IKAMBERE MUSEUM NEWS

Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute of National Museums of Rwanda

*************January - March 2019 ***********

Ikambere Newsletter Issue no: 08

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rwandamuseums Institute of National Museums of RWANDA Contents:

Let us learn from the royal grave good: Germany and Rwanda exhibit Cultural Cyirima II Rujugira and objects found heritage projects preserved since 1981 in his tomb

Ibyo wamenya ku hantu ndangamurage Abakozi bashinzwe kwakira abashyitsi mu karere ka Nyanza ahantu ndangamuco barifuza ubufatanye mu guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku muco

Discover your Museums, Cherish your Heritage

Pg1 Pg2 Let us learn from the royal grave good: Cyirima II Rujugira and objects found in his tomb

In ancient Rwanda, there were royal tombs where kings, queens and queen mothers were laid to rest. Some Kings were buried in other places after passing away on spot during a battle. Cyirima II Rujugira a Rwandan famous king of battle known on a say “u Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa” (No nation invades Rwanda, instead Rwanda defends itself and attacks nations.), who reigned from1675 to 1708 was buried at Gaseke hill, Rukoma in Kamonyi district.

Photo: King Cyirima II Rujugira’s belongings in exhibition at Ethnographic Museum.

Between 1968 and 1973, the Belgian archaeologist named Francis Van Noten excavated two graves be- longing to Rwandan former kings (Cyirima II Rujugira and Kigeri IV Rwabugiri), and one belonging to the former queen-mother (Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera). Among these three graves, the most spectacular burial was that of Cyirima Rujugira found at Gaseke hill in Rukoma, now in Kamonyi district, Southern Prov- ince. According to oral traditions, the King Rujugira died around 1708, but due to a number of reasons his corpse which had been smoked, was only buried in 1931 or 1932. Archaeological dating however, sug- gest that the king’s death happened around 1635, many years earlier than the figures put forward by oral historians. Traditionally the smoked body of a shepherd-king, with the dynastic name of Cyirima or Mutara, was kept and honored by a cult at this Gaseke hill. Rujugira was supposed to be transported and buried later with dignity in the royal cemetery of Rutare by the subsequent shepherd-king Mutara II Rwogera, his fourth Pg1Pg3 successor. However, Rwogera was prevented from observing this rite, and the remains of Cyirima II were therefore kept in Gaseke until December 1931 or January 1932 when Yuhi V Musinga had them secretly buried in the Gaseke town center.

In Gaseke the smoked corpse of the king was kept in a compound with three huts inside: in the first one lived the ritual-guard Umwiru, and some ritual drums were kept in there. The second hut sheltered the body of Cyirima that was continuously smoked, together with some royal drums. In the third and smallest hut were kept the common drums.

Photo: Royal grave good found at Cyirima II Rujugira’s tomb

The objects belonging to Cyirima II Rujugira were conserved and buried with him. Thus, his body and 188 classes of items (most of them in a single item) were found in his tomb. The large number of the ma- terial found in the grave of Cyirima Rujugira was connected with ritual and magic. Among these objects are ceramic objects (drinking pots and pipes); metal material (traditional hammers, spears, bells, swords and knives, bracelets); animal bones, shells, wooden material, stone material and glass beads.

Did you know that you can visit, see and learn more about all these grave goods at the Ethnographic Museum in Huye? Yes, all these objects are exhibited in one of this museum galleries since 1988. Come and learn more about the Rwandan beliefs on life after death, or learn about the long distance trade in pre- colonial Rwanda as some of the items found in the grave were not produced locally but imported from far away in Asia and Europe.

By Eudoxie Alice Pg4 Abakozi bashinzwe kwakira abashyitsi ahantu ndangamuco barifuza ubufatanye mu guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku muco

Ikigo cy’ Ingoro z’ Igihugu z’ Umurage w’ u Rwanda cyateguye amahugurwa ku bakozi bash- inzwe kwakira abashyitsi ahantu ndangamuco mu rwego rwo kunoza serivisi baha ababagana. Ayo mahugurwa yabaye tariki ya 24 ndetse n’ iya 25 Mutarama 2019 mu Karere ka Huye, yitabiriwe n’ abakozi bo mu bigo 3 biherereye mu Ntara y’ Amajyaruguru ari byo Ikirenga Cultural Center, Gorilla Guardians Village hamwe na Red Rocks Rwanda Ltd.

Photo: Abahugurwa basura Ingoro y’ Amateka y’ Imibereho y’ Abanyarwanda.

