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FROM PAST TO PRESENT A PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATION IN TURKEY: VILLAGE GUARD SYSTEM ŞEMSA ÖZAR NESRİN UÇARLAR OSMAN AYTAR English Translation: Sedef Çakmak DİSA PUBLICATIONS DIYARBAKIR INSTITUTE FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH (DİSA) FROM PAST TO PRESENT A PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATION IN TURKEY: This report entitled From Past to Present a Paramilitary Organization in Turkey: VILLAGE GUARD SYSTEM Village Guard System has been prepared as a part of the Village Guards Research Project by Diyarbakir Institute for Political and Social Research (DİSA) with the fun- ding of the CHREST Foundation and the Heinrich Böll Stiftung Foundation. The vi- DİSA PUBLICATIONS ews expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of DİSA or the ISBN: 978-605-5458-19-5 CHREST Foundation or the Heinrich Böll Stiftung Foundation. Authors: Şemsa Özar, Nesrin Uçarlar, Osman Aytar Project Management: Dilan Bozgan, Murad Akıncılar To download the report please visit: http://www.disa.org.tr/koruculuksistemi.pdf Translation: Sedef Çakmak or contact us from the correspondence information below. Design and Copy Editor: O. Özgür Güven Cover Adaptation: Eylül Sözak, Medyakom Kreatif Ajans with the contributions of Interior Adaptation: Buse Temel, Medyakom Kreatif Ajans Cover Photo: Dicle News Agency (DIHA) archive Compilation Editor: Atalay Göçer, DİSA Printing: Berdan Matbaacılık Davutpaşa Cad. Güven San. Sit. C Blok No: 215/216 Topkapı/İSTANBUL Tel: 0212 613 12 11 First Edition: İstanbul, December 2013 Osman Aytar defended his doctoral thesis on organizing diversity at the Depart- ment of Sociology at Stockholm University in Sweden in 2007. Now he is an associ- ate professor in social work at Malardalen University in Sweden. In addition to his published books and articles in Kurdish and Turkish, migration, ethnicity, integra- tion, diversity, diaspora, stateless nations and groups, globalism, organization and leadership are his main research interests. Şemsa Özar graduated from Wirtshaftsuniversitaet, Vienna with a PhD in 1990. Sin- ce 1990 she teaches at Boğaziçi University primarily economic development and gender courses. Her research and writing concentrates on gender aspects of labour, social policy, forced migration, informal labour and micro and small enterprises. Her recent publication, Ne Değişti? Kürt Kadınların Zorunlu Göç Deneyimi (What Has Changed? Kurdish Women’s Experiences of Forced Migration) coauthored by Handan Çağlayan and Ayşe Tepe Doğan offers a gendered perspective on the immigration of Mimar Sinan Cad. Aslan Apt. B Blok No: 12 Kurds in Turkey. 21100 Yenişehir/DİYARBAKIR Tel: 0412 228 1442 Nesrin Uçarlar received her PhD from the Department of Political Science, Lund Faks: 0412 224 1442 University in 2009. She works as lecturer at Department of International Relations, www.disa.org.tr İstanbul Bilgi University. She currently conducts a research project on the commu- [email protected] nity-based restorative justice in Turkey at Diyarbakır Social and Political Research Institute. Her recent studies focus on the elaboration of the Kurdish issue from the viewpoint of contemporary political philosophy in the framework of the concepts such as power, resistance, justice and the political. Besides her individual and joint Copyright © October 2013 publications, she recently contributed as co-editor - with Büşra Ersanlı and Günay All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the Göksu Özdoğan - of “Türkiye Siyasetinde Kürtler – Direniş, Hak Arayışı, Katılım” permission of Diyarbakir Institute for Political and Social Research (DİSA). [“Kurds in Turkey’s Politics – Resistance, Claiming Rights and Participation”]. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS I. PREFACE 9 The interim field report of Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdürrahim Özmen, the field coordinator, is used in Chapter IV. We would like to sincerely thank him and Ahmet Dolu and Zübeyde Oysal, the field researchers, for their dedicated work. II. HAMIDIYE CAVALRY REGIMENTS – A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ON THE PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE We would also like to thank Dilan Bozgan for her help during the research, Atalay OTTOMAN EMPIRE / Osman AYTAR 15 Göçer to the compilation of the report for the print, Katja Richter for proofread- 1. Introduction 15 ing, Meral Danış Beştaş, Nurcan Baysal, Semahat Sevim and Ulrike Dufner for their contributions to the discussions of the first draft of this report, Elisabeth Oglesby 2. The mission, establishment and expanding periods of the regiments 17 for the information and documents she shared regarding the Guatemala case study, 3. Prominent practices and the social impact of the regiments 22 Lou Anne Jensen-Chrest, the President of the Chrest Foundation for her support and 4. Dissolution period and the end of the regiments 29 Emre Senan for his valuable contributions in design. 