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Church and State in Rwanda: Catholic Missiology and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi Marcus Timothy Haworth SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2018 Church and State in Rwanda: Catholic Missiology and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi Marcus Timothy Haworth SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, African Studies Commons, Catholic Studies Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, Missions and World Christianity Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Haworth, Marcus Timothy, "Church and State in Rwanda: Catholic Missiology and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi" (2018). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2830. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2830 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHURCH AND STATE IN RWANDA CATHOLIC MISSIOLOGY AND THE 1994 GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI MARCUS TIMOTHY HAWORTH WORLD LEARNING – SIT STUDY ABROAD SCHOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAINING RWANDA: POST-GENOCIDE RESTORATION AND PEACEBUILDING PROGRAM CELINE MUKAMURENZI, ACADEMIC DIRECTOR SPRING 2018 ABSTRACT During the 1994 Genocide -
From “A Theology of Genocide” to a “Theology of Reconciliation”? on the Role of Christian Churches in the Nexus of Religion and Genocide in Rwanda
religions Article From “a Theology of Genocide” to a “Theology of Reconciliation”? On the Role of Christian Churches in the Nexus of Religion and Genocide in Rwanda Christine Schliesser 1,2 1 Institute for Social Ethics, Zurich University, Zollikerstr. 117, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Studies in Historical Trauma and Transformation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Central, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa Received: 13 December 2017; Accepted: 18 January 2018; Published: 23 January 2018 Abstract: This paper explores the role of a specific religious actor, namely Christian churches, in the nexus of religion and genocide in Rwanda. Four factors are identified that point to the churches’ complicity in creating and sustaining the conditions in which the 1994 genocide could occur, leaving up to one million people dead. These factors include the close relationship between church and state, the churches’ endorsement of ethnic policies, power struggles within the churches, and a problematic theology emphasizing obedience instead of responsibility. Nevertheless, the portrayal of all Christian churches as collaborators of the genocide appears too simplistic and one-sided. Various church-led initiatives for peace and reconciliation prior to the genocide indicate a more complex picture of church involvement. Turning away from a “Theology of Genocide” that endorsed ethnic violence, numerous Christian churches in Rwanda now propagate a “Theology of Reconciliation.” A modest empirical case study of the Presbyterian Church (EPR) reveals how their “Theology of Reconciliation” embraces the four dimensions of theology, institutions, relationships, and remembrance. Based on their own confession of guilt in the Detmold Confession of 1996, the EPR’s engagement for reconciliation demonstrates religion’s constructive contribution in Rwanda’s on-going quest for sustainable peace and development. -
Colonial Roots of the Rwandese Ethnic Conflict
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 5 ||May. 2016 || PP.79-83 Colonial Roots of the Rwandese Ethnic Conflict Ashutosh Singh (Research Scholar, Department of Western History, University of Lucknow, Lucknow) ABSTRACT: The 1994 Rwanda Genocide apart from being a major humanitarian travesty also poses some very interesting questions to a social scientist. It is one of the very few if not the only case where an entire community carried out a planned extermination of another. This was in marked contrast to the Jewish Holocaust, the primary responsibility of which lay with the Nazi Party and its anti-Semitic doctrine, and many Germans were even unaware of the former. In Rwanda, the genocide was carried out by almost the entire Hutu Community against the Tutsi, and is a living example of the dangers of a polarised society. However, the roots of the genocide were laid early in Rwanda’s colonial past; the polarised Rwandese society was a direct product of the policies followed by the colonial regime. The Catholic Church also played an important role in creating artificial divisions in Rwandese society. It would thus be useful to study the roles of the various colonial institutions in creating the ethnic divide in Rwanda. Keywords: Colonial, Rwanda, Ethnic, Conflict I. Introduction In 1994, Rwanda erupted into one of the most appalling cases of mass murder the world has witnessed since World War II. Many of the majority Hutu (about 8 per cent of the population) turned on the Tutsi (about 12 per cent of the population) and moderate Hutu, killing an estimated total of 800,000 people. -
UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins Committee in charge: Professor Stephan F. Miescher, Chair Professor Mhoze Chikowero Professor Erika Rappaport Professor Leila Rupp June 2014 The dissertation of Sarah E. Watkins is approved. _____________________________________________ Mhoze Chikowero _____________________________________________ Erika Rappaport ____________________________________________ Leila Rupp ____________________________________________ Stephan F. Miescher, Committee Chair May 2014 Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 Copyright © 2014 by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While responsibility for the end result of this work rests with me, its creation would not have been possible without the support and dedication of many others. For their intellectual and moral support through the preparation and writing of this dissertation, I want to thank Stephan Miescher, my advisor, and Mhoze Chikowero, Erika Rappaport, and Leila Rupp, for agreeing to shepherd me through this process. Writing a dissertation can be excruciating, but having such a supportive and engaged committee makes all the difference. For their mentorship during my research and writing in Rwanda, I want to thank David Newbury, Catharine Newbury, Rose-Marie Mukarutabana, Bernard Rutikanga, and Jennie Burnet, as well as the Faculty of History at the National University of Rwanda. Their insights have sharpened my analysis, and consistently challenged me to engage more deeply with the sources, as well as to consider the broader context of the stories with which I am so fascinated. -
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 264
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 264 Utgivna av Historiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet genom Margaret Hunt och Maria Ågren Cover Photo: Nyamata Church, Rwanda Photographer: Ben Curtis, Associated Press Cover Layout: Kerri Sandell Olov Simonsson God Rests in Rwanda The Role of Religion in the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Thunbergsvägen 3P, Uppsala, Friday, 14 June 2019 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor R. Scott Appleby. Abstract Simonsson, O. 2019. God Rests in Rwanda. The Role of Religion in the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Studia Historica Upsaliensia 264. 312 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0655-1. This study analyses the role of religion in the Rwandan genocide, providing new explanations to the complex dynamics of devaluation and victimisation processes in genocidal violence. The thesis explains how religion was used in different contexts prior to, during, and after the 1994 genocide. The following questions guide this study: What kinds of religious concepts and arguments were used in the context of the Rwandan genocide, and how? Why were they used and what did these concepts and arguments mean? Finally, did the meanings of the religious arguments change over time and between different contexts, and if so why? Texts from three sources were analysed: the Hutu extremist propaganda in Kangura magazine and in RTLM broadcasts, and testimonies from the ICTR trials. The analysis was guided by Roger Dale Petersen’s theory on Fear, Hatred, and Resentment, as well as theories on devaluation, social identity, self-victimisation, and competitive victimhood. -
Rwanda International Community to the Situations in Rwanda and Srebrenica, Which Resulted in Concrete Recommendations
600mm 653mm 653mm 653mm 653mm 600mm Acknowledging Failure After 1994, the UN initiated reviews of the lack of appropriate reaction by the Rwanda international community to the situations in Rwanda and Srebrenica, which resulted in concrete recommendations. In April 2004, at a Special Session of the Commission on Human Rights commemorating the 10th anniversary of what would have prevented this? Too Little, Too Late the Rwandan genocide, the Secretary-General acknowledged the On 17 May 1994, with the genocide finally undeniable, the UN Security “collective failure” of the UN to protect the people of Rwanda and announced a Council voted to expand the UN peacekeeping mission to 5,500 Although the Rwandan genocide took many people by five-point action plan for the prevention Failure to react... War Breaks Out peacekeepers with the mandate “to contribute to the security and protection of genocide. As part of the plan, in July surprise, there had been enough warning signs that of displaced persons, refugees and civilians at risk in Rwanda”. However, no 2004 the Secretary-General appointed a Special Advisor on the Prevention of In the 1980s, Tutsis in exile sought to return to Rwanda, but were prevented from doing so. Some genocide was imminent. A history of discrimination, reinforcements arrived. A separate multinational force, led by France and Genocide to report through him to the joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a largely Tutsi rebel army that invaded Rwanda in 1990, authorized by the Council to use force to establish secure conditions for Security Council on situations that, if not violence and massacres preceded and foretold the events of seeking the right of exiles to return. -
Rwanda Journal, Series A: Arts and Humanities, Volume 1 (1), 2016