Nyuma yo gusura imurika rihoraho ryo mu Ngoro y’ Amateka y’ Imibereho y’Abanyarwanda iri i Huye, abahuguwe baboneyeho umwanya wo kuganira ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira: - Uko abashyitsi bagira uruhare bakanibona mu mamurika ndangamuco - Ibigenderwaho mu gutegura no gushyiraho imurika - Gutanga serivisi inoze ituma abashyitsi banyurwa - Itumanaho rinoze mu bukererarugendo Kuri buri nsanganyamatsiko abahuguwe bagiye bagira umwanya wo kubaza ibiba- zo by’amatsiko maze hagendewe ku bunararibonye bw’ abakozi b’ ikigo cy’ Ingoro z’ Igihugu z’ Umurage w’ u Rwanda, bagahabwa ubusobanuro n’ inama bikwiye. Hagumimana Bosco umwe mu bitabiriye amahugurwa ukorera ikigo Gorilla Guardins Village avuga ko yagize amahirwe akomeye yo guhugurwa, akaba yizeye gutanga isu- Pg5 ra nziza y’ ikigo akorera kandi agateza imbere Ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku muco. Gentille ukorera Ikirenga Cultural Village nawe ati ibyo nize byo ni byin- shi muri aya mahugurwa, nasanze hari byinshi tutajyaga tunoza mu mikore- re yacu nko gutegura neza amamurika ahoraho, kubungabunga ibimurikwa by- acu ndetse no kumenyekanisha serivisi dutanga. Yashoje asaba ko gahunda y’ amahugurwa yakomeza kugirango barusheho kumenya no gusobanukirwa byinshi.

Photo: ifoto rusange nyuma y’amahugurwa

Aba bakozi basabye ubufatenye, Ikigo cy’ Ingoro z’ Igihugu z’Umurage w’ u Rwanda kibasezeranya kuzakorana nabo mu gutegura amamurika atandu- kanye, kubaha amahugurwa ku nsanganyamatsiko zitandukanye, kubafasha gutegura ibitaramo ndangamuco, ndetse no kumenyekanisha ibikorwa byabo. Bwana Isidore Ndikumana nk’ uwari uhagarariye Umuyobozi Mukuru muri ayo mahugurwa yijeje abahuguwe ko ikigo cy’ingoro z’ iguhugu z’ Umurage w’u Rwanda kizakomeza kubategurira amahugurwa ndetse no gukomeza gu- fatanya muri gahunda zo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku muco.

Yanditswe na KAMASONI Alice

Pg6 Inzobere mu by’amateka na ba mukerarugendo barasaba ko amateka y’ibimera mu Rwanda atazima ngo acike burundu.

Abashyitsi basura Ingoro Ndan- gamurage y’Ibidukije bavuga ko hari akamaro kanini ko kubungabunga bimwe mu bimera birimo n’imiti gakondo y’Abanyarwanda. Kuva kera, abanyarwanda bari bafite ubushobozi bwo kuvura zimwe mu ndwara bakoresheje ibimera kare- mano. Ibi byaje gukomwa mu nko- kora n’ ikoreshwa ry’imiti iteye im- bere ya kizungu, kuko iyari isanzwe n’ubwo yavuraga ariko itari yizewe neza mu buryo bwo kuyikoresha ndetse n’ikigero cyo kuyivanga maze igenda yibagirana. Uku kwibagirana ariko kwagiye guhabwa imbaraga n’ibikorwa by’iterambere bya muntu bikorerwa ku butaka ibi bimera by- abagaho. Ibi ariko ntibikuraho ko ibimera Photo: Imiti gakondo imurikwa mu Ngoro bigikoreshwa haba mu bushakashatsi y’Ibidukikije no mu buvuzi hirya no hino mu bihugu bitandukanye. Kugeza ubu, mu Rwanda niho honyine ku mugabane w’Afurika habarizwa ingoro ndan- gamurage ivuga ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije n’umwihariko wo kugaragaza no gusigasira imiti gakondo y’Abanyarwanda. Twabajije bamwe mu bashyitsi basura iyi ngoro iherereye mu karere ka Karongi uko babona iri murika ritamenyerewe henshi batugaragariza umwihariko waryo n’amasomo abantu bahigira. Carter Woolly, mukerarugendo ukomoka mu gihugu cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika ubwo yasuraga iyi ngoro aganira n’ushinzwe gutembereza ba mukerarugendo muri iyi ngoro ati: « ...This is a beautiful museum, especially loved plants » tugenekereje mu Kin- yarwanda ni ukuvuga ko yakunze iyi ngoro by’umwihariko igice kigaragaramo ibimera. Lise Cordelia ukomoka mu Bufaransa yagize ati: « … l’exposition des plantes est très magnifique » bivuga mu kinyarwanda ko imurika ry’ibimera kuri we ryamubereye ryiza cyane . TUYISHIME Joseph, umwalimu akaba n’umushakashatsi muri Kaminuza y’ u Rwanda nawe avuga ko iyi Ngoro Ndangamurage y’ibidukikije iteye ubwuzu, ndetse agatan- ga n’inama z’uko abiga iby’ubuvuzi bayigana bakayigiraho byinshi by’umwihariko w’ubuvuzi gakondo bw’Abanyarwanda. Zimwe mu ngero z’indwara zavurwaga muri ubu buryo zigaragazwa muri iri murika hari- mo nk’ indwara y’umwijima, kubura ibise ku bagore bagiye kubyara, igifu, inzoka zo mu nda n’izindi……

