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Habitat Associations of Small Mammals and Amphibians in The AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Karl J. Martin for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Science presentedon August 6.. 1998. Title: Habitat Associations of Small Mammals and Amphibians in The Central Oregon Coast Range. Signature redacted for privacy. Abstract approved: William C. McComb One of the goals of ecosystem management is to integrate management ofmany pecies and processes across a range of temporal and spatial scales. I investigated the relationship between small mammals and amphibians at 3 spatial scales. My objective was to identjf, habitat associations of forest floor vertebrates at the microhabitat, patch, and landscape scales. I located trap stations (n=1032) in 30 250- to 300-ha landscapes containing 27 patch types. I assessed habitat associations between 14 species of small mammals and 9 species of amphibians in the central Oregon Coast Range. I evaluated associations between patch types and vertebrate distribution by comparing capture rates to trapping effort. In of the 3 mature forest patch types, I captured 8 of 9 amphibians and 10 of 14 small mammals more than expected. Because my research was designed to evaluate mature forest composition and pattern at the landscape scale, I used the 5 amphibian species positively associated with mature forest patches for my landscape analyses. Capture rates of all 5 specieswere positively associated with % mature forest on the landscape. Two of the amphibian specieswere also positively associated with total core area of all patch types. At the microhabitat scale, I investigated the relationship between 6 habitat variables (conifer basal area, hardwood basal area, distance to water, volumes of coarse woody debris, litter depth, and distance to edge) and capture rates of small mammals and amphibians. Captures rates for 4 of 9 amphibian species and 5 of 14 small mammal species were positively associated with increasing levels of conifer or hardwood basal area or both. I found species specific responses to habitat features at multiple scales. Interestingly, I found a relationship between the presence of large diameter trees and capture rates at the microhabitat, patch, and landscape scales. Additionally, total core area was an important landscape feature for 2 amphibian species. Maintaining mature forest patch types and large patches of all patch types may be important for small mammals and amphibians in western Oregon. Ecosystem managers should be cognizant of the relationships I found across spatial scales when evaluating land management alternatives. Habitat Associations of Small Mammals and Amphibians in The Central Oregon Coast Range by Karl I Martin A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed August 6, 1998 Commencement June 1999 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The scale and intensity of this research project required a team effort from many dedicated individuals, I am indebted to Ray Rainbolt, Steve Andrews, and Brian Werner who provided inspirational leadership and countless hours of hard physical labor. Without their help and support, successful completion of this research project would have been a distant dream. I am also thankful for the other parts of the team that helped install pitfall traps and collect field data including: Kevin English, Tim Baumgarte, Stacy Smith, Matt Elliot, Mehmet Kupeli, Carol Chambers, Dave Vesely, Tiffany Church, Matt Koenig, Frank Deboze, and Chris Willard. Jonathan Brooks and Robyn Vega provided valuable assistance with the GIS aspects the project. I would also like to thank several of my fellow graduate students including John Loegering, Mike Pope, Bob Steidi, Matt Hunter, Pat Jodice, Nobuya Suzuki, Dave Vesely, Carolyn Marn, and Eric Peiran who provided valuable insight and comradery. Tom Spies, Susan Stafford, Eric Forsman, Steve Garman, Carol Chambers, John Tappeiner, Mike Collopy, Eric Hansen, Erik Fritzell, and Joan Hagar provided support along the way. Kevin McGarigal provided an experimental design and selected study sites that were integral for success. 1 especially thank my sister Ruth and my brother Bob and his family who cheered me up, fed me some great meals, provided comic relief, and helped me out along the way. My parents and other brothers and sisters provided support and taught by example as I was maturing as a scientist. Scott Lutz provided spirited conversations, dwelling into theory and ideas which helped me better perceive nature from multiple perspectives. Most of all I thank Bill McComb who provided insight, guidance, comradery, and several months of hard physical labor after I broke my leg in the field (the football field). Last, but not least I thank my wonderful wife Karen who cheered me up, helped me out, provided great editorial comments, and pushed me on through the good times and tough times of this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Paae GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE CII ED 8 SMALL MAMMAL AND AMPHIBIAN HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS AT PATCH AND LANDSCAPE SCALES IN THE CENTRAL OREGON COAST RANGE 12 ABSTRACT 12 INTRODUCTION 14 STUDY AREA 16 METHODS 18 Study Design 18 Patch Delineations 19 Landscape Delineations 21 Small Mammal and Amphibian Trapping 21 Landscape Analyses 23 Statistical Analyses 24 RESULTS 26 Amphibians 26 Small Mammals 30 DISCUSSION 35 Study Design. 