vi APPENDIX-2: List of Pictures PICTURE LIST Picture Number Page Picture 1: Kurdish Women……………………………………………… 50 Picture 2: Kurdish Amazon Kara Fatma was in Austria Press…...…….. 53 Picture 3: Leyla Zana’s trial process in 1991…………………………… 60 Picture 4: Leyla Zana’s oath ceremony, on 1 October 2011……………. 63 Picture 5: Leyla Zana’s oath ceremony on 17 November 2015………… 64 vii University : İstanbul Kültür University Institute : Institute of Social Sciences Department : International Relations Programme : International Relations Supervisor : Asst. Prof. Dr. Özge Zihnioğlu Degree Awarded and Date : MA – May 2016 ABSTRACT A REVIEW OF THE POLITICAL STANCE OF KURDISH WOMEN: LEYLA ZANA PORTRAIT Ecem Hazal Öksüzömer This study deals with women who have an effective stance in politics. The main objective is to see the dynamics of this stance. This research has centralized the image of women and mother. All through the research, it has been referred to the relevant literature and historical development. The study helped to identify the stance of Kurdish women, influential female figures from the past to the present and political parties with their practices. The road started with Feminism and Nationalism reached its goal, and portrayed the point where the Kurdish women, different from other women, stand. The subject line drawn
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