DOCSLIB.ORG

IRINA NOSSOVA Russia's International Legal Claims

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IRINA NOSSOVA Russia's International Legal Claims DISSERTATIONES IURIDICAE IRINA NOSSOVA UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 48 Russia’s international legal claims in its adjacent seas: the realm of sea as extension Sovereignty the realm international legal claims in its adjacent seas: Russia’s IRINA NOSSOVA Russia’s international legal claims in its adjacent seas: the realm of sea as extension of Sovereignty Tartu 2013 ISSN 1406–6394 ISBN 978–9949–32–321–0 DISSERTATIONES IURIDICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 48 DISSERTATIONES IURIDICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 48 IRINA NOSSOVA Russia’s international legal claims in its adjacent seas: the realm of sea as extension of Sovereignty Faculty of Law, University of Tartu, Estonia Dissertation is accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in law on May 29, 2013, by the Council of the Faculty of Law. Supervisor: Prof. L. Mälksoo (University of Tartu) Opponents: Prof. Dr. Eric Franckx (Vrije Universiteit, Brussel) Prof. Heiki Lindpere (Estonian Maritime Academy) Commencement will take place on August 28, 2013 at 12.00 in the Faculty of Law, Näituse 20 room K-03. Publication of this dissertation is supported by the Faculty of Law, University of Tartu. ISSN 1406–6394 ISBN 978–9949–32–321–0 (print) ISBN 978–9949–32–322–7 (pdf) Copyright: Irina Nossova, 2013 University of Tartu Press www.tyk.ee Order No 250 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 9 1. Overview of the Essence of the Problem Discussed ................................ 9 2. Formulation of the Research Questions ................................................... 10 3. Arguments Set Forth for the Defense ....................................................... 11 4. Description of Methods ............................................................................ 14 PART I. RUSSIA’S LEGAL POSITIONS IN THE FOUR SEAS ............... 15 Chapter 1. The Position of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Ocean ....... 15 1.1. Arctic Ocean. The Importance of the Region ................................... 15 1.2. Arctic Ocean for Russia .................................................................... 17 1.3. Soviet-Russian Legal Regime in the Arctic. Polar Sector Theory ... 18 1.4. Scholarly and State Approaches to the Russian Arctic Sector ......... 22 1.5. Application of UNCLOS to Russian Arctic. Baselines .................... 24 1.6. Legal Regime of the Russian Territorial Sea in the Arctic ............... 24 1.6.1. Northern Sea Route ............................................................... 25 1.6.2. Legal regime of the NSR ........................................................ 27 1.7. Russian Regulation of Exclusive Economic Zone in the Arctic ....... 30 1.8. Russian Federation’s Legal Regime of the Arctic Continental Shelf 31 1.8.1. Concept of the Continental Shelf in Brief .............................. 31 1.8.2. Russian Regulation of the Continental Shelf ......................... 33 1.9. Russian Extended Continental Shelf Claims under UNCLOS ......... 35 1.10. Scholarly and State Approaches to the Russian Official Position Concerning Outer Limits of CS ..................................................... 40 1.11. Russian Maritime Boundaries in the Arctic .................................... 48 1.12. Russian Arctic Approach summa summarum ................................. 52 Chapter 2. The Position of the Russian Federation in the Caspian Sea ......... 55 2.1. Caspian Sea ...................................................................................... 55 2.2. A Sea or a Lake? ............................................................................... 55 2.3. Legal Regime of the Caspian Sea ..................................................... 59 2.3.1. Historical Approach ............................................................... 59 2.3.2. Russian Position ..................................................................... 60 2.3.3. Azerbaijan’s position .............................................................. 62 2.3.4. Kazakhstan’s Position ............................................................ 63 2.3.5. Turkmenistan’s Position ......................................................... 64 2.3.6. Iran’s Position ........................................................................ 64 2.3.7. Cooperation of Caspian States ............................................... 66 2.4. Russian Caspian Approach: Brief Summary .................................... 68 Chapter 3. Russian Position in the Region of Black Sea and the Sea of Azov 69 3.1. Legal Regime of the Black Sea ........................................................ 69 3.2. Legal Regime of the Sea of Azov ...................................................... 70 3.3. Russian-Ukrainian Delimitation Dispute in the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait ....................................................................................... 71 5 3.4. Summary of the Russian Federation’s Position in the Region of Black and Azov Seas ........................................................................ 74 Chapter 4. The Position of the Russian Federation in the Baltic Sea ............ 76 4.1. The Baltic Sea ................................................................................... 76 4.2. Historical Development of the Baltic Sea: dominium maris Baltici; Russian-Soviet Sea ........................................................................... 