Pg7 Photo: Abashyitsi basobanurirwa imwe mu miti gakondo

Imbogamizi zigaragara ni ukuba ibimera byifashishwa muri ubu buvuzi bigenda bikendera kubera kutamenya umumaro wabyo hatirengagijwe n’ibikorwa by’iterambere bya muntu bikorerwa ku butaka bityo ibi bimera ntibyongere kubaho. Aha ubuyobozi bw’ Ikigo cy’Ingoro z’Igihugu z’Umurage w’u Rwanda niho buhera buko- meza gukora ubushakashatsi no gukusanya amoko atandukanye y’ibimera bivura mu buryo bwo kubibungabunga. Munyaneza Emmanuel, ni umushakashatsi mu bumenyi bw’ibiriho n’ibinyabuzima mu Kigo cy’Ingoro z’Igihugu z’Umurage w’u Rwanda akaba ariho yandika igitabo kivuga ku miti gakondo mu Rwanda n’ibimera bikoreshwa mu buryo bwo kuvura indwara zitandu- kanye. Yemeza ko icyo gitabo kizasohoka mu mpera za Gicurasi 2019, kizagira akamaro kanini mu guteza imbere ubuvuzi gakondo no kubungabunga ibimera bifite ubushobozi bwo kuvura. Kugeza ubu iyi ngoro yafunguwe muri Nyakanga 2015, ifite amamurika atatu arimo irivuga ku ngufu , urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’umutungo kamere byo mu Rwanda, ndetse n’imurika rivuga ku bimera (imiti gakondo). Ikigo cy’Ingoro z’Igihugu z’Umurage w’u Rwanda gikomeje gushaka uburyo iyi miti imurikwa muri iyi ngoro yakwiyongera ndetse ikanatezwa imbere.

Byanditswe na MUGABARIGIRA Jean de Dieu Pg8 Germany and Rwanda exhibit Cultural heritage projects preserved since 1981

Photo: launch of the exhibition “a world of cultures“ We live in a world of cultures where the past is not just a past but a lesson for future gen- erations. “A world of cultures” is a theme on a temporary exhibition composed of cultural heritage projects developed in partnership with 15 countries and German Federal Foreign offices. This exhibition was launched onth 8 February 2019 at Kandt House Museum. Most of this shared heritage displayed into this exhibition is composed of buildings con- structed around the world in the beginning of 20th century. Kandt House Museum located in Kigali is one of them. This building was constructed in 1907 by Dr. Richard Kandt a German explorer who embarked in Rwanda in 1897 searching for the source of river Nile, was refurbished and turned into a museum since 2008. Charlotte Nina is a Chargé d’Affaires at German Embassy in Kigali, she highlighted the importance of supporting such projects in different countries. Apart from being a reference and benchmark, this building is a place to discover as it provides information about Rwan- dan life with social, economic and political aspects. Amb. Robert Masozera, Director General of the Institute of National Museums of Rwanda said that Kandt House is one among few remaining heritage witnessing Germany coloniza- tion in Rwanda. Refurbishing this building, will contribute to the education for today and future generations. It is also a shared heritage for both countries as it is a feature justifying the presence of Germany during colonial time. Even though colonization was not a good history, it has to be preserved as it is in line with our mission of preservation and education. Kandt House was refurbished in partnership with German Embassy in Kigali, Rhineland Palatinate partnership and Rwandan Government. This temporary exhibition came to Rwanda after being showcased in Germany and Myanmar. It will also reach other countries after a period of one month display into Rwanda Museums.

By Mugwaneza Jean Paul Pg9 IBYO WAMENYA KU HANTU NDANGAMURAGE MU KARERE KA NYANZA.