5. Discussion and some concluding remarks 32 III. ESTABLISHMENT, CONSTRUCTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE VILLAGE GUARD SYSTEM ON THE MEETING MINUTES OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND THE PRESS / Nesrin UÇARLAR 39 1. Discussions taking place at the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regarding the village guard system: October 1984-February2011 39 a. Village guard system again after sixty years: Implementation of the system, proposals and objections (1984-1988) 40 b. Broadening of the village guard system: Problems and “solution” proposals (1988-1991) 43 c. Consolidation of the village guard system: New governments, old methods (1991-1996) 51 d. A new precaution regarding the village guard system: “Reform” (1996-2002) 58 e. New interpretation of “reform”: “Pacta Sunt Servanda” (2002-2009) 66 f. Last turning point for the village guard system: “Bilge village massacre” and “Hançer Timi” (“Dagger Team”) (2009-2012) 72 g. Evaluation 78 Annex 1: The bills of law that were discussed, accepted and passed as a law during the session of May 27, 2007 81 2. Village guard system at press 86 a. “An option for the citizens”: First years of the village guard system 86 b. “Registration” and “workers of the factories without chimneys”: a. Military is taking advantage of us 160 Broadening of the village guard system 90 b. Going on an operation 161 c. Consolidation of the “vicious circle of village guard system” “between c. Village guard battalions 163 two fires”: Permanent temporariness, coerced voluntariness 92 d. Solidarity among village guards, associations 164 d. “The village guards cause more damage than good” 97 e. How village guards see the relation between military and e. “Reform” by means of becoming deputies and civil servants: village guards 165 The official side of the village guard system 102 3. Transformation of villages and social relations 169 f. Struggle for domination on the village guards 104 a. How village guards are perceived 169 g. “Prohibited villages” for the individuals who are not village guards, b. Fears 174 “strategic villages” exclusively for the village guards 118 c. Thoughts, feelings and longings of the wives of village guards 175 h. Pursuits and deadlocks: “village guard station”, “hunter squads”, d. Being the child of a village guard 176 “foresters”, “special village guards” and “Yüksekova gang” 111 4. Economic aspects of the village guard system 179 i. “Lice is under custody” 115 a. Village guards’ income, compensation, retirement, j. “Is the village guard system getting dissolved?” 118 health insurance 180 k. “State-supported non-governmental organizations”: b. Disengagement from production: Village guard associations 124 village guard duty as a full-time occupation 180 l. Village guards: The obstacle against the return back to the villages 128 c. Personnel rights 183 m. “Bilge village massacre” 131 5. Illegal activities that village guards were involved in 186 n. The “history” of the village guard System: 6. Opinions on the abolition of the system 189 Unsolved murder, rape, crime; fear, conscience, peace 135 a. They demand their rights 190 o. Evaluation 139 b. Financial situation- they want jobs 191 c. Fear of the PKK 192 IV. AN OVERVIEW OF VILLAGE GUARD SYSTEM FROM INSIDE: EXPERIENCES AND DEMANDS OF THE VILLAGE GUARDS, THEIR WIVES V. COUNTRY CASE STUDIES ON PARAMILITARY AND CHILDREN / Şemsa ÖZAR 143 ORGANIZATIONS / Osman AYTAR 197 1. How did the village guard system commence? 146 1. Introduction 198 a. Taking up arms for the first time 146 2. Theorical perspectives 202 b. Gendarmerie oppression and not being able to abandon villages 147 3. Different countries’ experiences: c. Misinformation – being a watchman 150 Philippines, Guatemala, South Africa and Iraq 200 d. Poverty and family ties 151 a. Philippines: Citizens’ Armed Forces Geographical Units 200 e. Arming against the PKK 153 b. Guatemala: Voluntary Civilian Defense Committees 203 f. Quarrel and hostility between families 156 c. South Africa: Citizen Units 208 g. Pragmatism- seeing the village guard duty as a normal job, d. Iraq: Saladin Knights 211 as a family profession 156 e. Discussion and some concluding remarks 215 2. Village guards and their families talking about/ questioning the village guard system 158 VI. EVALUATION 221 FROM PAST TO PRESENT A PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATION IN TURKEY: VILLAGE GUARD SYSTEM I. PREFACE The paramilitary organizations that the state has established by arming the civilian population for the sake of public security has a long history in Turkey. During the Ottoman Empire era, groups known as Hamidiye Cavalry Regiments, which predominantly consisted of Kurdish tribes, were armed against the perce- ived enemies of the Ottomans, primarily against Armenians. In the
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