Colonial Roots of the Rwandese Ethnic Conflict
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Church and State in Rwanda: Catholic Missiology and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi Marcus Timothy Haworth SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2018 Church and State in Rwanda: Catholic Missiology and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi Marcus Timothy Haworth SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, African Studies Commons, Catholic Studies Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, Missions and World Christianity Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Haworth, Marcus Timothy, "Church and State in Rwanda: Catholic Missiology and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi" (2018). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2830. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2830 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHURCH AND STATE IN RWANDA CATHOLIC MISSIOLOGY AND THE 1994 GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI MARCUS TIMOTHY HAWORTH WORLD LEARNING – SIT STUDY ABROAD SCHOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAINING RWANDA: POST-GENOCIDE RESTORATION AND PEACEBUILDING PROGRAM CELINE MUKAMURENZI, ACADEMIC DIRECTOR SPRING 2018 ABSTRACT During the 1994 Genocide -
From “A Theology of Genocide” to a “Theology of Reconciliation”? on the Role of Christian Churches in the Nexus of Religion and Genocide in Rwanda
religions Article From “a Theology of Genocide” to a “Theology of Reconciliation”? On the Role of Christian Churches in the Nexus of Religion and Genocide in Rwanda Christine Schliesser 1,2 1 Institute for Social Ethics, Zurich University, Zollikerstr. 117, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Studies in Historical Trauma and Transformation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Central, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa Received: 13 December 2017; Accepted: 18 January 2018; Published: 23 January 2018 Abstract: This paper explores the role of a specific religious actor, namely Christian churches, in the nexus of religion and genocide in Rwanda. Four factors are identified that point to the churches’ complicity in creating and sustaining the conditions in which the 1994 genocide could occur, leaving up to one million people dead. These factors include the close relationship between church and state, the churches’ endorsement of ethnic policies, power struggles within the churches, and a problematic theology emphasizing obedience instead of responsibility. Nevertheless, the portrayal of all Christian churches as collaborators of the genocide appears too simplistic and one-sided. Various church-led initiatives for peace and reconciliation prior to the genocide indicate a more complex picture of church involvement. Turning away from a “Theology of Genocide” that endorsed ethnic violence, numerous Christian churches in Rwanda now propagate a “Theology of Reconciliation.” A modest empirical case study of the Presbyterian Church (EPR) reveals how their “Theology of Reconciliation” embraces the four dimensions of theology, institutions, relationships, and remembrance. Based on their own confession of guilt in the Detmold Confession of 1996, the EPR’s engagement for reconciliation demonstrates religion’s constructive contribution in Rwanda’s on-going quest for sustainable peace and development. -
UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins Committee in charge: Professor Stephan F. Miescher, Chair Professor Mhoze Chikowero Professor Erika Rappaport Professor Leila Rupp June 2014 The dissertation of Sarah E. Watkins is approved. _____________________________________________ Mhoze Chikowero _____________________________________________ Erika Rappaport ____________________________________________ Leila Rupp ____________________________________________ Stephan F. Miescher, Committee Chair May 2014 Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 Copyright © 2014 by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While responsibility for the end result of this work rests with me, its creation would not have been possible without the support and dedication of many others. For their intellectual and moral support through the preparation and writing of this dissertation, I want to thank Stephan Miescher, my advisor, and Mhoze Chikowero, Erika Rappaport, and Leila Rupp, for agreeing to shepherd me through this process. Writing a dissertation can be excruciating, but having such a supportive and engaged committee makes all the difference. For their mentorship during my research and writing in Rwanda, I want to thank David Newbury, Catharine Newbury, Rose-Marie Mukarutabana, Bernard Rutikanga, and Jennie Burnet, as well as the Faculty of History at the National University of Rwanda. Their insights have sharpened my analysis, and consistently challenged me to engage more deeply with the sources, as well as to consider the broader context of the stories with which I am so fascinated. -
Rwanda International Community to the Situations in Rwanda and Srebrenica, Which Resulted in Concrete Recommendations
