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Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 1 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 2 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 PREFACE Les deux premières Républiques qui se sont succédées depuis l’indépendance du pays en 1962 ont entretenu la haine envers les Tutsi, qui depuis 1959 furent discriminés, persécutés, massacrés et poussés à l’exil par le régime extrémiste de Kayibanda. Le génocide commis contre les Tutsi en 1994 tire son origine dans l’idéologie raciste et ethnisante mise en place par le régime de Grégoire Kayibanda et perpétuée par celui de Juvénal Habyarimana. Pendant plus de cent jours le Rwanda a connu un génocide d’une cruauté inimaginable. Plus d’un million d’hommes, de femmes, de vieillards et d’enfants furent systématiquement tués par des extrémistes Hutu uniquement parce qu’ils étaient Tutsi. Des militaires, des gendarmes, des policiers, des miliciens et des citoyens ordinaires prirent part dans ce génocide. Dans le but de mettre en évidence la réalité du Génocide commis contre les Tutsi, cette étude a pour but de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques principales de sa planification, de son organisation et de son exécution dans la Préfecture de Kibungo composée de 11 Communes : Kayonza, Rutonde, Muhazi, Rukara, Kabarondo, Kigarama, Birenga, Mugesera, Sake, Rukira et Rusumo. L’espace territorial de ces 11 Communes est actuellement couvert par quatre districts : Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma et Kirehe. Au niveau méthodologique utilisé dans la conduite de cette étude, à part les interviews, différents ouvrages, articles et rapports sur le génocide commis contre les Tutsi ont été consultés. Les archives des Juridictions Gacaca et du Tribunal Pénal International sur le Rwanda (TPIR) ont été également d’un grand apport pour sa rédaction. 3 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 Les interviews ont été menées auprès de 110 personnes, dont des victimes, des bourreaux et d’autres observateurs, sur toute l’étendue de la Préfecture de Kibungo. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence les persécutions, les discriminations et les massacres dont ont été victimes les Tutsi de cette région, qui ont culminé dans le génocide. La Préfecture de Kibungo était peuplée par une population à prédominance tutsi, ce qui avait notamment amené le gouvernement de Juvénal Habyarimana, vers les années 80, à y installer dans certaines régions, des Hutu venus de Gisenyi et de Ruhengeri dans le but de renverser cette prédominance. L’enquête a permis de mettre en évidence la particularité de chaque Commune en rapport avec les cruautés qui y ont été commises. L’étude a également mis en exergue des ressemblances, dans toutes les Communes, concernant la torture des victimes et leur humiliation avant leurs exécutions. Il ressort de cette étude que le génocide dans la Préfecture de Kibungo a duré seulement trois semaines, du 07 avril au 27 avril 1994, date de sa libération compléte par le FPR. Malgré la courte période de génocide dans cette préfecture, un nombre élevé de Tutsi en ont été victimes. Cette réalité traduit concrètement la participation d’un grand nombre de citoyens hutu ordinaires dans l’extermination des Tutsi. Presque toutes les autorités administratives locales de la Préfecture de Kibungo se sont investies dans le génocide, notamment les Bourgmestres, les Conseillers des Secteurs et les Responsables des Cellules, à l’exception du Bourgmestre de la Commune Rukira et du Préfet de Kibungo. Ce dernier, quoique hutu, a été tué pendant le génocide parce qu’il s’y opposait. D’autres hautes personnalités originaires 4 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO Préface de 1990 à 1994 de cette préfecture y ont également commis le génocide. Des militaires hauts gradés ont activement participé au génocide, notamment le Colonel Pierre Célestin Rwagafilita et le Lieutenant-Colonel Anselme Nkuriyekubona. Parmi ceux qui se sont sinistrement illustrés dans les massacres figure également Jean Baptiste Gatete, qui fut Bourgmestre de la Commune Murambi, en Préfecture de Byumba. Pendant sa fuite, Gatete a sillonné une grande partie de la Préfecture de Kibungo en incitant les Hutu aux massacres contre les Tutsi et en y participant en personne. Même si le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi a été planifié au niveau national, chaque préfecture avait sa particularité dans l’exécution du génocide. C’est dans ce cadre que la CNLG s’est donnée comme objectif de mener des recherches sur le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans chaque préfecture qui composait le pays en 1994. Ainsi, cette étude est publiée par la CNLG dans le but de préserver les preuves tangibles de la planification et de l’exécution du Génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi dans la préfecture de Kibungo. Cette étude a été réalisée par Justine HITIMANA du Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur le Génocide. Dr BIZIMANA Jean-Damascène Secrétaire Exécutif 5 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS A.D.L : Association Rwandaise pour la Défense des Droits de la Personne et des Libertés Publiques APROSOMA : Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse BBC : The British Broadcasting Corporation BEM : Brévet d’Etudes Militaires CDR : Coalition pour la Défense de la République CERAI : Centre d’Enseignement Rural et Artisanal Intégré CNLG : Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide CND : Conseil National pour le Développement FAR : Forces Armées Rwandaises FPR : Front Patriotique Rwandais IGA : Ikigo