77 4.3. Maritime Boundaries in the Post-Soviet Baltic Sea ......................... 80 4.4. Russia’s Current Interests in the Baltic. Nord Stream Gas Pipeline . 84 4.5. Legal Aspects of Nord Stream in the Framework of UNCLOS ....... 87 4.5.1. Nord Stream in the Territorial Sea ......................................... 88 4.5.2. Nord Stream in the EEZ ......................................................... 90 4.6. Russians in the Baltics ...................................................................... 94 Chapter 5. General Remarks on the First Part ............................................... 96 PART II. RUSSIA’S APPROACH TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA THROUGH EXTENSION OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CASE OF FOUR OCEANS/SEAS .......................................................................... 99 Chapter 6. Concept of State Sovereignty. Russian Approach to the Doctrine of Sovereignty ............................................................................................... 99 6.1. Relevance of the Russian Notion of Sovereignty to the State’s Approach to the Law of the Sea ....................................................... 99 6.2. Sovereignty. Territory as its Core Element ...................................... 102 6.3. Russian Approach to the Concept of Sovereignty ............................ 105 6.3.1. Definitions of Sovereignty offered by Russian Legal Scholars 105 6.3.2. Elements of Sovereignty: State Power, Territory, Jurisdiction 107 6.3.3. Internal and External Sovereignty .......................................... 109 6.3.4. Economic Sovereignty ........................................................... 110 6.3.5. National Sovereignty .............................................................. 112 6.3.6. Sovereignty in the Constitution of the Russian Federation .... 113 6.4. Russian vs Western Concept of Sovereignty .................................... 114 Chapter 7. Extension of State Sovereignty into the Sea ................................ 120 7.1. Historical Development of International Law of the Sea. The Battle of Mare Clausum and Mare Liberum ............................................... 120 7.2. Sovereignty in UNCLOS .................................................................. 127 7.2.1. State Sovereignty within its Territorial Waters ...................... 127 7.2.2. Sovereign Rights of the Coastal State in EEZ ........................ 130 7.2.3. Coastal State Rights over the Continental Shelf .................... 131 7.2.4. The High Seas and the Deep Seabed as Limits to National Sovereignty ............................................................................ 133 7.2.5. UNCLOS as the Basis for Expansion of Sovereignty or Establishment of Property Rights ........................................... 134 6 Chapter 8. Sovereignty in Russian Understanding of the Law of the Sea ..... 137 8.1. Sovereignty over Territorial Sea ....................................................... 137 8.2. Sovereignty over Continental Shelf and EEZ ................................... 138 8.3. Russian Legal Claims based on the Concept of Sovereignty ........... 142 8.3.1. Russian Sovereign Claims in the Arctic ................................. 142 8.3.2. Russian Sovereignty over the Northern Sea Route ................ 149 8.3.3. Russian Claims in the Caspian Sea based on the Concept of Sovereignty ............................................................................ 149 8.3.4. Russian Claims in the Region of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait based on the Concept of Sovereignty ............................................................................ 152 8.3.5. Russian Claims in the Baltic Sea based on the Concept of Sovereignty ............................................................................ 154 8.4. New Meaning of Russian Sovereignty over World Oceans and Seas 156 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 160 SUMMARY IN
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstract Book.Pdf
    Executive Committee Motoyuki Suzuki, International EMECS Center, Japan Toshizo Ido, International EMECS Center, Governor of Hyogo Prefecture, Japan Leonid Zhindarev, Working Group “Sea Coasts” RAS, Russia Valery Mikheev, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Russia Masataka Watanabe, International EMECS Center, Japan Robert Nigmatullin, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Russia Oleg Petrov, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, Russia Scientific Programme Committee Ruben Kosyan, Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Russia – Chair Masataka Watanabe, Chuo University, International EMECS Center, Japan – Co-Chair Petr Brovko, Far Eastern Federal University, Russia Zhongyuan Chen, East China Normal University, China Jean-Paul Ducrotoy, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, France George Gogoberidze, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Russia Sergey Dobrolyubov, Academic Council of the Russian Geographical Society, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Evgeny Ignatov, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Nikolay Kasimov, Russian Geographical Society, Technological platform “Technologies for Sustainable Ecological Development” Igor Leontyev, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Russia Svetlana Lukyanova, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Menasveta Piamsak, Royal Institute, Thailand Erdal Ozhan, MEDCOAST Foundation, Turkey Daria Ryabchuk, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, Russia Mikhail Spiridonov,