35 Amphibians 36 Patch Associations 36 Landscape Associations 39 Small Mammals 40 Patch Associations 40 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Paae ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SMALL MAMMAL AND AMPHIBIAN ABUNDANCES AND MICROHABITAT FEATURES iN THE CENTRAL OREGON COAST RANGE 48 ABSIRACT 48 INTRODUCTION 49 STUDY AREA 52 METHODS 54 Study Design 54 Small Mammal and Amphibian Trapping 54 Microhabitat Sampling 55 Statistical Analyses 56 RESULTS 57 Microhabitat Variables 57 Small Mammals 59 Amphibians 61 DISCUSSION 63 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 69 L11ERATURE CITED 69 SYNTHESIS 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Definition of patch types delineated across 30 landscapes in the central Oregon Coast Range and used in comparisons of small mammal and amphibian capture rates. Pitfall trapping was conducted for 31 days in Apr-May, 1995-96 22 2.2 Captures!1000 trap nights of small mammals and amphibians in 30 landscapes in the central Oregon Coast Range. Traps were open for 31 days in Apr-May, 1995-1996 27 2.3 Observed capture rates of amphibians (# of captures by patch type I total # of captures) vs. expected capture rates (# traps by patch type / total # of traps) in 11 patch types in the Central Oregon Coast Range during Apr-May 1995, 1996, Actual captures rates are either less than expected (1. greater than expected (>), or equal to expected (=) capture rates 28 2.4 Associations between capture rates of 5 amphibian species and landscape level fragmentation indices for all patch types generated using FRAGSTATS (McGarigal and Marks 1995). Amphibians were captured in the central Oregon Coast Range during Apr-May 1995,1996. 31 2.5 Observed capture rates (# of captures by patch type / total # of captures) of small mammals vs. expected capture rates (# traps by patch type / total # of traps in all patch types) in the Central Oregon Coast Range during Apr-May 1995, 1996. Actual captures rates are either less than expected (<),greater than expected (>), or equal to expected (=) capture rates 33 3.1 Table 3.1. Mean (i') and standard deviation (SD) of microhabitat variables in 11 different patch types in the central Oregon Coast Range 58 3.2 Table 3.2. Drop in deviance or F-statistics and associated P-values for associations between small mammal abundances and microhabitat characteristics at 1,029 trapping stations. Trapping occurred during Apr-May 1995-96 in the central Oregon Coast Range 60 3.3 Drop in deviance or F-statistics and P-values for associations between amphibian abundances and microhabitat characteristics at 1,029 trapping stations. Trapping occurred during Apr-May 1995-96 in the central Oregon Coast Range 62 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 4.1 Habitat features positively associated with capture rates of amphibians at multiple scales. Amphibians were trapped using pitfall traps in the central Oregon Coast Range during April-May, 1995-96 76 4.2.Habitat features positively associated with capture rates of small mammals at multiple scales. Small mammals were trapped using pitfall traps in the central Oregon Coast Range during April-May, 1995-96 77 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Location of Drift Creek, Lobster Creek, and Nestucca River basins in the central Oregon Coast Range. Small mammals and amphibians were pitfall trapped in April-May 1995, 1996 (adapted from Brooks 1997) 17 2.2 Schematic representation of study design replicated over the Nestucca River, Drift, and Lobster Creek basins in the central Oregon Coast Range. Small mammals and amphibians were trapped during Apr-May 1995, 1996 (adapted from McGarigal 1993) 20 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF SMALL MAMMALS AND AMPHIBIANS IN THE CENTRAL OREGON COAST RANGE CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION The number of fragmented landscapes throughout much of the world has increased as a result of natural events (wind, fire, etc.) and human-induced activities (logging, road building, agriculture, etc.). The result of increased fragmentation has been a reduction in total forest area and alterations in the spatial pattern of landscapes. Forests that once dominated many landscapes have been reduced to forest patches which become smaller, geometrically more complex, and more isolated over time. These physical changes in landscapes may alter ecosystem processes at various scales. Microclimate conditions may become more variable and may adversely affect some organisms in isolated, small forest patches (Chen and Franklin 1990). Forest and nonforested ecotonal areas may have variations in vegetation composition and structure because of differences in herbivory, seed dispersal, microclimate, and disturbance rates (Gratkowski 1956, Ranney et al. 1981). Effects of natural disturbances (wind, fire, geomorphic processes, and insects) at the landscape scale may vary because of changes in vegetation, microclimate, and spatial patterns (Franklin and Forman 1987).
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