Akarere ka Nyanza gaherereye mu Ntara y’ Amajyapfo, ku birometero 90.7 uvuye i Kigali unyuze mu muhanda RN1. Ni urugendo rusaga amasaha 2 mu modoka. Aka karere kabum- batiye amateka menshi yiganjemo ayo hambere. Kuva mu mpera z’ ikinyejana cya cumi n’ icyenda, Akarere ka Nyanza kafashwe nk’umujyi n’umurwa w’abami kuko hatuwe n’abami basaga 4. Abo ni Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabu- giri wari utuye ku misozi ya Mwima na Mushirarungu, Umwami Yuhi IV Musinga watuye Mwima na Gakenyeri, Mutara III Rudahigwa watuye mu Rukali ndetse n’ Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa watuye i Busasamana. Aka karere gafatwa nk’ agace ndangamuco kuko usibye kugira Ingoro ndangamurage eby- iri n’ Umusezero, unahasanga ahantu henshi Ndangamurage hakwiye gusurishwa ba mu- kerarugendo. Duhereye ku Bigega, ibirometero 95.8 uvuye i Kigali, uhasanga ibigega byubakishijwe n’ Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa mu 1946 nyuma y’ inzara ya Ruzagayura (1943-1944), byubatswe hagamijwe guteganyiriza ibihe by’ amage bishobora gutera igihugu cy’ u Rwan- da. Muri icyo gihe, abaturage nibo bazanaga imyaka yo guhunika igizwe ahanini n’ ibishy- imbo n’ amasaka igakusanywa n’abatware nabo bakayishyikiriza abacungaga ibyo bigega. Nyuma y’ itanga ry’ Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa, ibigega byakoreshejwe mu icuruzwa ry’ imyaka itandukanye kugera 1994. Kuva mu 2000, ibi bigega bicungwa na Minisiteri y’ Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi bikaba bigihunikwamo imyaka.

Photo: Ibigega na n’ubu biracyahunikwamo imyaka

Hafi y’ Ingoro y’ Umwami, ahazwi nko mu Rukari mu kilometero 1, uhasanga Umusezero w’ i Mwima. Ku musozi wa Mwima witegeye Mushirarungu hatabarijwe Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa watanze tariki ya 25/07/1959, agatabazwa tariki ya Pg10 28/07/1959. Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa watanze tariki ya 16/10/2016 atabazwa tari- ki ya 15/01/2017. Umwamikazi Rosalie Gicanda wishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi tariki ya 20/04/1994 ashyingurwa mu cyubahiro tariki ya 20/04/1995.

Photo: Umusezero w’ i Mwima

Uvuye mu Rukari werekeza i Mutende uhasanga Amariba ya Mutende. Aya yafukuwe ku ngoma y’ Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa, aho inyambo z’ umwami ndetse n’ inka z’ abaturage ziturutse imihanda yose zashokaga. Aha habaga amazi arimo umunyu, bityo inka zayanywaga zimaga vuba, izindi zikanagira umukamo ushimishije. Gakenyeri kwa Musinga na ho habumbatiye amateka agomba gusigasirwa no ku- menyekanishwa: Aha hari urugo rw’ umwami Yuhi V Musinga n’ Umugabekazi Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera, bahatuye ahagana mu 1899. Kuva icyo gihe ,Nyanza yabaye umurwa mu- kuru w’ ubwami kugeza mu 1962 ubwo ingoma ya cyami yakurwagaho. Mbere ya Gak- enyeri uyu mwami yagiye atura ahandi akagenda yimuka. Ubu aha Gakenyeri hari ikiga- biro kinini bivugwako cyari ku irembo ry’Umwami Musinga. Icyuzi cya Nyamagana cyafukujwe n’ Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa afatanyije n’ Agronome w’ umubirigi witwaga Dubois, nyuma y’ inzara ya Ruzagayura hagati y’ um- waka wa 1943 na 1944 yari yarayogoje igihugu. Mu kugicukura umwami yari agamije kuhira imyaka no gutangira ubworozi bw’amafi, mu rwego rwo guhashya imirire mibi mu banyarwanda no kwirinda ibindi byorezo by’ inzara byashoboraga gutera. Iki cyuzi cyahawe izina rya Yorodani y’ i Nyanza. Pg11 Photo: Icyuzi cya Nyamagana Mututu: Aha hantu ndangamurage hubatswe n’ Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa aha- korera ubworozi bwa kijyambere hagati ya 1948 na 1949. Yari ahafite inka z’ inkuku 60 zitwaga “Ingeri” zikabamo imfizi yitwaga “Ruhugafu.” Mu kuhororera izi nka, Umwami Rudahigwa yari agambiriye gutanga urugero ku bworozi bwa kijyambere, aho yifuzaga ko abanyarwanda bareka ubworozi bwa gakondo. Ikimana cya Nyiranzage: giherereye mu Murenge wa mukingo hafi y’umuhanda wa ka- burimbo. Nyiranzage yari umugore wa Marara, Marara uwo akaba yaratwaraga Mukingo ku ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro, Marara waje gusimburwa ku butware n’ umuhungu we Nyirimigabo. Mu bihe byo hambere, iki Kimana cyarubahwaga cyane, kigakorerwaho imigenzo n’imihango. Kugeza mu bihe bya vuba, hari imigenzo gakondo yari ikihakor- erwaga. Ikimana cya Munana: Munana yari umuhungu wa Gihana wafatwaga nk’ intwari. Uyu yabyawe n’ Umwami Cyirima II Rujugira n’ umwamikazi Nyirayuhi IV Nyiratunga. Munana wari waravukanye ubumuga, akiri muto yatereranywe na bamwe bo mu mury- ango we aho umuvandimwe we Yuhi IV Gahindiro yimiye akaba umwami, Munana yago- rorewe imisozi hamwe n’ ishyo ry’ inka. Nanubu aho hantu Munana yatuye uhabwirwa n’ ibiti biri by’imivumu by’icyo gihe. Kuri ubu Ikigo cy’ Ingoro z’Igihugu z’Umurage w’ u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’ Akarere ka Nyanza hamwe n’ Ikigo cy’ Igihugu cy’Iterambere RDB bari gutegura gahunda yo gutun- ganya aha hantu kimwe n’ahandi hafite amateka hagamijwe gusigasira amateka no guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku muco mu rwego rwo kuhasurisha ba mukerarugen- do, bityo hakinjiriza amafaranga igihugu cyacu.

