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Rwanda : Un Royaume Chrétien Dans Le Guet-Apens Racial

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Rwanda : Un Royaume Chrétien Dans Le Guet-Apens Racial rwANDA : l’AuTre shoAh RW ANDA : uN royAume ChrÉTieN DANs le GueT-APeNs rACiAl C’est Mgr Léon-Paul Classe, successeur de « même s’ils assument parfois une visibilité Mgr Hirth à la tête du vicariat apostolique affichée, c’est davantage sur l’arrière- de Kabgayi, qui s’est chargé de manœuvrer scène du théâtre colonial que les Pères auprès des autorités tutélaires belges pour régler ce problème. En bout de ligne, c’est Blancs se remarquent dans la direction des lui qui a fait destituer le roi Yuhi V Musinga. acteurs politiques. Conjuguant formation C’est également par ses tractations que fut choisi le nouveau monarque, plus des élites, construction de réseaux et favorable à l’Église. Est-il vrai que le prince alliances pragmatiques, la mission parvient Rudahigwa a participé discrètement au à s’aménager une structure propre à la complot de mise à l’écart de son père avant de lui succéder ? Des présomptions rendre incontournable au sein du champ allant dans ce sens ont circulé. Cependant, colonial ». Ces propos de l’historien on ne pourra pas trop s’avancer sur ce terrain, faute de sources probantes. Les Jean-marie Bouron résument parfaitement manœuvres de Mgr Classe à ce sujet sont ce qui s’est passé au rwanda. les lignes restées un secret bien gardé. Mutara III Rudahigwa ayant été iconifié par la suite en suivantes vont éclairer davantage sur ce raison de son immense popularité, nul n’a sujet. p osé l’accuser publiquement de trahison. Toujours est-il que vers la fin du règne du Au sein de l’Église missionnaire, le choix de roi Yuhi V Musinga, les gardiens du Code la stratégie pour l’apostolat du pays a été ésotérique1 se sont retrouvés devant pendant longtemps une prérogative du une situation insolite. Plus que jamais vicaire apostolique basé à Kabgayi. Sous auparavant, ils se sont rendu compte qu’ils Mgr Hirth, il avait été conclu sans équivoque n’étaient plus les seuls maîtres du jeu, dans que le roi Yuhi V Musinga constituait un leur devoir sacré de pérenniser la monarchie obstacle à l’évangélisation du Rwanda. Si des Banyiginya2. Tout au long du règne de la volonté de l’écarter est restée longtemps Yuhi V Musinga, il était devenu évident que sans effet, c’est parce que l’administration le pouvoir royal était assujetti à l’autorité coloniale allemande s’y opposait. L’arrivée des Belges après la 1ère guerre mondiale 1. Abiru : c’est ainsi qu’on désignait les membres a créé des conditions favorables à la mise du conseil des gardiens du code ésotérique, celui- n° 155-156 - Avtil 2014 à l’écart de ce monarque, farouchement ci étant l’équivalent de la constitution dans les e N pays à tradition écrite. zi opposé aux missionnaires. Leur pomme de discorde était l’ingérence des Pères Blancs 2. Abanyiginya : c’est le nom du clan duquel était mAGA dans la politique du pays. issu la famille royale du Rwanda. Cela remontait à huit siècles. 42 rwANDA : l’AuTre shoAh Hutte royale à Nyanza coloniale. À la Cour du Rwanda, on avait tradition, le choix de Mutara3 comme nom constaté aussi que l’Église était un acteur dynastique inaugurait un règne pacifique. puissant, avec lequel il fallait composer. De leur côté, les missionnaires s’étaient Suite à ce qui était arrivé à son père, le rendu compte de l’importance d’avoir un roi nouveau roi a vite saisi la nécessité d’être du Rwanda en leur faveur. L’évangélisation en bon terme avec les Blancs, en particulier de ce pays ne pouvait pas se faire facilement les missionnaires. La survie du trône en sans l’appui du monarque régnant. dépendait. Son entourage immédiat et L’intronisation de Mutara III Rudahigwa a même toute la population attachée à la donc été un choix gagnant-gagnant, du monarchie partageaient un sentiment moins à moyen terme. D’ailleurs, la stratégie de résignation. Le mot d’ordre aurait été, de Mgr Classe a vite porté des fruits. Le semble-t-il, de prendre le mal en patience n° 155-156 - Avtil 2014 e N et de trouver un nouveau . zi modus vivendi 3. Dans la tradition monarchique du Rwanda, L’accès au trône de Rudahigwa mit fin à Mutara est un nom dynastique indiquant que le mAGA une longue période belliqueuse opposant roi a pour mission de mettre l’accent sur la paix et l’Église et la Cour. Conformément à la la prospérité du pays. 43 rwANDA : l’AuTre shoAh nouveau roi fut baptisé le 17 octobre l’Afrique. Au plus fort de sa gloire, Mutara 1943 et le pays fut consacré au Christ- III Rudahigwa fut même décoré par le Roi. Suite à cette nouvelle orientation, les Pape Pie XII et élevé au rang de « Chevalier Rwandais rejoignirent l’Église catholique commandeur de l’Ordre de Saint-Grégoire en