Rwanda Journal ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.3A Ndorwá Famous Women J. NYIRAHABIMANA, Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Education of Kibungo & J. C. NKEJABAHIZI, University of Rwanda Abstract This article focuses on famous women of Ndorwá region in North-East of Rwanda. It aims at drawing portraits of extraordinary heroines who marked the collective memory of Ndorwa region. Lives of women portrayed in this article are unique. It is this uniqueness that we highlight. Moreover, their portraits convey important information on social, cultural, political and economic organization of Ndorwa region. Key words: Rwanda, women, heroines, Ndorwá Introduction The Kingdom of Ndorwá was located to the North of the Kingdom of Rwanda, currently the southern area of the Republic of Uganda. It was governed by the dynasty of the Abashaambo clan, from which derived the phrase Ndorwá y‘Ábashaambo. It was conquered and occupied by King Kigeli III Ndabárasa (1706- 1741). The monarch‘s long stay in this region gave rise to famous poetical battle of wits: - Mbwiiré umwaámi ukó abaándi baámi baantumyé (Let me convey to the king the message from other kings) by poet Musaáre, son of Nyakayoonga. - Baateewe n’íikí uburaké (What made them furious) by poet Kibáraké son of Bagorozi. He composed this poem on the king‘s order. - Nóone kó wamazé ubuhiínge (Now, you have completed farm work) by poet Musaáre. In 1884, during the Berlin conference when the Western colonial powers shared out Africa and set new borders for African countries, the Kingdom of Rwanda lost a big part of Ndorwá territory. -
Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda
wbhr 02|2012 Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda -$1=È+2ěË. Rwanda is a small country in Equatorial Africa which has become known for the 1994 genocide that finished a century long development of polari- zation of society in its socio-economic, political as well as cultural conse- quences. The early roots of the genocide can be found already at the end of the 19th century when first under the German, and later during the Bel- gian colonialism two “racial” entities were formed within one nation which had for centuries lived together sharing common history, language, cultural traits, religion, and socio-political organization and institutions.1 However, social scientists and historians until very recently could not agree on the initial phase of “antagonism” between Hutu and Tutsi, whether it was a matter of the Tutsi conquest long before the European colonialism came to Rwanda, or whether the politics of distinction was a matter of the European policy of divide and rule.2 In 1923, Rwanda was officially approved by the League of Nations as the Belgian mandated territory within Ruanda-Urundi. Already before this rather formal act, Belgium had professed to respect native institutions of both colonies and the Belgian administration had only to play the role of a guide following the principles of the indirect rule.3 In reality, Belgian influence on local political and social environment was greater than it might seem. Tutsi aristocracy was put into a place of indubitable superior “race” and rulers of the country with a supervision of their Belgian admin- istrators. -
1 the Facts Consist of Boniface Benzinge and Joseph Sebarenzi's
Case 6:09-cr-10005-MLB -DWB Document 157 Filed 05/04/10 Page 1 of 9 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff, ) CRIMINAL ACTION ) v. ) No. 09-10005-MLB ) LAZARE KOBAGAYA, ) ) Defendant. ) ) MEMORANDUM AND ORDER This case comes before the court on defendant’s motion to suppress items seized pursuant to a search warrant. (Doc. 110) The motion has been fully briefed and is ripe for decision. (Docs. 116, 126). The court conducted an evidentiary hearing on April 28, 2010. The motion to suppress is denied for the reasons herein. I. FACTS1 Defendant Lazare Kobagaya is charged with making several material false statements in his Application for Naturalization and alien registration card in which he allegedly concealed his whereabouts and culpability in connection with the Rwandan Genocide. (Doc. 1). On April 22, 2009, United States Magistrate Judge Donald W. Bostwick issued a search warrant permitting a search of defendant’s home located at 3232 SW Oakley Avenue, Topeka, Kansas. The warrant permitted a search for the following: 1. Documents in the name of or bearing the name of KOBAGAYA/KABAYA LAZARE/LAZARO, related to and including, but not limited to: the fraudulently obtained alien 1 The facts consist of Boniface Benzinge and Joseph Sebarenzi’s testimony heard at the hearing and exhibits admitted by the court. Case 6:09-cr-10005-MLB -DWB Document 157 Filed 05/04/10 Page 2 of 9 registration receipt card, United States Passports, other passports, Certificate of United States Citizenship, identity documentation and documentation of alien status in the United States which authorized KOBAGAYA'S entrance into and continued presence in the United States. -
Qatar Calls for Pushing Israel to Halt Settlements