    [Show full text]
  • ISIRA National Reporting 2014__Germany.Xlsx
    Germany 2014 Project title Contact Institution - leadInstitution - otheCountry - Lead Country - other Project leader Other participanProject Period Investigated areDescription/abstract CarboPerm E.-M. Pfeiffer & H.- Universität AARI, AWI, GFZ, Germany , Russia Pfeiffer, Hubberten, Schirrmeister, 2013-2016 Dmitry Laptev CarboPerm, is a joint German-Russian research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of (Kohlenstoff im W. Hubberten , I. Hamburg, AWI Universities Köln, Fedorova Kutzbach, Strait, the Lena Education and Research. It comprises multi-disciplinary investigations on the formation, turnover and Permafrost: Bildung, Fedorova, M. Potsdam, AARI St. Potsdam, Hamburg Rethemeyer, River Delta, Tiksi, release of OC in Siberian permafrost. It aims to gain increased understanding of how permafrost- Umwandlung und Grigoriev, & D. Petersburg WagnerBeer, and the Kolyma affected landscapes will respond to global warming and how this response will influence the local, Freisetzung) Bolshianov Elissev, Evgrafova, lowlands close to regional and global trace gas balance. Glagolev, Kunisty Cherski Permafrost scientists from Russia and Germany will work together at different key sites in the Siberian Arctic. The coordination will be at the Universität Hamburg (scientific), the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Potsdam (logistic) and the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg. European White- Dr. Helmut Institute for St. Petersburg State Germany Russia (permanent), Dr. Helmut Prof. Dr. Alexander starting in 1989- Barents Sea with White-fronted goose research was started inn 1989 with Taimyr expeditions, then was relauched in fronted Goose Kruckenberg Waterbird and university, Dept. Soil The Netherlands (in Kruckenberg Kondratyev, Dr. 1994, 2006-2008 special focus to 2006 with Kolguev expeditions. During the last 100 years only 10 faunistic expeditions went to Kolguev Research helmut.kruckenberg Wetlands Research & Biology + Acad.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Ice Stable Isotopes and Cryostratigraphy Reflect Late
    Clim. Past, 13, 587–611, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-587-2017 © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Ground-ice stable isotopes and cryostratigraphy reflect late Quaternary palaeoclimate in the Northeast Siberian Arctic (Oyogos Yar coast, Dmitry Laptev Strait) Thomas Opel1,a, Sebastian Wetterich1, Hanno Meyer1, Alexander Y. Dereviagin2, Margret C. Fuchs3, and Lutz Schirrmeister1 1Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Periglacial Research Section, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2Geology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia 3Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany anow at: Department of Geography, Permafrost Laboratory, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK Correspondence to: Thomas Opel ([email protected], [email protected]) Received: 3 January 2017 – Discussion started: 9 January 2017 Accepted: 4 May 2017 – Published: 6 June 2017 Abstract. To reconstruct palaeoclimate and palaeoenvi- ago, and extremely cold winter temperatures during the Last ronmental conditions in the northeast Siberian Arctic, we Glacial Maximum (MIS2). Much warmer winter conditions studied late Quaternary permafrost at the Oyogos Yar are reflected by extensive thermokarst development during coast (Dmitry Laptev Strait). New infrared-stimulated lu- MIS5c and by Holocene ice-wedge stable isotopes. Modern minescence ages for distinctive floodplain deposits of the ice-wedge
    [Show full text]
  • Source Apportionment of Methane Escaping the Subsea Permafrost System in the Outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf
    Source apportionment of methane escaping the subsea permafrost system in the outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf Julia Steinbacha,b,c,1, Henry Holmstranda,c, Kseniia Shcherbakovad, Denis Kosmachd, Volker Brüchertb,c, Natalia Shakhovae,f,g, Anatoly Salyukd, Célia J. Saparth,i, Denis Chernykhd, Riko Noormetsj, Igor Semiletovd,e,f, and Örjan Gustafssona,c,1 aDepartment of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; bDepartment of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; cBolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; dV.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; eInstitute of Ecology, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia; fInternational Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775; gScientific Centre Moscow State University-Geophysics, Moscow, 119991, Russia; hLaboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; iInstitute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands; and jDepartment of Arctic Geology, University Centre Svalbard, Longyearbyen, N-9171, Norway Edited by Mark Thiemens, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved January 19, 2021 (received for review September 19, 2020) The East Siberian Arctic Shelf holds large amounts of inundated from underlying reservoirs, allowing further methane release to carbon and methane (CH4). Holocene warming by overlying sea- the overlying water column (3, 9). water, recently fortified by anthropogenic warming, has caused Near-annual ship-based expeditions to the ESAS over the past thawing of the underlying subsea permafrost. Despite extensive two decades have documented widespread seep locations with observations of elevated seawater CH4 in the past decades, rela- extensive methane releases to the water column (3, 10).