masse. « L’Esprit-Saint souffla en le grand de la classe civile ». tornade » : c’est ainsi que les missionnaires rapportèrent triomphalement le Changement stratégique changement spectaculaire survenu au au vicariat de Kabgayi Rwanda. Léon-Paul Classe était au Rwanda depuis Choyé par le vicaire apostolique de Kabgayi, plusieurs années quand, en 1922, il en bons termes avec les Belges, aimé par succéda à Mgr Hirth à la tête du vicariat l’immense majorité de la population, le roi apostolique de Kabgayi. Il connaissait Mutara III Rudahigwa jouit d’une popularité bien ce pays. Intelligent, réservé et grand jamais égalée. Les deux premières observateur, il avait certainement appris décennies de son règne furent glorieuses. beaucoup des erreurs commises au début La consécration du Rwanda au Christ-roi de l’implantation de l’Église missionnaire. matérialisa le rêve de Mgr Léon Paul Classe, Éprouvait-il des remords pour les tueries de bâtir un royaume chrétien au cœur de perpétrées au début de la mission dont il n° 155-156 - Avtil 2014 e N zi mAGA Intérieur de la cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l’Immaculée-Conception de Kabgayi 44 rwANDA : l’AuTre shoAh a gardé le secret jusqu’à sa mort ? C’est une une époque, et apparemment, certaines possibilité à ne pas écarter. Deux éléments personnes y croient même jusqu’à nos distinguent sa stratégie de celle de son jours. prédécesseur. D’abord, plutôt que de s’en prendre au monarque régnant et aux Tutsi Ce vicaire apostolique d’origine alsacienne en général, il en a fait des alliés. Il aurait a réalisé son rêve. Pour pérenniser son ordonné aux missionnaires de cesser de œuvre, il fonda en 1929 la Congrégation des s’ingérer dans la politique locale. On dit Frères Josephites, tout comme Mgr Hirth qu’il aurait même sévi sévèrement contre avait fondé celle des Sœurs Benebikira. Son ceux qui dérogeaient à cette directive. choix stratégique ne faisait pas l’unanimité, puisque en milieu missionnaire, la haine des L’Histoire a retenu un geste pour lequel les Tutsi est restée vivace. La métastase de cette Rwandais lui sont restés reconnaissants. On haine serait liée à la reproduction du conflit dit que c’est grâce à son intervention que la qui prévalait en Belgique, d’où provenaient région de Gisaka (à l’Est du Rwanda) n’a pas plusieurs Pères Blancs. Ceux issus de la été rattachée au Tanganyika (qui était une paysannerie flamande se seraient vite colonie britannique). Notons en passant identifiés aux Hutu, tout en assimilant les qu’à la conférence de Berlin de 1885, le Tutsi à l’aristocratie wallonne. On sait qu’en Rwanda fut amputé d’une immense partie Belgique, il y a un nombre considérable de de son territoire. Une grande portion fut citoyens opposés traditionnellement à la rattachée au Congo (octroyé au roi des monarchie. Le Rwanda serait devenu pour Belges), l’autre, ajoutée à l’Ouganda, alors eux, un terrain propice à la poursuite de la colonisé par les Britanniques. lutte pour l’abolition de cette institution jugée inutile et dépassée. un royaume chrétien victime du guet-apens racial Vers la fin de sa mission, on dit que Mgr Classe était fort préoccupé par le chemin En décidant de s’appuyer uniquement périlleux sur lequel il allait laisser la jeune sur les Tutsi pour ériger un royaume congrégation des Frères Josephites qu’il chrétien, Mgr Classe orienta le Rwanda avait fondée. Il aurait encouragé ces vers un dangereux guet-apens racial. Son religieux autochtones à rester attachés à choix stratégique eut pour conséquence leur vocation et à s’armer de leur foi, face d’élargir une fissure sociale entre les Hutu aux difficultés en perspective. Cette mise et les Tutsi. L’antagonisme racial créé par les en garde prémonitoire de son fondateur missionnaires au début de leur apostolat a permis à cette congrégation de traverser refera surface plus tard, avec une acuité la longue période éprouvante qui a failli extrêmement dangereuse. l’emporter. Mgr Classe a contribué au renforcement Pour la petite histoire, la congrégation des d’une gouvernance basée sur une vision Frères Joséphites doit sa survie au Decretum raciale. Croyait-il à la théorie de la prétendue Laudis octroyé par Rome, et qui en fit un n° 155-156 - Avtil 2014 e N supériorité raciale des Tutsi ? C’est une Ordre de droit pontifical. Par cette décision zi possibilité à ne pas écarter. La théorie de salutaire, célébré dans l’allégresse par les la hiérarchie des races a marqué toute mAGA 45 rwANDA : l’AuTre shoAh Bayozefiti4, le Saint-Siège désavoua Mgr allusion au rang social, sans animosité André Perraudin. Ce dernier avait en effet ni effet sur la vie citoyenne, ils devinrent demandé formellement la suppression pure une référence identitaire déterminante et simple de cette congrégation.
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