600mm 653mm 653mm 653mm 653mm 600mm Acknowledging Failure After 1994, the UN initiated reviews of the lack of appropriate reaction by the Rwanda international community to the situations in Rwanda and Srebrenica, which resulted in concrete recommendations. In April 2004, at a Special Session of the Commission on Human Rights commemorating the 10th anniversary of what would have prevented this? Too Little, Too Late the Rwandan genocide, the Secretary-General acknowledged the On 17 May 1994, with the genocide finally undeniable, the UN Security “collective failure” of the UN to protect the people of Rwanda and announced a Council voted to expand the UN peacekeeping mission to 5,500 Although the Rwandan genocide took many people by five-point action plan for the prevention Failure to react... War Breaks Out peacekeepers with the mandate “to contribute to the security and protection of genocide. As part of the plan, in July surprise, there had been enough warning signs that of displaced persons, refugees and civilians at risk in Rwanda”. However, no 2004 the Secretary-General appointed a Special Advisor on the Prevention of In the 1980s, Tutsis in exile sought to return to Rwanda, but were prevented from doing so. Some genocide was imminent. A history of discrimination, reinforcements arrived. A separate multinational force, led by France and Genocide to report through him to the joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a largely Tutsi rebel army that invaded Rwanda in 1990, authorized by the Council to use force to establish secure conditions for Security Council on situations that, if not violence and massacres preceded and foretold the events of seeking the right of exiles to return. -
Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda
wbhr 02|2012 Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda -$1=È+2ěË. Rwanda is a small country in Equatorial Africa which has become known for the 1994 genocide that finished a century long development of polari- zation of society in its socio-economic, political as well as cultural conse- quences. The early roots of the genocide can be found already at the end of the 19th century when first under the German, and later during the Bel- gian colonialism two “racial” entities were formed within one nation which had for centuries lived together sharing common history, language, cultural traits, religion, and socio-political organization and institutions.1 However, social scientists and historians until very recently could not agree on the initial phase of “antagonism” between Hutu and Tutsi, whether it was a matter of the Tutsi conquest long before the European colonialism came to Rwanda, or whether the politics of distinction was a matter of the European policy of divide and rule.2 In 1923, Rwanda was officially approved by the League of Nations as the Belgian mandated territory within Ruanda-Urundi. Already before this rather formal act, Belgium had professed to respect native institutions of both colonies and the Belgian administration had only to play the role of a guide following the principles of the indirect rule.3 In reality, Belgian influence on local political and social environment was greater than it might seem. Tutsi aristocracy was put into a place of indubitable superior “race” and rulers of the country with a supervision of their Belgian admin- istrators. -
King Kigeli V and the Shattered Kingdom of Rwanda
1 2 3 4 UMWAMI KING KIGELI V AND THE SHATTERED KINGDOM OF RWANDA (1896-2016) Stewart Addington Saint-David 5 “My wish is that every human being should be treated equally, and as a child of God, both here and in Rwanda.” -H. M. Jean-Baptiste Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, King of Rwanda (r. 1959- 2016) © 2018 Stewart Addington Saint-David. All rights reserved. 6 FOREWORD H. M. YUHI VI BUSHAYIJA King of Rwanda I was born into a branch of the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Rwanda as it entered its final phase as the active central component of the country's political and cultural life, during the reign of my late uncle, King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. The king of Rwanda, called Umwami in our Kinyarwanda language, has always been considered the “father of the nation,” and is seen as the universal patriarch of the countless family groups that constitute the vital human fabric of our country. Through decades of foreign intervention and encroachment, the institution of the monarchy withstood the test of time, and was seen as the central pillar of the Rwandan state. Under the wise rule of my grandfather, Yuhi V Musinga, as well during that of my uncles Mutara III Rudahigwa and Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, the nation was able to preserve its cultural heritage and internal autonomy, all the while moving haltingly toward full independence and eventual self- determination. The monarchy, and the monarch in particular, have always acted as guarantors of stability and continuity across the land, despite the turmoil that engulfed other surrounding nations as the moral, social, and political depredations of colonialism left waves of conflict and bloodshed in their wake. -
History Citizenship