    [Show full text]
  • Author Index
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18353-7 — Sovereignty and Territorial Temptation Christopher Rossi Index More Information 335 Author Index Aalto, Pami, 176 Bardonnet, Daniel, 104 , 115 Abate, Randall, 7 Bartelson, Jens, 16 , 17 Abbott, Kenneth, 170 , 184 Barton, Jonathan, 262 Abdy, John, 110 Bartos, Tomáš, 104 , 112 – 13 Abénon, Lucien, 207 Baslar, Kemal, 33 Abi- Saab, Georges, 170 Bauer, Jack, 219 , 222 Ackrén, Maria, 162 Baur, Ivo, 279 Agnarsdóttir, Anna, 40 Baxter Richard, 247 Aguirre III, Robert, 220 , 222 Beaulac, Stéphane, 24 Alberts, Colins, 247 Beck, Robert, 25 Albrethsen, S. E., 145 Becker, Michael, 5 Alexandrowicz, Charles, 42 – 43 Bederman, David, 192 , 207 Allen, John, 52 , 53 Bellonci, Maria, 125 Allen, Steve, 105 – 08 , 250 Bevans, Charles, 153 , 217 , 219 – 22 Allot, Philip, 189 , 190 Beyerlin, Ulrich, 237 , 244 , 245 Anderson, Charles, 218 Bicheno, Hugh, 40 Anderson, David, 137 , 139 – 42 Biersteker, Thomas, 16 Andrews, Kenneth, 209 Bilder, Richard, 185 Anghie, Antony, 9 , 21 Binder, Claudia, 279 Anna, Timothy, 248 Blakkisrud, Helge, 176 Araya, Alberto, 261 Bleichert, Maura, 230 Archer, Christon, 249 Blom, Hans, 44 , 47 , 57 Arlov, Thor B., 145 – 47 , 149 , 152 , 154 , 163 – 65 Bloom, Evan, 181 Armitage, David, 2 , 21 , 32 , 33 , 42 , 44 , Blunden, Margaret, 77 , 88 , 92 , 93 , 120 63 – 64 , 226 Blutman, Lászlo, 170 , 185 Arsanjani, Mahnoush, 243 Bockstoce, John, 150 Åtland, Kristian, 141 Bodin, Jean, 17 – 19 , 38 , 194 Aust, Anthony, 185 Bollier, David, 16 , 34 , 279 , 280 , 281 Axworthy, Thomas, 174 , 177 , 179
    [Show full text]
  • Germany's 2016 Review Report to the Arctic
    Stand: 24 May 2016 | Observer Report, Germany Cover sheet Full name of state or organization: Federal Republic of Germany Date of submission: Observer’s website, if appropriate: http://www.auswaertiges -amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/InternatRecht/Einzelfragen/Arktis/Arktis -Grundlagentext.html Information for appropriate contact person Full name: Michael Däumer Email: E21 [email protected] Telephone: +49 -30 -1817 -2520 Organization or department: Federal Foreign Office, Northern European Division Job Title: Officer for Baltic Sea Cooperation and Arctic Policy Full mailing address: Baltic Sea Cooperation and Arctic Policy Federal Foreign Office – Division E21 Werderscher Markt 1 D-10117 Berlin, Germany Tel.: +49-30-1817-2520 Fax: +49 -30 -1817 -52520 Is your state or organization still interested in continuing as an Observer of the Arctic Council? Yes No This document has 5 pages. This is page 1. Stand: 24 May 2016 | Observer Report, Germany Observer Report Please describe in no more than 2 pages your state or organization’s contributions to the work of the Arctic Council’s Working Groups, Task Forces and/or Expert Groups since the time of your most recent report, or in the previous two years. Please highlight contributions to specific projects, such as through proposals, concept development, in-kind and financial support, and hosting of meetings. If applicable, please include mention of collaboration with Permanent Participants, such as project proposal endorsement and support. Germany as an observer to the Arctic Council (AC) since 1996 has contributed continuously and substantially to the work of the Council and its subsidiary bodies for the past 20 years. A partner in and for the Arctic region and its local communities and indigenous peoples, Germany has openly shared its expertise in research, science and technology innovation as a contribution towards implementing the objectives of the AC.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Cryogenic Processes and Carbonate Balance of the Coastal Waters of Eastern Arctic Seas in the Light of a Changing Climate
    Permafrost, Phillips, Springman & Arenson (eds) © 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 582 7 Coastal cryogenic processes and carbonate balance of the coastal waters of eastern Arctic seas in the light of a changing climate S.O. Razumov Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia ABSTRACT: An observed increase in alkalinity of the East Siberian Sea during the last quarter of the XX cen- tury is the result of CO2 absorption from the atmosphere, a more intense transport of organic substances into the water due to more active erosion of ice-rich coasts related to climate warming. Destructive coastal cryogenic Ϫ4 processes disturb the carbonate balance causing sharp rises in a partial pressure of CO2 up to 8 и10 in inshore waters and violations of the regular relative proportions of the alkali reserve and chlorine content. However, dur- ing summer seasons, a dominating partial pressure of CO2 is much lower in waters than in the atmosphere and varies from 0.83 