BUSINESS | Page 1 SPORT | Page 1 Qatar earn fi rst points against INDEX DOW JONES QE NYMEX QATAR 2-6, 27 COMMENT 26 Bahrain REGION 8, 9 BUSINESS 1-7, 14-16 19,83200 10,742.03 52.37 ARAB WORLD 8- 10 CLASSIFIED 8-13 QNB posts 10% jump +29.00 +32.56 -0.64 INTERNATIONAL 12-25 SPORTS SECTION 1-11 +0.15% +0.30% -1.21% in profi t to QR12.4bn Latest Figures published in QATAR since 1978 MONDAY Vol. XXXVII No. 10335 January 16, 2017 Rabia II 18, 1438 AH GULF TIMES www. gulf-times.com 2 Riyals Emir meets CMC members In brief QATAR | Aid QR43.8mn for solving Gaza’s power problem HH the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani directed an urgent payment of QR43.8mn to solve the Gaza Strip’s electricity problem. The Emir also directed that an international co- operation should be undertaken to study the problem and make proposals to swiftly solve it. This came as HH the Emir met at the Emiri Diwan yesterday with deputy chairman of Hamas’ political bureau in Palestine Dr Ismail HH the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani meeting with chairman, vice chairman and members of the Central Municipal Council at Emiri Diwan yesterday. The meeting was attended by HE the Prime Minister and Haniyeh. The Chairman of the National Interior Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa al-Thani. Page 2 Committee for the Reconstruction of Gaza ambassador Mohamed al-Emadi, during a telephone conversation, informed acting Minister of Energy Authority in Ramallah Zafer Melhem that Qatar will pay QR14.6mn a month for three months to solve Gaza’s Bangladesh to ink electricity problem. -
King Kigeli V and the Shattered Kingdom of Rwanda
1 2 3 4 UMWAMI KING KIGELI V AND THE SHATTERED KINGDOM OF RWANDA (1896-2016) Stewart Addington Saint-David 5 “My wish is that every human being should be treated equally, and as a child of God, both here and in Rwanda.” -H. M. Jean-Baptiste Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, King of Rwanda (r. 1959- 2016) © 2018 Stewart Addington Saint-David. All rights reserved. 6 FOREWORD H. M. YUHI VI BUSHAYIJA King of Rwanda I was born into a branch of the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Rwanda as it entered its final phase as the active central component of the country's political and cultural life, during the reign of my late uncle, King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. The king of Rwanda, called Umwami in our Kinyarwanda language, has always been considered the “father of the nation,” and is seen as the universal patriarch of the countless family groups that constitute the vital human fabric of our country. Through decades of foreign intervention and encroachment, the institution of the monarchy withstood the test of time, and was seen as the central pillar of the Rwandan state. Under the wise rule of my grandfather, Yuhi V Musinga, as well during that of my uncles Mutara III Rudahigwa and Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, the nation was able to preserve its cultural heritage and internal autonomy, all the while moving haltingly toward full independence and eventual self- determination. The monarchy, and the monarch in particular, have always acted as guarantors of stability and continuity across the land, despite the turmoil that engulfed other surrounding nations as the moral, social, and political depredations of colonialism left waves of conflict and bloodshed in their wake. -
History Citizenship
History and Citizenship Senior Two Student’s Book Copyright © 2020 Rwanda Basic Education Board All rights reserved. This book is the property for the Government of Rwanda. Credit must be given to REB when the content is quoted ii iii FOREWORD Dear Student, Rwanda Basic Education Board is honoured to present to you History and Citizenship book for Senior Two which serves as a guide to competence-based teaching and learning to ensure consistency and coherence in the learning of History and Citizenship subject. The Rwandan educational philosophy is to ensure that you achieve full potential at every level of education which will prepare you to be well integrated in society and exploit employment opportunities. The government of Rwanda emphasizes the importance of aligning teaching and learning materials with the syllabus to facilitate your learning process. Many factors influence what you learn, how well you learn and the competences you acquire. Those factors include quality instructional materials available, assessment strategies for the learners among others. Special attention was paid to activities that facilitate learning process develop your ideas and make new discoveries during concrete activities carried out individually or with peers. In competence-based curriculum, learning is considered as a process of active building and developing knowledge and meanings by the learner where concepts are mainly introduced by an activity, a situation or a scenario that helps the learner to construct knowledge, develop skills and acquire positive attitudes and values. For effective use of this textbook, your role is to: • Work on given activities which lead to the development of skills • Share relevant information with other learners through presentations, discussions, group work and other active learning techniques such as role play, case studies, investigation and research in the library, from the internet or from your community; • Participate and take responsibility for your own learning; • Draw conclusions based on the findings from the learning activities.