History and Citizenship Senior Two Student’s Book Copyright © 2020 Rwanda Basic Education Board All rights reserved. This book is the property for the Government of Rwanda. Credit must be given to REB when the content is quoted ii iii FOREWORD Dear Student, Rwanda Basic Education Board is honoured to present to you History and Citizenship book for Senior Two which serves as a guide to competence-based teaching and learning to ensure consistency and coherence in the learning of History and Citizenship subject. The Rwandan educational philosophy is to ensure that you achieve full potential at every level of education which will prepare you to be well integrated in society and exploit employment opportunities. The government of Rwanda emphasizes the importance of aligning teaching and learning materials with the syllabus to facilitate your learning process. Many factors influence what you learn, how well you learn and the competences you acquire. Those factors include quality instructional materials available, assessment strategies for the learners among others. Special attention was paid to activities that facilitate learning process develop your ideas and make new discoveries during concrete activities carried out individually or with peers. In competence-based curriculum, learning is considered as a process of active building and developing knowledge and meanings by the learner where concepts are mainly introduced by an activity, a situation or a scenario that helps the learner to construct knowledge, develop skills and acquire positive attitudes and values. For effective use of this textbook, your role is to: • Work on given activities which lead to the development of skills • Share relevant information with other learners through presentations, discussions, group work and other active learning techniques such as role play, case studies, investigation and research in the library, from the internet or from your community; • Participate and take responsibility for your own learning; • Draw conclusions based on the findings from the learning activities. -
The Church and the Colonial State in Two Films: 'Documentary on the Baptism of the King of Rwanda' and 'The Consecration O
MGBAKOIGBA: JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES. VOL. 1. JULY, 2012. THE CHURCH AND THE COLONIAL STATE IN TWO FILMS: ‘DOCUMENTARY ON THE BAPTISM OF THE KING OF RWANDA’ AND ‘THE CONSECRATION OF BISHOP BIGIRUMWAMT’ Charles Kabwete Mulinda Department of Political Science National University of Rwanda [email protected]. Abstract This paper studies the sacraments of the baptism of King Mutara III Rudahigwa and Queen mother Kankazi of Rwanda and the consecration of Bigirumwami as the first African Bishop of central Africa. It does so by looking at two films that depict those sacraments, i.e., ‘Documentary on The Baptism of the King of Rwanda’ and ‘The Consecration of Bishop Bigirumwami.’ It argues that the sacraments were religious, but also political, given the collaboration of the church with the colonial state. It also argues that the films provide us with exceptional visual materials that written documents cannot portray. Through the magic of the images, films offer more insights in terms of putting before our eyes the reality, even if this reality is the one of the documentary, that is, a selected one. But on the other hand, it leaves us with so many gaps in the description of the sacraments and the celebrations that followed. Only archives and published documents were able to fill this gap. The paper advocates for the complementarity of the film and other historical sources. Introduction Five years ago, a number of Belgian research institutions that include the Royal Museum of Central Africa, the Royal Cinemateque, the KADOC (Documentation and Research Centre of Religion, Society and Culture) and the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) in conjunction with universities located in Congo, Burundi and Rwanda have undertaken an ambitious project of digitization of colonial films. -
The Unity of Rwandans Before the Colonial Period and Under The
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC THE UNITY OF RWANDANS - BEFORE THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND UNDER THE COLONIAL RULE - UNDER THE FIRST REPUBLIC Kigali, August 1999 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................................…………………………... l CHAPTER I. RELATIONS BETWEEN RWANDANS BEFORE THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND UNDER THE COLONIAL RULE .................................................…………...4 1.1. Unity before the Colonial Period ...........................................…………………4 l. l. l. Who were constituting unity ?.............................................. ………………….4 1.1.2. Unity characteristics (unity stocks)......................................………………….. 4 1.1.3. Obstacles to unity...........................................................……………………... 7 1.2. Unity under the Colonial rule................................................ ………………….7 1.2.1. Monarchy...................................................... ……………………7 1.2.2. Colonial administration.....................................……………….. 10 1.2.3. Religions ....................................................... ………………….14 1.2.4. Schools......................................................... …………………..16 CHAPTER II. FORCED LABOUR UNDER THE BELGIAN COLONIAL RULE.............................................. …………………..20 2.1. Forced labour ......................................................... ………………….20 2.2. Corvée ..............................................................……………………….22 2.3. Cultivating fallow -