и10Ϫ4 to 1.89 и10Ϫ4 depending on physical and chemical conditions. The current climate changes have not yet affected a potential ability of the sea to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. On the other hand, a more active erosion of the ice-rich coasts due to climate warming reduces the ability of the sea to absorb CO2, espe- cially in coastal, cryogenically active sections of the water area. 1 INTRODUCTION ice conditions, the occurrence and duration of storms. To study the effect these climatic characteristics have It is supposed that the concentration of CO2 in the on the dynamics of ice-rich coasts, observations were atmosphere depends on the ability of the ocean to made at the following key sites of the Laptev Sea and absorb a surplus of the gas accumulating on behalf of East Siberian Sea coast: Anabar-Olenek shore, climate warming.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (The Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea)
    Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea) Seventeenth century 1629 At the Yenisei Voivodes’ House “The Inventory of the Lena, the Great River” was compiled and it reads that “the Lena River flows into the sea with its mouth.” 1633 The armed forces of Yenisei Cossacks, headed by Postnik, Ivanov, Gubar, and M. Stadukhin, arrived at the lower reaches of the Lena River. The Tobolsk Cossack, Ivan Rebrov, was the first to reach the mouth of Lena, departing from Yakutsk. He discovered the Olenekskiy Zaliv. 1638 The first Russian march toward the Pacific Ocean from the upper reaches of the Aldan River with the departure from the Butalskiy stockade fort was headed by Ivan Yuriev Moskvitin, a Cossack from Tomsk. Ivan Rebrov discovered the Yana Bay. He Departed from the Yana River, reached the Indigirka River by sea, and built two stockade forts there. 1641 The Cossack foreman, Mikhail Stadukhin, was sent to the Kolyma River. 1642 The Krasnoyarsk Cossack, Ivan Erastov, went down the Indigirka River up to its mouth and by sea reached the mouth of the Alazeya River, being the first one at this river and the first one to deliver the information about the Chukchi. 1643 Cossacks F. Chukichev, T. Alekseev, I. Erastov, and others accomplished the sea crossing from the mouth of the Alazeya River to the Lena. M. Stadukhin and D. Yarila (Zyryan) arrived at the Kolyma River and founded the Nizhnekolymskiy stockade fort on its bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Practice and Policies of the Use of Binominals, Endonyms and Exonyms in the Naming of Sea Bodies Rainer Dormels (University of Vienna)
    Practice and policies of the use of binominals, endonyms and exonyms in the naming of sea bodies Rainer Dormels (University of Vienna) Versions and Drafts of the “Limits of Oceans and Seas” In 1928 the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) published the guideline “Limits of Oceans and Seas” as a Special Publication No. 23. It was produced to determine international borders and names of the seas. It was accepted in 1929 officially by a conference of the IHO. This was the first time that borderlines were dragged and names were given for 58 oceans and seas, comprising 6 oceans, 26 seas and 13 bays. The publication had therefore a high authority in the production of maps in view of the demarcation and the naming of seas. Meanwhile the number of waters had clearly increased. The draft for a new edition of 2002 already shows 154 oceans and seas. There have been doubts and suggestions for improvement of the first edition of "Limits of Oceans and Seas", so that a second edition appeared in 1937. Then in 1953 a third edition came out which separates a total of 102 maritime features. This third edition is still the valid one. Since there has been a lot of changes since then there is an urgent need for a new edition. Drafts for a fourth edition have been produced in 1986 and 2002, but they failed to be accepted. So in 2009 a Working Group ON THE REVISION OF IHO PUBLICATION S-23 “LIMITS OF OCEANS AND SEAS” (S-23 WG) has been established. The IHB circulated a list of areas of possible concern to WG members by end July 2009 and WG members had the possibility to comment on this list by end September 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian-German Cooperation in the Siberian Shelf Seas: Geo-System Laptev-Sea