Byegeranyijwe n’ Ishami ryo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku Muco. Ikigo cy’Ingoro z’Igihugu z’Umurage w’ u Rwanda. Pg12 Museum for Campaign Against Genocide: “A thought and fought struggle to end genocide in Rwanda”

To live in Rwanda after July 1994 means to live with the conse- quences of Genocide. Much as the history and genesis of Genocide in Rwanda stretches far back in time during colonial days, Rwanda by 1994 did witness a second to the Holocaust but with a varying mag- nitude. Up until today, there is still a continuous growing urge and interest by the outside world in trying to discover this kind of hor- ror that befell the country whilst seeking to understand how and why violence of this character and magnitude could have happened in our time. The establishment of museum for MCAG is a historical requirement to exhibit the relics of thoughts and struggles of young, brave and courageous men and women of RPA/RPF in stopping of genocide and final liberation of the country. Photo: Main monument at Museum for Campaign The vivid experiences exhibited Against Genocide at MCAG museum brings to view the heroic and humanly character possessed and por- trayed by these young RPF/A men and women. The stupendous narrated ordeal of the 600 soldiers of the RPA/3rd battalion, RPA forces in the north and FPR-Inkontanyi political wing who camped at CND in 1993 and in the northern part respectively and how they were given command by the C-in-C Maj. Gen. Paul Kagame to stop genocide, defeat genocidal forces and rescue victims of genocide is just a rewarding moment of a life time. Therefore, visiting the museum during commemoration to 1994 genocide against Tutsi would be very important and paramount to the general public in learning about the values of patriotism, being heroic and how to create unity in diversity. However, the struggle did not end at the liberation and campaign to stop genocide. The will and ability to prevent, deter, and respond to threats and ideologies of genocide calls for a long lasting campaign against genocide. The museum will inspire citizens and leaders worldwide on how to confront hatred, prevent genocide and promote human dignity. It will teach about the dangers of unchecked hatred and a timely need to act by cultivating a sense of moral responsibility across humanity. Never again will still be a challenge to society and for change to be, it must come from the bottom up- the grass root.

Pg13 Photo: Museum for Campaign Against Genocide Museum

It’s from this that we will definitely lead to an improved public understanding of the past to create better citizens. Rwandans ought to: 1) avoid comparison of pain, 2) use good precision of language, 3) choose carefully the source of information and avoid stereotyping descriptions, but, most importantly avoid oversimplifying the genocide. Since wars start in the minds of men, it is in the minds that defenses of peace must be con- structed. Peace and progress comes to those who make right choices. It’s better to remem- ber than to forget Brookner- a British novelist/ Art historian once said, “Once a thing is known, it can never be unknown? It can only be forgotten. And in a way that bends time so long as it is remem- bered, it will indicate a future. It is wiser, in every circumstance, to forget to cultivate the art of forgetting. To remember is to face the enemy. The truth lies in remembering”.

By Medard BASHANA

Pg14