Gihugura Abaturage (Centre d’alphabétisation de la population) GN : Gendarmerie Nationale MDR : Mouvement Démocratique Républicain MINADEF : Ministere de la Défense Nationale MININTER : Ministère de l’Interieur MINUAR : Mission des Nations Unies pour l’Assistance au Rwanda MRND : Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement 6 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO Sigles et abréviations de 1990 à 1994 MRNDD : Mouvement Républicain National pour le Développement et la Démocratie OFPRA : Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et des Apatrides ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies ONATRACOM : Office National des Transports en Commun PARMEHUTU : Parti du Mouvement pour l’Emancipation des Hutu PL : Parti Libéral PSD : Parti Social-démocrate PTT : Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones RADER : Rassemblement Démocratique Rwandais RTLM : Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines SCR : Service Central de Renseignement TPIR : Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda IPJ : Inspecteur de Police Judiciaire UNAR : Union Nationale Rwandaise 7 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 TABLE DES MATIERES PREFACE.......................................................................3 SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS............................................6 TABLE DES MATIERES .................................................8 INTRODUCTION GENERALE.........................................13 I. APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE.......................................20 II. PROFIL GEOGRAPHIQUE ET POLITICO-ADMINISTRATIF DE LA PREFECTURE DE KIBUNGO.......................................24 IV. L’HISTOIRE DU PEUPLEMENT ET LA QUESTION ETHNIQUE DURANT LA PERIODE DE 1959 A 1973.............38 4.1. La cohabitation des Rwandais et la montée de l’ethnisme durant l’année 1959..............................39 4.2. La relégation des Tutsi dans des régions de la Préfecture de Kibungo............................................52 4.3. La situation politique, la discrimination et la persécution contre les Tutsi : 1961-1973................59 4.4. La chronologie des massacres contre les Tutsi....... 66 4.4.1. Les massacres contre les Tutsi en 1961.............. 67 4.4.2. Les massacres contre les Tutsi en 1963 et 1966.....81 4.4.3. Les massacres contre les Tutsi et leurs expulsions des écoles, de l’Université et des services publics en 1973 ................................................................. 94 V. LA SITUATION DES TUTSI DURANT LA PERIODE DE 1973 A 1990...................................................................107 VI. LA PLANIFICATION DU GENOCIDE COMMIS CONTRE LES TUTSI ENTRE 1990 ET 1993......................................... 122 6.1. Le problème des réfugiés rwandais de 1959......... 123 8 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO Table des matières de 1990 à 1994 6.2. La propagation de l’idéologie de la haine contre les Tutsi à travers les média de 1990 et 1994............ 130 6.3. L’inculcation de l’idéologie du génocide à travers les réunions et les meetings entre 1990 et 1994........136 6.3.1. Les réunions préparant le génocide...................136 6.3.2. La propagation de la haine à travers les meetings politiques..........................................................152 6.3.3. Les réunions tenues pendant le génocide.......... 161 6.4. Les violences commises contre les Tutsi entre 1990 et 1994................................................................165 6.5. L’entraînement des milices et la distribution d’armes à la population.....................................................187 6.6. La création des groupes de milices et l’entraînement militaire...............................................................197 6.6.1. Abarinda ..........................................................199
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  • Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda

    Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda

    wbhr 02|2012 Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda -$1=È+2ěË. Rwanda is a small country in Equatorial Africa which has become known for the 1994 genocide that finished a century long development of polari- zation of society in its socio-economic, political as well as cultural conse- quences. The early roots of the genocide can be found already at the end of the 19th century when first under the German, and later during the Bel- gian colonialism two “racial” entities were formed within one nation which had for centuries lived together sharing common history, language, cultural traits, religion, and socio-political organization and institutions.1 However, social scientists and historians until very recently could not agree on the initial phase of “antagonism” between Hutu and Tutsi, whether it was a matter of the Tutsi conquest long before the European colonialism came to Rwanda, or whether the politics of distinction was a matter of the European policy of divide and rule.2 In 1923, Rwanda was officially approved by the League of Nations as the Belgian mandated territory within Ruanda-Urundi. Already before this rather formal act, Belgium had professed to respect native institutions of both colonies and the Belgian administration had only to play the role of a guide following the principles of the indirect rule.3 In reality, Belgian influence on local political and social environment was greater than it might seem. Tutsi aristocracy was put into a place of indubitable superior “race” and rulers of the country with a supervision of their Belgian admin- istrators.