    Russian-German Cooperation in the Siberian Shelf Seas: Geo-System Laptev-Sea Edited by Heidemarie Kassens, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten Sergey M. Pryamikov, RüdigeStein Ber. Polarforsch. 144 (1 994) ISSN 0176 - 5027 edited by H. Kassens GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Kiel, Germany, H.W. Hubberten Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany, S. M. Pryamikov Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and R. Stein Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...........................................................................................................i Liste of authors and participants ..............................................................iv Prologue and Scientific Perspectives for the Project 'Laptev Sea System' .....................................................................................vii Oceanography, biology, and climatology of the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea .......................................................................................... 1 Alekseev, G. V. The Arctic Seas in the Arctic climate system ..................................................3 Schauer, U. The Arctic shelves: their role in water mass formation ...................................9 Timokhov, L.A. Regional characteristics of the Laptev and the East Siberian seas: climate, topography, ice phases, thermohaline regime, and circulation .....................15 Zakharo V, V.F. On the character of cause-effect
    [Show full text]
  • USS Queenfish
    UNKNOWN WATERS Unknown Waters A Firsthand Account of the Historic Under- Ice Survey of the Siberian Continental Shelf by USS Queenfi sh (SSN-651) Alfred S. McLaren Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.) With a foreword by Captain William R. Anderson, U.S. Navy (Ret.) THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS Tuscaloosa Copyright © 2008 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Typeface: AGaramond ∞ The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences- Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data McLaren, Alfred Scott. Unknown waters : a fi rsthand account of the historic under- ice survey of the Siberian continental shelf by USS Queenfi sh / Alfred S. McLaren, Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.) ; with a foreword by Captain William R. Anderson, U.S. Navy (Ret.). p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8173-1602-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8173-8006-9 (electronic) 1. Queenfi sh (Submarine) 2. McLaren, Alfred Scott. 3. Arctic regions— Discovery and exploration— American. 4. Continental shelf— Arctic regions. 5. Continental shelf— Russia (Federation)—Siberia. 6. Underwater exploration— Arctic Ocean. I. Title. II. Title: Firsthand account of the historic under- ice survey of the Siberian continental shelf by USS Queenfi sh. VA65.Q44M33 2008 359.9′330973—dc22 2007032113 All chartlets were taken from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), Research Publication RP-2, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado USA 80305, 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Methane Oxidation Following Submarine Permafrost Degradation: Measurements from a Central Laptev Sea Shelf Borehole
    Originally published as: Overduin, P. P., Liebner, S., Knoblauch, C., Günther, F., Wetterich, S., Schirrmeister, L., Hubberten, H.-W., Grigoriev, M. N. (2015): Methane oxidation following submarine permafrost degradation: Measurements from a central Laptev Sea shelf borehole. - Journal of Geophysical Research, 120, 5, p. 965-978. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002862 PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Methane oxidation following submarine permafrost 10.1002/2014JG002862 degradation: Measurements from a central Key Points: Laptev Sea shelf borehole • Submarine permafrost cored in the central Laptev Sea shelf is low Pier Paul Overduin1, Susanne Liebner2, Christian Knoblauch3, Frank Günther1, Sebastian Wetterich1, in methane 1 1 4 • Degrading submarine permafrost Lutz Schirrmeister , Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten , and Mikhail N. Grigoriev releases methane during thaw 1 2 • Methane is oxidized in unfrozen Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany, GFZ German Research sediment before it reaches the Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, 3Institute of Soil Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, water column Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 4Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mel’nikov Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russia Correspondence to: Abstract Submarine permafrost degradation has been invoked as a cause for recent observations P. P. Overduin, [email protected] of methane emissions from the seabed to the water column and atmosphere of the East Siberian shelf. Sediment drilled 52 m down from the sea ice in Buor Khaya Bay, central Laptev Sea revealed unfrozen sediment overlying ice-bonded permafrost. Methane concentrations in the overlying unfrozen sediment Citation: Overduin, P. P., S. Liebner, C.
    [Show full text]