The Foreign Honorific Peerage of the Royal House of Abanyiginya of Rwanda (1959-2019)
GRACE AND FAVOR THE FOREIGN HONORIFIC PEERAGE OF THE ROYAL HOUSE OF ABANYIGINYA OF RWANDA (1959-2019) Stewart Addington Saint-David 1 © 2019 Stewart Addington Saint-David. All rights reserved. 2 I believe in aristocracy, though -- if that is the right word, and if a democrat may use it. Not an aristocracy of power, based upon rank and influence, but an aristocracy of the sensitive, the considerate and the plucky. Its members are to be found in all nations and classes, and all through the ages, and there is a secret understanding between them when they meet. They represent the true human tradition, the one permanent victory of our queer race over cruelty and chaos. Thousands of them perish in obscurity, a few are great names. They are sensitive for others as well as themselves, they are considerate without being fussy, their pluck is not swankiness but power to endure, and they can take a joke. E. M. Forster Two Cheers for Democracy (1951) 3 4 GRACE AND FAVOR H.M. King Yuhi VI Bushayija of Rwanda THE FOREIGN HONORIFIC PEERAGE OF THE ROYAL HOUSE OF ABANYIGINYA OF RWANDA (1959-2019) Compiled by Guye W. Pennington Transcribed by Stewart Addington Saint-David 5 A portrait of the late Viscount by his daughter, Dña. Berta Montells y Pajares This volume is dedicated to the memory of H. E. José María de Montells y Galán (1949-2019) Viscount of Portadei in the Foreign Honorific Peerage of the Royal House of Abanyiginya of Rwanda, and Herald Master of Arms of the Royal House of Bagration-Mukhrani of Georgia. -
768 MUTARA III (Charles-Léon-Pierre-Rudahig
choix, coutumièrement exact en l'occurrence, 768 belges connurent ainsi des oscillations nombreu- nonobstant une intéressante anomalie de succes- ses, allant de périodes de collaboration étroite sion dynastique que décrit l'abbé Kagame. Et et sans heurt jusqu'à des phases de crise aiguë, MUTARA III (Charles-Léon-Pierre-Rudahig- autre circonstance significative, le rôle de la wa), (prince), Mwami du Ruanda (mars 1911 • selon la conjoncture générale du moment, selon Reine-Mère, jadis si important, fut volontaire- la personnalité du résident de Kigali ou du 25.7.1959). Fils de Yuhi V Musinga et dc la ment minimisé, l'Umugabekazi Kankazi étant Reine Kankazi. gouverneur d'Usumbura, selon l'influence même, à cette occasion, éloignée de Nyanza qu'exerçait le fonctionnaire belge revêtu des Mutara III Rudahigwa naquit à Nyanza entre et établie à Shyogwe. fonctions de « conseiller du Mwami », selon le 20 et 29 mars 1911. C'est l'abbé Alexis ICaga- Le 15 octobre 1933, le Mwami épousa Nyira- d'innombrables facteurs accidentels aussi. Détail me qui a recueilli le détail de la Reine-Mère rnakomari, du clan des Bagesera. Aucun des double à souligner, ces rapports entre Mutara elle-même: avant de mourir le 29 mars 1911 — conjoints n'étant baptisé. Il ne s'agissait que et l'administration belge furent parfois tendus ainsi qu'en atteste le diaire de la Mission de d'un mariage coutumier, que Mgr Classe déclara et difficiles, mais, d'une part, ils ne furent Save — le chef Kabare avait eu juste le temps alors « explicitement conditionnel ». jamais discourtois ou troublés par des écarts d'envoyer un messager féliciter sa nièce Kankazi Ce mariage dura dix ans, pendant lesquels de langage, l'extrême politesse ruandaise n'ayant de la naissance de Rudahigwa, mais la mort le Mwami demandait avec insistance le baptême, en aucune circonstance perdu ses droits et, l'empêcha de lui rendre quelques jours plus que Mgr Classe ne voulait autoriser qu'après d'autre part, ils ne cessèrent jamais d'être nom- tard la visite qu'il lui avait annoncée. -
The Rwandan Ethnic Crisis of the 1990S
Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertation Projects DMin Graduate Research 2002 The Rwandan Ethnic Crisis of the 1990s: An Historical Analysis of the Causes and a Strategy for Forgiveness and Reconciliation From a Seventh-day Adventist Perspective Hesron R. Byilingiro Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin Part of the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Byilingiro, Hesron R., "The Rwandan Ethnic Crisis of the 1990s: An Historical Analysis of the Causes and a Strategy for Forgiveness and Reconciliation From a Seventh-day Adventist Perspective" (2002). Dissertation Projects DMin. 534. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin/534 This Project Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertation Projects DMin by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT THE RWANDAN ETHNIC CRISIS OF THE 1990s: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND A STRATEGY FOR FORGIVENESS AND RECONCILIATION FROM A SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST PERSPECTIVE by Hesron R. Byilingiro Adviser: Russell L. Staples ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE RWANDAN ETHNIC CRISIS OF THE 1990s: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND A STRATEGY FOR FORGIVENESS AND RECONCILIATION FROM A SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST PERSPECTIVE Name of researcher: Hesron Rukundo Byilingiro Name & degree of faculty adviser: Russell L. Staples, Ph.D. Date completed: August 2002 Statement of the Task In 1994, the central Africa nation of Rwanda experienced a large-scale genocide in which thousands of people were killed.